#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, April 4 '26)

 

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

1. VETTER P, Cabecinhas ARG, Schibler M, Kaiser L, et al
   Use of baloxavir as adjunctive antiviral therapy to neuraminidase inhibitors in severely immunocompromised individuals infected with influenza.
   Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2026 Mar 27:e0165925. doi: 10.1128/aac.01659.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect Dis

2. HUNT JH, Damhorst GL, Parsons R, Frediani JK, et al
   Peak Nasal SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Viral Loads Relative to Symptom Onset, 2022-2025: Impact of Vaccination and Implications for Multiplexed Testing.
   J Infect Dis. 2026 Apr 1:jiag169. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Virol

3. KIM K-H, Hwang HS, Pal SS, Tien Le CT, et al
   Type I interferon signaling is required for resistance to primary influenza virus infection and vaccine-induced long-term immunity.
   J Virol. 2026 Mar 27:e0022926. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00229.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
4. CIACCI ZANELLA G, Cardenas MI, Hutter CR, Snyder CA, et al
   Impact of maternal antibodies and weaning stress on the replication and transmission of human H3N2 influenza A in piglets.
   J Virol. 2026 Mar 27:e0197525. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01975.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep

5. MEGHANI M, Garacci Z, Razzaghi H, de Perio MA, et al
   Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage Among Health Care Personnel - United States, 2024-25 Respiratory Virus Season.
   MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2026;75:164-171.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   PLoS Biol

6. MULLOY RP, Evseev D, Sharlin N, Bui-Marinos MP, et al
   Evolution of a truncated nucleocapsid protein enhances SARS-CoV-2 fitness by suppressing antiviral responses.
   PLoS Biol. 2026;24:e3003646.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   PLoS Comput Biol

7. GANGWAR P, Katte P, Bhat M, Turakhia Y, et al
   WEPP: Phylogenetic placement achieves near-haplotype resolution in wastewater-based epidemiology.
   PLoS Comput Biol. 2026;22:e1014124.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
8. ORSINELLI-RIVERS S, Beaglehole D, Einav T
   CAPYBARA: A generalizable framework for predicting serological measurements across human cohorts.
   PLoS Comput Biol. 2026;22:e1014129.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   PLoS Med

9. XIAO H, Bai G, Liu F, Cui Y, et al
   Policy stringency during the COVID-19 pandemic and healthcare services utilization in China: An interrupted time-series analysis.
   PLoS Med. 2026;23:e1004672.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   PLoS One

