#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (AMEDEO, Nov. 14 '26)

 

Arch Virol

1. ASHRAF MA, Yue L, Raza MA, Shen B, et al
   Isolation, identification and whole genome sequence analysis of influenza B virus from Shanghai during 2023-2024.
   Arch Virol. 2026;171:317.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Drug Saf

2. ROMANSON B, Moro PL, Strid P, Hause A, et al
   Safety Monitoring of COVID-19 Vaccines in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS): United States, August 22, 2024-July 4, 2025.
   Drug Saf. 2026;49:1639-1648.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
3. TREGUNNO C, Deraedt Q, Cuadripani S, Verheust C, et al
   AS01(E)-Adjuvanted Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prefusion F Protein Vaccine (Adjuvanted RSVPreF3): Review of the First 2 Years of Post-Marketing Safety Surveillance.
   Drug Saf. 2026;49:1579-1594.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Gen Virol

4. NAIR PM, Zhang Y, Starkey MR, Jhong HT, et al
   Mitogen-activated protein kinase p38-dependent phosphorylation of tristetraprolin enhances inflammatory and impairs antiviral responses to influenza virus.
   J Gen Virol. 2026;107.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
5. SOULTSIOTI M, Barcena M, Giera M, Snijder EJ, et al
   Pharmacological inhibition of coronavirus replication via modulation of host lipid metabolism.
   J Gen Virol. 2026;107:002362.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
6. BLOUQUIT-LAYE S, Cosentino G, Sitterlin D, Rameix-Welti MA, et al
   A ciliated epithelial cell line as a model for respiratory syncytial virus research.
   J Gen Virol. 2026;107.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   N Engl J Med

7. ZHANG Q, Fouchier RAM, Moncada-Velez M, Meijer A, et al
   Autoantibodies against Type I Interferons and Death from H7N7 Avian Influenza.
   N Engl J Med. 2026;395:1963-1965.
   PubMed        
   
   

   
   Pediatrics

8. JARAMILLO-CEREZO A, Parra-Buitrago A, Ulloa-Gutierrez R, Gutierrez-Tobar IF, et al
   Beyond Croup: A Phenotype-Based Perspective on Parainfluenza Virus Types in Children.
   Pediatrics. 2026 Nov 13:e2026078012. doi: 10.1542/peds.2026-078012.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   PLoS Comput Biol

9. BECKER F, Sherratt K, Bosse NI, Funk S, et al
   The influence of ensemble size and composition on the performance of combined real-time COVID-19 forecasts.
   PLoS Comput Biol. 2026;22:e1014908.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   PLoS Med

10. TALL S, Turtinen M, Parviainen A, Pettersson J, et al
    Trends in the incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes after the COVID-19 lockdown in Finland: An observational study.
    PLoS Med. 2026;23:e1005288.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS One

11. CARMICHAEL HL, Groat D, Dinglas VD, Bose S, et al
    Association of unmet discharge needs on readmission or mortality among acute respiratory failure survivors during the COVID-19 pandemic: The Addressing Post-Intensive Care Syndrome (APICS-COVID) multicenter prospective cohort study.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0361770.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
12. LANG Y, Griffiths A
    Validation of chemical inactivation methods for Select Agent compliance using HPAIV and low-pathogenicity influenza A virus in tissues and cultured cells.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0362117.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
13. VERCHER G, Pleydell DRJ, Awada L, Tizzani P, et al
    Factors influencing the timeliness of reporting highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in Europe.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0360917.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. PHILLIPS R, Wood F, Torrens-Burton A, Glennan C, et al
    Evolving concerns: A longitudinal content analysis of free-text reports from the UK COVID-19 Public Experiences (COPE) study cohort.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0348308.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
15. CHIBA A, Haganuma K, Nakata T, Nguyen TL, et al
    COVID-19 risk perceptions after the end of the public health emergency.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0348400.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
16. GOLD S, Bell F, Sheard E, Ashoori A, et al
    Characterising the longer-term impacts of highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks prior to 2020 on wild bird populations.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0360235.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
17. DAY SE, Sorresso G, Fitzpatrick M, Konty K, et al
    Estimating diabetes prevalence among NYC youth: Evidence from the Automated Student Health Record.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0344345.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
18. BATTAGLIA S, Attanasio M, Arnone S, Geraci A, et al
    Prolonged length of stay in the Italian emergency departments: A competing risks frailty model.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0361888.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
19. HAILE TG, Asres N, Gebregziabher D, Fissahaye B, et al
    Intimate partner violence against women in Ethiopia: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0362748.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
20. HO TL, Pham TT, Ko EJ
    Combined monophosphoryl lipid A and alpha-Galactosyl ceramide adjuvants enhance the systemic immune response to intranasal inactivated influenza vaccination in a murine homologous challenge model.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0362356.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

