Thursday, June 25, 2026

Cross-clade #vaccination to overcome #sarbecovirus or #merbecovirus #neutralization gaps

 


Highlights

    • Multiplex sVNT profiles neutralizing antibodies across two zoonotic viral families

    • Pre-pandemic serosurveillance identifies human exposure to ACE2-using MERS-like viruses

    • Pathogen-specific vaccination leaves major neutralization gaps against related viral clades

    • Cross-clade prime-and-boost vaccination elicits broad-spectrum neutralizing antibodies


Summary

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the importance of identifying high risk pathogens, defining the immunity gaps and developing preemptive vaccination strategies. Here, we establish a high-resolution surrogate virus neutralization test detecting neutralizing antibodies against multiple virus families simultaneously, demonstrating good concordance with traditional assays. Extensive serosurveillance of pre-pandemic sera from different continents reveals low prevalence human exposures to different beta-coronaviruses, and identifies individuals with prior exposure to ACE2-binding MERS-like viruses. Furthermore, COVID-19 vaccination induces significant cross-neutralizing antibodies against clade 1b, 1c, and 3 but not clade 1a sarbecoviruses. Similarly, MERS and Nipah convalescent sera neutralize cognate viruses but have limited cross-neutralization against other related merbecoviruses and henipaviruses that utilize DPP4 and ephrin B2 receptors. Finally, a cross-clade prime-and-boost vaccination strategy using antigenically distinct antigens could induce broadly neutralizing antibodies against related viruses beyond vaccine antigens, supporting broad-spectrum beta coronavirus vaccine development.

Source: 


Link: https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(26)00522-X?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS221112472600522X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue

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Assessment of #safety and immunogenicity of a #protein subunit #COVID19 #vaccine (ABDALA) in #pregnant women: a single-cohort, multicenter, observational ESPIRTA study



Abstract

Background

Pregnant and lactating women are generally excluded from clinical trials during vaccine development. While the safety, inmunogenicity, efficacy, and effectiveness of the Abdala vaccine against COVID-19 have been demonstrated in the general population, there is a lack of specific information regarding its benefits for pregnant women. Consequently, this study was undertaken to evaluate the safety of the Abdala vaccine in pregnant women and their newborns, as well as to assess the maternal immune response elicited by the vaccination and its capacity for passive immunity transfer to the newborn.

Methods

A simple cohort observational multicenter study was conducted across five maternity hospital in Havana City, Cuba. A hybrid approach was employed, integrating both retrospective and prospective data collection methods. The study analyzed all events occurring from the first dose of the Abdala vaccine during pregnancy, delivery, and the postpartum period, as well as those related to the fetus-/neonate. To provide contextual data from our settings as a reference for descriptive analyses, statistical information concerning some pregnancy-related and fetal-neonatal events from the same five maternity hospitals in the year 2020 was utilized (historical data). Immunogenicity analyses were conducted in a subgroup of participants from a single maternity hospital, measuring antibodies against the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 (Anti-RBD IgG antibodies) and neutralizing antibodies (Nab) against two SARS-CoV-2 strains (D614G and Omicron B.1.1.529) were measured in both maternal and umbilical cord sera. Additionally, anti-IgA antibodies were evaluated in a colostrum samples. Antibody transfer across the placenta and breast milk was also analyzed. Various comparisons were made regarding gestational age at birth, vaccination trimester, timing from vaccination to delivery, and receipt of a booster dose, among other analyses. A formal sample size estimate was not made. Pregnant women who attended the aforementioned hospitals and met the established criteria were included in the study cohort. Descriptive statistics were utilized to characterize the study population. The Wilcoxon sum rank test was used for most immunological evaluations, while logistic regression analyses estimated the effects of different variables. The correlation between anti-RBD IgG titers in maternal and umbilical cord sera was assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. All statistical tests were performed at a significance level of p < 0.05.

