ETIDIOH - NEW

  New human cases {1,2}:  -- From 2 July to 25 August 2025 , based on reporting date, the detection of influenza A( H5N1 ) in five humans and influenza A(H9N2) in two humans were reported officially.   Circulation of influenza viruses with zoonotic potential in animals :  - High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) events in poultry and non-poultry animal species continue to be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH).{3}  - The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) also provides a global update on avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential.{4}  Risk assessment {5}:  - Sustained human to human transmission has not been reported from these events.  - Based on information available at the time of this risk assessment update , the overall public health risk from currently known influenza A viruses detected at the human-animal interface has not changed and remains low .  - The occurrence of sus...

{Summary, excerpts} -- Avian influenza A(H9N2) :  - Anhui Province :  1) A two-year-old boy with onset on August 5, 2025.  - Chongqing Municipality :  2) A six-year-old boy with onset on July 30, 2025.  - Hunan Province 3) A two-year-old boy with onset on August 21, 2025.  - Sichuan Province :  4) A one-year-old boy with onset on July 28, 2025.  (...) Source: Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong PRC SAR,  https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/2025_avian_influenza_report_vol21_wk36.pdf ____

  ABSTRACT Swine influenza A virus (swIAV) is an important zoonotic pathogen with the potential to cause human influenza pandemics . Swine are considered “ mixing vessels ” for generating novel reassortant influenza A viruses . In 2009, a swine-origin reassortant virus (2009 pandemic H1N1, pdm/09 H1N1 ) spilled over to humans , causing a global influenza pandemic . This virus soon spread back into swine herds and reassorted with the circulating swIAVs. We previously reported that the genotype 4 (G4) reassortant Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 virus , which bore pdm/09- and triple reassortant (TR)-derived internal genes, had been predominant in swine populations of China since 2016, posing a threat to both the swine industry and public health . Here, our ongoing surveillance confirmed that G4 EA H1N1 viruses remained the predominant swIAVs in China from 2019 to 2023 and had reassorted with the co-circulating swIAVs, such as the H3N2 virus, to generate novel reassortant EA H1N2 viruses...

  Summary Background Influenza vaccination is widely recommended to prevent death and serious illness in vulnerable people , including those with heart failure . However, the randomised evidence to support this practice is limited and few people are vaccinated in many parts of the world. We aimed to determine whether influenza vaccination can improve the outcome of patients after an episode of acute heart failure requiring admission to hospital in China . Methods We undertook a pragmatic, multiregional, parallel-group, cluster (hospital)-randomised, controlled, superiority trial over three winter seasons in China. Participating hospitals were located in the counties of 12 provinces with the capability of establishing a point-of-care service to provide free influenza vaccination to a sufficient number of patients before their discharge, if allocated to the intervention group. No such service was used in hospitals allocated to usual care (control) but patients were informed of fee-fo...

  Significance Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) threatens wildlife, agriculture, and humans. Along the East Asian–Australasian Flyway , a major waterfowl migration corridor and HPAIV hot spot, landscape changes are altering migratory bird distributions and increasing opportunities for wild–poultry interactions . By integrating empirical data into an individual-based model, we show that landscape change between 2000 and 2015 reshaped waterfowl migration , substantially increased wild-poultry spillover , and avian influenza virus (AIV) reassortment in poultry , our proxy for potential AIV diversification and emergence of novel subtypes. Risk regions expanded across southeastern China, the Yellow River basin, and northeastern China . These findings highlight the importance of landscape changes in potentially elevating AIV diversification and emergence, and the landscape dynamics should be integrated into future studies. Abstract Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses...

  ABSTRACT Bats are the reservoir hosts of emerging coronaviruses (CoVs) affecting human and livestock health . We assessed the diversity, evolution, and geographic distribution of two alphacoronaviruses (subgenus Rhinacovirus ) with considerable potential for emergence : swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus ( SADS-CoV ), which has caused large outbreaks in pigs in China and can infect primary human airway epithelial cells in vitro ; and the related Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2 (HKU2-CoV). Phylogenetic analyses of 523 rhinacovirus sequences from bats in China and Southeast Asia suggest these viruses should be reclassified into at least two distinct CoV species representing two well-supported monophyletic clades. Stronger phylogenetic clustering by sampling location than by host species suggests infrequent long-distance transmission of rhinacoviruses in southern China. Ancestral state reconstruction analysis indicates that R. sinicus/thomasi and R. affinis have played an im...

Abstract Avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) pose a significant pandemic threat due to their cross-species transmission potential . However, AIV surveillance at the critical “ migratory birds–poultry-exposed population ” interface remains limited. Between 2021 and 2024, we implemented a prospective One Health surveillance program around Nansi Lake , monitoring AIVs in migratory birds, poultry, and environmental samples, as well as serological investigations against representative AIVs among migratory birds or poultry-exposed subjects. AIVs were detected in 2.1% (30/1417) of migratory bird samples and 10.2% (100/978) of poultry samples . Among these, we identified ten highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 subtype viruses, one HPAI H7N9 virus, and five low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 viruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed evidence of frequent genomic reassortment events involving H5 subtype viruses among migratory birds, poultry, and humans . Serological investigation also...