21. ANKERHOLD J, Kessler S, Petric PP, Jakob C, et al
    Rare recovery of reassortants between contemporary clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses and human influenza A viruses in vitro.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2631654123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
22. SU S, Tang YS, Li Q, Cao L, et al
    Predicting key viral mutations from within-host deep sequencing data.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2536820123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Vaccine

23. SUN JW, Dodge LE, Cai S, Zhou L, et al
    Monitoring of adverse events following 2024-2025 BNT162b2 KP.2 COVID-19 vaccination in the United States.
    Vaccine. 2026;95:129296.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
24. KOCHMANN J, Halwe NJ, Barut GT, Ebert N, et al
    Boosting hybrid immunity with intranasal live-attenuated or intramuscular mRNA vaccination prevents SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 transmission.
    Vaccine. 2026;95:129298.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
25. BROSZ A, Oberije J, Versage E, Elfassy A, et al
    Immunogenicity and safety of two priming doses of an MF59-adjuvanted cell-based H5N8 influenza vaccine in healthy persons aged >/=18?years.
    Vaccine. 2026;96:129279.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
26. NEMOTO M, Kawanishi N, Mita H, Kambayashi Y, et al
    Discrepancy between cross-neutralizing reactivity and protection in horses suggests inactivated vaccine antisera underestimate cross-protection against equine influenza.
    Vaccine. 2026;96:129339.
    PubMed         Abstract available

Weekly #US #Influenza #Surveillance #Report: Key Updates for Week 44, ending November 7, 2026 (CDC, summary): #H1N1pdm09 is predominant strain so far

 

{Extract}

(...)

Key Points

    ° Multiple seasonal influenza surveillance indicators continue to increase in many parts of the country.

    ° This early-season influenza activity is currently higher than typically observed at this time of year, but an earlier increase in activity does not necessarily lead to a higher seasonal peak or greater overall severity.

    ° During Week 44 (the week ending November 7, 2026), of the 680 influenza viruses reported by public health laboratories, 670 were influenza A and 10 were influenza B. 

        § Of the 460 influenza A viruses subtyped, 455 (98.9%) were influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and 5 (1.1%) were A(H3N2).

    ° Since Week 21 (the week ending May 30, 2026), 83.4% of the influenza A viruses reported have been A(H1N1)pdm09 and among these, the majority have been D.3.1.1 HA subclade.

    ° The influenza A(H1N1) viruses detected this season are still A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, which emerged in 2009 and have caused seasonal epidemics globally since then. Influenza viruses are constantly changing, often requiring updates to influenza vaccine viruses each season.

    ° Historically, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses have changed less often than A(H3N2) viruses. Recently circulating influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses (which are in an HA subclade called "D.3.1.1") have divided into distinct groups with different genetic changes in their HA genes. We are seeing more genetic diversity among co-circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses than we have before.

    ° It is too early to know what viruses may predominate or to say whether there might be implications on flu vaccine effectiveness this season.

    ° Two pediatric deaths associated with season influenza virus infection occurring during the 2026-2027 influenza season were reported to CDC this week for a total of five deaths this season.

    ° Because case investigation takes time, flu-associated deaths in children may be reported to CDC weeks after they occur; counts are preliminary and may increase. All reported cases meet the influenza-associated pediatric mortality case definition.

    ° The preliminary in-season severity assessment has classified the severity of influenza activity at this point in the season as low across all ages and for children (0-17 years), adults (18-64 years) and older adults (65+ years). The severity assessment for the season may change as flu activity is currently increasing.

    ° CDC estimates that there have been at least 2,600,000 illnesses, 36,000 hospitalizations, and 2,100 deaths associated with flu so far this season.

    ° CDC's FluSight forecasts predict a likely increase nationally in both flu hospital admissions and the percentage of emergency department visits due to flu for the week ending November 28. The number of new flu hospital admissions is forecast to range from 8,300 to 34,400 admissions, while the national percentage of emergency department visits due to flu is forecast to range from 1.8% to 7.7%.

    ° Annual seasonal influenza (flu) vaccination is recommended. Influenza vaccines are available for persons aged 6 months and older. People who are recommended for influenza vaccination but have not been vaccinated yet this season are encouraged to be vaccinated now.

    ° There are prescription flu antiviral drugs that can treat flu illness; those should be started as early as possible and are especially important for patients at higher risk for influenza complications.

    ° Influenza viruses are among several viruses contributing to respiratory disease activity. CDC is providing updated, integrated information about COVID-19, flu, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) activity on a weekly basis.

(...)

Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/fluview/surveillance/2026-week-44.html

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Post-pandemic #immunity #debt and environmental decoupling reshape #urban #influenza transmission

 

Abstract

Relaxation of COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions was followed by a global resurgence of respiratory infections, yet how accumulated population susceptibility interacts with environmental forcing and human mobility remains unclear. Here we analyse ~1.88 million clinical influenza tests from Macau (2010-2025) alongside meteorology, air quality, digital information-seeking, and independent surveillance and time-resolved viral genomes from Hong Kong, benchmarked against global surveillance data. Counterfactual inference indicates a post-pandemic excess in influenza activity consistent with immunity debt, mirroring global resurgence patterns, and an independently parameterised susceptible–exposed–infectious–recovered–susceptible model reproduces this excess (best-fit debt fraction 42%; approximate Bayesian computation posterior 58%, 95% uncertainty interval 32-77%). Susceptibility rises disproportionately in adults rather than children, whereas vaccination coverage in high-risk groups does not decline, arguing against reduced uptake as the driver. Time-varying models and convergent cross mapping reveal environmental decoupling, whereby high susceptibility weakens meteorological constraints and sustains influenza A transmission, and asymmetric suppression of influenza B. Spatiotemporal and phylogenetic evidence supports travel-linked reintroduction from ports of entry into dense neighbourhoods, and digital information-seeking shifts from lagging to leading clinical burden. These findings indicate a post-pandemic regime shift in influenza dynamics rather than a return to historical baselines, motivating adaptive, multi-source surveillance in high-density cities.

Source: Nature Communications,  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-79600-8

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Rare recovery of #reassortants between contemporary clade 2.3.4.4b #H5N1 viruses and #human #influenza A viruses in vitro

 

Abstract

Influenza A virus (IAV) pandemics can arise when animal-derived and human-adapted IAVs exchange genome segments; however, whether contemporary clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses can generate viable reassortants with human IAVs is unclear. Here, we tested the reassortment potential of two clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses with human-adapted H1N1 and H3N2 IAVs using a biosafe reassortment system. Across multiple coinfection conditions, we genotyped 2,698 plaque-purified viral clones and recovered 20 reassortants (0.74%). Polymerase assays identified human IAV subunits, particularly H1N1 PA or H3N2 PB2, that increased H5N1 polymerase activity. Thus, contemporary clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses can reassort with human IAVs, but factors beyond polymerase compatibility may limit their recovery.

Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2631654123

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#Taiwan, Seasonal #Influenza and #COVID19 #Epidemics, Weekly Situation Update (CDC, Nov. 10 '26): #H1N1pdm09 flu virus still predominated

 

{Extract}

(...)

    The CDC explained that in week 44 (November 1-7), there were 91,879 outpatient and emergency room visits for influenza-like illnesses, a 6.4% decrease from the previous week. 

    However, last week (November 3-9), there were still 103 new cases of severe influenza complications and 38 deaths. 

    This season (October 1, 2026 - September 30, 2027) has seen a cumulative total of 645 severe cases and 124 deaths. 

    The majority of severe cases are among those aged 65 and above (69.6%) and those with a history of chronic illness (85.1%). 

    97.1% of those affected have not received the seasonal influenza vaccine. 

    Laboratory monitoring data shows that H1N1 influenza viruses are currently predominantly circulating in the community, accounting for 94.7%. 

    

    According to the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC), although the COVID-19 epidemic in Taiwan ended its peak in mid-October and continues to decline, last week (November 3-9) saw 2 new severe cases and 1 death. 

    50% of severe cases have not received the seasonal COVID-19 vaccine. 

    This season (October 1, 2026 - September 30, 2027) saw a cumulative total of 77 severe cases, including 14 deaths. 

    The majority of severe cases were among those aged 65 and above (61.0%) and those with a history of chronic illnesses (84.4%). 98.7% of these cases were not vaccinated against COVID-19 this season.

(...)

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiwan, https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Bulletin/Detail/HHbAdjZ5sQg8nHVyP5QXSQ?typeid=9

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#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (AMEDEO, Nov. 7 '26)

 

Antiviral Res

1. NAGAHAWATTA DP, Jeong SH, Liyanage NM, Jayawardena TU, et al
   Marine phlorotannins block SARS-CoV-2 entry via ACE2 and attenuate pulmonary inflammation in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice.
   Antiviral Res. 2026 Sep 15:106532. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2026.106532.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Arch Virol

2. DANILENKO AV, Svyatchenko SV, Bragina MK, Goncharova NI, et al
   Characterization of influenza A(H3N2) viruses detected on a pig farm in Russia in 2017-2018.
   Arch Virol. 2026;171:314.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   BMC Pediatr

3. ESTEVES L, Raymundo CE, de Andrade Medronho R
   Associated factors for COVID-19 mortality among children and adolescents in Rio de Janeiro state, 2020-2023.
   BMC Pediatr. 2026;26:1087.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
4. CHEN T, Guo X, Tang W, Liu F, et al
   Clinical characteristics and risk factors for poor prognosis of RSV lower respiratory tract infection: a two-center study.
   BMC Pediatr. 2026;26:1085.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Epidemiol Infect

