#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, April 19 '26)

 

Biochem Biophys Res Commun

1. CHEN M, Chen W, Jiang X, Liang S, et al
   Virtual screening targeting the conserved domain of the IAV M2 protein reveals the potential broad-spectrum anti-IAV activity of ajmaline.
   Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2026;814:153643.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   BMJ

2. DAVIES SR, Davies AL, Higgins JPT, Caldwell DM, et al
   Effectiveness of interventions to increase vaccine uptake: component network meta-analysis.
   BMJ. 2026;393:e087578.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Drug Saf

3. HWANG CS, Lu Z, Russo M, Zakoul H, et al
   Physician Awareness of FDA's Relaxation of REMS-Required Laboratory Testing Requirements and Changes in Prescribing Practices During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
   Drug Saf. 2026;49:519-528.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
4. COATES MM, Rowe SL, Sullivan SG, Munoz FM, et al
   Assessing the Use of Medical Insurance Claims and Electronic Health Records to Measure COVID-19 Vaccination During Pregnancy.
   Drug Saf. 2026;49:567-580.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
5. RACHWAL O, Gutierrez-Lobon M, Cueto NS, Ventura AN, et al
   Evaluating COVID-19 Vaccine Masking and Unmasking Methods in Two National Pharmacovigilance Databases.
   Drug Saf. 2026;49:581-590.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
6. JAJOU R, van Puijenbroek E, Overbeek J, Hek K, et al
   GP Consultations for Herpes Zoster After COVID-19 Vaccination: A Self-Controlled Cohort Study Based on Electronic Health Record Data from the Netherlands.
   Drug Saf. 2026;49:529-539.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Epidemiol Infect

7. GONZALES BE, Ochoa TJ, van der Sande MAB
   Inequalities in complete pneumococcal vaccination among Peruvian children before and after the COVID-19 pandemic: An evaluation using demographic and health surveys from 2018 to 2023.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2026;154:e49.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
8. KIMURA M, Asai Y, Tsuzuki S, Shimizu Y, et al
   Effectiveness of voluntary PCR testing against COVID-19 spread in remote Japanese islands.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2026;154:e48.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Virol Methods

9. ASGHARI M, Golalipour M, Memarian A, Farazmandfar T, et al
   Presentation of multiple copies of a non-dominant surface epitope by circular RNA effectively induce an immune response against SARS-CoV-2.
   J Virol Methods. 2026;343:115378.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
10. CHIBA S
    Therapeutic mechanisms of early oseltamivir administration in the management of mild COVID-19 through the sympathetic nervous system: A scoping review.
    J Virol Methods. 2026;343:115386.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Lancet

11. JOHANSEN ND, Seco JP, Martinon-Torres F, Biering-Sorensen T, et al
    Unclear benefits of higher doses of influenza vaccine - Authors' reply.
    Lancet. 2026;407:1426.
    PubMed        
    
    
12. FLAHAULT A
    Unclear benefits of higher doses of influenza vaccine.
    Lancet. 2026;407:1425-1426.
    PubMed        
    
    

    
    PLoS Biol

13. SOLA I, Zuniga S
    New transcription signals in SARS-CoV-2 reshape virus-host interactions.
    PLoS Biol. 2026;24:e3003744.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS Comput Biol

14. JEONG YD, Hart WS, Ishikane M, Kim KS, et al
    Identifying the optimal rapid antigen test for screening and determining the end of isolation: A modeling study.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2026;22:e1013102.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
15. ANOKYE F, Li MWZ, Walker S, Hurford A, et al
    Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant spread and the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2026;22:e1013562.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS One

