ETIDIOH - NEW

Abstract Influenza A virus poses significant public health challenges , causing seasonal outbreaks and pandemics. Its rapid evolution motivates continuous monitoring of circulating influenza genomes to inform vaccine and antiviral development. Wastewater-based surveillance offers an unbiased, cost-effective approach for genomic surveillance. We developed a novel tiling amplicon primer panel that covers diversity of influenza A virus, targeting segments of the surface proteins HA, NA, and M of subtypes H1N1 and H3N2. Using this panel, we sequenced nucleic acid extracts from 59 Swiss wastewater samples collected at four locations during the 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 winter seasons. We found that wastewater-based abundance estimates of the dominant H1N1 clades correlated with clinical-based estimates in the 2023/2024 season. Furthermore, wastewater-based sequencing revealed mutations in vaccine and drug target sites , consistent with clinical data. Overall, we demonstrate the effectiveness ...

Highlights •  A large B19V French outbreak of an unexpected magnitude occurred, with a monthly rate that has reached 21.4%. •  During this outbreak, 50% of infected pregnant women exhibited fetal complications. •  Phylogenetic analysis revealed the co-circulation of several B19V lineages of genotype 1a, the main epidemic lineage of which emerged in 2017. Abstract Background The human parvovirus B19 (B19V) infections cycle occurs in 3- to 4-year periods and is responsible for benign childhood erythema infectiosum . It is also associated with transient aplastic crisis in patients with underlying hemolytic diseases and with severe fetal sometimes fatal infection . This study investigated the epidemiological, clinical and molecular characteristics of an unusually large 2023-2024 outbreak of B19V. Methods . Laboratory-confirmed cases were retrospectively and prospectively recorded at the Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, France , between January, 2018 and November, 2023 an...

Abstract Pigeons (Columba livia) are usually kept as free-ranging or racing birds, and they have direct contact with livestock, poultry, and humans . Therefore, they may have an important role in the ecology of influenza virus among various species. In the present study, we bring together all available sequence data of pigeon avian influenza virus (AIV) from public databases to address the current understanding of the genomic characteristics and emergence of each subtype of AIV in pigeons. Collectively, we identified 658 pigeon AIV strains in 21 countries across the world, which were mainly distributed in Europe, Asia, and North America. H1 (2), H2 (1), H3 (8), H5 (71), H6 (16), H7 (16), H9 (543), and H11 (1) AIV subtypes have been identified in pigeons. In addition, we interrogate features of the H5, H6, H7, and H9 subtypes of pigeon AIV, which are relatively common in pigeons. It is particularly noteworthy that the H5 AIV strains identified in pigeons are all classified as HPAIV. For...

{Excerpt} Time Period: April 06, 2025 - April 12, 2025 -- H5 Detection :  3 sites ( 0.9% ) -- No Detection :  348 sites ( 99.1% ) -- No samples in last week :  243 sites (...) Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/h5-monitoring/index.html?cove-tab=0 ____

{Summary} The natural host for avian influenza virus (AIV) is waterfowl . However, certain subtypes have breached species barriers , causing epizootics in many avian and mammalian species with occasional zoonotic infections in humans . The ongoing spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A( H5N1 ) poses a significant and growing public health threat . Here, we discuss recent advances in viral detection and characterization technologies and their integration into the diagnostics and surveillance of AIV within a “One Health” framework. Source: Nature Communications,  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-58882-4 ____

Summary Background Latin America has been experiencing an Oropouche virus (OROV) outbreak of unprecedented magnitude and spread since 2023–24 for unknown reasons. We aimed to identify risk predictors of and areas at risk for OROV transmission. Methods In this multidisciplinary, laboratory-based, modelling study, we retrospectively tested anonymised serum samples collected between 2001 and 2022 for studies on virus epidemiology and medical diagnostics in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Peru with nucleoprotein-based commercial ELISAs for OROV-specific IgG and IgM antibodies. Serum samples positive for IgG from different ecological regions and sampling years were tested against Guaroa virus and two OROV glycoprotein reassortants (Iquitos virus and Madre de Dios virus) via plaque reduction neutralisation testing (PRNT) to validate IgG ELISA specificity and support antigenic cartography. Three OROV strains were included in the neutralisation testing, a Cuban OROV isolate...

Key points   • The overall objective of continual global surveillance for human infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses is to detect and characterize any influenza A(H5) viruses infecting humans in order to:  - (1) promptly trigger public health control and response actions,  - (2) assess the trends of such infections and the public health risks posed (including the risk of a pandemic); and  - (3) inform global pandemic preparedness activities.  • Specific surveillance objectives include rapidly detecting human cases of influenza A(H5) virus infection, monitoring the incidence of new cases over time and geographical distribution, assessing and monitoring changes in transmission patterns to promptly detect any unusual events that may signal human-to-human transmission of the virus, characterizing and monitoring changes in any influenza A(H5) viruses infecting humans relative to those circulating in animals to inform control strategies, describing the clinica...

