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Abstract Background Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses have caused widespread infections in dairy cows and poultry in the United States , with sporadic human cases. We describe characteristics of human A(H5N1) cases identified from March through October 2024 in the United States. Methods We analyzed data from persons with laboratory-confirmed A(H5N1) virus infection using a standardized case-report form linked to laboratory results from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention influenza A/H5 subtyping kit. Results Of 46 case patients, 20 were exposed to infected poultry , 25 were exposed to infected or presumably infected dairy cows , and 1 had no identified exposure ; that patient was hospitalized with nonrespiratory symptoms , and A( H5N1 ) virus infection was detected through routine surveillance . Among the 45 case patients with animal exposures , the median age was 34 years , and all had mild A(H5N1) illness; none were hospitalized, and none died. A total of 4...

To the Editor : Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses are circulating among wild birds and poultry in British Columbia, Canada .1 These viruses are also recognized to cause illness in humans . Here, we report a case of critical illness caused by influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in British Columbia. On November 4, 2024, a 13-year-old girl with a history of mild asthma and an elevated body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of greater than 35 presented to an emergency department in British Columbia with a 2-day history of conjunctivitis in both eyes and a 1-day history of fever . She was discharged home without treatment, but cough, vomiting, and diarrhea then developed, and she returned to the emergency department on November 7 in respiratory distress with hemodynamic instability. On November 8, she was transferred, while receiving bilevel positive airway pressure, to the pediatric intensive care unit at British Columbia Child...

Abstract Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a viral disease caused by some H5 and H7 subtypes of influenza virus type A in most species of birds, especially poultry. HPAI viruses are amongst the most challenging viruses that threaten both human and animal health . Consequently, various strategies such as the use of vaccines have been proposed to control the disease. After a catastrophic pandemic and the failure of conventional methods (elimination and extermination) in Iran , multiple vaccines has been used to control the disease. This study investigates the immunogenicity of two recombinant inactivated commercial vaccines of H5N1 and H5N3 subtypes in laying pullet flocks in Tehran Province, Iran . From 32 halls in 6 breeding units of laying pullets, 3200 sera and 800 tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected. After collecting the samples, Serum neutralisation (SN) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests were conducted on sera to determine the serum titers of H5 specific an...

ABSTRACT   Background :  Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) (H5N1) has been endemic in Egypt for almost two decades , profoundly impacting both the poultry industry and public health. Egypt stands as a prominent epicenter for HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in Africa , marked by the highest number of positive human cases. Despite continuous governmental efforts, prior research underscored the inadequacy of strategies in controlling the virus spread.  Aim :  This study identified spatiotemporal patterns and high-risk clusters of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks at the subdistrict level.  Methods :  This study involved trial tracking of HPAI H5N1 endemicity dynamics , enabling tailored interventions at a regional level based on robust epidemiological investigations to address the persistent challenge of HPAI H5N1 in Egypt. This study illuminated spatiotemporal outbreak dynamics, with specific attention on Menofia governorate.  Results :  Despite the region’s early pou...

Abstract The GreVac system was developed as a fast and flexible plug-and-play vaccine platform based on an architecture of fully deleted (fd) helper virus-independent (hi) adenoviral (Ad) vectors . The present study established the potency of the GreVac technology. It demonstrated that the GreFluVie5 vaccine fully protected mice against lethal challenges with the A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) pandemic avian influenza virus. The GreFluVie5 vector delivered a transgene expression cassette for the H5 hemagglutinin and N1 neuramidase influenza genes . Its fd Ad genome was carried in a capsid of the human serotype 5 (Ad5). The efficacies of three different doses and three different administration routes were compared in the mouse model. The vaccine fully protected animals against viral challenges with the wild-type A/Vietnam/1203/2004 virus, whose replication in the recipients' lungs was terminated. It induced strong immune responses. The present experiments also revealed that the intra mu...

 Two poultry farms in Normandie Region. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6127 _____

 Backyard poultry in Tiranë Region. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6130 _____

 A wild bird in Brandenburg Region.  Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6133 _____

Abstract Influenza, a highly contagious respiratory infectious disease caused by an influenza virus , is a threat to public health worldwide . Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have the potential to cause the next pandemic by crossing the species barrier through mutation of viral genome. Here, we investigated the pathogenicity of AIVs obtained from South Korea and Mongolia during 2018–2019 by measuring viral titers in the lungs and extrapulmonary organs of mouse models . In addition, we assessed the pathogenicity of AIVs in ferret models . Moreover, we compared the ability of viruses to replicate in mammalian cells , as well as the receptor-binding preferences of AIV isolates. Genetic analyses were finally performed to identify the genetic relationships and amino acid substitutions between viral proteins during mammalian adaptation. Of the 24 AIV isolates tested, A/Mallard/South Korea/KNU2019-34/2019 (KNU19-34; H1N1) caused severe bodyweight loss and high mortality in mice . The virus rep...

Abstract SOBERANA-02 is a safe and effective conjugate vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 , produced using the maleimide-thiol chemistry . In this vaccine, the Cys538 in the recombinant receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 is linked, through a thiosuccinimide linker, to lysine residues of tetanus toxoid (TT) preparation . LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that TT is a complex mixture of proteins, similar to other TTs where the detoxified tetanus neurotoxin (d-TeNT) has been shown to be the most abundant protein (30-56%), regardless the quantification method used. The fifteen most abundant proteins account for approximately 78% of the total proteins. LC-MS/MS analysis of the activation process showed that 102 out of 107 lysine residues in the d-TeNT incorporated a maleimide group. In contrast, when tryptic peptides isolated by Ni2+-NTA affinity chromatography, were analyzed by LC-MS/MS, only 22 Lys residues in the d-TeNT were cross-linked to the RBD C-terminal tryptic peptide (538CVNF541-HHHHHH...

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has been driven by SARS-CoV-2 variants with enhanced transmission and immune escape . Apart from extensive evolution in the Spike protein , non-Spike mutations are accumulating across the entire viral genome and their functional impact is not well understood. To address the contribution of these mutations, we reconstructed genomes of recent Omicron variants with disabled Spike expression (replicons) to systematically compare their RNA replication capabilities independently from Spike. We also used a single reference replicon and complemented it with various Omicron variant Spike proteins to quantify viral entry capabilities in single-round infection assays. Viral entry and RNA replication were negatively correlated , suggesting that as variants evolve reduced entry functions under growing immune pressure on Spike, RNA replication increases as a compensatory mechanism. We identified multiple mutations across the viral genome that enhanced viral RNA replica...

As Oregon sweeps past the 1,100 cases mark, health officials remind everyone that vaccination against whooping cough is best way to prevent transmission PORTLAND, Ore.—Oregon swept past the 1,100 mark for the number of pertussis cases it’s seen during 2024 , beating its 2012 record of 910 cases in a single year—and making the need for people to stay up to date with their vaccinations all the more urgent. As of Monday, Dec. 30, Oregon Health Authority registered 1,105 cases of pertussis—also known as whooping cough —during 2024. There were 44 outbreaks , although the majority of cases were sporadic individual or household-related cases and not associated with outbreaks. The 2024 count represents the highest number of pertussis cases reported in Oregon in a single year since 1950 , when 1,420 cases were reported. Since 2003, eight Oregonians with pertussis have died . Five were younger than 4 months old, and there have been three deaths in adults – one in 2023 and two in 2024. While Oreg...