16. ABDELGHANY M, Yu F, Rennard S, Gwon Y, et al
    Bayesian reanalysis of early remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19 in outpatients with high risk of progression to severe disease.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0346878.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
17. BERBER E, Hanley HB, Gamez BM, Ross TM, et al
    Assessment of hemagglutinin-inhibition activity following influenza vaccination during the 2022-2023, 2023-2024, and 2024-2025 seasons.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0347314.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
18. MURALIDHAR K, Ngaybe MGB, Pope B, Nanjaiah S, et al
    Behavioural and Social Drivers (BeSD) of COVID-19 vaccination for children: A cross-sectional study of parental vaccine confidence and intent in Mysore, India.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0316877.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
19. BHUPATHI M, Hegde S, Molloy JC, Devarapu GCR, et al
    MobileLAMP: A low-cost, portable incubation device for isothermal nucleic acid amplification.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0346874.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
20. SHIMAZU Y, Isoda N, Hiono T, Hew YL, et al
    Evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of baloxavir marboxil against high pathogenicity avian influenza virus infection in duck model.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0347205.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
21. GANGAT R, Ngah V, Tawonga R, Blanford JI, et al
    Spatial and temporal patterns of SARS-CoV-2 infection in uMgungundlovu, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0317648.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
22. VAN DUINKERKEN A, van der Velden PG, Duckers MLA, Baliatsas C, et al
    Revisiting the exposure criterion for PTSD: Using the COVID-19 pandemic as an opportunity to assess measurement invariance of PTSD symptoms across event types.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0347315.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
23. KITTUR ME, Jones BDM, Imran S, Wang W, et al
    Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adults accessing specialist psychiatric care: A cross-sectional Canadian analysis.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0346913.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
24. CASJENS S, Hovanec J, Glaser N, Massag J, et al
    Occupational risk factors for depression and anxiety symptoms: Insights from a large cohort study during and after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0346871.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
25. JIANG KP, Bennett S, Yager P
    Heat-actuated valve implementation in a point-of-care, paper-based microfluidic device for infectious disease detection.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0344750.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
26. ABBAS U, Laghari RN, Ahmed I, Musawwir UA, et al
    Acute SARS-CoV-2 viral load and systemic inflammation are associated with neuropsychiatric and musculoskeletal symptoms in long COVID.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0346978.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
27. OZATO N, Hori S, Miyai N, Takase H, et al
    Association of visceral fat and plasmacytoid dendritic cell-derived interferon alpha with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0344870.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
28. DIAS GF, Fan C, Han M, Wang X, et al
    COVID-19 in hemodialysis patients: New insights into metabolomic profile dynamics from 60 days pre- to 60 days post-diagnosis.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0346687.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
29. MOHTASHAM F, Hashemi Nazari SS, Pourhoseingholi MA, Kavousi K, et al
    Hybrid feature-selection and diversity-guided stacking framework for interpretable ensemble learning: Application to COVID-19 mortality prediction.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0341198.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
30. LEE SJ, Kim J, Han M, Lee JA, et al
    Distinct plasma cytokine and chemokine profiles in severe COVID-19 and septic shock.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0347126.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

31. GOLDMAN N, Pebley AR
    The Latino health experience: Past and future.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2530795123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
32. HUOT M, Wang D, Shakhnovich E, Monasson R, et al
    Constrained evolutionary funnels shape viral immune escape.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2536956123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
33. FARIAS A, Bridgeman VL, Rodrigues FS, Puttur F, et al
    Type I interferons induced upon respiratory viral infection impair lung metastatic initiation.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2412919123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Vaccine

34. HSIEH SM, Choi MJ, Chen YC, Cheng SY, et al
    Cost-effectiveness of vaccination of older adults with an MF59(R)-adjuvanted quadrivalent influenza vaccine compared to standard-dose and high-dose vaccines in South Korea and Taiwan.
    Vaccine. 2026;80:128533.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
35. ANYALECHI EG, Marquez PL, Rubin MN, Johannsen SP, et al
    Safety of seasonal inactivated influenza vaccines in children 6 months-17 years of age in the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) 2018-2023: before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic public health emergency.
    Vaccine. 2026;81:128569.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Virology

