ETIDIOH - NEW

  Backyard birds in Chernihiv Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7223 ____

  {England, Suffolk}  10,532 bird duck breeder flock. Samples taken were positive for HPAI H5N1. Birds presented clinical signs prior to testing. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7217 ____

  A layer poultry farm (located near small rivers, ponds, and migratory birds) began showing clinical signs of an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in its hens. These signs included pale combs and wattles, followed by increased mortality. The farm owner contacted the veterinary clinic in Taji, near Baghdad. A team of veterinarians was formed, samples were taken, and sent to the central laboratory for PCR testing. Control measures were initiated, including a ban on the movement of poultry. The entire flock will be culled in accordance with the procedures stipulated in Animal Health Law No. 32 of 2013, which mandates the culling of poultry infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7181 ____

  A breeding goose holding in Nógrád Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7185 ____

  Affected avian species were grazing ducks in Davao del Sur Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7105 ____

  Poultry farms in Podlaskie Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7177 ____

  {Scotland} A small commercial poultry premise. Samples taken were positive for HPAI H5N1. Birds presented clinical signs prior to testing. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7173 ____

  A fattening turkey holding in Csongrád-Csanád Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7172 ____

  Reproductive ducks. 41 months old. Drop in lay and reduction of water consumption. Gastrointestinal symptoms. HaZafon Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7168 ____

  A poultry farm in Lubelskie Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7162 ____

  {Kerala} 1) The outbreak was detected in ducks within an integrated rice–duck farming system. 2) The outbreak was detected in ducks within an integrated rice–duck farming system. 3) The outbreak was detected in ducks within an integrated rice–duck farming system. 4) The outbreak was detected in ducks within an integrated rice–duck farming system. 5) The outbreak was detected in ducks within an integrated rice–duck farming system. 6) The outbreak was detected in ducks within an integrated rice–duck farming system. 7) The outbreak was detected in ducks within an integrated rice–duck farming system. 8, 9 & 10) Poultry farms. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7161 ____

  Abstract Avian influenza viruses (AIVs), including H5N1 and H7N9, from the Orthomyxoviridae family present substantial public health concerns . The predominant circulating clade 2.3.4.4b has demonstrated enhanced capacity for mammalian adaptation , raising concerns about potential reassortment with human seasonal influenza viruses . Unlike H7N9 ’s limited host range , H5N1 infects birds, various mammals, and humans . Recent concerns include widespread H5N1 infection of U.S. dairy cattle across 18 states , affecting over 1000 herds with 71 human infections (70 H5N1 and 1 H5N5). Key observations include cow-to-cow transmission, viral presence in milk, and transmission to humans , mainly through occupational exposure . Evidence of mammal-to-mammal transmission has been documented in European and Canadian foxes and South American marine mammals . Standard pasteurization effectively inactivates the virus in milk. The continuing mammalian adaptations , particularly mutations like PB2-E...

  Abstract Mexico has experienced recurrent viral epidemics of substantial intensity, including hyperendemic dengue, COVID-19, and recent reports of avian influenza A (H5N1) infections in birds , which pose an ongoing risk of zoonotic transmission . Mexico was also the location for the earliest detection of the pdmH1N1 virus during the 2009 influenza A pandemic. Under a One Health framework , markets represent a unique opportunity for low-cost virus monitoring at the human-animal interface . Under the hypothesis that these represent sentinel sites for an early virus detection , we implemented a pilot surveillance program at the central market of Merida city, Yucatan , Mexico, considered a regional hotspot for multiple and recent viral outbreaks . Longitudinal sampling was carried out over 11 months at 1-to-6-week intervals from April 2022 to February 2023 . We used multi-type surveillance in mosquitoes, live poultry, and wastewater . All samples were screened using RT-qPCR . Positi...

