Operational #zoonotic #containment of #MERS #coronavirus in #Saudi Arabia: An implementation-oriented #OneHealth genomic #framework

 

Abstract

Background and Aim: 

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) remains a persistent zoonotic threat more than a decade after its first detection, with Saudi Arabia continuing to be the global epicenter of human infections and the main reservoir interface through dromedary camels. Despite ongoing surveillance, advances in molecular diagnostics, and research on vaccines and therapeutics, sporadic zoonotic spillovers and healthcare-associated outbreaks still occur, showing that current prevention strategies are still not enough. This review compiles current evidence from epidemiological studies, camel reservoir research, genomic monitoring, and public health reports published between 2012 and April 2025 to identify the key gaps preventing effective containment. Special focus is given to recent genomic discoveries, including post-2022 clade B sublineages, recombination events, and spike protein changes that might affect transmission and the effectiveness of countermeasures. Available data suggest that MERS-CoV epidemiology is driven by repeated camel-to-human transmission, followed by occasional amplification in healthcare settings rather than sustained community spread. High seroprevalence and frequent detection of viral RNA in juvenile camels, seasonal gathering in markets, and extensive animal movement networks contribute to ongoing viral circulation at the animal–human interface. Genomic studies consistently show close phylogenetic relationships between camel and human isolates, confirming recurrent zoonotic transmissions. However, fragmented surveillance systems, delayed genomic data integration, inconsistent biosecurity practices, and limited field evidence for camel vaccination pose major barriers to control. Additionally, hospital outbreaks continue to occur due to delayed diagnosis, overcrowding, and incomplete adherence to infection-prevention protocols, underscoring the need for improved clinical preparedness. Based on the integrated synthesis of epidemiological, veterinary, and genomic evidence, this review proposes an implementation-focused One Health genomic framework tailored to the Saudi context. The proposed roadmap highlights real-time connection of human and camel surveillance, expands genomic sequencing capacity, targets vaccination strategies in camels and high-risk human populations, standardizes biosecurity measures in markets and abattoirs, and strengthens infection control systems in healthcare facilities. Alignment with national governance structures and Saudi Vision 2030 offers a practical pathway for coordinated multi-sectoral action. This review concludes that MERS-CoV is unlikely to be eradicated soon, but it can be effectively managed through a genomics-enabled, operational One Health approach that combines surveillance, vaccination, clinical preparedness, and policy coordination. The model outlined here provides a scalable way to reduce zoonotic spillover risk and strengthen readiness against future coronavirus and emerging zoonotic threats. 

Source: 

Link: https://veterinaryworld.org/Vol.19/March-2026/29.php

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Evaluation of Cross-Immunogenicity of #Ferret #Antisera Following Immunization with #H5N1 #Vaccine Strains

 

Abstract

Background: 

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b have spread globally since 2021, causing extensive outbreaks in avian populations and repeated spillovers into diverse mammalian hosts, including humans. These cross-species transmission events highlight ongoing pandemic risks and underscore the need for vaccine strategies that reflect viral evolution at the human–animal interface. Despite the availability of licensed H5 vaccines and newly recommended World Health Organization (WHO) candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs), the extent to which these vaccines elicit cross-reactive antibody responses against contemporary clade 2.3.4.4b viruses, including mammalian spillover isolates of avian origin, remains incompletely characterized. 

Method: 

In this study, ferret antisera were generated using four WHO-recommended H5 CVVs, including a clade 1 strain (A/Vietnam/1194/2004) and three clade 2.3.4.4b strains (A/Astrakhan/3212/2020, A/American wigeon/South Carolina/22-000345-001/2021, and A/Ezo red fox/Hokkaido/1/2022), formulated with alum adjuvant to reflect licensed vaccine formulation used in national preparedness programs. Antibody responses and cross-reactive activity were evaluated using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) assays against homologous vaccine strains and a feline-origin clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 field isolate from Korea, A/Feline/Korea/SNU-01/2023. 

Results: 

Antisera induced by clade 2.3.4.4b CVVs showed cross-reactive antibody responses against homologous and heterologous clade 2.3.4.4b viruses and demonstrated measurable HI and MN responses against the feline-origin field isolate. In contrast, antisera raised against the clade 1 Vietnam CVV exhibited limited cross-reactivity against clade 2.3.4.4b viruses. Overall, clade 2.3.4.4b CVVs generally showed higher antibody responses than the clade 1 vaccine strain across multiple panels. 

