ETIDIOH - NEW

Abstract Mycoplasma pneumonia pneumonia(MPP) is a common respiratory disease that often occurs in children . The purpose of this study was to explore the clinical characteristics of children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, the first outbreak after the prevalence of COVID-19 epidemic . Meanwhile, this study also analyzed the predictive value of serum protein indicators and coagulation parameters in the MPP group, as well as the correlation between these indicators. Children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae admitted to the pediatric ward of Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital from May 2023 to March 2024 were selected. After screening, 411 children who met the research criteria were selected as the study subjects. All of the blood samples were tested for coagulation function , procalcitonin, serum protein and glucose among MPP group and control group. All data were processed for statistical analysis using GraphPad Prism 10.2.3. Comparison of the serum proteins and coagulation function between...

ABSTRACT The high-altitude ecosystems of Qinghai Province, China, harbor unique viral communities shaped by extreme environmental conditions and host adaptations. This study presents a comprehensive genetic characterization of the marmot gut virome , revealing novel viral strains with zoonotic potential . Using viral metagenomics, we analyzed intestinal contents from 70 marmots collected from Chengduo and Maqin counties. Sequencing on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform identified 19 viral genomes belonging to four major families : Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Parvoviridae, and Picornaviridae , along with four novel circular Rep-encoding single-stranded DNA (CRESS DNA) viruses. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated close relationships between marmot-derived strains and viruses from humans, bats, and other mammals , highlighting potential cross-species transmission risks . Notably, bat-associated adenoviruses showed closer phylogenetic proximity to human strains, while novel parvoviruses for...

  {Excerpt} Avian influenza A(H9N2) :  -- Guangdong Province : - 1) An individual with onset on May 28, 2025.  -- Hubei Province :  - 2) An individual with onset on June 21, 2025.  (...) Source: Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong PRC SAR,  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/resources/29/332.html ____

Abstract The H1N1 swine influenza viruses CQ91 and CQ445, isolated from pigs in China, exhibited distinct virulence in mice despite sharing similar genomic constellations. CQ91 demonstrated higher pathogenicity (MLD50: 5.4 log10 EID50) and replication efficiency in mice compared to CQ445 (MLD50: 6.6 log10 EID50). Through reverse genetics, we found that the attenuation of CQ445 was due to a single substitution of glutamic acid (E) with lysine (K) at position 343 in the PB2 protein . Introducing the CQ445-PB2 (343K) into CQ91 significantly reduced viral replication and pathogenicity in mice, while replacing CQ445-PB2 with CQ91-PB2 (343E) restored virulence. In vitro studies showed that the K343E mutation impaired viral replication in MDCK and A549 cells and reduced polymerase activity in minigenome assays. Mechanistically, the amino acid at position 343 in the PB2 affects the transcription stage of the viral replication process . Structural modeling indicated that the charge reversal cau...

Abstract Influenza D virus infects primarily cattle , but infrequent reports of infections in cats occur. We detected influenza D virus antibodies in 8 of 360 cats in northern China . Domestic cats showed higher susceptibility than strays. Our results suggest a previously overlooked aspect of epidemiology of this virus in companion animals. Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/8/25-0042_article ____

ABSTRACT Newly emerging or “re-emerging” influenza viruses have been regarded as a huge global threat to human public health . However, there are few reports of human deaths caused by newly emerging influenza viruses derived from pigs and poultry . Here, we described the clinical and virological features of a fatal encephalitis caused by a novel H3N2 reassortant virus generated from swine H3N2 and human H7N9 viruses. A 7-year-old boy was diagnosed with acute encephalitis in Yixing, China, in August 2022. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed mild pneumonia . Brain CT indicated acute encephalitis companied brain parenchyma swelling. Haematological examinations revealed a markedly elevation of lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and cytokines . Pathogenic analysis confirmed that a novel H3N2 virus (A/Yixing/805/2022, YX805) was responsible for this case. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the surface protein-coding genes were origin...

  New human cases {2}:  -- From 28 May to 1 July 2025 , based on reporting date, the detection of influenza A( H5N1 ) in nine humans , influenza A( H9N2 ) in three humans and influenza A( H10N3 ) in one human were reported officially. Additionally, one human case of infection with an influenza A(H5N1) virus was detected.  Circulation of influenza viruses with zoonotic potential in animals :  -- High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) events in poultry and non-poultry continue to be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH).{3} The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) also provides a global update on avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential.{4}  Risk assessment {5}:  -- Sustained human to human transmission has not been reported from these events.  -- Based on information available at the time of the risk assessment, the overall public health risk from currently known influenza viruses circulating at t...

Abstract Background Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by the influenza A virus, which can infect a variety of domestic,wild birds and even cross the species barrier and infect humans.To understand the contamination of avian influenza virus in the external environment of poultry in Huzhou City from 2017 to 2023 and to assess the risk of human infection with avian influenza. Methods A total of 3,400 environmental specimens from five types of venues in Huzhou City were collected and tested for influenza A virus nucleic acid using fluorescent reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results From 2017 to 2023, with 15.44% overall positive rate of influenza A virus . The predominant subtype of avian influenza virus was H9 (accounting for 54.67%). The peak of positive influenza virus detection rates occurred in winter and spring seasons every year. The venue with highest positive rate was poultry slaughtering and processing plants (41.83%), followed by ...