5. LAU JY, Pan WC, Ji DD
   Transmission-route-specific trends in communicable diseases in Taiwan: an interrupted time-series analysis.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2026;154:e146.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Exp Med

6. SUN R, Lin S, Simonelli L, Strunz B, et al
   Cellular origin and characterization of autoantibodies against type I IFNs in COVID-19 and APS-1.
   J Exp Med. 2026;223:e20260268.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect Dis

7. MEEKER JR, Price AM, Martin E, Vaughn I, et al
   Influenza B Circulation and Vaccine Effectiveness Against Medically Attended Outpatient Influenza B Illness, United States, 2016-17 Through 2024-25.
   J Infect Dis. 2026 Oct 31:jiag538. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Neurosurg Pediatr

8. ROBERTS CR, Jin R, Parker M, Spader HS, et al
   A decade of change in pediatric intracranial abscess surgery: rising volumes and evolving care (2013-2023).
   J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2026;38:642-648.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Virol

9. BIRD B, Thorn L, Aminisani N, Wood T, et al
   Incidence and risk factors of acute respiratory illness associated with influenza, COVID-19, and respiratory syncytial virus within a birth cohort study.
   J Virol. 2026 Nov 6:e0086326. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00863.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Pediatrics

10. 
    Recommendations for COVID-19 Vaccines in Infants, Children, and Adolescents, 2026-2027: Policy Statement.
    Pediatrics. 2026 Sep 2. doi: 10.1542/peds.2026-079045.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
11. 
    Recommendations for the Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in Infants and Children: Technical Report.
    Pediatrics. 2026 Sep 2. doi: 10.1542/peds.2026-079049.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
12. 
    Recommendations for COVID-19 Vaccines in Infants, Children, and Adolescents, 2026-2027: Technical Report.
    Pediatrics. 2026 Sep 2. doi: 10.1542/peds.2026-079046.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
13. 
    Recommendations for the Prevention of RSV Disease in Infants and Children: Policy Statement.
    Pediatrics. 2026 Sep 2. doi: 10.1542/peds.2026-079047.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. ESTEBAN RIERA I, Perez-Caballero R, Natalini Martinez S, Gonzalez-Amores M, et al
    Immunogenicity and Safety of PHH-1V COVID-19 Vaccine as a Heterologous Booster in Adolescents.
    Pediatrics. 2026 Oct 23:e2026076225. doi: 10.1542/peds.2026-076225.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
15. HIGGINS DM, Gurfinkel D, Dorsey B, O'Leary ST, et al
    Frontline Staff Vaccine Communication During Pediatric Well-Child Encounters: A Mixed-Methods Study.
    Pediatrics. 2026 Oct 23:e2026077450. doi: 10.1542/peds.2026-077450.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS Comput Biol

16. LEBATTEUX D, Corso F, Soudeyns H, Boucoiran I, et al
    KmerSignificance score: A discriminative and biologically informed framework for viral k-mer prioritization.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2026;22:e1014332.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS Med

17. BENJAMIN H, Barnsley G, Watson OJ, Jit M, et al
    Global return-on-investment of COVID-19 vaccines in the first year of the vaccination programme: A model-based economic evaluation.
    PLoS Med. 2026;23:e1004772.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
18. GAVISH N, Huppert A
    Transforming pandemic influenza antiviral stockpiling using a capacity-based approach: A modeling study.
    PLoS Med. 2026;23:e1004992.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS One

19. WANG S, Xia Z, Shi B, Chen M, et al
    Weekly dynamics, subtype replacement and regional heterogeneity of influenza activity in China, 2024-2026: A national sentinel surveillance analysis.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0361588.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
20. ALKADI MM, Abuhelaiqa EA, Abdul Rahman RM, Mahgoub AB, et al
    Assessment of coronavirus disease 2019 mRNA vaccine response in kidney transplant recipients.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0359640.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
21. SVENSSON A, Sonnerfors P, Holmstrom L, Nygren-Bonnier M, et al
    Experiences of individually tailored physical exercise in COVID-19-induced postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: A qualitative content analysis.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0360748.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
22. ZHAO X, Deng L, Ford ND, Saydah S, et al
    Long COVID prevalence among U.S. adults: A state-level ecological analysis of associations with SARS-CoV-2 incidence, COVID-19 hospitalization rates, COVID-19 vaccine coverage, and multimorbidity.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0345433.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
23. CANIZALES GALAVIZ J, Khan A, Tourki B, Patarroyo-White S, et al
    eNAMPT is a plasma biomarker of COVID-19 severity and ARDS progression linked to increased immune effector cell expression.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0360244.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