10. BRAUN J, Hill ED, Contreras E, Yasuda M, et al
    Contrasting effects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination vs. infection on antibody and TCR repertoires.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0343939.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
11. ADYNSKI GI, Dictus C, Adynski H, Killela MK, et al
    Experiences of registered nurses and nursing assistants during COVID-19: Work stress, stress appraisal, and workplace resources; A qualitative descriptive study.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0345525.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
12. BORBOR-CORDOVA MJ, Searles M, Roa-Lopez H, Cornejo-Rodriguez MDP, et al
    Integrating psychosocial health into disaster risk management: Insights from COVID-19 in Duran, Ecuador.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0343239.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
13. HASSAN M, Iqbal MS, Yasir M, Chun W, et al
    Assessment of miRNAs as transcriptional regulators in respiratory syncytial virus infection through computational analysis and molecular docking studies.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0345571.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. NAKAZATO T, Romani-Romani F, Gutierrez C
    Screen time and chronic neck pain in Peru: A comparative population-based cross-sectional study in the COVID-19 post-pandemic period.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0344257.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
15. PARK H, Miyano S
    Network-constrained Random Lasso for biologically interpretable gene network inference across unequal sample sizes.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0344198.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
16. USAMA M, Azeem M, Mustafa G
    Computational prediction of binding affinity and structural impact of three Pakistani SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD variants on human ACE2 interaction.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0346242.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
17. KIM SY, Kim G, Park S, Kim C, et al
    Voting intentions during the later stage of the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of risk perception and performance evaluations in South Korea.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0345621.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
18. CHUEMCHIT M, Linn N, Han CPP, Lynn Z, et al
    Violence against women migrant workers in Thailand: A cross-sectional study on experiences, impact, and help seeking.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0345790.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
19. WONG KH, Pandya N, McCollum S, Shabanova V, et al
    Language barriers in pediatric food allergy care: A single-center study on healthcare disparities.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0346248.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
20. VELTHUIJS ELM, Ismail I, de Leeuw RA, Hehenkamp WJK, et al
    Evaluating patient harm minimization during the COVID-19-driven reduction in benign gynecological care: a nationwide claims-based longitudinal study in the Netherlands.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0345619.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
21. RODRIGUEZ LIMA DR, Molano-Gonzalez N, Vargas Villanueva A, Pinilla Rojas DI, et al
    Mechanical ventilation as an independent risk factor for mortality in COVID-19-related ARDS: A secondary analysis using propensity score weighting.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0344866.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
22. LESTARI BW, Alifia A, Karnawati PWW, Ramadhani NS, et al
    Assessment of post-pandemic NAAT-based diagnostic capacity among laboratories with COVID-19 testing resource investments in Indonesia.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0343628.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
23. BECK WELLS M
    Disciplinary removal patterns among students with other health impairments and emotional disturbance: A three-year descriptive analysis of IDEA Part B data.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0346338.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
24. HASEEB MW, Toutounji M
    Non-markovian electron tunneling in SARS-CoV-2 virus infection in structured environments.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0344447.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
25. IUNES FM, Aranha Rossi T, Soares F, Torres TS, et al
    Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination schedule completion among adults in high-social-vulnerability neighborhoods in two Brazilian state capitals: A cross-sectional study.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0346091.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
26. RIBEIRO NM, Alexandre d'Auria de Lima MCR, Monroe AA, Vinci ALT, et al
    Health and social policies to advance Brazil's End TB agenda during and after COVID-19: An analysis from tripartite governance and normative innovation perspectives.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0345867.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
27. STANDEN C, Tordjmann E, Wood J, Haigh F, et al
    Associations between area-level socioeconomic disadvantage and COVID-19 disease consequences in Sydney, Australia: A retrospective cohort analysis.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0334206.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

28. CORELL-ESCUIN P, Belmonte-Ballester S, Adhav A, Marina A, et al
    Dermcidin has antiviral activity and protects against influenza.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2424461123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Vaccine

29. CHAN CP, Wong NS, Lee SS
    Normalising enhanced influenza vaccines as a strategy to promote vaccination uptake in healthcare workers: Insights from a discrete choice experiment.
    Vaccine. 2026;80:128539.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
30. PODER A, Trinidad-Aseron M, Van Twuijver E, Versage E, et al
    Immunogenicity and safety of MF59-adjuvanted H5N1 pandemic influenza vaccine in healthy infants and children: a phase 2 randomized, observer-blind, multicenter study.
    Vaccine. 2026;80:128504.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
31. TSCHERNE A, Krammer F
    Seven decades after the Asian influenza pandemic: A historical review about immunity and vaccines against H2N2.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128467.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
32. VAN TRUONG L, Van Nguyen T, Trang VTT, Le TTT, et al
    Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy across 186 countries: a multifaceted analysis using structural equation modeling.
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
33. PHIJFFER EWEM, Sivakumar C, van den Hoogen A, Crombag NMTH, et al
    Preferences of Dutch pregnant women for RSV immunisation - a mixed method study.
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
34. WANG X, Patel C, Sharma K, Giles ML, et al
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
35. RUIZ-PALACIOS GM, Cahn PE, Halperin SA, Wang R, et al
    Adenovirus type 5 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine does not increase the likelihood of HIV infection.
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
36. LYONS AJ, Mhatre MM, Argenio K, Day S, et al
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
37. SABATE M, Riera-Arnau J, Ballarin E, Pares-Badell O, et al
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Virology