Conclusions: 

These findings provide descriptive insights into antigenic differences between clade 1 and clade 2.3.4.4b viruses and support the antigenic relevance of clade 2.3.4.4b CVVs for contemporary H5N1 strains. This study highlights the importance of ongoing antigenic evaluation to inform vaccine strain selection within a One Health framework.

Source: 

Link: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/14/4/301

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#Outdoor roaming of owned #cats elevates #risk of zoonotic #pathogen #exposure: A global synthesis

 

Abstract

Domestic animals play a central role in pathogen transmission at the human–wildlife interface. Domestic cats, in particular, are uniquely consequential in disease spillover dynamics due to their global distribution, large, human-subsidized free-roaming populations, and high contact rate with humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. However, the extent to which human ownership and management mitigate this spillover risk remains a key knowledge gap. To address this gap, we conducted a global systematic review and quantitative synthesis of the prevalence and diversity of zoonotic pathogens in indoor-only, outdoor-owned (roaming unsupervised), and unowned (feral or stray) cats. Our dataset comprised 174,064 individuals from 88 countries, representing 124 pathogen species, 97 of which are zoonotic. Using generalized linear models within a Bayesian framework and rarefaction analyses, we show that ownership provides limited protection against zoonoses when owned cats have unsupervised outdoor access. Outdoor-owned cats were 3–5 times more likely to carry zoonotic pathogens than indoor-only cats, and, notably, had infection odds statistically equivalent to those of feral cats, despite receiving presumed veterinary care and feeding. Feral cats carried the highest pathogen diversity, however, outdoor-owned cats still harbour 1.5 times the helminth richness of indoor cats, highlighting their potential as effective bridges for pathogen spillover. With approximately 62% of owned cats roaming freely worldwide, and rates exceeding 90% in some regions, these findings reveal a major yet overlooked route of zoonotic risk. Public health and One Health frameworks have traditionally focused on feral cats; however, our results highlight the need to explicitly incorporate owned outdoor cats into zoonotic disease prevention strategies by restricting unsupervised roaming and promoting responsible ownership practices. Without such integration, current frameworks risk overlooking a pervasive and preventable pathway for pathogen transmission at the human–wildlife–domestic animal interface.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1014160

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ONWARD: a #OneHealth, pan - #European multidisciplinary #network advancing #surveillance, #research, clinical management and control of zoonotic #hepeviruses

 

Highlight

• HEV remains the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis in Europe

• Surveillance and diagnostics for HEV are heterogeneous across EU/EEA

• Zoonotic HEV circulates widely in pigs, wildlife and food chains

• Rat HEV expands the zoonotic spectrum and clinical burden in Europe

• ONWARD integrates One Health surveillance, research and capacity building

Abstract

Zoonotic hepeviruses, particularly hepatitis E virus (HEV, species Paslahepevirus balayani) represent a major yet underestimated public health challenge in Europe. Despite being the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis, surveillance, diagnostic practices and prevention strategies remain heterogeneous across EU/EEA countries, limiting comparability and hindering accurate burden estimates. Underdiagnosis is further compounded by extrahepatic manifestations and the growing impact of chronic HEV infection in immunocompromised patients. At the human–animal–environment interface, zoonotic HEV circulates widely in domestic pigs, wildlife and food products, while coordinated surveillance and control measures remain inconsistently implemented. The recent recognition of ratHEV (species Rocahepevirus ratti) as a cause of acute and chronic hepatitis in Europe further expands the spectrum of zoonotic hepevirus infections and underscores the need for integrated One Health approaches. To address these challenges, the One Health Zoonotic Hepevirus Network (ONWARD; COST Action CA24140) was launched in 2025 as a pan-European, multidisciplinary collaboration uniting experts across human, veterinary, food safety and environmental health sectors. ONWARD aims to harmonise diagnostic tools, strengthen clinical research, integrate multisectoral surveillance, promote capacity building and support evidence-based policy development. By fostering coordination with European stakeholders ONWARD provides a structured framework to strengthen preparedness, surveillance and response to zoonotic hepevirus threats across Europe.

Source: 

Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386653226000338?dgcid=rss_sd_all

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Mapping #global emergence of #pathogens with #epidemic and #pandemic #potential to inform and accelerate pandemic #prevention, #preparedness, readiness and response

 

Abstract

Introduction 

Increasing occurrence of epidemics and pandemics and concurrent emergence of different pathogens calls for multi-sectoral, multi-pathogen preparedness actions. Data on various factors that drive emergence of diverse pathogens can inform evidence-based preparedness by identifying geographies at-risk. When leveraging evidence within a One Health approach, multiple pathogens can be addressed simultaneously, thereby strengthening countries pandemic preparedness efforts. 