Results

The study was conducted in five Cuban hospitals from December 2021 to June 2022, involving a total of 940 pregnant women women who received the Abdala vaccine during their pregnancy. The common adverse events reported within the 72 h post-vaccination with the Abdala vaccine were consistent with previous findings using this vaccine in clinical trials and widespread vaccination campaigns in the general population, predominantly presenting as pain at the injection site (4.9%), somnolence (2.6%), and headache (2.3%). All reported events were of mild intensity. In terms of maternal morbidity, the predominant event noted was SARS-CoV-2 infection, with 83 cases (8.83%), primarily categorized as asymptomatic cases or exhibiting mild symptomatic disease. Overall, IgA titers were detected in 202 colostrum samples, with GMT of 1,227 (95% CI 986; 1,527). High anti-RBD IgG titers were found in 189 maternal and 231 umbilical cord blood samples, with GMT of 1,392.15 (95% CI 1,174; 1,651) and 1,923 (95% CI 1,625; 2,275) respectively. The placental transfer ratio (PTR) of anti-RBD IgG titers had a median of 1.54 (IQR 1.48), indicating effective transfer. The PTR of NAb exceeded 1 for both D614G and Omicron (B.1.1.529), being significantly higher in full-term newborns compared to premature newborns.

Conclusions

The ESPIRTA study provides valuable information concerning the application of the Abdala vaccine in specific populations, such as pregnant women, which was not available prior to this study. The safety evaluation of the Abdala vaccine during pregnancy, delivery and the puerperium, as well as in fetus-newborn, revealed no safety signals, as indicated by this cohort study. Elevated anti-RBD IgG titers were detected, in both in maternal serum and cord samples, indicating a positive correlation between them. Moreover, an efficient transfer of IgG antibodies across the placenta was demonstrated. The high anti-IgA titers found in the colostrum may provide an additional advantage regarding the passive transfer of antibodies from mother to newborn through breastfeeding. Furthermore, neutralizing antibodies against two SARS-CoV-2 strains, D614 G and the more recent Omicron B.1.1.529 variant, were identified. Further research is recommended to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of the Abdala vaccine for pregnant women and their newborns.

Source: 


Link: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12884-026-09488-1

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A #bovine #H5N1 virus efficiently replicates in differentiated #human #nasal epithelial #cells

 


Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b have caused significant losses in bird populations worldwide and repeatedly infected mammals, including humans, without sustained human to human transmission. Here we show that an H5N1 virus (H5N1Tex/24) isolated from bovine milk in Texas in 2024 replicates just as efficiently in differentiated human nasal epithelial cells as a pandemic H1N1 virus strain from 2009 (H1N1HH4/09), at both 37 °C and 33 °C. The adaptive mutations PB2 M631L and PA K497R promoted replication at 33 °C but had no effect on replication at 37 °C. An H5N1 virus (H5N1BE/22) isolated from a pelican in 2022, which lacked these mutations, replicated efficiently at 37 °C but poorly at 33 °C, and this limitation was not overcome by the introduction of the PB2 M631L and PA K497R mutations. The differentiated nasal epithelial cell cultures expressed receptors for both human and avian influenza viruses. Accordingly, no HA mutations associated with altered receptor specificity were detected. H5N1Tex/24 was able to effectively suppress the production of interferon-λ, yet remained sensitive to the antiviral effects of this cytokine. These findings suggest that H5N1Tex/24 possesses intrinsic traits supporting efficient replication in differentiated human upper airway cell cultures.

Source: npj Viruses, https://www.nature.com/npjviruses/

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s44298-026-00208-2

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Addressing the #zoonotic #threat of #merbecoviruses

 


Abstract

Merbecovirus is a subgenus of betacoronaviruses and exhibits high genetic diversity with a capacity for cross-species transmission. However, beyond Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), our knowledge of the ecology and pathogenic potential of these viruses remains limited. Merbecoviruses were once thought to rely exclusively on dipeptidyl peptidase 4 for cell entry, but recent discoveries have revealed that several members can also engage with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 or aminopeptidase N, expanding their receptor repertoire and potential host range. Here we summarize recent advances in understanding of the receptor usage of merbecoviruses and examine how these insights inform pandemic preparedness and risk assessment. We discuss the development of targeted diagnostics, broad-spectrum antivirals and vaccines, including pan-coronavirus strategies. Together, these advances provide a foundation for predictive surveillance and rational countermeasure design, enabling earlier detection and more effective containment of future merbecovirus spillover events before they escalate into epidemics.

