A single-cycle, recombinant VSV #platform #Nipah #vaccine cross-protects against #Hendra virus in nonhuman #primates

 

Abstract

Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses that produce severe, often fatal disease in humans and animals. Zoonotic spillover of these henipaviruses from the Pteropid bat natural reservoir occurs near-annually in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Outbreaks of NiV disease frequently exceed case fatality rates of 75%, and person-to-person transmission makes controlling outbreaks in low-resource environments challenging. HeV is less transmissible between humans; however, the overall mortality rate is 57%. Approaches to human vaccine development have largely focused on NiV given the larger case burden, and immunogen selection has centered on display of the NiV attachment (G) or fusion (F) surface glycoproteins. However, experimental vaccines displaying these NiV antigens have failed to uniformly cross-protect against HeV disease in preclinical models. The HeV (G) antigen was shown to cross-protect against both HeV and NiV when delivered in a protein subunit form; however, attempts to utilize mRNA or canarypox vectors failed to achieve equivalent protection. We previously developed and evaluated a single-cycle recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-vectored vaccine displaying the (G) glycoprotein of Nipah virus strain Bangladesh (NiV-B). This experimental vaccine (G*rVSV∆G-NiV-G) demonstrated ideal characteristics of rapid and durable protection against NiV-B challenge in nonhuman primates. In the present work, we show that the G*rVSV∆G-NiV-G vaccine cross-protects against lethal HeV challenge, with the protective response driven by a balance of both cell-mediated and humoral compartments.

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1014646

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Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza Virus #H5 in #Cetaceans, #Brazil

 

Abstract

We identified highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5 in stranded dolphins along the coastline of Brazil during 2023–2025. Infected animals included species classified as vulnerable or endangered. Our results highlight the need for ongoing surveillance of cetaceans susceptible to viral infections, which pose an additional threat to threatened species.

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3210.260051

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Emergence of short-lived #meningococci causing focal #epidemics can be associated with #gene #transfer from carriage-associated #Neisseria

 

Abstract

In March 2026, an unusually large outbreak of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in Kent, UK, was linked to attendance at one nightclub over a single weekend. The outbreak organism was a Neisseria meningitidis variant belonging to the longstanding hyperinvasive genotype, cc41/44. Using genome analysis of six isolates from patients, alongside >48,000 meningococcal genomes, we investigated whether the outbreak variant had acquired traits potentially contributing to the highly invasive phenotype. The six isolates were capsular group B, sequence type (ST-)485, and essentially indistinguishable, consistent with the focal nature of the outbreak. Compared with their closest available relatives, we found changes mediated by phase variation, nucleotide variation, and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) involving adhesins, iron-acquisition systems (including Transferrin and Lactoferrin binding proteins, and FetA), and Type IV pili (Tfp), factors which affect bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host interactions. These changes occurred in a ST-485 sub-lineage that expressed capsule at high levels and a PorA porin with a truncated surface-exposed epitope, both of which are predicted to reduce immune recognition. Donors for the HGT events were predominantly carriage-associated N. meningitidis and Neisseria cinerea. We show that meningococcal variants responsible for previous focal outbreaks have not been seen subsequently. We propose that focal outbreaks of IMD are caused by meningococcal variants that may have acquired traits from non- or less invasive organisms, but subsequently these variants disappear, as their highly invasive phenotype is inconsistent with sustained transmission. Ongoing disease surveillance alongside carriage studies are therefore essential to inform public health risk and manage epidemic IMD.

Competing Interest Statement

CMT and RME are inventors on patents for meningococcal vaccines. JPD is a co-founder and Director of Immunosig Ltd, a company which offers antigen microarray-based services. JL, RB, SAC and XB perform contract research on behalf of UKHSA for GSK, Pfizer, Sanofi and Serum Institute of India.