24. SCHOWE AM, Ruks M, Disselkamp CKL, Kuznetsov DV, et al
    Epigenetic aging during the COVID-19 pandemic: A prospective longitudinal study with prepandemic baseline data in children, adolescents, and adults.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2604211123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
25. CHARLESWORTH TES, Doyle MC, Banaji MR
    Patterns of implicit and explicit attitudes V: Increases in bias from 2021 to 2025.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2619420123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
26. ZAPF AJ, Dewey G, Ognyanova K, Baum MA, et al
    Trust as a hidden driver of epidemic-relevant behavior: Institution- and behavior-specific associations across 20 national survey waves.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2622260123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Vaccine

27. TRAN S, McClymont E, Blitz S, Barrett J, et al
    Erratum to "Self-reported reactogenicity after COVID-19 vaccination with and without influenza vaccine coadministration during pregnancy in Canada" [Vaccine 92 (2026) 129122].
    Vaccine. 2026 Oct 31:129306. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.129306.
    PubMed        
    
    

    
    Virology

28. DUDIN GA, Alkubaisi NA, Aziz IM, Ikram A, et al
    The role of cytokines as immunological biomarkers of disease severity during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in children.
    Virology. 2027;625:111102.
    PubMed         Abstract available

Weekly #US #Influenza #Surveillance #Report: Key Updates for Week 43, ending October 31, 2026 (CDC, Summary): #H1N1pdm09 vastly predominated

{Extract, Summary}

(...)

Key Points

    ° Multiple seasonal influenza surveillance indicators continue to increase in many parts of the country.

    ° This early-season influenza activity is currently higher than typically observed at this time of year, but an earlier increase in activity does not necessarily lead to a higher seasonal peak or greater overall severity.

    ° During Week 43 (the week ending October 31, 2026), of the 513 influenza viruses reported by public health laboratories, 502 were influenza A and 11 were influenza B. Of the 388 influenza A viruses subtyped during Week 43, 379 (97.7%) were influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, 7 (1.8%) were A(H3N2) and 2 (0.5%) were influenza A(H5).

    ° Since Week 21 (the week ending May 30, 2026), 83.4% of the influenza A viruses reported have been A(H1N1)pdm09 and among these, the majority have been D.3.1.1 HA subclade.

    ° The influenza A(H1N1) viruses detected this season are still A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, which emerged in 2009 and have caused seasonal epidemics globally since then. Influenza viruses are constantly changing, often requiring updates to influenza vaccine viruses each season.

    ° Historically, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses have changed less often than A(H3N2) viruses. Recently circulating influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses (which are in an HA subclade called "D.3.1.1") have divided into distinct groups with different genetic changes in their HA genes. We are seeing more genetic diversity among co-circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses than we have before.

    ° It is too early to know what viruses may predominate or to say whether there might be implications on flu vaccine effectiveness this season.

    ° Two pediatric deaths associated with season influenza virus infection and occurring during the 2026-27 influenza season were reported to CDC this week.

    ° Because case investigation takes time, flu-associated deaths in children may be reported to CDC weeks after they occur; counts are preliminary and may increase. All reported cases meet the influenza-associated pediatric mortality case definition.

    ° The preliminary in-season severity assessment has classified the severity of influenza activity at this point in the season as low across all ages and for children (0-17years), adults (18-64 years) and older adults (65+ years). The severity assessment for the season may change as flu activity is currently increasing.

    ° CDC estimates that there have been at least 1,700,000 illnesses, 25,000 hospitalizations, and 1,400 deaths from flu so far this season.

    ° CDC’s FluSight forecasts predict a likely increase nationally in both flu hospital admissions and the percentage of emergency department visits due to flu for the week ending November 21. The number of new flu hospital admissions is forecast to range from 6,900 to 30,100 admissions, while the national percentage of emergency department visits due to flu is forecast to range from 1.6% to 6.7%.

    ° Annual seasonal influenza (flu) vaccination is recommended. Influenza vaccines are available for persons aged 6 months and older. People who are recommended for influenza vaccination but have not been vaccinated yet this season are encouraged to be vaccinated now.

    ° There are prescription flu antiviral drugs that can treat flu illness; those should be started as early as possible and are especially important for patients at higher risk for influenza complications.1

    ° Two confirmed cases of avian influenza A(H5) virus infection were reported to CDC this week, including one death. To date, human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H5) virus (H5 bird flu) has not been identified in the United States.

    ° Influenza viruses are among several viruses contributing to respiratory disease activity. CDC is providing updated, integrated information about COVID-19, flu, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) activity on a weekly basis.

(...)

Novel Influenza A Virus Infections

    ° Two confirmed human infections with avian influenza A(H5) virus were reported to CDC this week, including one death. To date, human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H5) virus has not been identified in the United States.

    ° Both cases were reported by the Washington State Department of Health and occurred in adults aged ≥18 years who worked at commercial dairy cattle farms where highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus has been detected in cows.

