ETIDIOH - NEW

  {Summary} Time Period: September 14, 2025 - September 20, 2025 -- H5 Detection :  3 sites ( 0.7% ) -- No Detection :  429 sites ( 99.3% ) -- No samples in last week :  33 sites (...) Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html ____

  Summary -- What is already known about this topic? -  Influenza-associated encephalopathy (IAE) is a rare, severe neurologic complication of influenza. -- What is added by this report? - During the high-severity 2024–25 influenza season, 109 U.S. pediatric IAE cases were identified; 55% of affected children were previously healthy . Thirty-seven IAE cases were subcategorized as acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE), a severe form of IAE characterized by rapid neurologic decline and a poor prognosis . Overall, 74% of IAE patients were admitted to an intensive care unit , and 19% died ; 41% of ANE patients died. Only 16% of vaccine-eligible IAE patients had received the 2024–25 influenza vaccine. -- What are the implications for public health practice? - All children are at risk for severe neurologic complications of influenza . Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all children aged ≥6 months to prevent influenza and associated complications, potentially including ...

  The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes that there is currently no conclusive scientific evidence confirming a possible link between autism and use of acetaminophen (also known as paracetamol) during pregnancy.  Globally, nearly 62 million people (1 in 127) have autism spectrum disorder , a diverse group of conditions related to development of the brain . Although awareness and diagnosis have improved in recent years, the exact causes of autism have not been established , and it is understood there are multiple factors that can be involved.   Extensive research has been undertaken over the past decade, including large-scale studies, looking into links between acetaminophen use during pregnancy and autism . At this time, no consistent association has been established.  WHO recommends that all women continue to follow advice of their doctors or health workers, who can help assess individual circumstances and recommend necessary medicines. Any medicine sh...

  {Summary} Time Period: September 07, 2025 - September 13, 2025 -- H5 Detection :  3 sites ( 0.7% ) -- No Detection :  401 sites ( 99.3% ) -- No samples in last week :  57 sites (...) Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html ____

  {Summary} Time Period: August 31, 2025 - September 06, 2025 -- H5 Detection :  4 sites ( 0.9% ) -- No Detection :  418 sites ( 99.1% ) -- No samples in last week :  43 sites (...) Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html ____

{Summary} Time Period: August 24, 2025 - August 30, 2025 -- H5 Detection :  3 sites ( 0.7% ) -- No Detection :  428 sites ( 99.3% ) -- No samples in last week :  31 sites (...) Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html ____

  Summary -- What is already known about this topic? - As of January 1, 2025, 37 human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A( H5N1 ) had been detected in California , none of which occurred in San Francisco. -- What is added by this report? - On January 9, 2025, a case of HPAI A(H5N1) infection was identified in a school-aged child in San Francisco through enhanced surveillance (influenza A virus subtyping of a sample of specimens weekly). No source of exposure was identified, and investigations found no laboratory evidence of human-to-human transmission among close contacts. -- What are the implications for public health practice? - Enhanced surveillance and timely subtyping of a subset of influenza A–positive specimens, including specimens from persons without known A(H5N1) exposure, are important to detect avian influenza A virus infections. Public health investigations are critical to monitoring for human-to-human transmission. Abstract In response to a highly pat...

  {Summary} Time Period: August 17, 2025 - August 23, 2025 -- H5 Detection :  2 sites ( 0.5% ) -- No Detection :  429 sites ( 99.5% ) -- No samples in last week :  31 sites (...) Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html ____

  ABSTRACT Influenza A virus (IAV) in swine in the U.S. is surveilled to monitor genetic evolution to inform intervention efforts and aid pandemic preparedness . We describe data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Surveillance Plan for Influenza A Virus in Pigs from 2009 to 2022. Clinical respiratory cases were subtyped, followed by sequencing of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), and a subset of viruses was whole genome sequenced . Phylogenetic analysis identified geographic and temporal IAV reassortment hotspots . Regions acting as IAV genomic diversity sources or sinks were quantified, and dissemination was qualified and modeled. The dominant IAV clades were H1N2 (1B.2.1), H3N2 (1990.4.a), and H1N1 (H1-1A.3.3.3-c3). Internal genes were classified as triple-reassortant (T) or pandemic 2009 (P), and three genome constellations represented 73.5% of detections across the last 2 years. In some years, the distribution of IAV diversity was so narrow that it presen...

  Abstract Background :  Flaviviruses represent a significant worldwide threat to human health and have the potential to emerge and cause outbreaks in non-endemic geographical regions. Ongoing surveillance for these viruses in the United States–Mexican border communities such as El Paso, Texas , is lacking. As a continuing effort to better understand the prevalence and to determine which arboviruses are endemic, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence rate of specific flavivirus antibody among 910 human umbilical cord blood samples obtained from mothers who delivered newborns in El Paso, Texas. Materials and Methods :  The samples were screened for West Nile virus (WNV) and dengue virus (DENV) IgG antibodies with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by a plaque reduction neutralization test for DENV, WNV, Zika virus (ZIKV) and Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV). Results :  Among the 910 samples , 2% were positive for specific IgG antibo...