Abstract Mycoplasma pneumonia pneumonia(MPP) is a common respiratory disease that often occurs in children . The purpose of this study was to explore the clinical characteristics of children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, the first outbreak after the prevalence of COVID-19 epidemic . Meanwhile, this study also analyzed the predictive value of serum protein indicators and coagulation parameters in the MPP group, as well as the correlation between these indicators. Children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae admitted to the pediatric ward of Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital from May 2023 to March 2024 were selected. After screening, 411 children who met the research criteria were selected as the study subjects. All of the blood samples were tested for coagulation function , procalcitonin, serum protein and glucose among MPP group and control group. All data were processed for statistical analysis using GraphPad Prism 10.2.3. Comparison of the serum proteins and coagulation function between...

ABSTRACT The high-altitude ecosystems of Qinghai Province, China, harbor unique viral communities shaped by extreme environmental conditions and host adaptations. This study presents a comprehensive genetic characterization of the marmot gut virome , revealing novel viral strains with zoonotic potential . Using viral metagenomics, we analyzed intestinal contents from 70 marmots collected from Chengduo and Maqin counties. Sequencing on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform identified 19 viral genomes belonging to four major families : Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Parvoviridae, and Picornaviridae , along with four novel circular Rep-encoding single-stranded DNA (CRESS DNA) viruses. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated close relationships between marmot-derived strains and viruses from humans, bats, and other mammals , highlighting potential cross-species transmission risks . Notably, bat-associated adenoviruses showed closer phylogenetic proximity to human strains, while novel parvoviruses for...

  {Excerpt} Avian influenza A(H9N2) :  -- Guangdong Province : - 1) An individual with onset on May 28, 2025.  -- Hubei Province :  - 2) An individual with onset on June 21, 2025.  (...) Source: Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong PRC SAR,  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/resources/29/332.html ____

Abstract The H1N1 swine influenza viruses CQ91 and CQ445, isolated from pigs in China, exhibited distinct virulence in mice despite sharing similar genomic constellations. CQ91 demonstrated higher pathogenicity (MLD50: 5.4 log10 EID50) and replication efficiency in mice compared to CQ445 (MLD50: 6.6 log10 EID50). Through reverse genetics, we found that the attenuation of CQ445 was due to a single substitution of glutamic acid (E) with lysine (K) at position 343 in the PB2 protein . Introducing the CQ445-PB2 (343K) into CQ91 significantly reduced viral replication and pathogenicity in mice, while replacing CQ445-PB2 with CQ91-PB2 (343E) restored virulence. In vitro studies showed that the K343E mutation impaired viral replication in MDCK and A549 cells and reduced polymerase activity in minigenome assays. Mechanistically, the amino acid at position 343 in the PB2 affects the transcription stage of the viral replication process . Structural modeling indicated that the charge reversal cau...

Abstract Influenza D virus infects primarily cattle , but infrequent reports of infections in cats occur. We detected influenza D virus antibodies in 8 of 360 cats in northern China . Domestic cats showed higher susceptibility than strays. Our results suggest a previously overlooked aspect of epidemiology of this virus in companion animals. Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/8/25-0042_article ____

ABSTRACT Newly emerging or “re-emerging” influenza viruses have been regarded as a huge global threat to human public health . However, there are few reports of human deaths caused by newly emerging influenza viruses derived from pigs and poultry . Here, we described the clinical and virological features of a fatal encephalitis caused by a novel H3N2 reassortant virus generated from swine H3N2 and human H7N9 viruses. A 7-year-old boy was diagnosed with acute encephalitis in Yixing, China, in August 2022. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed mild pneumonia . Brain CT indicated acute encephalitis companied brain parenchyma swelling. Haematological examinations revealed a markedly elevation of lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and cytokines . Pathogenic analysis confirmed that a novel H3N2 virus (A/Yixing/805/2022, YX805) was responsible for this case. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the surface protein-coding genes were origin...

  New human cases {2}:  -- From 28 May to 1 July 2025 , based on reporting date, the detection of influenza A( H5N1 ) in nine humans , influenza A( H9N2 ) in three humans and influenza A( H10N3 ) in one human were reported officially. Additionally, one human case of infection with an influenza A(H5N1) virus was detected.  Circulation of influenza viruses with zoonotic potential in animals :  -- High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) events in poultry and non-poultry continue to be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH).{3} The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) also provides a global update on avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential.{4}  Risk assessment {5}:  -- Sustained human to human transmission has not been reported from these events.  -- Based on information available at the time of the risk assessment, the overall public health risk from currently known influenza viruses circulating at t...