36. SWIERKOT J, Tyczynska KM, Siemaszko J, Madej M, et al
    The association of selected genetic polymorphisms with adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination: a single-centre prospective observational cohort study.
    Virology. 2026;619:110876.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
37. CHEN G, Liang D, Liu M, Lv Z, et al
    Theaflavins suppresses RSV infection by modulating the MAVS-I-IFN pathway.
    Virology. 2026;619:110872.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
38. LIU R, Patterson L, Yeasmin M, Kim KH, et al
    Low-dose multivalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccines enhance broadly cross-reactive antibodies and protective immune responses of co-administered protein-based vaccines.
    Virology. 2026;619:110884.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
39. WANG Z, Wongnak R, Oba M, Mizutani T, et al
    Omicron RBD expressed in E. coli outperforms mammalian-expressed S1 spike protein in generating highly neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in mice.
    Virology. 2026;619:110894.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
40. RICHARDSON SAS, Boodhoo N, Bhat S, Wells J, et al
    Differential outcomes of viral co-infections with high pathogenicity avian influenza A(H5N6) and SARS-CoV-2 in mammalian in vitro systems.
    Virology. 2026;620:110912.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    

Cross - #protection against highly pathogenic avian #influenza #H5N1 virus from seasonal influenza #vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of #ferret studies

 

ABSTRACT

The recent surge in spillover events of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b to humans and mammals in North America has raised urgent pandemic concerns. Human H5N1 vaccines are unavailable in most countries. We synthesized data from ferret challenge trials to evaluate whether widely available seasonal influenza vaccines confer cross-protection against lethal H5N1 infection. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for ferret studies of lethal H5N1 challenge published up to 5 July 2025 (PROSPERO #CRD42024520346). Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to compare vaccine efficacy (VE) of seasonal influenza vaccines and H5N1 vaccines against H5N1-related mortality. Seroprotection was defined as a neutralizing antibody titre of ≥1:40. We identified 35 studies (157 trials). Seasonal influenza vaccines without N1 did not confer significant cross-protection (five trials; VE 14.8%, 95% CI –3.6 to 30.0). In contrast, VE was 73% for N1-containing seasonal influenza vaccines (19 trials; 95% CI 54–84) and 77% for H5N1 vaccines overall (133 trials; 95% CI 72–82) (p = 0.52). The VE of N1-containing seasonal influenza vaccines was modestly lower than that of H5N1 vaccines with seroprotection (88%; 66 trials; 95% CI 84–91; p = 0.009), but comparable to H5N1 vaccines that did not achieve seroprotection (63%; 67 trials; 95% CI 52–71; p = 0.29). The VE of seasonal influenza vaccines against H5N1 was robust across sensitivity analyses, with no evidence of publication bias (p = 0.99). Seasonal influenza vaccines significantly reduce H5N1-associated mortality in ferret trials, suggesting the cross-protection potential of currently available vaccines. Human studies are warranted.

Source: 

Link: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22221751.2026.2654278

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#Vaccine-Elicited #Antibody Responses to #Influenza #H3N2 Subclade K

 

{Summary}

Influenza A(H3N2) subclade K (J.2.4.1) is a genetic branch of H3N2 with 11 mutations in hemagglutinin compared with the A/H3N2/Croatia/10136RV/2023 (H3N2 CR/23) vaccine strain, of which 8 mutations are on the hemagglutinin head surface (...) (...). As of February 2026, influenza A viruses currently represent approximately 96.3% of circulating influenza strains in the US, with H3N2 accounting for 88.4% of influenza isolates and subclade K comprising 91.5% of H3N2 isolates. The rapid expansion of H3N2 subclade K represents a major public health concern. This study reports antibody responses to H3N2 subclade K and other influenza strains before and after influenza vaccination.