Methods 

For seventeen priority pathogens (avian influenza viruses, zoonotic coronaviruses including COVID-19, hemorrhagic fever viruses including Ebola, Henipaviruses, and arboviruses including yellow fever and Zika), we identified global evidence on animal reservoirs, vectors, environmental suitability, and reported human cases. We discriminated geospatially recorded pathogen detections from a background sample and constructed maps using these datasets to generate an evidence-based assessment of emergence risk globally. 

Results 

Seventeen pathogen-specific assessments were combined into a global composite map. Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia have evidence supporting emergence risk for the greatest number of pathogens (included areas at-risk of all pathogens) and scored highest when strength-of-evidence weightings were factored. The Americas had the lowest tally of considered pathogens. Environmental suitability analyses received the highest weights, reservoir ranges the lowest. 

Discussion 

Preparedness and readiness must consider the range of global biological threats. Our methodology is capable of incorporating changing evidence on emergence potential for multiple pathogens to identify geographies at higher risk with different pathogen combinations. Our maps can contribute to existing decision-support structures, guiding shared interventions and strategic allocation of resources for spillover prevention and pandemic preparedness, thereby enhancing local response capacities applying a multidisciplinary approach.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funding Statement

This work was concluded in 2024 and supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) before January 22, 2025, the Germany Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) and the Government of France.

Source: 

Link: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.20.26347940v1

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#OneHealth Longitudinal Study #Protocol on #Zoonotic and Vector-Borne #Diseases in Battambang province, #Cambodia: An Inter-Sectoral Approach

 

Abstract

Background 

Tropical low – and middle –income countries are highly vulnerable to zoonoses and vector-borne diseases, with risks amplified by climatic events, environmental change, and limited surveillance capacity. Cambodia is particularly exposed due to its ecological diversity, seasonal flooding, and rapidly changing land use. Globally, however, field based One Health approaches remain under –implemented, limiting practical evidence on how to address these complex threats. 

Methods 

This protocol describes a longitudinal One Health study conducted in three villages of Battambang province, Cambodia, designed to investigate the prevalence and transmission dynamics of zoonotic and potentially zoonotic pathogens at the human –animal –environment interface. The study examines how vector density, diversity, and pathogen circulation are influenced by hydrological variation and seasonality, and assesses the sociodemographic, behavioral, and environmental factors shaping transmission. Integrated data will be collected through serological and molecular analyses in humans and animals, environmental sampling, and entomological surveillance, enabling cross-compartmental and spatiotemporal analyses. 

Expected Results 

The study will generate integrated, cross –sectoral data to characterize pathogen exposure patterns, identify high –risk populations and practices, and inform targeted public health, veterinary, and environmental interventions. Conclusions By sharing this protocol, the work addresses a global methodological gap in operationalizing One Health in the field and supports the development of integrated surveillance strategies in climate-sensitive, resource-limited settings.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funding Statement

The study received funding from the French Development Agency (AFD) through the PREACT-AFRICAM Program and from the Fondation Simone et Cino del Duca of Institut de France.

Source: 

Link: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.14.26347916v1

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Developing and #Benchmarking #OneHealth Genomic #Surveillance #Tools for #Influenza A Virus in #Wastewater

 

Abstract

Influenza A viruses (IAV) remain a persistent One Health threat, and whole-genome sequencing from wastewater offers a promising surveillance tool. However, IAV is at low abundance in wastewater, making it difficult to sequence. We benchmarked four targeted enrichment methods suited for whole-genome sequencing including custom and off-the-shelf amplicon and probe-based methods. Our custom HA tiled-amplicon panel was sensitive, fast, and cost-effective, making it suitable for monitoring low-abundance seasonal variants of known subtypes. However, its reliance on conserved and intact primer-binding sites limited primer design to fewer subtypes. A previously published universal amplicon method targeted all IAV subtypes, but it performed poorly in wastewater due to its reliance on intact genome segments. Probe-capture methods were resilient to RNA degradation and mismatches, potentially enabling broader surveillance and detection of emerging strains. However, probes were costly, labor-intensive, and less sensitive than tiled-amplicon. When testing compatibility of sequencing methods with upstream virus concentration and extraction methods, ultrafiltration-based virus concentration outperformed large-volume direct extraction with all four sequencing methods. This set of benchmarking comparisons and custom panels provides needed information for the translation of IAV genomic sequencing into a routine component of wastewater surveillance.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

University of California, Berkeley, L22CR4507

NIH Common Fund, 4R00GM144747-03

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.676942v2

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From #pandemic #influenza to novel #coronaviruses: emerging infectious diseases of the 21st century

 

Highlights

• Global mobility, climate pressures, and ecological change drive emerging infections.

