ETIDIOH - NEW

Abstract The current study aimed to investigate the genetic characterization and evolution of low pathogenic avian influenza virus H9N2 in Egypt . Ten H9N2 viruses were recently isolated from samples collected between 2019 and 2023. Phylogenetic analysis of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene segment of the H9N2 isolates showed a relatedness with G1 H9 4.2 lineage and clustered within genotype III of the Egyptian strains identified earlier in 2018. The majority of H9N2 strains had seven and eight glycosylation sites in HA and neuraminidase (NA) respectively . All strains carried H191 and L234 residues in their hemagglutinin which are markers facilitating avian-to-human cross species barrier transmission . No stalk deletions were detected in NA gene. In addition, genetic analysis of the NA and M encoding proteins revealed the absence of substitutions associated with resistance to oseltamivir and amantadine . The NA showed S372A and R403W substitutions which were previously detected in H3N2 and...

Abstract Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A/H5N1 viruses threaten animal and human health worldwide . The first documented cases in the Middle East were reported in 2005 ; however, despite extensive phylogenetic studies , there is limited information on the transmission dynamics of the virus within this region. We analyzed HA and NA gene sequences from various hosts to address this gap and to understand the virus’s spread and evolution in the Middle East. We hypothesized that H5N1 transmission exhibits host-specific or geographically influenced clade structures in this region . This study traced transmission pathways of HPAI A/H5N1 through a phylogenetic and amino acid sequence analysis of HA and NA gene segments from isolates across different hosts in Middle Eastern countries, using the MUSCLE algorithm for alignments and MEGA11 software for phylogenetic analysis. Sequences were selected from NCBI’s virus database based on geographic and host diversity, including those from bi...

ABSTRACT Reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N2) clade 2.3.4.4.b viruses were detected from ducks and environmental samples in Egypt , June 2024. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses revealed a novel genotype produced by the reassortment of an A( H5N1 ) clade 2.3.3.4b virus with an A( H9N2 ) G1-like virus. Monitoring the spread of this virus is important. Source: Emerging Microbes and Infections,  https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22221751.2025.2455601#abstract _____

ABSTRACT   Background :  Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) (H5N1) has been endemic in Egypt for almost two decades , profoundly impacting both the poultry industry and public health. Egypt stands as a prominent epicenter for HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in Africa , marked by the highest number of positive human cases. Despite continuous governmental efforts, prior research underscored the inadequacy of strategies in controlling the virus spread.  Aim :  This study identified spatiotemporal patterns and high-risk clusters of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks at the subdistrict level.  Methods :  This study involved trial tracking of HPAI H5N1 endemicity dynamics , enabling tailored interventions at a regional level based on robust epidemiological investigations to address the persistent challenge of HPAI H5N1 in Egypt. This study illuminated spatiotemporal outbreak dynamics, with specific attention on Menofia governorate.  Results :  Despite the region’s early pou...