Abstract Bats are natural reservoirs for a wide range of microorganisms, including many notable zoonotic pathogens. However, the composition of the infectome (i.e., the collection of viral, bacterial and eukaryotic microorganisms) within bat kidneys remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we performed meta-transcriptomic sequencing on kidney tissues from 142 bats , spanning ten species sampled at five locations in Yunnan province, China . This analysis identified 22 viral species , including 20 novel viruses , two of which represented newly discovered henipaviruses closely related to the highly pathogenic Hendra and Nipah viruses . These henipaviruses were found in the kidneys of bats inhabiting an orchard near villages, raising concerns about potential fruit contamination via bat urine and transmission risks to livestock or humans. Additionally, we identified a novel protozoan parasite, tentatively named Klossiella yunnanensis , along with two highly abundant bacterial species...

Abstract Objective :  The objective is to examine the epidemiology and clinical features of human cases infected with H5N6 avian influenza in Sichuan Province from 2014 to 2024, and to offer guidance for the prevention and management of human infections with H5N6 avian influenza. Methods :  Epidemiological survey reports of H5N6 avian influenza cases in Sichuan Province from 2014 to 2024 were compiled, and the epidemiological context and characteristics of 16 human cases infected with H5N6 avian influenza in the province were summarized and analyzed using descriptive epidemiological methods. Results :  From 2014, when the initial human case of H5N6 infection was documented in Sichuan Province, to 2024, there have been 16 human cases of H5N6 avian influenza in the region, resulting in 12 fatalities and a case fatality rate of 75%. The instances were predominantly located in the Chengdu Plain, eastern Sichuan, and southern Sichuan. Conclusion :  Human instances of H5N6...

{Excerpt} Epi-Week 25 2025 Avian influenza A(H9N2) :  - Henan Province :  -- 1) A 52-year-old woman with onset on May 10, 2025.  - Hunan Province :  -- 2) A 72-year-old woman with onset on May 14, 2025.  - Sichuan Province :  --3) A six-year-old boy with onset on May 14, 2025. Avian influenza A(H10N3) :  - Shaanxi Province :  -- 1) A 70-year-old woman with onset on April 21, 2025.  (...) Source: Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong PRC SAR,  https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/2025_avian_influenza_report_vol21_wk25.pdf ____

ABSTRACT Influenza A (H3N2) viruses are historically responsible for the 1968 Hong Kong flu pandemic. Since then, H3N2 has continued to circulate as a seasonal influenza virus in humans. Public health concerns were raised in 2022 when human infections with novel reassortant H3N8 influenza viruses originating from chickens were first reported in China . Here, we conducted a systematic surveillance of H3 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulating in poultry and assessed the public health risk of emergent H3 reassortants. We found that H3 AIVs were prevalent in both ducks and chickens . Notably, in December 2022, a novel chicken-derived H3N3 subtype virus was identified, which gradually replaced the previously predominant H3N8 virus and became prevalent in chickens. Genetic analysis demonstrated that the novel H3N3 virus is a triple-reassortment strain with the H3 gene segment from chicken H3N8 virus, the N3 gene segment from the H10N3 virus , and internal gene segments derived from H9N2 ...

Summary Background Onradivir (ZSP1273) is a potent inhibitor of the PB2 subunit of influenza A virus (IAV) polymerase . Our previous, phase 2 clinical trial showed that a 600 mg regimen of onradivir initiated within 48 h of symptom onset can expedite the recovery of adult patients from acute, uncomplicated influenza. Here, we aimed to evaluate the safety and therapeutic efficacy of onradivir in a larger group with acute, uncomplicated influenza. Methods This randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled and oseltamivir-controlled, phase 3 trial was conducted at 68 clinical sites in China . Eligible participants were adults (aged 18–64 years) with an influenza-like illness who screened positive by rapid IAV antigen testing at the first clinical visit, and had a fever (axillary temperature ≥38·0°C) with at least one moderate systemic and one moderate respiratory symptom within 48 h of symptom onset. Patients were randomly assigned into three treatment groups, stratified by in...

Abstract Nationwide surveillance of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in live poultry markets across China has occurred since 2014, providing a resource for AIV prevalence and genetic diversity studies . Here we report that 3,237 of 18,425 samples from poultry were AIV positive (17.57%) between 2019 and 2023, with H9N2 being the dominant subtype . We developed an automated phylogeny-based nomenclature system to classify genetic clades of the dominant H9N2 lineage, the BJ94 lineage. Using this model, we found that ten haemagglutinin (HA) sub-subclades cocirculated in poultry and showed antigenic variation. In addition, 99.46% and 96.17% of H9N2 AIVs in 2021–2023 possessed human-receptor binding-related HA-L226 and human MxA-resistance-related NP-N52 mutations , respectively. H9N2 strains with these two mutations preferred human-type receptors and increased replication in human cells in vitro, regardless of the presence of PB2-V/K/E627. Moreover, H9N2 AIVs containing HA-L226, PB2-V/K627 and...

  New human cases {2}:  -- From 23 April to 27 May 2025, based on reporting date, the detection of influenza A( H5N1 ) in three humans, the detection of influenza A( H9N2 ) virus in eight humans and the detection of influenza A( H10N3 ) in one human were reported officially.  -- Circulation of influenza viruses with zoonotic potential in animals:  - High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in poultry and non-poultry animals continue to be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH).{3}  - The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) also provides a global update on avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential.{4}  -- Risk assessment {5}:  - Sustained human to human transmission has not been reported in these events. Based on information available at the time of the risk assessment , the overall public health risk from currently known influenza viruses circulating at the human-animal interface has not c...