• Highly pathogenic influenza strains, including H5N1, pose ongoing spillover risks and pandemic potential.

• SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 illustrate the pandemic potential of novel coronaviruses.

• Nipah, Ebola, Pteropine orthoreovirus and Zika remain high-impact threats for global health security.

• Mass gatherings can amplify transmission risks of emerging high-consequence viruses.

• Strengthened surveillance, diagnostics, and One Health strategies are essential for pandemic preparedness.

Abstract

Emerging infectious diseases have risen significantly in the twenty-first century as ecological disruption, climate change, expanding human–animal interfaces, and global mobility intensify opportunities for pathogen transmission. This review synthesizes historical and contemporary evidence across viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic threats to characterize how diverse pathogens emerge and spread. Foundational events such as the 1918 influenza pandemic, mid-century influenza pandemics, the emergence of HIV/AIDS, and the eradication of smallpox provide context for understanding modern disease dynamics. In recent decades, coronaviruses including SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2, pandemic H1N1, avian influenza subtypes, and major arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, Zika, West Nile virus, and yellow fever have demonstrated the rapidity with which zoonotic pathogens can disseminate globally. Viral hemorrhagic fevers including Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, and Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever remain critical threats, especially in regions with limited health-care capacity. Concurrently, antimicrobial resistance, the emergence of Candida auris, and the climate-driven expansion of endemic mycoses involving Histoplasma, Coccidioides, and Blastomyces highlight the increasing importance of fungal pathogens. Parasitic diseases such as artemisinin-resistant malaria, zoonotic trypanosomiasis, and expanding Leishmania transmission reflect shifting ecological conditions. These patterns are shaped by intersecting drivers including deforestation, wildlife trade, agricultural intensification, urban crowding, conflict, and rapid microbial evolution that enable spillover and sustained transmission. Although advances in genomic surveillance, metagenomic diagnostics, mRNA vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and broad-spectrum antivirals have strengthened global response capacity, substantial gaps persist in equity, surveillance, and access to countermeasures. Strengthening One Health systems and resilient public health infrastructures is essential to anticipate and mitigate emerging infectious threats.

Source: 

Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0732889326000271?via%3Dihub

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Local and introduced #lineages drive #MERS-CoV #recombination in Egyptian #camels

 

ABSTRACT

Dromedary camels are the primary reservoir for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), a zoonotic coronavirus responsible for sporadic human infections. While clade B predominates in the Arabian Peninsula and is frequently linked to zoonotic outbreaks and household secondary transmission, clade C circulates primarily in African camels, with limited evidence of human infections. The extent of MERS-CoV transmission, genetic diversity, and cross-species potential in North Africa remains poorly characterized. Here, we investigate MERS-CoV incidence, seroprevalence, and genomic recombination in dromedary camels and sympatric livestock across slaughterhouses and farms in Egypt. MERS-CoV was detected in 12% of camels sampled at slaughterhouses, with no evidence of infection in cattle, buffalo, sheep, or goats. Seroprevalence was higher in slaughtered camels (79%) than camels on farms (12%). Phylogenetic analyses of MERS-CoV genomes obtained from dromedary camels revealed an introduction of clade B into Egypt, originating from the Arabian Peninsula. Furthermore, we identified recombination events between clades B and C, in addition to events within each clade. This included at least one clade C virus that acquired multiple genomic regions from the newly introduced clade B viruses. These findings suggest that newly introduced MERS-CoV strains can recombine with locally circulating viruses, generating novel variants with potential zoonotic implications and challenging assumptions of limited cross-regional exchange. Enhanced surveillance, targeted control measures, and a One Health approach are crucial to mitigating MERS-CoV transmission and the emergence of recombinant strains.

IMPORTANCE

This study highlights the importance of monitoring Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels, which are the main animal source of this virus that can occasionally infect humans. While most human cases have been linked to strains in the Arabian Peninsula, this research focused on Egypt, where the virus is less understood. Among surveyed dromedary camels and associated livestock, a significant number of camels at slaughterhouses were infected, and many had antibodies showing past exposure. Importantly, we discovered that a strain common in the Arabian Peninsula had recently entered Egypt and mixed genetically with local strains. This mixing, or recombination, can lead to new virus versions that may pose new risks to humans. The findings challenge the belief that MERS-CoV strains in different regions do not interact and highlight the need for stronger monitoring and prevention strategies. A One Health approach, linking animal, human, and environmental health, is key to managing future risks.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/jvi.00641-25?af=R