{Excerpt} Time Period: March 30, 2025 - April 05, 2025 -- H5 Detection :  4 sites ( 1.1% ) -- No Detection :  372 sites ( 98.9% ) -- No samples in last week :  256 sites (...) Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/h5-monitoring/index.html ____

Abstract Measles outbreaks continue to pose significant public health challenges globally despite the availability of effective vaccines. In this study, we evaluated wastewater-based surveillance for detection of measles virus during an ongoing outbreak in Texas . Weekly wastewater samples collected from two Texas cities between January 2 and March 17, 2025 were analyzed using multiple RT-PCR assays targeting the nucleoprotein and matrix genes of the measles virus. Viral RNA was detected in multiple days from both cities , with City A showing positives from January 13 and City B from January 6, both predating the first confirmed case in the state on January 23. Sequencing of PCR amplicons confirmed the specificity of detection and phylogenetic analysis using global and U.S. measles genome databases further validated that the viral RNA belonged to the currently circulating genotype D8 . Our findings demonstrate that wastewater surveillance can provide early evidence of measles virus cir...

Abstract In November 2022, we reported a fatal case of human infection caused by a highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N6) virus bearing a clade 2.3.4.4b HA gene in Changsha City . We investigated the transmission route and distribution of the H5N6 virus in the largest live-poultry market (LPM), which is linked to the human infection. A total of 1357 samples from the LPM were collected for avian influenza A virus detection from 2020 to 2023. The proportion of LPM samples positive for H5 subtype avian influenza virus was 14.30% (194/1357). Sequences of H5N6 (n = 10) and H5N1 (n = 4) avian influenza viruses were obtained from the LPM samples using next-generation sequencing. The complete genome sequence of the H5N6 virus from the human infection case, A/Changsha/1/2022(EPI_ISL_16466440), was determined and analyzed. The PB1 and PB2 segments shared 99.65% and 99.23% sequence identity with A/duck/Hunan/S40199/2021(H5N6) and A/Whooper swan/Sanmenxia/H615/2020(H5N8), respectively. The othe...

Abstract An increase in pneumonia-related emergency department visits was observed in Lombardy, northern Italy, during June–October 2024. Viral causes appear insufficient to explain the increase, suggesting a bacterial cause . Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Bordetella pertussis emerged as possible causes when other surveillance systems were consulted, but the reasons behind this trend remain unknown . Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/5/24-1790_article ____

Highlights •  Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) was circulating in Europe in 2023 •  Most EV-D68 cases were captured through clinical EV surveillance •  Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 region revealed a distinct B3-derived lineage •  The identified B3 lineage presented a previously undescribed residue change, D554E Abstract Background Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) causes respiratory disease ranging from mild to severe and in rare cases a paralytic syndrome, called acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). Since the global EV-D68 outbreak in 2014, the virus has mainly circulated in biennial epidemic cycles with peaks detected during even years. However, following the COVID-19 pandemic, the seasonal pattern of EV-D68 has been characterized by large yearly upsurges . Here, we describe the circulation of EV-D68 in Europe in 2023 and track its genetic evolution. Study design Data was compiled from members of the European Non-Polio Network (ENPEN). This included monthly data on the total number of...

  {Excerpt} Time Period: March 23, 2025 - March 29, 2025 -- H5 Detection :  9 sites ( 2.2% ) -- No Detection :  400 sites ( 97.8% ) -- No samples in last week :  228 sites (...) Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/h5-monitoring/index.html ____

Abstract Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus carrying an I38N substitution was detected in an untreated teenager in Japan . The I38N mutant virus exhibited reduced susceptibility to baloxavir but remained susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors and showed reduced growth capability . Monitoring antiviral drug susceptibility of influenza viruses is necessary to aid public health planning and clinical recommendations. Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/5/24-1123_article ____

Influenza at the human-animal interface Summary and risk assessment, from 21 January to 19 March 2025 {1}  New human cases {2}:  From 21 January to 19 March 2025, based on reporting date , the detection of influenza A( H5N1 ) in five humans, influenza A( H9N2 ) virus in four humans, influenza A( H1N1 ) variant ((H1N1)v) virus in one human, and influenza A( H1N2 )v virus in one human were reported officially.  • Circulation of influenza viruses with zoonotic potential in animals:  -- High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) events in poultry and non-poultry continue to be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH).{3}  The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) also provides a global update on avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential.{4}  • Risk assessment {5}:  -- Sustained human to human transmission has not been reported from these events. Based on information available at the time of the risk assessmen...