Source: 


Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-026-02397-1

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#Antibodies Cross-Reactive with #Bundibugyo Virus in #Ferrets Vaccinated with #Ebola Virus #Vaccine

 


Abstract

Banked serum samples from ferrets previously immunized with the Ebola virus vaccine revealed a prominent but limited humoral immune response that cross-reacted with Bundibugyo virus. The supporting immunogenicity data we report may help guide the ongoing response to the current outbreak of Bundibugyo virus in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/

Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/8/26-0948_article

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#Bundibugyo Virus Disease in 2026 — #Clinical and Public Health #Responses

 


Summary

Bundibugyo virus is a relatively rare orthoebolavirus that has caused only two previously recognized disease outbreaks but remains capable of producing severe epidemic disease with substantial mortality. The 2026 outbreak of Bundibugyo virus disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo has highlighted persistent challenges in the detection of filovirus disease outbreaks, as well as in diagnosis, clinical management, and the public health response, particularly in resource-limited settings. As with other filovirus infections, effective control of the Bundibugyo virus disease outbreak depends on rapid identification of cases, laboratory confirmation of infection, isolation of cases, contact tracing, infection-prevention measures, protection of health care workers, and community engagement. Although no licensed vaccines or approved therapeutics specific to Bundibugyo virus disease are currently available, advances in supportive care have improved outcomes during recent filovirus disease outbreaks. Experimental evidence from studies involving nonhuman primates, serologic investigations with human samples, and monoclonal antibody research suggests that vaccines and therapeutics developed against Ebola virus may provide cross-protective activity against Bundibugyo virus. These observations support prototype-pathogen approaches to preparedness while underscoring the need for continued development of pathogen-specific countermeasures. The current outbreak reinforces the principle that a successful response to filovirus disease requires integration of medical countermeasures, clinical care, surveillance, diagnostics, and coordinated multinational public health operations.

Source: 


Link: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra2607216?query=TOC&cid=DM2454531_NEJM_Non_Subscriber&bid=-732391206

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#Clinical Characteristics of #Patients Infected with #Bundibugyo Virus, #DRC 2026

 


{Excerpt}

To the Editor:

The clinical characterization of Bundibugyo virus disease (BVD), caused by Bundibugyo virus, a species of orthoebolavirus, is less well described than infection with more frequently encountered filovirus species.1 We report here signs and symptoms and basic laboratory data from the current 2026 BVD outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Ethics approval for this study was obtained from the ethical review committee of the University of Kinshasa.

(...)

In this cohort, we report signs and symptoms at the time of presentation that were mostly consistent with previous descriptions of infection with Bundibugyo virus3 and other filovirus species.

(...)


Link: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2608070?query=TOC

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Wednesday, June 24, 2026

Detection of and Early #Genomic #Insights into #Chikungunya Virus, #Bolivia, 2025

 


Abstract

We report the detection and genomic characterization of chikungunya virus, an arbovirus, during a 2025 outbreak in Bolivia. We identified the circulating chikungunya virus lineage and the transmission dynamics by using genomic surveillance and phylogenetic analyses. Our findings highlight the utility of sustained genomic surveillance for monitoring emerging arboviruses.

Source: 


Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/7/26-0540_article

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Yellow #fever - #Global (WHO, D.O.N., June 24 '26, summary)

 


Situation at a glance

    Yellow fever is a viral disease found in areas of Africa and the Americas, spread by infected mosquitoes

    Following an increase of cases in the Americas in 2025, transmission activity remained into 2026

    From 1 January to 26 May 2026, six countries reported a total of 79 human infections along with multiple epizootics, indicating active sylvatic circulation

    In Africa, sustained activity continued across parts of the region, affecting 13 high-risk countries (as per classification in the Eliminate Yellow fever Epidemics (EYE) Strategy). 

    From January to May 2026, three countries in Africa reported 16 confirmed human cases, with an additional 32 suspected cases under investigation in five other countries. 

    The recent rapid risk assessment assessed geographical variations in vaccination coverage, evidence of viral circulation, and the presence of competent vectors, concluding that unvaccinated populations in countries or areas with a history of yellow fever transmission remain at greatest risk. 