38. RAMUTH M, Sonoo J, Pyndiah N, Rughooputh S, et al
    Epidemiology of influenza A and B viruses in Mauritius over an 8-year period, 2009-2016.
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    PubMed         Abstract available

Prompt and Intensive #Antiviral #Chemoprophylaxis in Nursing Home #Influenza #Outbreaks

 

Key Points

-- Question:  Is initiation of antiviral chemoprophylaxis with oseltamivir for 70% or more of eligible nursing home (NH) residents within 2 days of outbreak detection associated with lower 14-day and 30-day mortality and hospitalization compared with a nonintensive approach?

-- Findings:  In this cohort study of 404 influenza outbreaks across 318 NHs with 35 086 resident-trial observations using a sequential target trial emulation and the randomize-censor-weight approach, hospitalization but not death was lower at 14 days post outbreak in NHs that implemented intensive antiviral chemoprophylaxis; 30-day estimates were directionally similar but less precise.

-- Meaning:  Results of this study suggest that clinicians should promptly initiate antiviral chemoprophylaxis in at least 70% of NH residents within 2 days of an influenza outbreak to markedly reduce influenza-related hospitalizations.

Abstract

Importance  

Influenza outbreaks in nursing homes (NHs) can cause high morbidity and mortality. Antiviral chemoprophylaxis with oseltamivir is recommended, yet optimal implementation strategies remain unclear.

Objective  

To examine whether initiating antiviral chemoprophylaxis for 70% or more of eligible NH residents within 2 days of influenza outbreak detection is associated with lower all-cause mortality and hospitalization at 14 and 30 days.

Design, Setting, and Participants  

Retrospective cohort study using a sequential cluster-randomized target trial emulation and randomize-censor-weight approach for influenza outbreaks (September 1, 2018–May 31, 2022) in 12 US NH corporations. Eligibility criteria were age 18 years or older, present on the outbreak-detection day, no antiviral use in the preceding 7 days, no influenza in the past 14 days, and complete baseline data. Residents were followed up until hospitalization or death, an NH discharge to a nonacute-care location, or the end of follow-up. Data were analyzed from February 2023 to January 2026.

Exposures  

Intensive antiviral chemoprophylaxis with oseltamivir (≥70% of eligible residents within 2 days of outbreak detection) or nonintensive antiviral chemoprophylaxis (0% to <70% of eligible residents).

Main Outcomes and Measures  

Outcomes were all-cause death and hospitalizations within 14 and 30 days of outbreak detection. Discrete-time hazard models with pooled logistic regression were applied to estimate weighted risks, risk differences (RDs), and risk ratios (RRs).

Results  

Among 404 outbreaks in 318 NHs, 35 086 resident-trial observations (29 683 residents; median age 78 [IQR, 68- 86] years; 60% women; 81% White; 76% vaccinated) met eligibility criteria. Intensive oseltamivir prophylaxis was randomized to 17 155 observations; 17 931 were randomized to nonintensive care. At 14 days, intensive prophylaxis vs nonintensive yielded an RD of –0.06% (95% CI, −0.73% to 0.93%) and an RR of 0.96 (95% CI, 0.56-1.57) for death, and an RD of –0.96% (95% CI, −1.78% to −0.19%) and an RR of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.64-0.96) for hospitalization. At 30 days, the hospitalization differences persisted but were less precise and there continued to be no difference in death.

Conclusions and Relevance  

Study results suggest that clinicians should initiate antiviral chemoprophylaxis for at least 70% of eligible NH residents within 2 days of outbreak detection to lower risk of hospitalization.