Funder Information Declared

Wellcome Trust, https://ror.org/029chgv08, 218205/Z/19/Z, 221924/Z/20/Z

NIH Common Fund, https://ror.org/001d55x84, R01AI127793

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.17.752363

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Avian #influenza #overview June–August 2026 (ECDC/EFSA, September 22 '26, Summary)

 

{Summary}

Abstract

    Between 5 June and 28 August 2026, 110 highly pathogenic avian  influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus detections were reported in domestic (7)  and wild (103) birds in 12 countries in Europe. The number of detections  remained at a seasonal low throughout the summer, continuing the decline  observed since spring. In contrast to previous years, fewer colony-breeding  seabirds were affected, and the geographical range of detections was more  limited. Further sporadic detections of HPAI A(H5) virus were reported in wild  terrestrial carnivores and pinnipeds. Outside Europe, the epidemic continued  in the Americas, where also the HPAI A(H7N3) subtype was detected in Mexico.  Following its first introduction to mainland Australia, HPAI A(H5N1) virus spread within local wild bird populations and spilled over to terrestrial  carnivores and marine mammals. In the US, the number of dairy  cattle farms reportedly affected by HPAI A(H5N1) increased, while detections in  captive American minks were reported for the first time. Between 5 June and  31 August 2026, 15 cases of avian influenza virus infection were publicly  reported in humans (no fatal cases) in three countries and territories:  Bangladesh (one A(H5N1) case), Cambodia (one A(H5N1) case) and China (13 A(H9N2) cases). All human cases reported exposure to poultry or a poultry  environment prior to detection or onset of illness. Human infections with avian  influenza viruses remain rare and no sustained human-to-human transmission has  been documented. The risk posed by avian influenza A(H5N1) clade  2.3.4.4b viruses currently circulating in Europe remains low for the general  public in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) and low-to- moderate for those occupationally or otherwise exposed to infected animals or  contaminated environments.

©2026 European Food Safety Authority, European Centre for Disease Prevention  and Control, European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza. EFSA  Journal published by WileyVCH GmbH on behalf of European Food Safety Authority

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2026

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#Bundibugyo Virus Disease #Outbreak, #DRC - Situation #Report 19, Data as of 20 September 2026 (WHO, summary): 7,733 cases & 3,732 deaths so far

 

{Summary}

{Click on Image to Enlarge}

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Event description

    The Bundibugyo virus disease (BVD) outbreak in the Democratic Republic of  the Congo has expanded further, with Dungu Health Zone in Haut-Uélé  Province, bordering South Sudan, being the latest affected, bringing the total  number of health zones affected to 63 since the start of the outbreak. 

    This latest geographic expansion heightens concern about further spread  towards international borders, while transmission within the country remains  increasingly heterogeneous across affected provinces and health zones. 

    Since External Situation Report #18, a further 475 confirmed cases and  222 confirmed deaths have been reported, bringing the cumulative total  to 7733 confirmed cases, including 3732 deaths [crude case fatality ratio (CFR 48.3%)], as of 20 September 2026. 

    Ituri remains the principal focus, although its relative contribution  continues to decline, accounting for 76.9% of cumulative confirmed cases, while substantial transmission continues in Nord-Kivu and persists in Haut-Uélé.

    At the national level, daily incidence remains high and fluctuating, with the  seven-day moving average rebounding in early September before declining in the  most recent days. This national pattern masks divergent provincial trajectories. 

    Ituri continues a gradual decline from its late-July peak but remains at a  high level, while Nord-Kivu experienced a marked increase, reaching its highest  incidence in mid-September, followed by an apparent decline in recent days.

    Transmission in Haut-Uélé remains sustained but below its August peak,  while Tshopo shows renewed activity from a low baseline. Bas-Uélé continues to  report sporadic transmission, with no recent transmission evident in Sud-Kivu.

    Overall, the epidemic remains geographically heterogeneous, with  recent declines in the principal transmission areas occurring alongside persistent  low-level transmission and continued geographic expansion to new areas.

Figure 1. Daily national trend in confirmed Bundibugyo virus disease cases, with  seven-day moving average, by date of report, Democratic Republic of the Congo,  as of 20 September 2026

{Click on Image to Enlarge}

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(...)

    During the most recent 21 days (31 August – 20 September 2026), a total of 1633 confirmed cases were reported nationally. 

    

    Compared with 1719 cases during the preceding 21-day period (10 – 30  August 2026), this represents a decrease of 86 cases (−5.0%). 

    Reported cases declined by 25.8% in Ituri, from 1255 to 931, and by  18.3% in Haut-Uélé, from 109 to 89. 

    

    In contrast, cases increased sharply by 72.7% in Nord-Kivu, from 341 to  589, while Tshopo increased from 10 to 20 cases. 

    Bas-Uélé reported three cases compared with four during the preceding  period, while one case was reported in Sud-Ubangi. 