    Transmission dynamics are further influenced by seasonal ecological factors, particularly rainfall, temperature, and mosquito abundance

    Outbreaks reported from October 2025 through May 2026 in countries or areas with a history of yellow fever transmission were generally consistent with seasonal patterns or reflected gaps in immunization coverage

    In contrast, cases detected in previously unaffected areas suggest viral introduction and an increased risk of urban transmission

    No imported cases were detected outside the two affected WHO regions, but expanding vector suitability, rapid urbanization, climate shifts, and increased mobility continue to create conditions conducive to international spread

    WHO emphasizes the importance of active surveillance, timely laboratory testing, cross-border coordination, and information sharing. 

    Vaccination remains the primary means for the prevention and control of yellow fever. 

    WHO continues to support countries in expanding vaccination coverage through routine immunization programmes and preventive vaccination campaigns to enhance population immunity and reduce the risk of outbreaks.

(...)

Source: 


Link: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2026-DON610

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#Healthcare-associated #transmission and early #IPC system #vulnerabilities during 2026 #Bundibugyo #Ebola #outbreak in eastern #DRC

 


Abstract

The 2026 Bundibugyo Ebola outbreak in eastern DRC highlighted important early infection prevention and control (IPC) challenges, including healthcare-associated transmission, healthcare worker infections, unsafe triage systems, limited isolation capacity, and shortages of IPC supplies. This commentary argues that pathogen-specific preparedness may remain insufficient in settings characterized by diagnostic uncertainty and proposes an “IPC-first” outbreak response framework based on rapid syndromic IPC activation before definitive laboratory confirmation becomes available.

Source: 


Link: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13756-026-01779-8

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#France, #Ebola: First case identified in a humanitarian #doctor returning from a mission in the #DRC (Min. Health, June 24 '26)

 


    France has specialized capabilities for managing highly transmissible infectious diseases. Patients are treated in a designated healthcare facility, following strict biosafety protocols (negative pressure room, dedicated equipment and protocols). Health authorities are fully mobilized and the situation is being continuously monitored.


    All precautionary measures, including the patient's isolation, were taken upon his arrival in the country, with transfer to the hospital under secure conditions to prevent any risk of contamination. 

    A thorough epidemiological investigation is underway to identify individuals who may have been in contact with the patient. 

    These individuals will be contacted without delay by the regional health agency, will undergo 21 days of home isolation, and will be closely monitored during this period. 

    Following the Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) on May 17 in response to the active circulation of the Ebola virus in Ituri Province, DRC, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) has assessed the risk of infection as low for European residents and travelers to areas of active transmission, and very low for the general European population.

    A dedicated monitoring system is in place for the return of French aid workers to the national territory.


What is the Ebola virus?

    Ebola virus disease is a serious and often fatal illness. The virus is transmitted to humans from wild animals and then from person to person through direct contact with:

        ° Bodily fluids (blood, saliva, urine, semen, breast milk, sweat, feces and vomit from infected persons, whether alive or not);

        ° The bodies of people who died from Ebola virus disease;

        ° Objects that have been contaminated by the bodily fluids of infected patients (e.g., needles);

        ° Bushmeat from wild animals.

    The disease is characterized by high fevers and often fatal hemorrhages. 

    The incubation period, that is, the time between contact with the virus and the appearance of the first symptoms, varies from 2 to 21 days

    As long as they do not show symptoms, infected individuals are not contagious. 

    Currently, there is no specific treatment for Ebola {Bundibugyo virus} disease; treatment focuses on managing the symptoms, particularly through rehydration.


What are the health recommendations?

    Given the absence of the virus circulating on French territory, the precautionary health recommendations apply mainly to the French territories bordering the Indian Ocean, and to travelers going to or returning to the DRC in the provinces of Ituri, North Kivu and South Kivu and Uganda.

    {1} For French nationals currently in the country, it is recommended to avoid areas experiencing outbreaks of the epidemic and, if this is impossible, to:

        ° Respect basic hygiene rules, including regular hand washing;

        ° Avoid close contact with people who have a fever. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with blood or bodily fluids;

        ° Avoid all contact with wild animals, alive or dead;

        ° Do not consume or handle bushmeat.