Source: 

Link: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2846967

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Use of #baloxavir as adjunctive #antiviral #therapy to neuraminidase inhibitors in severely immunocompromised individuals infected with #influenza

 

ABSTRACT

Immunocompromised patients are at risk of developing severe influenza, with protracted viral shedding and development of resistance-associated mutations under antiviral treatment. We report a case series of severely immunocompromised hematology patients, including allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients, treated with both baloxavir and oseltamivir and describe clinical and virological outcomes and the safety profile of prolonged combination therapy. Allogeneic HCT recipients with influenza infection treated with baloxavir were retrieved via institutional databases. All hospitalized allogeneic HCT patients treated with a combination therapy of baloxavir and oseltamivir over five influenza seasons between October 2019 and May 2025 were included. Six influenza-infected hematology patients (5/6 allogeneic HCT recipients) were treated with combination therapy of oseltamivir and baloxavir. All patients presented with lower respiratory tract infections. Oseltamivir treatment duration ranged from 5 to 31 days, and the number of administered baloxavir doses ranged between one and five. Baloxavir administration was well tolerated, and no adverse events could be attributed to the administered antiviral treatment. All-cause mortality at 3 months post-infection was 66% (4/6), mainly driven by underlying disease. In two patients with protracted shedding, combination therapy did not prevent the development of resistance mutation(s). Combination treatment with prolonged courses of oseltamivir and repeated doses of baloxavir was well tolerated. No definitive conclusions on the efficacy of this approach could be drawn from this study. More data are required on the best treatment of hematology patients infected with influenza.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/aac.01659-25

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#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, March 28 '26)

 

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

1. ZHOU J, Yan S, Zhao Y, Zhang H, et al
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   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Arch Virol

2. KIM S, Kim JW, Ayoobi A, Lee S, et al
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   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Epidemiol Infect

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   J Virol

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    Vaccine

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    Virus Res

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#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, March 21 '26)

 

Cell

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   Controlled human influenza infection reveals heterogeneous expulsion of infectious virus into air.
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   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
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14th Meeting of #WHO #Expert Working Group of the Global #Influenza #Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) for Surveillance of #Antiviral Susceptibility (March 20 '26)

Weekly epidemiological record 

20 MARCH 2026, 101th YEAR, No 12, 2026, 101, 53–56

http://www.who.int/wer 

Executive Summary 

The WHO Expert Working Group on Surveillance of Influenza Antiviral Susceptibility (AVWG) supports the WHO GISRS by providing practical guidance for monitoring antiviral susceptibility of seasonal and emerging influenza viruses through global surveillance efforts. 

The 14th WHO-AVWG meeting was held in virtual format on 10-12 June 2025. 

Update on susceptibility of seasonal influenza viruses to approved antiviral agents 

From approximately May 2024 to May 2025, five WHO Collaborating Centres (CCs) and two National Influenza Centres (NICs) reported co-circulation of influenza A(H1N1) pdm09, A(H3N2), and B/Victoria viruses. 

A(H1N1)pdm09 dominated in Eastern Asia{1}. Elevated frequency of influenza neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor (NAI) reduced inhibition/ highly reduced inhibition (RI/HRI) was identified among A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, largely conferred by the NA-H275Y substitution. 

Reporting frequency was 3.8% in China, lower (≤1%) in other reporting regions, but still measurable and were in some cases a result of prior antiviral use or specific local outbreaks (e.g., a hospital in Iceland with a NA-H275Y+S247N cluster, a primary school classroom outbreak in Japan{2}. The NA-S247N substitution (≤3.3%) was also noted by three centres, but these viruses exhibited normal inhibition (NI) by NAIs when available isolates were tested. 

Incidence of RI/HRI or NA-associated markers were less frequently reported for A(H3N2) and B/Victoria viruses than A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. 

Markers and incidence of reduced susceptibility to baloxavir was detected at low frequencies of 0.07 to 2.2%, where the latter value represented a small sample set of only 2 of 89 viruses in Japan. 

Reduced susceptibility or amino acid markers indicative of reduced susceptibility were observed only in influenza A viruses and not influenza B. 