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2846268

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#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, April 11 '26)

 

Biochemistry

1. VOGET R, Gutschow M
   Early Kinetic Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors: A Review and Guidance for Biochemical Assessments.
   Biochemistry. 2026;65:860-881.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Epidemiol Infect

2. MILLER AC, Boonstra DE, Cavanaugh JE, Boikos C, et al
   Disease burden associated with influenza activity at the population level.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2026 Apr 6:1-28. doi: 10.1017/S0950268826101320.
   PubMed        
   
   
3. ABUNIJELA S, Greiner T, Haas W, Kerber R, et al
   Frequency, dynamics, and duration of faecal shedding in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, a scoping review.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2026;154:e44.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Exp Med

4. MATHEW NR, Gailleton R, Scharf L, Schon K, et al
   Nasal CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells provide cross-protective immunity to influenza.
   J Exp Med. 2026;223:e20251793.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect Dis

5. ULANOWICZ CJ, Alarcon PC, Damen MSMA, Wayland JL, et al
   Distinct inflammatory programming of thoracic cavity white adipose immune cells regulates influenza pathogenesis.
   J Infect Dis. 2026 Apr 7:jiag201. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   N Engl J Med

6. PARDO-SECO J, Martinon-Torres F
   High-Dose Influenza Vaccine and Hospitalizations in Older Adults. Reply.
   N Engl J Med. 2026;394:1454.
   PubMed        
   
   
7. JOHANSEN ND, Biering-Sorensen T
   High-Dose Influenza Vaccine and Hospitalizations in Older Adults. Reply.
   N Engl J Med. 2026;394:1454.
   PubMed        
   
   
8. KANEDA Y, Fujikawa T
   High-Dose Influenza Vaccine and Hospitalizations in Older Adults.
   N Engl J Med. 2026;394:1453-1454.
   PubMed        
   
   
9. CHEN HY, Liao JC, Yong SB
   High-Dose Influenza Vaccine and Hospitalizations in Older Adults.
   N Engl J Med. 2026;394:1453.
   PubMed        
   
   

   
   Pediatrics

10. OLSON SM, Ahmad HM, Wielgosz K, Michaels MG, et al
    Pediatric Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza Hospitalization And Outpatient Visits: 2021-2024.
    Pediatrics. 2026 Apr 6:e2025073973. doi: 10.1542/peds.2025-073973.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
11. LUCACCIONI H, Maurel M, Perez-Gimeno G, Buda S, et al
    Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in European Primary Care Pediatric Practices: 2022-2024.
    Pediatrics. 2026 Apr 6:e2025072907. doi: 10.1542/peds.2025-072907.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS One

12. ANTAO V, Krueger P, Meaney C, Kwong JC, et al
    Predictors of burnout among academic family medicine faculty: Looking back to plan forward.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0344702.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
13. SPINOS D, Beech T, Lee J, Coulson C, et al
    Referral to treatment times in the National Health Service of England: A five-year analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and socioeconomic deprivation and future implications for Ear, Nose and Throat service delivery.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0346596.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. SHARBAYTA SS, Jo Y, Jung J, Buonomo B, et al
    The impact of human behavioral adaptation stratified by immune status on COVID-19 spread with application to South Korea.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0345642.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
15. GRAFF I, Berger M, Schmid M, Kogej M, et al
    A decade of triage with the Manchester Triage System-The MTS big data study.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0344598.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
16. FELLER RL, Narraway CL, Burslem DF, Colucci-Gray L, et al
    Private garden uses and associated mental well-being benefits during the first UK Covid-19 lockdown - a social media investigation.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0289446.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
17. PAN C, Shen W
    Revisiting price linkages between London and Shanghai base metal futures markets: A time-frequency connectedness analysis.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0346602.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

18. HA J, Sharma P, Ta S, Tsukuda S, et al
    Hypoxia inducible factors regulate pneumovirus replication by enhancing innate immune sensing.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2506647123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
19. PARENTI NA, Cusic R, Renner DM, Jackson N, et al
    SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV disrupt host protein synthesis via nsp1 with differential effects on the integrated stress response.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2536296123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Vaccine

20. MCCULLOUGH R, Reid A, Smyth D, O'Neill MT, et al
    Leadership matters: ward manager vaccination status influences nursing staff influenza vaccine uptake.
    Vaccine. 2026;80:128541.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
21. ZHANG J, Gong C, Xu Z, Han R, et al
    Multi-mode spatial accessibility to vaccination services and its impact on influenza-related hospitalisations among older adults.
    Vaccine. 2026;80:128540.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Virus Res