    Consequently, Ituri’s contribution to newly reported cases fell markedly  from 73.0% to 57.0%, while Nord-Kivu’s contribution increased from 19.8% to  36.1%; Haut-Uélé’s contribution declined from 6.3% to 5.5%. 

    Overall, the modest 5.0% national decline masks a pronounced geographic  redistribution of transmission, with the substantial decline in Ituri  increasingly offset by continued high transmission in Nord-Kivu and geographic  expansion to new areas.

    During the same period, 782 confirmed deaths were reported nationally,  compared with 939 deaths during the preceding 21 days, representing a decrease of 157 deaths (−16.7%). 

    The national decline was driven largely by Ituri, where reported deaths  decreased from 654 to 448 (−31.5%), while deaths also declined in Haut-Uélé,  from 50 to 31 (−38.0%). 

    In contrast, deaths increased substantially in Nord-Kivu, from 228 to  296 (+29.8%). Consequently, Ituri’s contribution to newly reported deaths fell  from 69.6% to 57.3%, while Nord-Kivu’s contribution increased from 24.3% 

to 37.9%; Haut-Uélé’s contribution declined from 5.3% to 4.0%. 

    Tshopo reported five deaths, Bas-Uélé one, and SudUbangi one during the  latest period. 

    Overall, the decline in national mortality was driven predominantly by  the substantial reduction in Ituri and masks the continued concentration of  mortality in Nord-Kivu, which now accounts for more than one-third of newly reported cases and deaths nationally.

(...)

    

    Additionally, during the most recent 21 days (31 August–20 September  2026), 49 of the 63 affected health zones (77.8%) reported at least one new  confirmed case, while 14 (22.2%) reported no new cases. Health zones reporting  no cases were Adja, Aru, Ariwara, Aungba, Boga, Kambala and Mahagi in Ituri;  Goma in Nord-Kivu; Gombari in Haut-Uélé; Lubunga, Tshopo and Wanie-Rukula in  Tshopo; Miti-Murhesa in Sud-Kivu; and Buta in Bas-Uélé.

    Provincial trends continue to mask important differences between health  zones. In Ituri, where cases declined overall between the two consecutive  21-day periods, several health zones showed increasing or sustained transmission.  

    Cases nearly doubled in Komanda, from 36 to 69 (+91.7%), and increased  substantially in Mongbwalu, from 44 to 79 (+79.5%), while remaining broadly  stable in Lita, from 55 to 57 (+3.6%). In contrast, transmission declined  substantially in several major hotspots, including Bunia, from 376 to 265  (−29.5%), Nizi, from 183 to 94 (−48.6%), Rwampara, from 190 to 104 (−45.3%), and Nia-Nia, from 77 to 54 (−29.9%). Mangala also declined from  130 to 91 cases (−30.0%). 

    Nord-Kivu showed the opposite pattern, with continued broad-based  intensification, although trends varied between individual health zones. Cases  more than doubled in Beni, from 62 to 143 (+130.6%), and increased in  Butembo, from 64 to 87 (+35.9%) and Musienene, from 31 to 42 (+35.5%). In  contrast, Katwa remained at a very high level but declined slightly, from 161 to  154 cases (−4.3%). Haut-Uélé declined overall, but this similarly concealed  divergent health-zone trajectories: cases in Pawa more than doubled from 16 to  35 (+118.8%), while declining in Isiro from 50 to 18 (−64.0%) and Wamba from 35 to 25 (−28.6%).

(...)

    Weekly confirmed deaths peaked at 364 during 10 – 16 August, before  declining to 302 and 270 over the following two weeks. Deaths subsequently  increased to 276 during 31 August – 6 September and 284 during 7 – 13  September, before declining to 222 during 14 – 20 September (−21.8%). This  latest decline occurred in both settings, with community deaths decreasing from  193 to 136 (−29.5%) and deaths in treatment facilities declining from 91 to 86  (−5.5%).

    Consequently, the proportion of deaths occurring in the community fell  from 68.0% to 61.3%, continuing the decline from the peak of 75.0% during  31 August – 6 September. Despite this improvement, nearly two-thirds of  confirmed deaths in the latest week continued to occur in the community.

(...)