  {Summary} Time Period: August 10, 2025 - August 16, 2025 -- H5 Detection :  1 site ( 0.2% ) -- No Detection :  422 sites ( 99.8% ) -- No samples in last week :  37 sites (...) Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html ____

Aug. 20 Update :   In response to several media inquiries following up on this case, DHSS regrets to confirm that the patient's death occurred on Aug. 19 in a St. Louis area hospital . We extend our deepest condolences to the loved ones of the patient.  Source: Department of Health,  https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/MODHSS/bulletins/3eebf32 ____

Abstract Since late 2021, a panzootic of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus has driven significant morbidity and mortality in wild birds, domestic poultry, and mammals. In North America , infections in novel avian and mammalian species suggest the potential for changing ecology and establishment of new animal reservoirs . Outbreaks among domestic birds have persisted despite aggressive culling, necessitating a re-examination of how these outbreaks were sparked and maintained. To recover how these viruses were introduced and disseminated in North America, we analyzed 1,818 Hemagglutinin (HA) gene sequences sampled from North American wild birds, domestic birds and mammals from November 2021-September 2023 using Bayesian phylodynamic approaches. Using HA, we infer that the North American panzootic was driven by ~8 independent introductions into North America via the Atlantic and Pacific Flyways, followed by rapid dissemination westward via wild, migratory birds. Transmission wa...

  {Summary} Time Period: August 03, 2025 - August 09, 2025 -- H5 Detection :  2 sites ( 0.5% ) -- No Detection :  425 sites ( 99.5% ) -- No samples in last week :  33 sites (...) Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html ____

  JEFFERSON CITY, MO – The Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services (DHSS) is announcing case of an adult Missouri resident with a laboratory-confirmed infection of Naegleria fowleri .  Naegleria fowleri is a microscopic single-celled free-living ameba that can cause a rare deadly infection of the brain called primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), also known as “brain-eating” infection. Typically, fewer than 10 people a year in the United States get PAM. The Missouri patient is currently being treated for PAM in an intensive care unit of a hospital, and currently, no additional suspected cases of PAM are being investigated in Missouri. The ameba is common and naturally present in warm freshwater such as lakes , rivers and ponds; however, PAM is extremely rare. Between 1962 and 2024, there were 167 reported cases of PAM in the United States. The source of the patient’s exposure is currently being investigated by public health officials.  While not confirmed, p...

  {Summary} Time Period: July 27, 2025 - August 02, 2025 -- H5 Detection :  4 sites ( 0.9% ) -- No Detection :  430 sites (99.1%) -- No samples in last week :  24 sites (...) Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html ____

Summary Background The Pandemic Response Repository through Microbial and Immune Surveillance and Epidemiology (PREMISE) programme was established to translate knowledge gained from global immunoepidemiological surveillance into a better understanding of population-level dynamics of emerging and re-emerging infections , as well as into the discovery and development of biomedical countermeasures against potential pandemic threats. As proof of principle for this approach, we conducted a longitudinal immunoepidemiological study in children in the USA, focusing on enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infection dynamics but also capturing surveillance of a broad array of other endemic respiratory pathogens. Serendipitously, our sampling spanned the lifting of widespread COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) in 2022–23, following a unique period during which virus exposure markedly diminished. Methods This prospective, multicentre, longitudinal, immunoepidemiological surveillance study enroll...

  {Excerpt} Time Period: July 20, 2025 - July 26, 2025 -- H5 Detection :  4 sites ( 1.0% ) -- No Detection :  391 sites ( 99.0% ) -- No samples in last week :  38 sites (...) Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html ____

Abstract Transmission routes of highly pathogenic H5N1 between cows or to humans remain unclear due to limited data from affected dairy farms. We performed extensive air, farm wastewater, and milk sampling on 14 H5N1 positive dairy farms across two different California regions. Virus was detected in the air in milking parlors and from exhaled breath of cows . Infectious H5N1 virus was detected in the air and water streams ; sequence analysis revealed viral variants on a farm in these locations. Longitudinal analysis of milk from the individual quarters of cows revealed a high prevalence of subclinical H5N1 positive cows and a heterogeneous distribution of infected quarters that maintained a consistent pattern over time. Our data highlight potential modes of H5N1 transmission on dairy farms. Competing Interest Statement SSL and LCM receive funds from Flu Lab and NIH. ASL receives funds from Flu Lab, NIH, and CDC. ASL receives consulting fees and research support from Roche, outside of t...

Key Points -- Question: What were the clinical characteristics, management approaches, and outcomes among children with influenza-associated acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) in the US during the 2023-2024 and 2024-2025 influenza seasons? -- Findings:   In this multicenter case series of 41 children from 23 US hospitals , influenza-associated ANE carried a 27% mortality rate despite multimodal therapy. Most patients (76%) had no significant medical history , despite 15 of 32 tested (47%) having genetic risk alleles potentially related to risk of ANE identified during diagnostic evaluation. The H1 2009 influenza A strain predominated (34% of cases), and only 16% had received seasonal influenza vaccination . Among survivors, 63% had moderate to severe disability at 90-day follow-up. -- Meaning:  Influenza-associated ANE represents a rare but devastating neurologic complication primarily affecting previously healthy children. The high morbidity and mortality emphasize t...