  The Official Veterinary Service (OVS) of the state of Mato Grosso received a notification of a suspected case influenza A viruses of high pathogenicity in domestic birds from a multi-species backyard , on December 20, 2025. Official Laboratory (LFDA-SP) analysis confirmed the presence of the H5N1 virus, clade 2.3.4.4b. The premises have been placed under quarantine. Birds will be culled, and carcasses, products, and any potentially contaminated materials will be destroyed. The OVS is currently conducting an epidemiological investigation in the surrounding area. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7147 ____

  Abstract Since 2021, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) belonging to H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b have caused high mortality in North American wild birds and poultry . In 2025 , a new D1.1 genotype caused two human deaths and host-switched to dairy cattle . However, the evolutionary origins and dynamics of D1.1 have not been fully characterized. Here, our phylogenetic analysis of 17,516 H5N1 genome sequences uncovers how D1.1 introduced a major shift in the antigenic diversity and ecology of the H5N1 epizootic in North America. D1.1 is the first major H5N1 genotype to (a) emerge in the Pacific flyway and spread west-to-east faster than any prior genotype; (b) antigenically shift via reassortment with the North American N1 segment, displacing the previously fixed Eurasian N1 ; and (c) transmit to a broader range of host species than any H5N1 genotype to date, introducing mammalian adaptations . Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Fun...

  Influenza at the human-animal interface  Summary and risk assessment, from 6 November to 19 December 2025 {1} -- New human cases {1,2}:  - From 6 November to 19 December 2025, based on reporting date , the detection of influenza A( H5N1 ) in one human , A( H5N5 ) in one human , A( H9N2 ) in seven humans , and an influenza A( H1N1 ) variant virus in one human were reported officially.  - In addition , one human case of infection with an influenza A( H1N2 ) variant virus was detected.  -- Circulation of influenza viruses with zoonotic potential in animals :  - High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) events in poultry and non-poultry animal species continue to be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH).{3}  - The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) also provides a global update on avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential.{4}  - Additionally, low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses as well a...

  ~155K laying chickens’ flock. Samples taken were positive for HPAI H5N1. Birds presented clinical signs prior to testing. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7139 ____

  Abstract Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus, first identified in late 2016 in Egypt, continues to circulate and has replaced the previously dominant HPAI H5N1 virus of clade 2.2.1. In this study, HPAI H5N8 was detected on 23 commercial poultry farms in Egypt . Complete genome sequences of three isolates collected in 2021 were obtained using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and subjected to genetic characterization. Phylogenetic analysis showed these isolates to belong to clade 2.3.4.4b, comprising two genotypes: EA-2021-Q and EA-2020-A . Molecular analysis of the haemagglutinin (HA) protein revealed the presence of T156A and V538A substitutions in the duck isolate and an N183S substitution in the chicken isolate . Several additional nonsynonymous mutations were identified, including 147I and 504V in the PB2 protein , 127V, 672L, and 550L in the PA protein , 64F and 69P in the M2 protein , and 42S in the NS1 protein . Comparative analysis of HA antigenic sites bet...

  Abstract Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) viruses, particularly IAV (H5N1), continue to pose a major global threat due to their widespread circulation and high mortality rates in birds. Management of HPAI is complicated by challenges in conserving migratory bird populations, sustaining poultry production, and uncertainties in disease dynamics. Structured decision-making frameworks , such as those based on the PrOACT model, are recommended to improve outbreak response and guide critical actions , especially when HPAI virus (HPAIV) detections occur in sensitive areas like wildlife refuges . Surveillance data from late 2024 to early 2025 show persistent HPAI activity , with 743 detections across 22 European countries and beyond, and notable outbreaks in poultry in nations like Hungary, Iceland, and the UK . The proximity of poultry farms to water sources increases environmental contamination risks. Meanwhile, HPAI A(IAV (H5N1)) and other H5Nx viruses have been detected in a ...

{Höör Region} A farm with parent poultry. All animals were euthanized 18 December. A protection zone (3 km) and a surveillance zone (10 km) have been put in place around the infected farm and all other restrictions and necessary measures according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 and EU DR 2020/687 are applied. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7136 ____