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Assessing #Ebola virus circulation in the Tshuapa province (#DRC): A #OneHealth #investigation of wildlife and #human interactions

 

Abstract

The wildlife reservoir and spillover mechanisms of Ebola virus remain elusive despite extensive research efforts in endemic areas. This study employed a One Health approach to examine the virus’ circulation in wildlife and the associated human exposure risks in the Tshuapa province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. We screened 1049 samples from 919 animals, predominantly small mammals, collected in 2021, and 380 samples from inhabitants of Inkanamongo village, the site of an Ebola virus disease outbreak in 2014. These samples were screened for evidence of current (RNA) or past (IgG antibodies) Ebola virus infections. We also conducted interviews with 167 individuals in the surrounding districts to assess their interactions with wildlife. While no Ebola virus RNA was detected in the wildlife samples, anti-orthoebolavirus IgG antibodies were found in 13 bats and 38 rodents. Among the human participants, 120 individuals had IgG antibodies against at least 1 orthoebolavirus antigen, with 12 showing seropositivity for 2 antigens of the same orthoebolavirus, despite not having a prior Ebola disease diagnosis. Furthermore, the majority of respondents reported frequent visits to the forest to hunt a variety of wild animals, particularly ungulates and rodents, which could account for occasional viral spillovers. The absence of active Ebola virus circulation in wildlife may reflect seasonal patterns in reservoir ecology, as those observed in bats. Similarly, seasonal human activities, such as hunting and foraging, may result in periodic exposure risks. These findings highlight the importance of continuous, multidisciplinary surveillance to monitor changes in seasonal spillover risks.

Author summary

Since its discovery in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ebola virus (EBOV) has caused more than 20 outbreaks in humans, with fatality rates as high as 90%. While the virus is believed to have an animal origin, naturalist reservoir and the mechanisms of transmission to humans remain poorly understood. Gaining insight into which species may harbour the virus and how transmission occurs is essential to predict and prevent future outbreaks. In this study, we investigate EBOV exposure in wildlife and humans in a region of the DRC with a documented history of outbreaks. Although we did not detect active infection in animals, we found serological evidence of prior exposure in several bat and rodent species, as well as among local residents. Interviews with community members revealed frequent contact with wildlife through hunting and handling, practices that could elevate the risk of animal-to-human transmission. These findings offer new clues about possible EBOV reservoirs and highlight the role of human behaviours in facilitating facilitate spillover events. Our results underscore the need for continued, integrated surveillance to improve understanding of Ebola virus ecology and to help reduce the risk of future Ebola outbreaks in endemic regions.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1013628

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Rift Valley #fever [#RVFV] - #Mauritania and #Senegal (#WHO, D.O.N., Nov. 6 '25)

 

Situation at a glance

Between 20 September and 30 October 2025, a total of 404 confirmed human cases of Rift Valley fever (RVF), including 42 deaths, were reported by national health authorities in two West African countries: Mauritania and Senegal. 

RVF is a zoonotic disease, which mainly affects animals, but can also infect humans. 

The majority of human infections result from contact with the blood or organs of infected animals, but human infections have also resulted from the bites of infected mosquitoes. 

To date, no human-to-human transmission of RVF has been documented. 

While RVF often leads to severe illness in animals, its impact in humans varies, ranging from mild flu-like symptoms to severe hemorrhagic fever that can be fatal. 

RVF is endemic in both countries, where recurrent outbreaks have been previously reported in both livestock and humans. 

The risk of further spread remains high, especially with environmental conditions favorable to the proliferation of mosquitoes, periods of heavy rains and increased mosquito activity, as well as movements of livestock within country and towards Mali and Gambia for grazing and trade. 

The response to RVF outbreaks requires a One Health approach, based on enhanced collaboration between the human health, animal health and environmental sectors, in both countries and at the regional level. 

WHO, in collaboration with the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH), and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), currently assesses the overall risk as high at the national levels, moderate at the regional level and low at the global level.

(...)

Source: World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2025-DON584

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Active #Surveillance for Emerging #Influenza A Viruses – Findings from a #OneHealth Study in #Vietnam’s Live Bird #Markets

 

Highlights

-- We conducted surveillance for influenza A viruses at live bird markets in northern Vietnam.

-- Six different subtypes of influenza A virus were found co-circulating in the markets.

-- Notable genetic mutations were found across many genes.

-- These markets have great potential to generate new pandemic influenza A virus strains.

Abstract

Objectives

Live bird markets (LBMs) in Asia have often been the source of human infections with avian influenza virus (AIV).

