ETIDIOH - NEW

Executive Summary   The first ever National One Health Framework to Address Zoonotic Diseases and Advance Public Health Preparedness in the United States (NOHF-Zoonoses), 2025-2029, establishes a structure to facilitate multisectoral and transdisciplinary coordination, collaboration, and communication across the federal government .  Using the One Health approach , the framework addresses zoonotic diseases and other priority One Health issues in the United States (U.S.).  The One Health approach recognizes the interdependence of the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants , and the wider environment (including ecosystems).  This approach mobilizes multiple diverse sectors , disciplines, and communities to work together to promote well-being and address health and ecosystem threats.  Previous multisectoral work in the U.S . identified the critical need to formalize federal One Health coordination to address zoonotic diseases and other One Health relat...

ABSTRACT The tonsils have been identified as a site of replication for Epstein–Barr virus, adenovirus, human papillomavirus, and other respiratory viruses. Human tonsil epithelial cells ( HTECs ) are a heterogeneous group of actively differentiating cells . Here, we investigated the cellular features and susceptibility of differentiated HTECs to specific influenza viruses , including expression of avian-type and mammalian-type sialic acid (SA) receptors , viral replication dynamics, and the associated cytokine secretion profiles. We found that differentiated HTECs possess more abundant α2,3-linked SA (preferentially bound by avian influenza viruses ) than α2,6-linked SA (preferentially bound by mammalian strains ). This dual receptor expression suggests a role in influenza virus adaptation and tropism within the tonsils by facilitating the binding and entry of multiple influenza virus strains. Our results indicated the susceptibility of differentiated HTECs to a wide range of influenza...

PHNOM PENH, Jan. 10 (Xinhua) -- A 28-year-old man from southeast Cambodia's Kampong Cham province died of H5N1 human avian influenza on Friday, becoming the first death in 2025, the Ministry of Health said in a press statement. "Laboratory results from the National Institute of Public Health showed on Jan. 9, 2025 that the man was positive for H5N1 virus," the statement said. "Although our team of doctors had provided him intensive care , the patient died on Jan. 10, 2025 due to his severe condition , with the symptoms of fever, cough, and dyspnea ," it added. The patient lived in village 22 in Chamkar Leu district's Chamkar Andoung commune. "According to queries , the patient raised and fed chicken , and he cooked sick chicken for food," the statement said. Health authorities are looking into the source of the infection and are examining any suspected cases or people who have been in contact with the victim in order to prevent an outbreak in the c...

 A wild sanderling in Oostende. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6175 _____

ABSTRACT Objectives Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) poses an occupational risk for poultry workers, responders, and others in contact with infected birds. The objective of this analysis was to describe HPAI surveillance methods and outcomes , and highlight the challenges, successes, and lessons learned during the Minnesota Department of Health’s (MDH’s) public health response to HPAI outbreaks in Minnesota poultry flocks in the years 2015 and 2022–2023. Methods During both outbreaks, MDH staff attempted to contact all potentially exposed people and conduct a standardized interview . People were considered exposed and at risk if they had entered a barn with poultry on any HPAI test-positive premises. With their consent, exposed persons were entered into illness monitoring until 10 days from their last exposure. In 2015, MDH monitored the health of poultry workers only. In the 2022–2023 response, MDH monitored the health of poultry workers, backyard flock owners, responders, and...

Abstract The recent outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in dairy cows has created public health concerns about the potential of consumers being exposed to live virus from commercial dairy products. Previous studies support that pasteurization effectively inactivates avian influenza in milk and an earlier retail milk survey showed viral RNA, but no live virus could be detected in the dairy products tested. Because of the variety of products and processing methods in which milk is used, additional product testing was conducted to determine if HPAI viral RNA could be detected in retail dairy samples, and for positive samples by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) further testing for the presence of live virus. Revised protocols were developed to extract RNA from solid dairy products including cheese and butter . The solid dairy product was mechanically liquified with garnet and zirconium beads in a bead beater diluted 1–4 with BHI media. This preprocessing step was su...

Abstract In recent years, infection cases of H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in wild mammals have increased globally. To obtain recent epidemiological information regarding influenza A virus (IAV) infection in raccoons (Procyon lotor), the prevalence of anti-IAV antibodies in sera was analyzed among raccoons captured in Tokachi District, Hokkaido, Japan , from 2019 to 2023. Screening of serum samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and agar gel precipitation test detected anti-IAV antibodies in 5 of 114 (4.4 %) raccoons. All positive sera were from raccoons captured from 2022 to 2023. The hemagglutination inhibition test revealed that all five serum samples contained anti-H5 subtype HPAIV antibodies, and one also contained anti-H1 subtype antibodies . The neuraminidase inhibition test revealed that all five sera contained anti-N1 subtype antibodies, and one also contained anti-N8 subtype antibodies . In the virus neutralization test, these five ser...

Abstract Zoonotic transmission of avian influenza viruses into mammals is relatively rare due to anatomical differences in the respiratory tract between species. Recently, clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses were detected circulating in North American cattle. Sporadic transmission between cattle, humans, and other animals proximal to cattle or after consuming products from infected cattle has occurred, but thus far there is no evidence of human-to-human transmission . However, the virus has the potential to adapt to the mammalian respiratory tract with every transmission event that occurs, making it crucial to understand cellular and species tropism of the H5N1 2.3.4.4b viruses. We compared viral kinetics of clade 2.3.4.4b viruses isolated from birds and mammals in respiratory epithelial cells derived from cattle, human, swine, and ferret. We found that avian derived viruses could replicate in swine cells only , yet mammalian derived strains could replicate ef...

Abstract Emerging infectious diseases are of major concern to animal and human health . Recent emergence of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) (H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b) led to substantial global mortality across a range of host species . Co-occurring species showed marked differences in mortality, generating an urgent need for better epidemiological understanding within affected populations. We therefore tested for antibodies , indicative of previous exposure and recovery, and for active viral infection in apparently healthy individuals (n = 350) across five co-occurring seabird species on the Isle of May, Scotland , during 2023, following H5N1 HPAIV associated mortality in the preceding summer. Antibody prevalence to AIV subtypes varied substantially between species, ranging from 1.1% in European shags (Gulosus aristotelis) (to H5 ) to 78.7% in black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) (to H16 or both H13 and H16 ), and between 31 and 41% for three auk species ( H5, H16 or ...