ETIDIOH - NEW

Abstract Background .  Understanding the interference patterns of respiratory viruses could be important for shedding light on potential strategies to combat these human infectious agents.  Objective .  To investigate the possible interactions between adenovirus type 2 (AdV2), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ) and influenza A/H1N1 pandemic (H1N1pdm09) using the A549 cell line .  Methods .  Single infections, co-infections, and superinfections (at 3 and 24 h after the first virus infection) were performed by varying the multiplicity of infection (MOI). Virus replication kinetics and the mRNA expression of IFN-α, IL-1α and IL-6 were assessed by real-time qPCR.  Results .  Co-infection experiments showed different growth dynamics , depending on the presence of the specific virus and time. AdV2 replication remained stable or possibly enhanced in the presence of co-infection with each of the two H1N1pdm09 and SARS-CoV-2 viruses ...

Abstract The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A H5N1 virus in dairy cattle marks a troubling new chapter in the ongoing battle against zoonotic diseases . Since its initial detection in 1955, the H5N1 virus has primarily been associated with poultry , posing significant threats to both animal and human health . However, recent outbreaks in U.S. dairy herds across nine states have revealed an alarming expansion of the virus , with over 190 herds affected as of September 2024. This unprecedented spread in cattle has sparked intense concern among scientists and health officials, especially with reports indicating that up to 20% of dairy products may contain traces of the virus . The implications of the H5N1 virus establishing itself in cattle populations are profound. This potential endemic presence could transform dairy farms into reservoirs of the virus , facilitating its evolution and increasing the risk of human transmission . Mutations enhancing viral replication...

Abstract The duck CD8+ T-cell response effectively defends against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infection , but the recognized peptide is rarely identified. Here, we found that the ratio of CD8+ T cells and the expression of IFN-γ and cytotoxicity-associated genes , including granzyme A/K, perforin and IL2, at 7 days post-infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from B1 haplotype ducks significantly increased in the context of defending against H5N1 AIV infection in vivo. Moreover, similar results were observed in cultured and sorted H5N1 AIV-stimulated duck CD8+ T cells in vitro. Next, we selected 109 epitopes as candidate epitopes on the basis of the MHC-I restriction binding peptide prediction website database and further identified twelve CD8+ T-cell epitopes that significantly increased IFN-γ gene expression after stimulating B1 haplotype duck memory PBMCs. In particular, NP338−346, NP473−481, M2−10, PB1540−548 and PA80−88 were highly conserv...

Abstract The global spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus poses a serious pandemic threat , necessitating the swift development of effective vaccines. The success of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine technology in the COVID-19 pandemic, marked by its rapid development and scalability , demonstrates its potential for addressing other infectious threats , such as HPAI A(H5N1). We therefore evaluated mRNA vaccine candidates targeting panzootic influenza A(H5) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses, which have been shown to infect a range of mammalian species , including most recently being detected in dairy cattle . Ferrets were immunized with mRNA vaccines encoding either hemagglutinin alone or hemagglutinin and neuraminidase , derived from a 2.3.4.4b prototype vaccine virus recommended by the World Health Organization. Kinetics of the immune responses , as well as protection against a lethal challenge dose of A(H5N1) virus, were assessed. Two doses of mRNA vaccination elicited...

Abstract Since 2016, epizootics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus have threatened the poultry sector in Europe . Because conventional prevention and control measures alone were insufficient in some contexts, the European Commission authorized poultry vaccination in 2023 . Subsequently, France launched a nationwide duck vaccination campaign combined with a comprehensive surveillance plan. We used a mathematical model to simulate the transmission of HPAI viruses in vaccinated duck flocks and assess the effectiveness of a wide range of surveillance strategies. Sampling and testing dead ducks every week (enhanced passive surveillance) was the most sensitive (≈90%) and the most timely strategy. Active surveillance through monthly testing of a cross-sectional sample of live ducks was the least sensitive and timely strategy. Thus, we advise focusing HPAI surveillance efforts on enhanced passive surveillance and reducing active surveillance of live ducks. Source: Emerging Infec...

According to CCTV News, on December 18 local time, California Governor Gavin Newsom declared a state of emergency in California to deal with the increasingly serious avian influenza epidemic . Although there have been no cases of human-to-human transmission in California , 61 people have been infected with avian influenza in the United States, 34 of which are from California . Newsom emphasized that although the risk is low, the government will continue to take necessary measures to prevent the spread of the virus and open funds to support the emergency response of relevant agencies. According to Xinhua News Agency, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued a statement on the 18th saying that the United States reported the first severe case of human infection with the H5N1 avian influenza virus . The patient was hospitalized and his infection may be related to contact with sick and dead poultry raised in private backyard farms. The CDC said in a statement that the pati...