Respiratory Virus-Specific and #Time-Dependent #Interference of #Adenovirus Type 2, #SARS-CoV-2 and #Influenza Virus #H1N1pdm09 During Viral Dual Co-Infection and Superinfection In Vitro
Abstract Background . Understanding the interference patterns of respiratory viruses could be important for shedding light on potential strategies to combat these human infectious agents. Objective . To investigate the possible interactions between adenovirus type 2 (AdV2), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ) and influenza A/H1N1 pandemic (H1N1pdm09) using the A549 cell line . Methods . Single infections, co-infections, and superinfections (at 3 and 24 h after the first virus infection) were performed by varying the multiplicity of infection (MOI). Virus replication kinetics and the mRNA expression of IFN-α, IL-1α and IL-6 were assessed by real-time qPCR. Results . Co-infection experiments showed different growth dynamics , depending on the presence of the specific virus and time. AdV2 replication remained stable or possibly enhanced in the presence of co-infection with each of the two H1N1pdm09 and SARS-CoV-2 viruses ...