    {2} For travelers going to areas where the virus is circulating, it is recommended that those who can postpone their trip, especially the most vulnerable (elderly people, people with disabilities, pregnant women, or those with comorbidities). If the trip must proceed, it is recommended to follow the aforementioned health guidelines and to:

        ° Regularly consult the information from the embassy or the "Travel Advice" section of the Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs;

        ° Register for free on the Ariane Thread , in order to receive in real time all information and alerts from the French authorities;

    {3} For travelers returning to France from an area with active virus transmission, the following is required:

        ° Monitor your temperature every day for 21 days;

        ° If you develop a fever of 38°C or higher, and up to 21 days after returning to France, contact 15 immediately and await instructions. Do not go to your doctor or the hospital emergency room.

(...)

Source: 


Link: https://sante.gouv.fr/actualites-presse/presse/communiques-de-presse/article/ebola-identification-d-un-1er-cas-chez-un-medecin-humanitaire-de-retour-de

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#WHO DG's opening #remarks at the media #briefing – 24 June 2026 {#Ebola in #DRC} (Edited): #France reported a NGO #HCW positive for the virus

 


    Good afternoon to those in the room, and good morning, good afternoon and good evening to those online, wherever you are in the world.

    We begin with the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

    It’s encouraging to see that since the outbreak was first reported five weeks ago, the response has scaled up significantly, under the leadership of the government.

    In the past five weeks, the number of treatment beds has increased from less than 10 to over 500 in 19 health centres.

    With support from WHO and the Africa CDC, laboratory capacity has increased from 30 tests a day at the central laboratory in Kinshasa to over 2000 tests a day in nine labs across three provinces.

    More communities are becoming aware of the risks of Ebola, and asking for the tools and support to protect themselves.

    And more than 100 people have now recovered. With early detection and supportive care, many can survive this disease.

    But we could save many more lives with therapeutics.

    Preparations are now complete for a trial of two therapeutics that is expected to start in DRC next week.

    The trial will evaluate whether two antivirals, MBP134 and remdesivir, can help to reduce mortality in patients with Bundibugyo virus disease, alone or in combination.

    We thank the United States and Gilead Sciences for donating doses for the trial. Together with our partners we will announce more information next week.

    WHO and our partners are working closely with the communities to inform and involve them in the trial.

    We are also working to ensure the communities have access to the therapeutics should they prove safe and efficacious.

    The trial will be conducted by a consortium of partners including DRC’s National Institute for Biomedical Research, ALIMA, Oxford University and WHO.

    Despite the good progress we have made, we still face major challenges, and the outbreak is continuing to outpace the response.

    There are now 1094 confirmed cases, with 277 deaths.

    The outbreak is continuing to move fast.

    Political advocacy and action are essential to create the conditions for increased humanitarian access and a scaled-up response, because the outbreak is happening in a complex situation.

    In neighbouring Uganda, a new case was reported last Sunday, the first in two weeks.

    This brings the total in Uganda to 20 confirmed cases, with two confirmed deaths.

    All cases in Uganda are linked to the outbreak in DRC.

    Today, France reported that a health worker with the NGO ALIMA, who returned to the country after caring for an Ebola patient in DRC, tested positive for the virus, and is now being monitored and receiving care.

    This case is a reminder of the risks faced by frontline responders.

    Almost 80 health workers have been infected, highlighting the risks they face and the importance of strengthening infection prevention and control.

    WHO advises countries to support the safe deployment of personnel responding to this outbreak.

    This includes ensuring that organizations deploying staff provide clear information on risks, how to reduce and manage the risk of exposure, and that countries are prepared to facilitate evacuation if needed.

    Still, the risk to the rest of the world remains low.

    Under the government’s leadership, the coordinated response to the outbreak is starting to take hold.

    But continued scale up is needed.

    Contact tracing is still not at the level needed;

    Capacity at treatment and isolation centres is insufficient;

    Safe and dignified burials remain a major challenge;

    The health system is under pressure;

    Border closures continue to hinder the response;

    Multiple security incidents have been reported;

    The affected area is in the grip of a decades-long humanitarian crisis;

    And financial support is still insufficient.

    Earlier this month, WHO and the Africa CDC announced a joint Continental Preparedness and Response Plan that reflects the funding needs of partners, with an ask of 518 million U.S. dollars.

