ETIDIOH - NEW

  A Dead swan found on lake shore in Federacija Bosna i Hercegovina. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7244 ____

  Di Jiyang Chen - Opera propria, CC BY-SA 3.0,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15507046 ___ This event was created to allow the recreation of outbreak ob_164520, previously reported as H5N1 subtype. Subadult unspecified seagull. In the Portuguese Exclusive Economic Zone.  Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7234 ____

  A wild Greylag Goose in Lubelskie Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7227 ____

  Abstract The Caucasus region, including Georgia, is an important intersection for migratory waterbirds , offering potential for avian influenza virus (AIV) transmission between populations from different geographic areas. In 2022 and 2023, wild ducks were sampled during autumn migration events in Georgia to study the genetic relationships and molecular characteristics of influenza strains. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were used to compare the sampled strains to reference sequences from Africa, Asia, and Europe , allowing assessment of genetic relationships and virus transmission between migratory birds. Protein language modeling identified potential co-infections. Of 225 duck samples, 128 tested positive for the influenza M gene . 55 influenza-positive samples underwent whole-genome sequencing, revealing significant diversity. Analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) segment showed notable differences among subtypes. Most samples were H6N1 and H6N6 , but co-infections with comb...

  A wild Greylag Goose in Świętokrzyskie Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7224 ____

  Eight wild mute swans in Vaslui Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7218 ____

  A wild whooper swan in Pomoravski Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7220 ____

  A wild mute swan in Etelä-Suomen aluehallintovirasto Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7213 ____

A wild mute swan.  Last outbreak in wild birds in Podkarpackie region was confirmed in February 2025. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7215 ____

  Two mute swans in Kyiv City. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7201 ____

Two mute swan in Teleneşti Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7195 ____

  A Barnacle goose was found diseased and was euthanized. It was sent to the Swedish Veterinary Agency for laboratory analysis as part of the national surveillance program for avian influenza. {Sölvesborg Region} Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7191 ____

Mallards in Saldus Region.  Birds tested in frame of EFSA call project for Establishing capacities for active surveillance of highly pathogenic avian influenza in wild birds in Europe. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7187 ____

  {A barnacle goose} By Andreas Trepte - Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=32487518 ___ In accordance with the WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Article 10.4.1, point 4, this outbreak does not change the disease-free status of Sweden as these are wild birds or birds kept in a single household, and therefore do not fall within the WOAH definition of poultry. {Sjöbo Region} A barnacle goose was killed. It was sent to the Swedish Veterinary Agency for laboratory analysis as part of the national surveillance program for avian influenza. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7180 ____

  A wild mute swan in Kauno Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7166 ____

  Abstract Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has expanded rapidly across the Southern Ocean since 2023 , causing extensive mortality in sub-Antarctic wildlife . Yet its penetration into Antarctica and impacts on ice-dependent species remain poorly resolved primarily due to surveillance constraints . We report the first confirmed H5N1 infection in an Antarctic ice-dependent seal (crabeater seal; Lobodon carcinophaga) and document mortality of crabeater seals across the northern Weddell Sea during November-December 2024 . Combining genomic, serological and observational data across nine species, we detected H5N1 RNA in a crabeater seal and a kelp gull (Larus dominicanus), and recovered complete HA, NA and M2 gene sequences from both. Phylogenetic analyses allowed us to identify at least two independent introductions of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b into the northern Antarctic Peninsula region. Serology provided strong evidence of prior exposure in scavenging bir...

  Abstract Avian influenza viruses (AIVs), including H5N1 and H7N9, from the Orthomyxoviridae family present substantial public health concerns . The predominant circulating clade 2.3.4.4b has demonstrated enhanced capacity for mammalian adaptation , raising concerns about potential reassortment with human seasonal influenza viruses . Unlike H7N9 ’s limited host range , H5N1 infects birds, various mammals, and humans . Recent concerns include widespread H5N1 infection of U.S. dairy cattle across 18 states , affecting over 1000 herds with 71 human infections (70 H5N1 and 1 H5N5). Key observations include cow-to-cow transmission, viral presence in milk, and transmission to humans , mainly through occupational exposure . Evidence of mammal-to-mammal transmission has been documented in European and Canadian foxes and South American marine mammals . Standard pasteurization effectively inactivates the virus in milk. The continuing mammalian adaptations , particularly mutations like PB2-E...

  A Whooper Swan in Lounais-Suomen aluehallintovirasto Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7156 ____

  {Eurasian Teal} {Eurasian Wigeon} {Mute Swan} ___ This is a new event opened to report outbreaks for which the N subtype could not be determined due to insufficient diagnostic material; in these cases, only the presence of H5 can be confirmed. Three Common Teals (Friuli Venezia Giulia, Lombardy) , two Eurasian Wigeons (Friuli Venezia Giulia), one Mute Swan (Lombardy).  Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7144 ____

  Abstract Since 2021, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) belonging to H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b have caused high mortality in North American wild birds and poultry . In 2025 , a new D1.1 genotype caused two human deaths and host-switched to dairy cattle . However, the evolutionary origins and dynamics of D1.1 have not been fully characterized. Here, our phylogenetic analysis of 17,516 H5N1 genome sequences uncovers how D1.1 introduced a major shift in the antigenic diversity and ecology of the H5N1 epizootic in North America. D1.1 is the first major H5N1 genotype to (a) emerge in the Pacific flyway and spread west-to-east faster than any prior genotype; (b) antigenically shift via reassortment with the North American N1 segment, displacing the previously fixed Eurasian N1 ; and (c) transmit to a broader range of host species than any H5N1 genotype to date, introducing mammalian adaptations . Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Fun...