    The geographic distribution of confirmed BVD community deaths has  shifted substantially over time. Ituri remained the dominant contributor  throughout most of the outbreak, but its share declined markedly in recent weeks  as Nord-Kivu’s contribution increased, reaching near parity during 31 August – 13  September. In the latest week, 14 – 20 September, Ituri’s contribution increased  to 58.8%, while Nord-Kivu’s declined to 33.8%, with Haut-Uélé accounting for  4.4% and only small contributions from other affected provinces. 

    Overall, the  pattern indicates an important geographic redistribution of  community mortality, with Nord-Kivu now contributing a substantially greater  share than during the earlier phase of the outbreak, despite the recent decline.

    Overall, 2,241 community deaths with age and sex information available were analysed. 

    Children aged <5 years accounted for 554 (24.7%) of these deaths,  while 1,157 (51.6%) were male and 1,084 (48.4%) were female. During the most  recent 21 days, 482 community deaths with age and sex information  available were analysed. Of these, children aged <5 years accounted for 146  (30.3%), representing a greater proportional concentration than in the overall distribution. By sex, 251 (52.1%) were male and 231 (47.9%) were  female, broadly consistent with the overall sex distribution. The greater  representation of children under five among recent community deaths suggests  that this age group may be experiencing increasing vulnerability to death before  reaching appropriate care, warranting closer investigation of care-seeking,  detection and referral pathways among young children.

(...)

    Available case investigation information suggests that community deaths may result from multiple barriers along the pathway to appropriate care,  including missed diagnosis at peripheral health facilities, self-medication, care- seeking from traditional healers or religious places, refusal of referral, and no prior  healthcare contact. Although their relative contribution cannot yet be  quantified, these pathways highlight the need to strengthen early case  identification, community detection, and timely referral to appropriate treatment.

Risk Assessment

    The risk of further spread remains very high within the Democratic Republic of the Congo, reflecting sustained transmission, continued geographic  expansion, high mortality, population mobility, insecurity and persistent response 

challenges. 

    A two-week invasion-risk forecast identified 20 previously unaffected  health zones at elevated risk of transmission. Dungu, which was among the health  zones identified as high risk, has since reported confirmed transmission.  The remaining 19 health zones are Rethy, Watsa, Nyarambé, Biringi, Makoro,  Karisimbi, Angumu, Rutshuru, Nyiragongo, Niangara, Linga, Kirotshe,  Bafwagbogbo, Alimbongo, Jiba, Poko, Rwanguba, Kamango and Kibirizi. 

    This development reinforces the value of risk-based preparedness and  readiness measures in health zones identified as being at elevated risk.

    The risk is considered high for neighbouring countries sharing land  borders with the Democratic Republic of the Congo and low elsewhere in Africa and globally. 

    The second IHR Emergency Committee, convened on 18 August 2026, also  reviewed the evolving situation and emphasized that the outbreak remains  far from controlled, and continues to constitute a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.

(...)

Situation interpretation

    The outbreak remains uncontrolled and increasingly geographically dispersed, expanding the operational footprint of the response and placing  additional pressure on already stretched resources. The emergence of  transmission in Dungu, a health zone bordering South Sudan that was previously  identified as being at high risk, further heightens the potential for cross-border  spread and reinforces the need to accelerate readiness in areas where further  spread is anticipated. At the same time, community mortality remains a major  concern, with nearly two-thirds of recent deaths occurring in the community,  indicating persistent delays in detection, referral and access to appropriate care. 

    Children under five are disproportionately represented among  community deaths, suggesting particular vulnerabilities in early recognition of  illness and timely care-seeking and referral for young children. The multiple  pathways leading to community deaths, including missed recognition at health  facilities, self-medication, alternative care-seeking, refusal of referral and no prior  healthcare contact, indicate that reducing mortality will require interventions  across the entire pathway to care.

    Priorities should include stronger community detection, early recognition  at peripheral health facilities, rapid referral and improved community  trust and acceptance, alongside targeted investigation and interventions to  address the specific barriers contributing to community deaths among children under five.