Methods

From July 2021 to August 2023, we employed a One Health approach in conducting periodic surveillance for novel influenza A viruses in five LBMs in northern Vietnam. Specimens were studied with egg culture, molecular assays, Sanger sequencing, and next-generation sequencing.

Results

We studied a total of 688 human, avian, and bioaerosol specimens. Among these, 118 (17.2%) were found to have molecular evidence of AIVs. Next-generation sequencing of 92 isolates revealed multiple AIV subtypes, including H4N6 (n=1), H5N1 (n=3), H5N8 (n=6), H6N2 (n=3), H6N6 (n=18), and H9N2 (n=61) and mix infections (n=7). Our H5Nx sequences belonged to the Eurasian lineage clade 2.3.4.4b, while our H6N2 sequences were of group III, H6N6 of group II, and H9N2 of the BJ94-lineage clade 4.6.14.

Conclusions

The relatively high prevalence of AIV, particularly highly pathogenic H5N1 and H5N8 viruses, along with the subtype diversity, frequent co-infections and notable mutations, highlights the urgent need for continued monitoring and control of AIV in Vietnam’s poultry farms and LBMs.

Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases, https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(25)00354-6/fulltext

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Avian #Influenza #Surveillance Among Migratory #Birds, #Poultry, and #Humans Around Nansi Lake, #China, 2021–2024

Abstract

Avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) pose a significant pandemic threat due to their cross-species transmission potential. However, AIV surveillance at the critical “migratory birds–poultry-exposed population” interface remains limited. Between 2021 and 2024, we implemented a prospective One Health surveillance program around Nansi Lake, monitoring AIVs in migratory birds, poultry, and environmental samples, as well as serological investigations against representative AIVs among migratory birds or poultry-exposed subjects. AIVs were detected in 2.1% (30/1417) of migratory bird samples and 10.2% (100/978) of poultry samples. Among these, we identified ten highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 subtype viruses, one HPAI H7N9 virus, and five low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 viruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed evidence of frequent genomic reassortment events involving H5 subtype viruses among migratory birds, poultry, and humans. Serological investigation also suggested that both migratory birds and the poultry-exposed population had a higher risk of getting AIV infection than the general control population, especially against the H9N2 virus. Our study emphasizes the importance of strengthening continuous prospective surveillance of AIVs among migratory birds, poultry, and their exposed individuals to prevent and control potential outbreaks.

Source: Viruses, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/8/1117

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#H5N1 Avian #Influenza: A Narrative #Review of Scientific Advances and #Global #Policy Challenges

Abstract

The H5N1 avian influenza virus continues to evolve into genetically diverse and highly pathogenic clades with increased potential for cross-species transmission. Recent scientific advances have included the development of next-generation vaccine platforms, promising antiviral compounds, and more sensitive diagnostic tools, alongside strengthened surveillance systems in both animals and humans. However, persistent structural challenges hinder global readiness. Vaccine production is heavily concentrated in high-income countries, limiting equitable access during potential pandemics. Economic and logistical barriers complicate the implementation of control strategies such as vaccination, culling, and compensation schemes. Gaps in international coordination, public communication, and standardization of protocols further exacerbate vulnerabilities. Although sustained human-to-human transmission has not been documented, the severity of confirmed infections and the rapid global spread among wildlife and domestic animals underscore the urgent need for robust preparedness. International organizations have called for comprehensive pandemic response plans, enhanced multisectoral collaboration, and investment in targeted research. Priorities include expanding surveillance to asymptomatic animal hosts, evaluating viral shedding and transmission routes, and developing strain-specific and universal vaccines. Strengthening global cooperation and public health infrastructure will be critical to mitigate the growing threat of H5N1 and reduce the risk of a future influenza pandemic.

Source: Viruses, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/7/927

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Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza A(#H5N1) Virus: How Far Are We from a New #Pandemic?

Simple Summary

The present commentary deals with the pandemic risk brought about by the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus. Such a pandemic alarm is justified, among others, by the progressively and rapidly expanding range of virus-susceptible hosts, including humans alongside a significant number of domestic and wild avian and mammalian species, several of which appear to be geographically and phylogenetically distant from each other. Despite its well-established zoonotic potential, no clear-cut evidence of a sustained and efficient HPAI A(H5N1) virus interhuman transmission has thus far been reported. Should this happen in a more or less near future, it could pave the way for a new pandemic. Based upon the above, a “One Health, One Earth, One Ocean”-focused, holistic approach would be the necessary prerequisite to deal in an appropriate way with the HPAI A(H5N1) virus-associated zoonotic and pandemic risk.