    ° One individual developed respiratory symptoms during the week ending October 24, 2026 (Week 42). The patient presented to an emergency department the following week, was hospitalized, and has died. A respiratory specimen collected at the healthcare facility tested positive for influenza A and was presumptive positive for influenza A(H5) at the University of Washington. The specimen was sent to the Washington State Public Health Laboratory where influenza A(H5) was confirmed using the CDC influenza A(H5) assay. Additional testing conducted by the University of Washington determined this was an avian influenza A(H5N1) virus.

    ° The second individual developed conjunctivitis and sought healthcare. Specimens were collected from the individual and tested at the state public health laboratory using the CDC influenza A(H5) assay during the week ending October 31, 2026 (Week 43). Influenza A(H5) virus was confirmed by the state public health laboratory. The specimen has been shipped to CDC for additional testing.

    ° There has been a total of three influenza A(H5) cases in dairy workers in Washington.

(...)

Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/fluview/surveillance/2026-week-43.html

____

#Influenza virus characteristics, week 40 2025 to week 33 2026, #EU/EEA (ECDC, Nov. 6 '26)

 

{Summary}

Surveillance and monitoring | 6 November 2026

This report summarises influenza virological surveillance data from all 30  European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries from week 40  2025 to week 33 2026, as reported by National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) to  The European Surveillance System (TESSy) at the European Centre for Disease  Prevention and Control.

Executive summary

Detections

    Within the reporting period, 256 967 influenza virus detections (sentinel and non-sentinel combined) were reported, of which 249 514 (97.1 %) were type A and 3 292 (1.3 %) were type B viruses; another 4 161 viruses were reported untyped. 

    Of the 56 946 subtyped influenza A viruses (23 % of type A viruses), 20 072 (35 %) were A(H1)pdm09 and 36 874 (65 %) were A(H3). 

    Of the 3 292 reported influenza type B viruses, the lineage for 372 (11 %) was determined as all falling into the B/Victoria/2/87-lineage (B/Victoria).

A(H1N1)pdm09

    For A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, 25 countries reported 6 636 haemagglutinin (HA) sequences. 

    Of all A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, the majority belonged to clade 5a.2a.1, newly emerged subclade D.3.1.1 (6 270, 95 %), defined by HA substitutions R113K, A139D, E283K and K302E and which was not represented by any reporting category or reference strain defined for this season. 

    Within the genetic diversification of 5a.2a.1 clade, 340 (5 %) viruses belonged to subclade D.3.1, carrying HA substitutions T216A, T120A, I372V, I460T, V520A and was represented by A/Missouri/11/2025 egg- and cell-based vaccine strains for northern hemisphere 2026-2027 influenza season.

    Among the 838 antigenically characterised A(H1)pdm09 viruses, the main reported categories were A/Missouri/11/2025-like, clade 5a.2a.1(D.3.1) and A/Victoria/4897/2022-like, clade 5a.2a.1(D), representing 44.2 % and 51.1 %, respectively.

    In total, 6 612 A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were assessed for antiviral susceptibility to oseltamivir and/or zanamivir and/or baloxavir marboxil by 25 countries. 

    Phenotypically assessed reduced and highly reduced inhibition by Oseltamivir was observed for ten (2.3 %) and three (0.7 %) of the 437 tested A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. 

    Genetic substitutions associated with reduced and highly reduced inhibition by Oseltamivir were observed for 147 (2.4 %, associated with neuraminidase (NA) gene substitutions I223V and S247N mainly, or NA_I223M/T or NA_S247R) and 15 (0.2 %, associated with NA_H275Y or NA_N295S) of the 6 088 assessed viruses, respectively. 

    For Zanamivir, substitutions associated with reduced and highly reduced inhibition were observed for one (<0.1 %, associated with NA_S247R) and one (<0.1%, associated with NA_Q136K) of the 6 089 assessed viruses, respectively. 

    Out of the 4 020 assessed A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses for baloxavir marboxil, substitutions associated with reduced susceptibility were observed for four (0.1 %, associated with polymerase acidic (PA) protein gene substitutions E23G or PA_A37T or PA_E199G/K) viruses.

A(H3N2)

    For A(H3N2) viruses, 25 countries reported 9 538 HA sequences. 

    All A(H3) HA sequences fell into clade 2a.3a.1 and there to seven different subclades. 

    Most viruses (8 808, 92%) fell into newly emerged subclade K (former J.2.4.1) characterised by K2N, S144N (a potential addition of an N-glycosylation site), N158D, I160K, Q173R, T328A and S378N and represented by A/Norway/8765/2025. 

    The remaining 719 A(H3N2) viruses belonged to subclades J.2 (83, 0.9%; which is the NH 2025-26 season vaccine strain represented by A/Croatia/10136RV/2023), J.2.2 (47, 0.5%), J.2.3 (235, 2.5%), J.2.4 (47, 0.5%) and J.2.4.2 (307, 3.2%).