Source: 

Link: https://www.afro.who.int/countries/democratic-republic-of-congo/publication/ebola-bundibugyo-virus-disease-outbreak-4

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Occurrence of #influenza #antivirals and #resistance development in #influenza A viruses in aquatic #environments: A risk assessment

 

Abstract

Influenza antivirals (IAs) have been detected in aquatic environments inhabited by dabbling ducks, the natural reservoir of influenza A virus (IAV), raising concerns about the development of antiviral resistance. Because novel human IAV strains often contain genetic material of avian origin, this may contribute to resistance in viruses with pandemic potential. This study aimed to assess the environmental risk posed by four IAs—oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), zanamivir (ZA), peramivir (PE), and amantadine (AM)—based on their potential for environmental release, environmental stability, and induction of antiviral resistance. The assessment combined data from new experiments on (1) environmental release and (2) environmental stability of PE, AM, OC, and ZA, with results from previously published in vivo experiments in a mallard model examining (3) resistance development to OC, PE, and ZA in IAV. The risk of environmental release was assessed as high for OC, AM, and PE, and very high for ZA. Environmental stability ranged from very high to low, in the order PE > AM > OC > ZA. The potential to induce resistance in IAV was similar for PE and OC, and lower for ZA. Overall, the environmental risk ranking was PE > OC > ZA, with PE and OC posing the highest risks. Prudent use of IAs requires balancing the risk of resistance development against clinical benefit. In cases of complicated influenza or in high-risk patient groups, the clinical benefits are substantial and justify IA use. However, in uncomplicated influenza among otherwise healthy individuals, the clinical benefit is limited, and the risk of resistance development should be carefully considered. Among the evaluated antivirals, ZA showed the lowest environmental risk and should be preferred when feasible.

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358447

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#Oropouche virus disrupts #neurodevelopment and exhibits #congenital infection potential

 

Abstract

Oropouche virus (OROV) historically caused a self-limiting disease, yet recent strains have been clinically linked to congenital infection and neurodevelopmental disease. These observations highlight the need to study OROV as a congenital pathogen. Here, using both a historical and currently circulating strain, we show OROV infects neurons across differentiation states in human forebrain organoids. Compared with the neurotropic congenital pathogen Zika virus (ZIKV), OROV exhibits a heightened capacity for neuroinfection and pathology in both forebrain organoids and neonatal mice. The increased permissiveness of OROV is driven, in part, by a broader neuronal tropism and a relative insensitivity to neuronal type I interferon-mediated antiviral responses. Consistent with clinical observations, neonatal neuroinfection results in rapid and severe neuropathology marked by cerebral hemorrhage. Finally, using a transient type I interferon-blockade model, we demonstrate that OROV can productively infect the murine placenta and cause fetal growth restriction. Together, our complementary models support a unified framework in which placental and fetal barriers limit productive fetal brain infection, yet OROV exhibits marked neurotropism and neuropathogenic potential upon gaining access to developing neural tissues. These findings reinforce the need for vigilant monitoring of OROV as an emerging pathogen associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and congenital disease.

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-77859-5

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Molecular #Epidemiology and #Evolution of Swine #Influenza A Viruses, #Vietnam, 2020–2024

 

Abstract

Swine influenza A viruses (IAV-S) caused the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and pose a future zoonotic and pandemic threat. Vietnam represents a critical hotspot for IAV-S emergence within East and Southeast Asia, with dense swine and human populations and intensive livestock trade. We conducted genomic surveillance of IAV-S in Vietnam during 2020–2024, extending previous surveillance from 2013–2019. We identified multiple co-circulating H1 and H3 clades, including pandemic H1N1, Eurasian avian-like, and European lineages, by conducting phylogenetic analysis of 56 IAV-S isolates (21 H1N1, 31 H1N2, and 4 H3N2). Three H1 clades persisted exclusively in Vietnam, circulating up to 12 years. Phylogeographic analysis revealed multiple independent introduction events from North America, Europe, China, Thailand, and Cambodia. We detected extensive reassortment that frequently involved pandemic H1N1 virus internal genes. We identified several lineage-specific mutations associated with mammalian adaptation. Our findings underscore the ongoing IAV-S evolution and need for sustained surveillance in Vietnam.