22. WU Y, Sun W, Xia Y, Feng Y, et al
    The influenza B virus candidate vaccine expressing H3 hemagglutinin developed in suspension MDCK cells confers protection against lethal H3N2 avian influenza in BALB/c mice.
    Virus Res. 2026;367:199722.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    

Predicting the #antigenic #evolution of seasonal #influenza viruses using phylogenetic #convergence

 

Abstract

The antigenic evolution of human seasonal influenza viruses is primarily driven by single amino acid substitutions immediately adjacent to the receptor binding site in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. The ability to predict these substitutions would allow vaccine strains to be selected with an understanding of likely future antigenic variation. Here, we estimate the effect of HA substitutions on viral fitness using measurements of convergent evolution in a large phylogeny. We show that the substitutions which have historically caused major antigenic changes in H3N2 influenza viruses were nearly always one of few substitutions near the HA receptor binding site estimated to be under positive selection in sequences collected before the antigenic transition, based on convergent acquisition of the substitution in multiple independent lineages. Furthermore, this signal predates the establishment of the major clade containing the antigenic substitution by more than one year, so is highly informative for prospective prediction.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, https://ror.org/043z4tv69, 75N93021C00014

National Institutes of Health, https://ror.org/01cwqze88, R01AI165818

Medical Research Council, https://ror.org/03x94j517, MR/Y004337/1

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.10.717627v1

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#USA, Weekly #US #Influenza #Surveillance #Report: Key Updates for Week 13, ending April 4, 2026 (#CDC, summary)

 

(...)

Key Points

-- Seasonal influenza activity continues to decrease in most areas of the country. 

- Influenza A activity is low across all HHS regions while the amount of and trends in influenza B activity vary by region.

-- Influenza A(H3N2) viruses are the most frequently reported influenza viruses overall this season.

-- Among 2,166 influenza A(H3N2) viruses collected since September 28, 2025, that underwent additional genetic characterization at CDC, 92.8% belonged to subclade K.

-- The cumulative influenza-associated hospitalization rate overall in FluSurv-NET is the third highest since the 2010-2011 season. 

- Children younger than 18 years have the second highest cumulative hospitalization rate for that age group since the 2010-2011 season.

-- Twelve influenza-associated pediatric deaths occurring during the 2025-2026 season were reported to CDC this week, bringing the season total to 139 reported influenza-associated pediatric deaths.

-- Among children who were eligible for influenza vaccination and with known vaccination status, approximately 85% of reported pediatric deaths this season have occurred in children who were not fully vaccinated against influenza.

-- CDC's in-season severity assessment framework classified the season as moderate across all ages. 

- CDC also assesses severity by three age groups: pediatric (0-17 years), adult (18-64 years), and older adults (≥65 years). 

- At this point in the season, the pediatric age group is classified as having high severity, while both the adult and older adult age groups are classified as having moderate severity. 

- These assessments are conducted each week during the season, and the season's severity assessment can change if activity should increase again.

-- CDC estimates that there have been at least 31 million illnesses, 370,000 hospitalizations, and 23,000 deaths from flu so far this season.

-- Influenza (flu) vaccination has been shown to reduce the risk of flu and its potentially serious complications. 

- There is still time to get vaccinated against flu this season. 

- Approximately 135 million doses of influenza vaccine have been distributed in the United States this season.

-- There are prescription flu antiviral drugs that can treat flu illness; those should be started as early as possible and are especially important for patients at higher risk for flu-related complications.1

-- Influenza viruses are among several viruses contributing to respiratory disease activity. CDC provides updated, integrated information about COVID-19, flu, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) activity on a weekly basis.

-- No new avian influenza A(H5) infections were reported to CDC this week. To date, person-to-person transmission of influenza A(H5) viruses has not been identified in the United States.

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://www.cdc.gov/fluview/surveillance/2026-week-13.html

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#Birth #imprinting effects on the #antibody responses of #H7N9 patients from 2013-2018 in #China

 

Abstract

Background

There is an urgent need to understand the immune correlates of protection against avian influenza viruses (AIV), where pre-existing immunity may be limited.

