ETIDIOH - NEW

  Abstract Background :  Genomic surveillance of human seasonal influenza viruses is an essential component of the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response system (GISRS) and informs the recommendations for the seasonal influenza vaccine composition. Phylogenetic analysis of viral genome sequences is used to identify groups of viruses sharing potential antigenic change and computational models are used to predict which viral variants are likely to circulate at high levels in upcoming seasons. To facilitate discussion and reporting of genetic diversity , as well as to communicate antigen recommendations , up-to-date and sufficiently granular definitions of genetic clades are important.  Methods :  A nomenclature system for segments 4 (haemagglutinin) and 6 (neuraminidase) of human A(H3N2), A(H1N1)pdm09, and influenza B .  Results :  We devised a clade suggestion algorithm that proposes new subclades based on criteria including (i) the number of sequences i...

  Abstract The evolutionary divergence of the A(H5) hemagglutinin (HA) gene of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses (A/goose/Guangdong/96 lineage) was analyzed by phylogenetic and average pairwise distance methods to identify clades that merit nomenclature updates . Based on this assessment, 12 new clade designations were recommended based on division of clade 2.3.2.1c and 2.3.4.4 viruses, which were reported in Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, the Americas and Oceania since the most recent WHO/WOAH/FAO H5 Evolution Working Group update. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Source:  Link:  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.23.690055v1 ____

Abstract Influenza A viruses (IAVs) evolve rapidly, exhibit zoonotic potential , and frequently adapt to new hosts , often establishing long-term reservoirs. Despite advancements in genetic sequencing and phylogenetic classification , current influenza nomenclature systems remain static, failing to capture evolving epidemiological patterns . This rigidity has led to delays or misinterpretations in public health responses , economic disruptions, and confusion in scientific communication. The existing nomenclature does not adequately reflect real-time transmission dynamics or host adaptations, limiting its usefulness for public health management. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic exemplified these limitations, as it was mischaracterized as “swine flu” despite sustained human-to-human transmission and no direct pig-to-human transmission reported. This review proposes a real-time, transmission-informed nomenclature system that prioritizes host adaptation and sustained transmissibility (R0 > 1) to ...