    Among the 1 137 antigenically characterised A(H3) viruses, the main reported categories were A/Croatia/10136RV/2023-like, subclade J.2, A/Singapore/GP20238/2024-like, subclade J.2.4 and A/Norway/8765/2025-like, subclade K, representing 43.3 %, 34.7 % and 10.6 %, respectively.

    In total, 9 441 A(H3N2) viruses were assessed for antiviral susceptibility to oseltamivir and/or zanamivir and/or baloxavir marboxil by 25 countries. 

    Phenotypically assessed reduced inhibition to Oseltamivir was observed for one (0.2%) of the 505 tested A(H3N2), and reduced inhibition to Zanamivir was observed for one (0.2%) of 491 tested A(H3N2) viruses. 

    Genetic substitutions associated with reduced and highly reduced inhibition by Oseltamivir were observed for 19 (0.2%, associated with NA_S331R mainly or NA_K249E or NA_N329R) and three (<0.1%, associated with NA_E119V or NA_del245-248/247-250), respectively, of the 8 869 viruses that could be assessed. 

    Reduced inhibition by Zanamivir was observed for 17 (0.2%, associated with NA_S331R mainly or NA_del245-248/247-250) among the 8 883 viruses that could be assessed. 

    Out of the 5 397 assessed A(H3N2) viruses, substitutions associated with reduced susceptibility for baloxavir marboxil were observed for seven (0.1%, associated with PA_I38L) A(H3N2) viruses.

B/Victoria

    For B/Victoria viruses, 14 countries reported 318 HA sequences. 

    The majority (288, 91%) of the viruses fell in the branch of subclade C.5 defined by D197E, compared with NH 2025-26 vaccine virus B/Austria/1359417/2021_Egg. 

    In that clade, the B/Victoria viruses fell into subclades C.5.6 (126, 40%), C.5.6.1 (89, 28%), C.5.1 (54, 17%) and C.5.7 (18, 6%). 

    Twenty-eight (9%) viruses represented the subclade C.3, where half of them belonged to subclade C.3.1 and half to C.3.3.

    The 21 antigenically characterised B/Victoria viruses were all reported as B/Austria/1359417/2021-like, subclade C.

    None of the 298 genotypically and 14 phenotypically tested B/Victoria viruses showed reduced susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors or baloxavir marboxil (when 250 viruses were tested for baloxavir).

Source: European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/influenza-virus-characteristics-week-40-2025-week-33-2026-eueea

____

#Taiwan, Seasonal #Influenza and #COVID19 Epidemics - Weekly Situation #Report (CDC, Nov. 3 '26): #H1N1pdm09 flu virus & #SARS-CoV-2 PQ.16.1.1 still predominated

 

{Excerpts}

(...)

    The Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC) pointed out that while the domestic influenza epidemic is declining, it is still in its prevalent period. 

    In week 43 (October 25-31), there were 95,916 outpatient and emergency room visits for influenza-like illnesses, a 7.3% decrease from the previous week. 

    Additionally, last week (October 27-November 2), there were 151 new cases of severe influenza complications (146 H1N1, 2 H3N2, 2 unidentified A cases, and 1 B case) and 46 deaths (all H1N1). 

    Laboratory surveillance data shows that the influenza virus currently circulating in the community is predominantly type A, with type A H1N1 accounting for 92.7%. 

    This season (October 1, 2026 - September 30, 2027) saw a cumulative total of 542 severe cases (531 H1N1, 2 H3N2, 6 unclassified A cases, and 3 B cases) and 95 deaths (92 H1N1 and 3 unclassified A cases). 

    The majority of severe cases were among those aged 65 and above (69.0%) and those with a history of chronic illnesses (85.4%). 98.3% of those affected had not received the seasonal influenza vaccine.

    According to data from the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the COVID-19 epidemic in Taiwan continues to decline. 

    In week 43 (October 25-31), there were 1,834 outpatient and emergency room visits related to COVID-19, a 28.7% decrease compared to the previous week (October 18-24). 

    Last week (October 27-November 2), there were 11 new severe cases and 3 new deaths. 

    This season, there have been a total of 75 severe cases, including 13 deaths. 

    The majority of severe cases are among those aged 65 and above (60.0%) and those with a history of chronic illness (84.0%), none of whom had received the COVID-19 vaccine this season. 

    In the past four weeks, the most common variant strain in locally transmitted cases is PQ.16.1.1, followed by NB.1.8.1.

(...)

Source: Taiwan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Bulletin/Detail/57M9H7NQtbjNyO5ygCgNiA?typeid=9

____

#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (AMEDEO, Oct. 31 '26)

 

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24. MISHIN VP, Patel MC, Gao R, Grant L, et al
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Weekly #US #Influenza #Surveillance #Report: Key Updates for Week 42, ending October 24, 2026 (CDC, summary)

 

{Summary}

(...)