    Next week, the first financial reporting on pledges and commitments to the plan are expected to be available, providing a clear understanding of gaps and needs. 


===

    Now to the outbreak of hantavirus.

    The total number of cases from the hantavirus outbreak remains 13, including three deaths.

    In all, more than 650 contacts have been identified and followed up by local health authorities in 33 countries and territories.

    All but 54 contacts have completed their period of quarantine, and the remaining contacts are scheduled to complete their quarantine period by the 2nd of July.

    If no further cases are reported by then, WHO will consider the outbreak to be over.

    However, WHO will continue working to advance our understanding of this outbreak, and hantavirus more generally.

    Working with governments and partners, we are continuing investigations into how the outbreak started and spread among those on board.

    We are also working with partners who have collected environmental samples onboard the ship.

    In addition, we are coordinating a study among people exposed to the virus involving 21 countries, to better understand how the disease develops.

    We are also working on having a sample of the virus shared with the WHO BioHub in Switzerland.

    This will be important for developing diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines for future outbreaks.

    I thank all countries that have contributed in different ways to the response to this outbreak, with special thanks to the leadership and solidarity shown by Spain, especially to Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez.

    I also thank the Captain of the MV Hondius, Captain Jan Dobrogowski, his crew and all passengers for their cooperation in what has been a very difficult situation.

(..)

Source: 


Link: https://www.who.int/news-room/speeches/item/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing---24-june-2026

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#Bundibugyo #Ebola in #DRC and #Uganda: #community-centred #response must be operational, not rhetorical

 


{Excerpt}

On May 15, 2026, the Ministry of Public Health, Hygiene and Social Welfare of DR Congo declared the country's 17th recorded Ebola disease outbreak after the Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale confirmed Bundibugyo virus (species Orthoebolavirus bundibugyoense) as the aetiological agent.1 That this outbreak was caused by Bundibugyo virus is not a taxonomic footnote. It changes the diagnostic, countermeasure, and risk-communication context of the response.2

(...)

Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/home


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Identification of HLA-A33-restricted #CD8+ T cell epitopes from avian #influenza #H5N1

 


Abstract

The rapid evolution of avian influenza A/H5N1, including the recent U.S. clade 2.3.4.4b outbreak, highlights its pandemic potential and the urgent need for durable, broadly protective vaccines. Given the capacity of CD8+ T cells to mediate cross-strain immunity, we investigated whether geographically distinct HLA-A33 allotypes, HLA-A*33:01 in East/Southeast Asia and HLA-A*33:03 in South Asia, differentially shape the influenza immunopeptidome and influence antiviral immunity. Antigen-presenting cells overexpressing HLA-A*33:01 or HLA-A*33:03 were transfected with single A/H5N1 antigens or infected with A/X-31 (H3N2) as a control comparison representing current seasonal influenza virus. We identified novel ligands restricted to HLA-A*33:01 (57 from A/H5N1; 55 from A/X-31) and HLA-A*33:03 (29 from A/H5N1; 45 from A/X-31). Although fewer peptides were recovered for HLA-A*33:03, a larger proportion of A/X-31-derived peptides were predicted as high-affinity binders (74%) compared with HLA-A*33:01 (61%), indicating qualitative differences in antigen presentation. To determine immunogenicity, peripheral blood lymphocytes from HLA-A*33:03-positive, A/H5N1-naïve donors were stimulated with four conserved peptides: PB2GTF, PB2KTY, NPSVQ and PB1MTK. All elicited robust CD8+ T cell activation despite the absence of prior A/H5N1 exposure, demonstrating cross-recognition by memory T cells primed against seasonal influenza. These findings define HLA-A33-restricted influenza epitopes and reveal allotype-specific presentation features that shape CD8+ T cell immunity. Conserved, immunogenic peptides identified here represent promising candidates for rational design of broadly cross-reactive vaccines to protect HLA-A33-expressing populations against severe A/H5N1 disease. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD078870.