Abstract

The focus of this commentary is represented by the pandemic risk associated with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus, clade 2.3.4.4b. More in detail, the herein dealt pandemic alarm appears to be primarily justified by the huge and progressively growing number of virus-susceptible domestic and wild birds and mammals, including threatened marine mammal species like South American sea lions and elephant seals as well as harbour porpoises, bottlenose dolphins and polar bears. Of major concern is the susceptibility of dairy cattle to HPAI A(H5N1) virus, particularly the documented and unprecedented colonization of host’s mammary gland tissue, resulting in viral shedding through the milk alongside a large series of cases of infection in dairy farm workers in several USA locations. Despite well-documented zoonotic capability, no evidences of a sustained and efficient HPAI A(H5N1) viral transmission between people have been hitherto reported. If this were to happen sooner or later, a new pandemic might consequently arise. Therefore, keeping all this in mind and based upon the lessons taught by the COVID-19 pandemic, a “One Health, One Earth, One Ocean”-centered approach would be absolutely needed in order to deal in the most appropriate way with the HPAI A(H5N1) virus-associated zoonotic and pandemic risk.

Source: Veterinary Sciences, https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/12/6/566

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Counting Cases, Conserving #Species: Addressing Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza in #Wildlife

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has become a critical threat to wildlife, shifting from a seasonal epizootic to a persistent, year-round panzootic with global consequences. Here, we summarize the origin, evolutionary mechanisms, and expanding host range of the current H5N1 virus (clade 2.3.4.4b) and assess its impact on wildlife. Over the past five years, HPAI has caused the deaths of millions of wild birds, causing dramatic population declines in several seabird species. However, comprehensive quantitative mortality data remain scarce, as existing records are often anecdotal, focus on localized mass die-offs, and thus represent only a fraction of the true magnitude of mortality. This gap in data limits the ability to predict outbreak dynamics and mitigate long-term consequences. Using the Northwestern European Sandwich Tern (Thalasseus sandvicensis) population as a case study, we demonstrate the value of integrating mortality data with ecological, serological and genetic data before, during and after an outbreak. This approach uncovered age-specific vulnerability, selective mortality, and population immunological responses. In addition, insights gained with respect to the role of breeding density, carcass removal, and host adaptation in modulating outbreak dynamics are likely to be generalizable across seabird species. The absence of a centralized and standardized wildlife mortality monitoring framework, on the other hand, remains a major barrier to effective outbreak forecasting and conservation planning. We argue that integrating field-based mortality data, population monitoring, serological assays, and genetic analyses within a One Health framework is essential to enable early detection, targeted mitigation, and robust evaluation of outbreak impacts. Without a proactive and data-driven approach to conservation, HPAI will continue to threaten global wildlife populations, with cascading ecological, economic and public health consequences.

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.18.660293v1

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Highly pathogenic avian #influenza A (#H5N1) virus outbreaks in South #America in 2022–2024: a comprehensive review of an ongoing #panzootic

Highlights

• Outbreaks of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in South America have challenged animal and public health.

• Outbreaks across South America affect poultry industry and wild species.

• Surveillance strategies with One Health approach for avian flu is needed

Abstract

The outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b in South America, which began in 2022, have had significant repercussions across the continent and have led to significant challenges in animal and public health. This review explores the virus's transmission across South America, highlighting the spread of this panzootic through migratory birds and its severe impact on the poultry industry and various wild species, including mammals. The underreporting of influenza cases in poultry underscores the need for enhanced national regulations and strategies to promote reporting within the productive sector. Additionally, the review emphasizes the necessity for active case finding and genomic surveillance in the animal sector to manage better and control the virus. The economic and public health impacts of a potential future pandemic are also considered, emphasizing the need for strengthened surveillance strategies with the One Health approach to mitigate these risks.

Source: Virology, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0042682225002156?via%3Dihub

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Evaluation of #country #preparedness for #Nipah and avian #influenza #zoonotic viral #threats in #Bangladesh

Highlights

• Systematic and routine monitoring antigenic drift and shift of AIV in wild birds and poultry is needed.

• Community-based surveillance is key for improving NiV case detection.

• Integrated surveillance across One Health sectors is required.

• Lab upgrades to BSL-3 are needed for enhanced biosafety and diagnostics.

Abstract

Nipah and avian influenza viruses (NiV and AIV) are priority zoonotic pathogens in Bangladesh and are also important globally because of their pandemic potential. To understand current strengths, areas for improvement, and opportunities to enhance preparedness for NiV and AIV in Bangladesh, as part of the USAID STOP Spillover program, 47 relevant stakeholders were surveyed, and two country leads of the primary surveillance systems were interviewed. Data was collected focusing on four different areas: research projects, surveillance systems, laboratories, and outbreak risk management systems. Despite progress in recent years, our study reveals significant gaps in preparedness, detection, and response capacities across sectors and highlights the importance of prioritizing extended and targeted surveillance, biosafety solutions for laboratories, and early event detection for resilient defenses against these viruses using a One Health framework.