Update on susceptibility of zoonotic and animal influenza viruses  to approved antiviral agents 

From approximately May 2024 to May 2025, global surveillance data from WHO CCs, NICs, and associated partners including WHO Essential Regulatory Laboratories and the OFFLU (WOAH/FAO Network of Expertise on Animal Influenza) network reported that most zoonotic and avian influenza viruses, particularly circulating A(H5N1/x) HA clade 2.3.4.4b and 2.3.2.1a/e viruses, were broadly susceptible to NAIs and baloxavir. 

A(H5N1) 2.3.4.4b virus oseltamivir inhibitory concentrations remain elevated vs. seasonal N1 viruses. 

Small and isolated incidence of NAI associated RI/HRI or markers included: NA-D199G mediated oseltamivir/zanamivir RI detected in A(H5N1) 2.3.4.4b poultry in the Russian Federation (February 2024, reported June 2025), NA-N295S in poultry in India A(H5N1) 2.3.2.1a isolates, and 8 poultry farms in British Columbia, Canada exhibiting A(H5N1) 2.3.4.4b with NA-H275Y. 

Only two viruses with reduced baloxavir susceptibility were identified, 1 human virus with PA-I38M (California, USA) and 1 environmental virus isolate with PA-V100I (China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region). 

Beyond A(H5N1/x), nearly 30 avian influenza subtypes including A(H9N2), A(H7N2), A(H7N7), and A(H7N9), and A(H10N7) were analysed across surveillance sites in the Bangladesh, Egypt, the Netherlands and the United States of America (USA). 

They generally lacked NA or PA genotypic markers of reduced drug susceptibility and when available for phenotypic testing, were susceptible to both NAIs and baloxavir. 

A(H7N2) and A(H7N7) viruses from the Netherlands displayed oseltamivir RI compared to human seasonal references, but this may be due to foldchange comparison to a mismatched NA subtype. 

Swine-origin variant viruses (A(H1N1)v, A(H1N2)v, A(H3N2)v) tested across the USA and Europe were largely free of genotypic or phenotypic indicators of reduced susceptibility/inhibition to NAIs or baloxavir. 

Some viruses (the  Netherlands) showed slightly higher NAI median inhibitory concentrations to historical or human seasonal baselines, but all remained below NAI RI thresholds. 

Update of protocols and guidance for GISRS laboratories 

Both genotypic and phenotypic assays may be used as tools to monitor susceptibility of influenza viruses to NAIs and baloxavir. 

The WHO-AVWG routinely reviews and updates influenza NA and PA amino acid substitutions associated with reduced susceptibility to NAIs and baloxavir; updated tables for the previous reporting period were included on the WHO website{3–5}. 

The US CDC continues to update and ship reference virus panels that can be used for NAI and baloxavir susceptibility testing, available via the International Reagent Resource{6} 

Further guidance on baloxavir and other PA inhibitor testing included the Influenza Replication Inhibition Neuraminidase-based Assay (IRINA), published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA{7} and included on the WHO website{8}. 

The WHO AVWG continues to develop algorithms for NICs to aid in influenza response planning (zoonotic, pandemic, and antiviral resistance-specific events), guidance to aid in decisions making for testing strategies (genotypic vs. phenotypic), and guidance for consideration of baloxavir and PA inhibitor specific amino acid substitutions associated with reduced drug susceptibility{9}. 

Additionally, the WHO-AVWG has worked with GISAID to continue to refine and implement modifications to existing tools to facilitate identification of NA and PA substitutions upon sequence submission. 

Outbreak and pandemic preparedness with clinicians’ perspectives 

Two physicians, Profs. Prof. David Hui and Bin Cao, were invited to present recently updated WHO guidance on clinical practice guidelines for influenza{10}. 

Significant updates and discussion surrounded inclusion of baloxavir, which was conditionally recommended for non-severe disease high-risk patients and post-virus exposure prophylaxis (PEP) including influenza viruses associated with high mortality. 

Conditional recommendation against any NAI or baloxavir intervention remains for non-severe disease low-risk patients or seasonal virus PEP. 

