ETIDIOH - NEW

  {Summary} Time Period: November 16, 2025 - November 22, 2025 -- H5 Detection :  6 site(s) ( 1.4% ) -- No Detection :  410 site(s) ( 98.6% ) -- No samples in last week :  50 site(s) (...) Source:  Link:  https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html ____

  Abstract This study assessed the epidemiological and microbiological invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) changes that occurred before and after the emergence of COVID-19 in Italy . All IPD cases reported through the nationwide surveillance system during 2018–2023 were included. IPD incidence and serotype distributions were analyzed by age group. IPD incidence in 2020–2021 declined in all age groups compared with 2018–2019 , especially in children less than 2 years of age and elderly people aged > 64 years. A resurgence of IPD cases was observed from late 2022 onwards , with values in children exceeding those seen before the pandemic. The post COVID-19 increase in children was mainly driven by some PCV13 serotypes , such as 3, 19A, and 19F , but also non-vaccine serotypes, including 10A, 8, and 24F , while in the elderly population , a predominance of serotypes 3 and 8 was observed . In conclusion, a steep drop in IPD incidence was observed during the peak of the COVID-19 pande...

  Abstract Between 6 September and 14 November 2025, 1,443 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) virus detections were reported in wild birds across 26 countries in Europe . This number was four times higher than in the same period in 2024 and the highest overall for those weeks since at least 2016 . Almost all the detections ( 99% ) were due to HPAI A(H5N1) viruses, and most of them belonged to EA-2024-DI.2.1, a new sub-lineage of the EA-2024-DI.2 genotype . These HPAI virus detections in wild birds involved increasing numbers of waterfowl species (ducks, geese and swans) that were found positive in large parts of Europe . In addition, high numbers of common cranes were affected across a wide band stretching from northeast to southwest Europe . Given the unprecedented high circulation of HPAI virus in the wild bird population compared to previous years, and the associated high environmental contamination , strict biosecurity measures and early detection of infected poultr...

  Abstract The wildlife reservoir and spillover mechanisms of Ebola virus remain elusive despite extensive research efforts in endemic areas. This study employed a One Health approach to examine the virus’ circulation in wildlife and the associated human exposure risks in the Tshuapa province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo . We screened 1049 samples from 919 animals , predominantly small mammals , collected in 2021, and 380 samples from inhabitants of Inkanamongo village, the site of an Ebola virus disease outbreak in 2014. These samples were screened for evidence of current (RNA) or past (IgG antibodies) Ebola virus infections. We also conducted interviews with 167 individuals in the surrounding districts to assess their interactions with wildlife . While no Ebola virus RNA was detected in the wildlife samples , anti-orthoebolavirus IgG antibodies were found in 13 bats and 38 rodents . Among the human participants , 120 individuals had IgG antibodies against at least 1 or...

  Abstract Influenza A virus (IAV) can infect a wide range of hosts, including wild and domestic pigs . Swine play an important role in influenza evolution and epidemiology due to their ability to get infected with both avian and human influenza viruses, potentially leading to reassorted virus variants . Interactions at the wild-domestic swine interface have been documented on multiple occasions, raising concern about pathogen transmission and the emergence of novel influenza strains. This study investigates the occurrence and subtypes of IAV infecting invasive wild pigs in Alberta, Canada . A total of 267 wild pigs were captured between 2021–2024. Exposure to IAV was initially detected by cELISA , with further confirmation of exposure to the H5Nx virus by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) assays. Although no IAV genetic material was detected by qPCR , the seropositive samples by cELISA (4.17%; 5/120) coincided with the 2022–2024 highly pathogenic avian...