Source: One Health, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352771425001119?via%3Dihub

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The State of the #World’s #Animal #Health 2025 (#WOAH, May 24 '25)

{Summary}

World Organisation for Animal Health (2025). – The State of the World’s Animal Health 2025. Paris, 124pp. https://doi.org/10.20506/woah.3586. Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO.

Foreword

Animal health is inextricably linked to human  health, the stability of ecosystems and the strength of economies. In a world facing increasingly complex global challenges – emerging infectious diseases, climate change, antimicrobial resistance and food insecurity – ensuring the health of animals is crucial. This first iteration of The State of the World’s Animal Health report is a landmark publication released by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) for its 92nd General Session of the World Assembly, which reflects our commitment to evidence-based decision-making and data-driven action. Drawing  on WOAH’s comprehensive information systems and the collective expertise of its Members and expert network, this report offers a clear, objective and timely analysis of the global animal health landscape, helping us understand the current situation and the path toward a healthier future. Animal diseases know no borders. Whether affecting livestock, wildlife or aquatic species, their impact can be devastating – threatening livelihoods, public health, food supply chains, international trade and biodiversity. Our ability to prevent, detect and respond to these threats depends on robust surveillance, strong Veterinary Services, and the effective implementation of science-based policies. This report serves as a valuable resource for the veterinary workforce, researchers, policy-makers, and all those invested in the health of animals and the resilience of our societies. It provides critical insights into disease trends, the situation of veterinary capacities worldwide and the effectiveness of interventions. Most importantly, it reinforces the message that proactive investment in animal health is an investment in global health security. In addition to an objective analysis of the current situation, the core focus of this inaugural report is vaccination – one key element of disease prevention and control. Vaccination, alongside other measures, has saved countless lives, prevented economic losses, and reduced the need for antimicrobial treatments, playing a fundamental role in the fight against antimicrobial resistance. From eradicating deadly diseases like rinderpest to controlling threats such as rabies, foot and mouth disease and avian influenza, vaccines remain a powerful tool at our disposal. Yet, access to vaccines remains uneven, and challenges persist in vaccine research, production, distribution and uptake. Strengthening global cooperation and ensuring equitable access to safe, effective vaccines, alongside other control measures must be a priority for all of us. Valuable insights provided by this report will serve the discussion of this year’s General Session Forum: “Veterinary vaccines and vaccination: from science to action – reflections for change”. Looking ahead, we must continue to strengthen our data collection and analysis, foster innovation in disease prevention, and reinforce global veterinary capacities. This report is not just a static reflection of where we are – it is a dynamic call to action. A call for deeper collaboration, greater investment, and a shared commitment to building a future where animal health is protected, global health is secured and sustainable development is realised, and food security is strengthened for generations to come. Because animal health is our health. It’s everyone’s health.

Dr Emmanuelle Soubeyran, Director General, World Organisation for Animal Health

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Source: World Animal Health Organization, https://www.woah.org/en/document/the-state-of-the-worlds-animal-health-2025/

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The #OneHealth challenges and opportunities of the #H5N1 #outbreak in dairy #cattle in the #USA

ABSTRACT

The outbreak of H5N1 in dairy cattle in United States revealed challenges in identification and management of a novel disease. The virus showed an exceptional ability to spread between farms and among cows within a farm. The impact of the virus on dairy cattle varied from nonclinical to severe clinical signs and death. Many dairy producers did not report clinical signs in their cows or test for the virus. Cats and peridomestic birds on many affected dairies died from viral exposure. Dairy workers showed signs of conjunctivitis, which was confirmed to be due to H5N1. With the disease affecting multiple species and showing efficient cow-to-cow transmission, the situation only worsened. There was a negative impact on the relationships among dairy producers, dairy workers, poultry producers, and veterinarians, in which professional and personal relationships were severed and some experienced loss of employment. The regulatory response varied by geographic location, and in some states, animal health and human health authorities elevated producer fears of consequences of reporting. Authorities did quickly confirm that pasteurization inactivated the virus in dairy products and showed that it was very rarely detected in beef from affected cows. In this review, we will describe the relationships among the dairy industry and animal and human health and why the H5N1 outbreak requires a One Health perspective of all stakeholders in order to address it effectively.

Source: Journal of Dairy Science, https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(25)00281-4/fulltext

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