Data was presented on multiple PA inhibitors rapidly moving through late-stage clinical trials in China which may have implications on expanded usage of this newer class of influenza drugs. 

Review of External Quality Assessment Programme (EQAP) panels 

EQAP was initiated in 2007 to monitor the quality of GISRS, NICs, other national influenza reference laboratories’ capacity for influenza diagnosis and detection. 

An optional antiviral phenotypic NAI panel was introduced in 2013, and genotypic baloxavir susceptibility was introduced in 2020. 

Results for the 2024 Global EQAP panel were reported during the 14th WHO-AVWG meeting. 

Of the 194 participating laboratories, 26.3% participated in NAI susceptibility testing. 

Results and subsequent discussion from this year’s panel were used by members of WHO-AVWG to assess the training needs of NICs. 

Way forward 

The 2020–2023 Annual Global Update on the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses (Global AVS) manuscript was published{11} and drafting of a 2023–2025 publication is underway. The next WHO-AVWG meeting will be held in June 2026.

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{1} World Health Organization. Influenza Transmission Zones. 2026. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/ default-source/influenza/influenzaupdates/2025_09_24_influenza-transmission-zones. pdf?sfvrsn=22361408_3&download=true. 

{2} Takashita E, Shimizu K, Usuku S, Senda R, Okubo I, Morita H, et al. An outbreak of influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 antigenic variants exhibiting cross-resistance to oseltamivir and peramivir in an elementary school in Japan, September 2024. Euro Surveill. 2024;29(50).

{3} World Health Organization. Summary of neuraminidase (NA) amino acid substitutions assessed for their effects on inhibition by neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs). 2025. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/ influenza/laboratory---network/quality-assurance/human-nai-marker-table_ for-publication_final_20240918.pdf. 

{4} World Health Organization. Summary of neuraminidase (NA) amino acid substitutions assessed for their effects on inhibition by NA inhibitors (NAIs) among avian influenza viruses of Group 1 (N1, N4, N5, N8 subtypes) and Group 2 (N2, N3, N6, N7, N9 subtypes) NAs. 2025. https://cdn.who.int/media/ docs/default-source/influenza/avwg/avian-nai-marker-whotable__10-10-2025.pdf?sfvrsn=bc0d1e9a_10 

{5} World Health Organization. Summary of polymerase acidic protein (PA) amino acid substitutions assessed for their effects on PA inhibitor (PAI) baloxavir susceptibility. 2025. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/ laboratory---network/quality-assurance/antiviral-susceptibility-influenza/ pa-marker-who-table_28-11-2025_updated.pdf?sfvrsn=5307d6fe_4. 

{6} International Reagent Resource. 2026. https://www. internationalreagentresource.org/. 

{7} Patel MC, Flanigan D, Feng C, Chesnokov A, Nguyen HT, Elal AA, et al. An optimized cell-based assay to assess influenza virus replication by measuring neuraminidase activity and its applications for virological surveillance. Antiviral Res. 2022;208:105457. 

{8} World Health Organization. Baloxavir Susceptibility Assessment using Influenza Replication Inhibition Neuraminidase-based Assay (IRINA). https:// cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/influenza/avwg/cdc-phenotypic-lp492rev01d---baloxavir-susceptibility-assessment-using-irina.pdf? 

{9} Patel MC, Nguyen HT, Mishin VP, Pascua PNQ, Champion C, Lopez-Esteva M, et al. Antiviral susceptibility monitoring: testing algorithm, methods, and f indings for influenza season, 2023-2024. Antiviral Res. 2025;244:106299. 

{10} World Health Organization. Clinical practice guidelines for influenza 2024. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240097759.

{11} Hussain S, Meijer A, Govorkova EA, Dapat C, Gubareva LV, Barr I, et al. Global update on the susceptibilities of influenza viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors and the cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor baloxavir, 2020-2023. Antiviral Res. 2025:106217.

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Source: 

Link: https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/1ea408da-cd90-438b-b80c-b00aaf4e7315/content

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