  {Summary} Confirmed Cases at National Level [National - Total Cases : 71 { +1 }{§}] [Cases -  Exposure Source] -- 41 - Dairy Herds (Cattle){*} -- 24 - Poultry Farms and Culling Operations {*} -- 3 - Other Animal Exposure {†} -- 3 - Exposure Source Unknown {‡} Probable Cases at National Level [National - Total Cases : 7 {no change} ] [Cases -  Exposure Source] -- 1 - Dairy Herds (Cattle) {*} -- 5 - Poultry Farms and Culling Operations {*} --  0 - Other Animal Exposure {†} -- 1 - Exposure Source Unknown {‡} NOTE : One additional case was previously detected in a poultry worker in Colorado in 2022. Louisiana reported the first H5 bird flu death in the U.S. {*} Exposure Associated with Commercial Agriculture and Related Operations {†} Exposure was related to other animals such as backyard flocks, wild birds, or other mammals {‡} Exposure source was not able to be identified (...) {§} A case from Washington State, see more at:  https://doh.wa.gov/newsroom/grays-h...

  Abstract From 2006 through 2008, 543 synanthropic Rattus norvegicus were sampled from 20 alleys clustered in five high-density human neighborhoods throughout Baltimore, Maryland, USA . Results indicated that rat coronaviruses (RCV) circulated endemically and infected most rats in the region. Collected animals were tested by serology and RT-PCR for evidence of exposure to RCV and the results were used to characterize the epizootiology of natural infection. Serology showed that 71.8% of rats had IgG antibodies to RCV, indicating previous exposure, while only 3.0% showed evidence of recent infection based on positive PCR results. Incidence was estimated at 16% per month . Antibody and PCR results were uniformly distributed throughout the city. Consistent with historical laboratory studies, RCV appeared to be horizontally transmitted and generated an acute infection with a short period of infectiousness . Evidence of past infection increased with rat age but did not differ significan...

  {Excerpt} Novel Influenza A Virus Infections Two confirmed human infections with novel influenza A viruses were reported to CDC this week .  One infection with an influenza A(H5N5) virus was reported by the Washington State Department of Health and one infection with an influenza A(H1N2) variant (A(H1N2)v) virus was reported by the Vermont Department of Health. One infection with an influenza A(H5N5) virus was reported by the Washington State Department of Public Health .  -- The case occurred in an individual aged ≥18 years .  -- This individual developed symptoms during the week ending October 25 , 2025 (Week 43) and was hospitalized with their illness during the week ending November 8, 2025 (Week 45).  -- Respiratory specimens collected at the healthcare facility tested positive for influenza A and were presumptive positive for influenza A(H5) at the University of Washington.  -- The specimens were sent to the Washington State Public Health Laboratory ...

  {Summary} Time Period: November 09, 2025 - November 15, 2025 -- H5 Detection :  1 site(s) ( 0.3% ) -- No Detection :  382 site(s) ( 99.7% ) -- No samples in last week :  75 site(s) (...) Source:  Link:  https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html ____

  Summary Background Following a decline during the COVID-19 pandemic, Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections resurged in several countries . We aimed to characterise the clinical presentation of paediatric patients admitted to hospital for M pneumoniae during 2023 and 2024 in France. Methods We conducted a nationwide, multicentre, retrospective, and prospective observational study across 37 French paediatric hospitals (September, 2023–September, 2024). Children younger than 18 years who were hospitalised with laboratory-confirmed M pneumoniae infection (PCR or serology) were included. Demographics (excluding race), clinical features, laboratory and radiological findings, management, and outcomes data were described and analysed. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06260371) and is complete. Findings We included 969 children and adolescents with M pneumoniae in...

  {Excerpt} National situation summary Person-to-person spread :  None -- There is no known person-to-person spread at this time. Current public health risk :  Low -- The current public health risk is Low. Cases in the U.S. :  71 cases Deaths in U.S. :  1 death (...) Situation summary of confirmed and probable human cases since 2024 {Confirmed Cases}:  -- National: Total Cases: 71 {+1} [Cases - Exposure Source] -- 41 - Dairy Herds (Cattle){*} -- 24 - Poultry Farms and Culling Operations{*} -- 3 - Other Animal Exposure{†} -- 3 - Exposure Source Unknown{‡} {Probable Cases}:  -- National: Total Cases: 7 [Cases - Exposure Source] -- 1 - Dairy Herds (Cattle){*} -- 5 - Poultry Farms and Culling Operations{*} -- 0 - Other Animal Exposure{†} -- 1 - Exposure Source Unknown{‡} NOTE : One additional case was previously detected in a poultry worker in Colorado in 2022. Louisiana reported the first H5 bird flu death in the U.S. {*} Exposure Associated with Comm...