Methods

Here, we characterized the antibody response in 12 severely ill A(H7N9) patients and examined its association with early-life imprinting and clinical outcome.

Results

We find that A(H7N9) patients imprinted with A(H2N2) during early life show minimal H7-IgM and a rapid IgG response across diverse hemagglutinin subtypes. They also have more high avidity H7-antibodies compared to older or younger patients. Early antibody titers against seasonal H1, H3, and conserved stalk domains trend negatively with clinical severity in A(H7N9) infection, while an inverse pattern is observed following severe A(H1N1) infection, potentially suggesting a different mechanism of immune regulation between seasonal and avian influenza virus infections.

Conclusions

These data provide direct serological evidence that birth imprinting profoundly shapes the humoral immune landscape during zoonotic influenza infection and may influence subsequent disease outcome.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s43856-026-01554-1

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#Online monitoring and early #detection of #influenza #outbreaks using exponentially weighted spatial lasso: a case study in #China during 2014–2020

 

Abstract

Influenza poses a persistent public health threat in China, with substantial impacts on health and the economy, especially during seasonal epidemics and emerging outbreaks. Seasonality, local clustering, and serial correlation inherent in influenza data introduce spatio-temporal complexities that traditional statistical process control (SPC) methods cannot adequately capture. This study introduces a novel nonparametric framework for real-time influenza monitoring across 300+ Chinese cities from 2014 to 2020. Reference periods are selected to establish baseline incidence patterns and fit a nonparametric spatio-temporal model to estimate mean and covariance structures. These estimates enable the setting of dynamic outbreak thresholds. Next, exponentially weighted spatial LASSO (EWSL) charting statistics are computed for the monitoring period, prioritizing recent observations and detecting subtle mean shifts in small, clustered regions - well-suited to influenza's progression dynamics. Charting statistics exceeding control limits trigger timely outbreak warnings. Results demonstrate that our method consistently outperforms alternative methods, and existing literature corroborates that its early signals correspond to actual outbreaks - including those for H7N9 strains, influenza A and B viruses, and the initial spread of COVID-19. These findings highlight the potential of our approach as an effective epidemic monitoring tool, addressing complex spatio-temporal patterns and supporting timely, data-driven public health interventions.

Source: 

Link: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02664763.2025.2534915

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#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, April 4 '26)

 

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

1. VETTER P, Cabecinhas ARG, Schibler M, Kaiser L, et al
   Use of baloxavir as adjunctive antiviral therapy to neuraminidase inhibitors in severely immunocompromised individuals infected with influenza.
   Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2026 Mar 27:e0165925. doi: 10.1128/aac.01659.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect Dis

2. HUNT JH, Damhorst GL, Parsons R, Frediani JK, et al
   Peak Nasal SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Viral Loads Relative to Symptom Onset, 2022-2025: Impact of Vaccination and Implications for Multiplexed Testing.
   J Infect Dis. 2026 Apr 1:jiag169. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Virol

3. KIM K-H, Hwang HS, Pal SS, Tien Le CT, et al
   Type I interferon signaling is required for resistance to primary influenza virus infection and vaccine-induced long-term immunity.
   J Virol. 2026 Mar 27:e0022926. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00229.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
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Prompt and Intensive #Antiviral #Chemoprophylaxis in Nursing Home #Influenza #Outbreaks

 

Key Points

-- Question:  Is initiation of antiviral chemoprophylaxis with oseltamivir for 70% or more of eligible nursing home (NH) residents within 2 days of outbreak detection associated with lower 14-day and 30-day mortality and hospitalization compared with a nonintensive approach?

-- Findings:  In this cohort study of 404 influenza outbreaks across 318 NHs with 35 086 resident-trial observations using a sequential target trial emulation and the randomize-censor-weight approach, hospitalization but not death was lower at 14 days post outbreak in NHs that implemented intensive antiviral chemoprophylaxis; 30-day estimates were directionally similar but less precise.

-- Meaning:  Results of this study suggest that clinicians should promptly initiate antiviral chemoprophylaxis in at least 70% of NH residents within 2 days of an influenza outbreak to markedly reduce influenza-related hospitalizations.