Key Points

    ° Seasonal influenza activity remains low nationally, but multiple surveillance indicators have been increasing since late August/early September 2026.

    ° This early-season influenza activity is currently higher than typically observed at this time of year but an earlier increase in activity does not necessarily lead to a higher seasonal peak or greater overall severity.

    ° During Week 42 (the week ending October 24, 2026), of the 466 influenza viruses reported by public health laboratories, 456 were influenza A and 10 were influenza B. Of the 371 influenza A viruses subtyped during Week 42, 367 (98.9%) were influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and 4 (1.1%) were A(H3N2).

    ° Since Week 21 (the week ending May 30, 2026), 82.7% of the influenza A viruses reported have been A(H1N1)pdm09 and among these, the majority have been D.3.1.1 HA subclade.

    ° The influenza A(H1N1) viruses detected this season are still A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, which emerged in 2009 and have caused seasonal epidemics globally since then. Influenza viruses are constantly changing, often requiring updates to influenza vaccine viruses each season.

    ° Historically, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses have changed less often than A(H3N2) viruses. Recently circulating influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses (which are in an HA subclade called "D.3.1.1") have divided into distinct groups with different genetic changes in their HA genes. We are seeing more genetic diversity among co-circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses than we have before.

    ° It is too early to know what viruses may predominate or to say whether there might be implications on flu vaccine effectiveness this season.

    ° The first influenza-associated pediatric death occurring during the 2026-27 influenza season was reported to CDC this week.

    ° Because case investigation takes time, flu-associated deaths in children may be reported to CDC weeks after they occur; counts are preliminary and may increase. All reported cases meet the influenza-associated pediatric mortality case definition.

    ° CDC estimates in-season disease burden across all ages each week. CDC estimates that there have been at least 1,000,000 illnesses, 16,000 hospitalizations, and 900 deaths from flu so far this season.

    ° CDC's FluSight forecasts predict a likely increase nationally in both flu hospital admissions and the percentage of emergency department visits associated with flu for the week ending November 14, 2026. The number of new flu hospital admissions is forecast to range from 4,800 to 23,200 admissions, while the national percentage of emergency department visits due to flu is forecast to range from 1% to 4.4%.

    ° Annual seasonal influenza (flu) vaccination is recommended. Influenza vaccines are available for persons aged 6 months and older. People who are recommended for influenza vaccination but have not been vaccinated yet this season are encouraged to be vaccinated now.

    ° There are prescription flu antiviral drugs that can treat flu illness; those should be started as early as possible and are especially important for patients at higher risk for influenza complications.1

    ° Influenza viruses are among several viruses contributing to respiratory disease activity. CDC is providing updated, integrated information about COVID-19, flu, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) activity on a weekly basis.

(...)

Source: US CDC, FluView, https://www.cdc.gov/fluview/surveillance/2026-week-42.html

____

#Taiwan, Seasonal #Influenza and #COVID19 #Epidemics - Weekly #Update (CDC, Oct. 27 '26): #H1N1pdm09 flu virus & #SARS-CoV-2 PQ.16.1.1 predominated

 

{Extracts}

(...)

    According to data from the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the domestic influenza epidemic is currently in its peak season. 

    During week 42 (October 18th-24th), there were 101,746 outpatient and emergency room visits for influenza-like illnesses, a decrease of 18.8% compared to the previous week, mainly due to outpatient closures caused by the typhoon holiday. 

    Last week (October 20-26), 85 new cases of severe influenza complications were reported (79 H1N1, 6 unidentified A cases) and 28 deaths (27 H1N1, 1 unidentified A case). 

    Laboratory surveillance data shows that the influenza virus currently circulating in the community is predominantly type A, with type A H1N1 accounting for 93.4%. 

    This flu season (2026-2027) has seen a cumulative total of 391 severe cases (380 H1N1, 9 unidentified A cases, 2 type B cases) and 57 deaths (54 H1N1, 3 unidentified A cases). 

    The majority of severe cases are among those aged 65 and above (69.1%) and those with a history of chronic illness (85.2%), and 99.7% of those who did not receive the flu vaccine this season. 

    While the number of COVID-19 cases has continued to decline recently, severe cases and deaths are still occurring. 

    In week 42 (October 18-24), there were 2,534 outpatient and emergency room visits related to COVID-19, a 35.3% decrease compared to the previous week (October 11-17). 

    Last week (October 20-26), there were 8 new severe cases and 4 new deaths. 

    This quarter (October 1, 2026-September 30, 2027) has seen a cumulative total of 64 severe cases, including 10 deaths. 

    In the past four weeks, the most common local variant strain has been PQ.16.1.1, followed by NB.1.8.1.

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Bulletin/Detail/bducEkV6VKgqlJ2iaiFxiA?typeid=9

____

#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (AMEDEO, Oct. 24 '26)

 

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