Human Avian Influenza Cases in Washington State Residents {*} [Exposure - Probable - Confirmed - Total human cases (H5)] -- Poultry - 3 - 11 - 14 -- Unknown - 1{^} - 0 - 1 -- Total - 15 {*} Washington residency could not be confirmed for one case with exposure to poultry in Washington. {^} Currently under investigation; case classification and source of infection may be updated. Note : Updates to national public health reporting and notification of novel influenza A infections were approved by the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) in June 2024 and enacted in September 2024. Whether a case is counted as confirmed or probable is determined after completion of a public health case investigation and takes into account a person's exposure to avian influenza virus, whether confirmatory testing at the CDC was negative or positive, and whether a person experienced symptoms of illness. The specific criteria used to determine if a case is confirmed, or probable is based...

For immediate release: November 13, 2025   (25-136) Contact: DOH Communications If confirmed, this would be the first human case of avian influenza reported in Washington in 2025 OLYMPIA – A Grays Harbor County resident has tested preliminarily positive for avian influenza, also known as bird flu . Confirmatory testing through the Washington State Public Health Laboratories is pending. Health officials are working to determine the potential sources of the infection , including contact with wild or domestic birds .  The person, who is an older adult with underlying health conditions, developed a high fever, confusion, and respiratory distress and was hospitalized in early November.  They are currently receiving treatment in King County after previously being treated in Thurston and Grays Harbor counties. Public health disease experts have not identified any risk to the public . The Washington State Department of Health is working with the local health departments and ...

  Abstract The highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A virus (IAV) clade 2.3.4.4b has spread globally and spilled over into multiple mammalian species , raising concerns about its pandemic potential . In late 2022, clade 2.3.4.4b viruses devastated seabird and marine mammal populations along the Pacific coast of South America . Here, we report the first evidence of H5 IAV infections in wild bats globally, focusing on common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) in coastal areas of Peru . Longitudinal serological screening , stable isotope analysis and metabarcoding revealed repeated exposures to H5 IAVs in vampire bats which feed on coastal wildlife species heavily impacted by the 2.3.4.4b epizootic, but no evidence of infection in populations without access to marine prey. We further report bat gene flow between IAV-exposed and IAV-naive populations , and IAV infections in a vampire bat colony that fed on both marine and terrestrial livestock prey, providing insights into how future I...

  Summary -- What is already known about this topic? - A total of 117 H9N2 cases of human infection of Chinese origin had been reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) by May 9, 2025, with 22 of them originating in Hunan Province. -- What is added by this report? - This article reported on the investigation of three new H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) infections detected in Changsha, Hunan Province , in April 2025. No epidemiological link was found among them. Exposure to live poultry was identified as the primary risk factor for infection. Sequence analysis of the three H9N2 AIVs showed a similarity of 99.71%–99.82% between hemagglutinin (HA), and the homology of the neuraminidase (NA) genes was 98.41%–99.83%. Although the tests showed that the HA had enhanced binding ability to upper respiratory tract cells’ receptors , no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission has been found so far. -- What are the implications for public health practice? - This study indicate...