Abstract

Importance  

Influenza outbreaks in nursing homes (NHs) can cause high morbidity and mortality. Antiviral chemoprophylaxis with oseltamivir is recommended, yet optimal implementation strategies remain unclear.

Objective  

To examine whether initiating antiviral chemoprophylaxis for 70% or more of eligible NH residents within 2 days of influenza outbreak detection is associated with lower all-cause mortality and hospitalization at 14 and 30 days.

Design, Setting, and Participants  

Retrospective cohort study using a sequential cluster-randomized target trial emulation and randomize-censor-weight approach for influenza outbreaks (September 1, 2018–May 31, 2022) in 12 US NH corporations. Eligibility criteria were age 18 years or older, present on the outbreak-detection day, no antiviral use in the preceding 7 days, no influenza in the past 14 days, and complete baseline data. Residents were followed up until hospitalization or death, an NH discharge to a nonacute-care location, or the end of follow-up. Data were analyzed from February 2023 to January 2026.

Exposures  

Intensive antiviral chemoprophylaxis with oseltamivir (≥70% of eligible residents within 2 days of outbreak detection) or nonintensive antiviral chemoprophylaxis (0% to <70% of eligible residents).

Main Outcomes and Measures  

Outcomes were all-cause death and hospitalizations within 14 and 30 days of outbreak detection. Discrete-time hazard models with pooled logistic regression were applied to estimate weighted risks, risk differences (RDs), and risk ratios (RRs).

Results  

Among 404 outbreaks in 318 NHs, 35 086 resident-trial observations (29 683 residents; median age 78 [IQR, 68- 86] years; 60% women; 81% White; 76% vaccinated) met eligibility criteria. Intensive oseltamivir prophylaxis was randomized to 17 155 observations; 17 931 were randomized to nonintensive care. At 14 days, intensive prophylaxis vs nonintensive yielded an RD of –0.06% (95% CI, −0.73% to 0.93%) and an RR of 0.96 (95% CI, 0.56-1.57) for death, and an RD of –0.96% (95% CI, −1.78% to −0.19%) and an RR of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.64-0.96) for hospitalization. At 30 days, the hospitalization differences persisted but were less precise and there continued to be no difference in death.

Conclusions and Relevance  

Study results suggest that clinicians should initiate antiviral chemoprophylaxis for at least 70% of eligible NH residents within 2 days of outbreak detection to lower risk of hospitalization.

Source: 

Link: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2846967

____

Use of #baloxavir as adjunctive #antiviral #therapy to neuraminidase inhibitors in severely immunocompromised individuals infected with #influenza

 

ABSTRACT

Immunocompromised patients are at risk of developing severe influenza, with protracted viral shedding and development of resistance-associated mutations under antiviral treatment. We report a case series of severely immunocompromised hematology patients, including allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients, treated with both baloxavir and oseltamivir and describe clinical and virological outcomes and the safety profile of prolonged combination therapy. Allogeneic HCT recipients with influenza infection treated with baloxavir were retrieved via institutional databases. All hospitalized allogeneic HCT patients treated with a combination therapy of baloxavir and oseltamivir over five influenza seasons between October 2019 and May 2025 were included. Six influenza-infected hematology patients (5/6 allogeneic HCT recipients) were treated with combination therapy of oseltamivir and baloxavir. All patients presented with lower respiratory tract infections. Oseltamivir treatment duration ranged from 5 to 31 days, and the number of administered baloxavir doses ranged between one and five. Baloxavir administration was well tolerated, and no adverse events could be attributed to the administered antiviral treatment. All-cause mortality at 3 months post-infection was 66% (4/6), mainly driven by underlying disease. In two patients with protracted shedding, combination therapy did not prevent the development of resistance mutation(s). Combination treatment with prolonged courses of oseltamivir and repeated doses of baloxavir was well tolerated. No definitive conclusions on the efficacy of this approach could be drawn from this study. More data are required on the best treatment of hematology patients infected with influenza.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/aac.01659-25

____

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