Competing Interest Statement

AWP is a scientific advisor for Bioinformatics Solutions Inc (Canada), a shareholder and scientific advisor for Evaxion Biotech (Denmark), and a co-founder of Resseptor Therapeutics (Australia). These organisations had no role in the design of the study in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data in the writing of the manuscript or in the decision to publish the results. All other authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


Funder Information Declared

NHMRC, 1122099, 2016596

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.21.733083v1

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Tuesday, June 23, 2026

#Antibodies against #influenza #H1N1pdm2009 and B/Victoria strains but not #H3N2 are increased in recent onset type 1 #narcolepsy versus matched controls

 


Abstract

Study Objectives

Onsets of Narcolepsy type-1 (NT1) increased following A/H1N1 vaccination with PandemrixTM in Europe and with A/H1N1pdm2009 infections in China and other countries. To test if other strains could trigger narcolepsy, we measured strain-specific antibodies in patients with recent onset NT1 compared to controls. 

Methods

Antibodies against hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) were tested in 62 patients with very recent onset (onset and blood collection following a single flu season, mean +/- SEM: 0.44 +/- 0.06 years since onset) and 100 controls matched by age, sex, season and year of collection (2000-2025). Results were next extended to 181 recent onset patients (mean +/- SEM: 1.00 +/- 0.05 years) versus 260 controls, matched by sex, season and year, but having a slightly higher mean age. HA inhibition (HAI) and NA inhibition (NAI) assays were conducted using flu strains known to circulate during the corresponding flu seasons. HAI results are shown as % positive (titers >= 40) and NAI results as geometric mean titers. Odds ratio (OR) and coefficient were used to compare antibody titers in NT1 versus controls. The contribution of each assay to prediction was finally quantified in the larger sample set using Shapley decomposition. 

Results

NT1 patients had increased anti-HA and anti-NA antibodies against A/H1N1pdm2009 (anti-HA OR = 3.86, anti-NA coefficient = 0.35) and B/Victoria (anti-HA OR =1.90, anti-NA coefficient = 0.22), but not A/H1N1pre2009, A/H3N2, or B/Yamagata, independent of HLA-DQB1*06:02 status, age, sex, and flu season. Correlations between anti-HA and anti-NA antibodies titers were weak to moderate but significant (r2=-0.10 to 0.34). Multivariable model outperformed age-only baseline (McFadden R2 = 0.19 vs. 0.03; AUC = 0.79 vs. 0.64; likelihood-ratio test X2 = 51, p<0.001), with anti-HA against A/H1N1pdm2009 (coefficient = 0.78, p < 0.001) and anti-NA against B/Victoria (coefficient = 0.69, p < 0.001) emerging as the strongest independent predictors. 

Conclusions

A/H1N1pdm2009 and B/Victoria, but not other strains can trigger the autoimmune process leading to orexin cell loss in narcolepsy.


Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Source: 


Link: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.13.26355596v1

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Deep #mutational #scanning of recent #SARS-CoV-2 #variants highlights changing amino acid preferences within epistatic hotspot residues

 


Abstract

Deep mutational scans across receptor-binding domains (RBDs) of diverging SARS-CoV-2 variants reveal ongoing changes to the effects of mutations, a phenomenon known as epistasis. Careful accounting for these altered mutational effects is important in viral surveillance and forecasting, and more broadly, for understanding the impacts of epistasis on real-world viral evolutionary trajectories. Using a yeast-display RBD deep mutational scanning (DMS) platform, we measure the impacts of virtually all single amino acid mutations and single-residue deletions in the Omicron KP.3.1.1 and LP.8.1 RBDs on folded RBD expression and binding affinity for the human ACE2 receptor. Our comprehensive maps reveal patterns of evolutionary accessibility and constraint at single-residue resolution and, when compared to prior datasets, highlight sites whose amino acid preferences continue to change across viral variants. Notably, sites 455, 456, and 493 – which have exhibited repeated substitutions and epistatic dependencies across Omicron subvariants going back to BA.1 – again demonstrate altered patterns of mutational accessibility and constraint. Therefore, it appears that these hotspots of repeated RBD evolution have not yet converged on fixed amino acid solutions but instead remain sites of ongoing epistatic reconfiguration. We compare our measurements of direct RBD:ACE2 affinity with recently published measurements of mutation impacts on ACE2 binding in the full quaternary spike context, which also integrates the effects of spike conformational dynamics; our analysis uncovers mutations like H505W that could favor adoption of the down/closed RBD conformation as a viral strategy for future antigenic evolution.