  Summary -- What is already known about this topic? - The H3N8 avian influenza virus (AIV) demonstrates considerable capacity for interspecies transmission and has been documented in multiple mammalian hosts , including equine and canine species. During 2022–2023, three laboratory-confirmed human infections with H3N8 were reported in China, heightening public health concerns about the zoonotic spillover potential of H3 subtype AIVs. -- What is added by this report? - This study reports the isolation of a genetically reassorted, low-pathogenicity H3N8 avian influenza virus (AIV) from an islet in Niukouyu Wetland Park, Beijing Municipality — the first detection of this viral strain in a wild environment within the city. Throat swabs collected from park staff tested negative for influenza viruses. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the viral hemagglutinin gene originated from the Eurasian lineage, while the neuraminidase gene was derived from the North American lineage . Althoug...

  Authors: Freja CM Kirsebom{1}, Catherine Thompson{2}, Tiina Talts{2}, Beatrix Kele{2}, Heather J Whitaker{3}, Nurin Abdul Aziz{1}, Christopher Rawlinson{1}, Rebecca E Green{1}, Catherine Quinot{1}, Nicholas Gardner{1}, Elizabeth Waller{1}, Alex Allen{1}, Conall H Watson{1,4}, Suzanna LR McDonald{1}, Maria Zambon{2}, Richard Pebody{4,5}, Mary Ramsay{6,7}, Katja Hoschler{2}, Anika Singanayagam{*2,4}, Jamie Lopez Bernal{*1,4}  {*} Joint last authors  {1} Immunisation and Vaccine-preventable Diseases Division, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London  {2} Respiratory Virus Unit (RVU), UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London  {3} Modelling Division, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London  {4} NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, United Kingdom  {5} Epidemic and Emerging Infections Directorate, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London  {6} Public Health Programmes Directorate, UK H...

  Abstract Bats are associated with some of the most significant and virulent emerging zoonoses globally , yet research and surveillance of bat pathogens remains limited across parts of the world. We surveyed the prevalence and genetic diversity of coronaviruses from bats in Taita Hills, southeastern Kenya , as part of ongoing surveillance efforts in this remote part of eastern Africa. We collected fecal and intestinal samples in May 2018 and March 2019 from 16 bat species . We detected one genus of coronavirus (alphacoronavirus), with an overall RNA prevalence of 6.5% (30/463). The prevalence of coronavirus RNA was 3.8% (9/235) and 11.6% (21/181) for the two most captured free-tailed bat species, Mops condylurus and M. pumilus respectively, with no detections from other bat species (0/90). Phylogenetic analyses based on the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene and whole genome sequences revealed that the sequences clustered together and were closely related to alphacoronaviru...

  Abstract The current panzootic of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has been catastrophic for wildlife , and following a significant sweep, clade 2.3.4.4b is found in every region aside from Oceania . Herein, we report the results of our third year of targeted surveillance of incoming migratory seabirds and shorebirds into Australia . We did not find evidence of HPAI H5N1 in any of the birds tested , and there were no reports of HPAI H5N1 in wildlife tested through other surveillance schemes in 2024. Unlike previous years, we detected a diversity of low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses in shorebirds. Through phylogenetic analysis we revealed that the H3N7 and H4N7 viruses recovered from Red-necked Stints were complex mosaic viruses, comprising segments of Eurasian, Australian shorebird, and Australian waterfowl segments . A H1N7 virus detected comprised a wholly Eurasian introduction , confirming this route for avian influenza viruses into Australian ecos...

  Abstract Emerging infectious diseases can have catastrophic impacts on wildlife populations , yet identifying individuals that survived exposure, especially when external symptoms are absent, remains challenging. Since 2021, a virulent strain of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b) has caused unprecedented mortality in wild birds across continents . Northern Gannets (Morus bassanus) are among the species that suffered significant population declines in Europe and North America . At North America's largest gannet colony ( Bonaventure Island ) dramatic mortality and reproductive failure occurred in 2022. Following this event, researchers noted a subset of gannets displaying irregular iris pigmentation , raising the possibility that this visible change may indicate a lasting effect of infection. Here, we build on earlier observations linking irregular iris pigmentation to HPAIV exposure in gannets using anti-nucleoprotein (NP) and anti-hemagglutinin (H...