Source: 


Link: https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1014074

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Neurosurgical #Biopsy and #Resection for #Diagnosis and #Treatment of #Balamuthia mandrillaris Amebic #Encephalitis, #USA

 


Abstract

We report a systematic case review of antemortem neurosurgical resections and biopsies and outcomes including new lesions after procedure and survival in Balamuthia mandrillaris granulomatous amebic encephalitis. The investigation was prompted by a 5-year-old patient in the southwestern United States who was treated with nitroxoline, the 2021 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention regimen, and underwent 2 resections; initial resection site recurrence and a new lesion after resection prompted the question whether complete resection versus biopsy is associated with better outcomes. We conducted a literature review and found no substantial difference between neurosurgical resection versus biopsy-only groups. Limitations include case review, number of cases, and incomplete data available. Additional analyses comparing neurosurgical outcomes with outcomes of those diagnosed via blood or cerebrospinal fluid and metagenomic next-generation sequencing might provide more definitive answers. This case and systematic review provide evidence that treatment with nitroxoline and neurosurgical resection could contribute to survival in Balamuthia encephalitis case-patients.

Source: 


Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/7/26-0725_article

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Avian #Influenza #Report - Reporting period: June 14 - 20 '26 (Wk 25) (HK CHP, June 23 '26): One New #Human Case of #Infection with #H9N2 virus in #China

 


{Excerpt}

(...)

Avian influenza A(H9N2)

    ° Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

        * A two-year-old girl with onset on May 31, 2026. 

(...)

Source: 


Link: https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/2026_avian_influenza_report_vol22_wk25.pdf

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Institutionalising public #health #emergency #preparedness and responses in #Africa: lessons learned during the 2022-2025 #outbreaks with crossborder spread potential

 


Summary

Lessons and best practices from outbreaks during 2022–25 in Africa were not comprehensively documented or shared to inform future outbreak responses. We conducted a narrative review of published articles and outbreak response reports of mpox, cholera, Ebola virus disease, and Marburg virus disease and captured experts' perspectives and lessons. We analysed and presented the data in themes. Evidence indicates that effective responses are built on routine investments maintained between outbreaks, particularly in decentralised laboratories, digital surveillance systems, community structures, and clinical trial readiness. The institutionalisation of response mechanisms through national public health institutes, incident management systems, and emergency operations centres reflects a maturing continental preparedness architecture, reinforced by rapid regional solidarity, south–south cooperation, and timely partner support. National political leadership was crucial in mobilising resources and ensuring public compliance, whereas innovations such as expanded genomic surveillance, timely deployment of investigational countermeasures, mobility-aware outbreak control, and improved early-warning systems strengthened responses to outbreaks. The successful control of these recent outbreaks highlights the importance of strengthening preparedness, institutionalising response systems, and fostering coordinated, Africa-led health security frameworks to support resilient and sustainable outbreak response.

Source: 


Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(26)00160-9/fulltext

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Monday, June 22, 2026

Isotopic #evidence for a cold and distant #origin of #3IATLAS {Comet}

 


Abstract

Interstellar objects provide the only directly observable samples of icy planetesimals formed around other stars, and can therefore provide insight into the diversity of physical and chemical conditions occurring during exoplanet formation1−3. Here we report isotopic measurements of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS, which reveal an elemental composition unlike any Solar System body. The water in 3I/ATLAS is enriched in deuterium, at a level of D/H = (0.98 ± 0.06)%, which is more than an order of magnitude higher than in known comets, while its range of 12C/13C ratios (141–191 for CO2 and 123–172 for CO) exceeds typical values found in the Solar System, as well as nearby interstellar clouds and protoplanetary disks. Such extreme isotopic signatures indicate formation at temperatures  ≲ 30 K in a relatively metal-poor environment. When interpreted with respect to models for Galactic chemical evolution, the carbon isotopic composition implies that 3I/ATLAS may have accreted as long ago as 12 billion years, following a period of intense, early star formation. 3I/ATLAS thus represents a preserved fragment of an ancient planetary system.

Source: 


Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10771-6

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