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3210.260593

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Serological #Evidence of Widespread #Exposure to #H5 Avian #Influenza Virus in #Arctic #Foxes in #Svalbard, Norway

 

Abstract

The continued circulation of H5 clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) has caused extensive mortality in wild bird populations worldwide with increasing spillover to mammals. In 2022, H5 HPAIV emerged in Svalbard, Norway, with subsequent detections in wild birds, walruses, polar bears, and arctic foxes. To understand the population-level exposure among Svalbard arctic foxes, we analysed body fluids from carcasses trapped in 2006-2015 (n = 56), 2023-2024 (n = 112), and 2024-2025 (n = 94) for antibodies to H5 avian influenza (anti-H5), influenza A nucleoprotein (anti-NP), and neuraminidase subtypes using ELISAs, haemagglutination inhibition (HI), and a multiplex assay. Only three samples from 2006-2015 tested positive for anti-H5 and were interpreted as false positives. In 2023-2024, seropositivity for anti-H5 was high (95%), supported by a lower anti-NP seropositivity (85%) and antibody profiles consistent with mixed H5N1 (42%) and H5N5 (52%) exposure. In 2024-2025, anti-H5 and anti-NP seroprevalences remained high (83% and 57%), with H5N5 (87%) exposure predominating over H5N1 (3%). A subset of anti-H5-positive samples tested positive by HI (2023-2024: 30%; 2024-2025: 14%). Juveniles with exposure limited to the previous season had higher odds of anti-H5 seropositivity in 2023-2024 than in 2024-2025 (OR 5.5). Analysis of paired lung extracts from a subset of individuals (n = 63) yielded results concordant with body fluids, using an indirect anti-H5 ELISA adapted for carnivores. Our findings demonstrate widespread H5 virus exposure. Together with occasional reports of progression to fatal HPAI, this highlights the need for continued population monitoring to evaluate ecological consequences.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

European Commission, https://ror.org/00k4n6c32, 101132473, 101084171

Dutch Research Council, ENWPP.SK.2025.001

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.17.752278

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#Taiwan, Seasonal #Influenza and #COVID19 Epidemics Weekly Report (CDC, Sept. 22 '26): #H1N1pdm09 & #SARS-CoV-2 PQ.16.1.1 viruses predominated

 

{Excerpt}

(...)

    The CDC noted that the influenza epidemic in Taiwan is slightly rising and in its epidemic season. 

    In week 37 (September 13-19), there were 141,375 outpatient and emergency room visits for influenza-like illnesses, a slight increase of 1.4% compared to the previous week. 

    Additionally, last week (September 15-21), there were 165 new cases of severe influenza complications (151 H1N1, 6 H3N2, and 8 untyped A cases) and 30 deaths (27 H1N1, 2 H3N2, and 1 untyped A case). 

    Laboratory monitoring data shows that the influenza virus currently circulating in the community is mainly type A, with type A H1N1 accounting for 84.9% of the cases. 

    This influenza season (2025-2026) saw a cumulative total of 1,586 severe cases (958 H1N1, 509 H3N2, 29 untyped type A, 90 type B) and 304 deaths (176 H1N1, 106 H3N2, 10 untyped type A, 12 type B). 

    Severe cases were predominantly among those aged 65 and above (65.8%) and those with a history of chronic diseases (83.2%). 67.8% of patients had not received the influenza vaccine this season.

    According to data from the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the COVID-19 epidemic in Taiwan is declining, but it is still in its epidemic period. 

    In the 37th week (September 13-19), there were 14,462 outpatient and emergency room visits related to COVID-19, a 20.6% decrease compared to the previous week (September 6-12). 

    Last week (September 15-21), there were 48 new severe cases and 9 new deaths. 

    Since October 2025, there have been a cumulative total of 723 cases of COVID-19 complicated by severe illness, of which 133 have died. 

    The majority of severe cases are among those aged 65 and above (73.3%) and those with a history of chronic diseases (82.6%). 83.8% of these cases have not received the COVID-19 vaccine this season. 

    In the past four weeks, the most prevalent local variants in cases have been NB.1.8.1 and PQ.16.1.1.

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Bulletin/Detail/Tj9G4dJj3yMmEE0URl49CA?typeid=9

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#Australia, #H5 avian #influenza events in #wildlife (DAFF, September 22 '26)

{Extracts}

(...)

Event data

    ° 621 Positive events

    ° 49,267 Hotline reports

    As of 4pm AEST, 21 September 2026, Australia has 621 confirmed events of H5 bird flu in wildlife.

        § 10 in Western Australia (WA)

        § 318 in South Australia (SA)

        § 56 in New South Wales (NSW)

        § 2 in Queensland (QLD)

        § 190 in Victoria (VIC)

        § 44 in Tasmania (TAS)

        § 1 in Other Territories*

{*} Jervis Bay Territory (Commonwealth jurisdiction)

    As H5 bird flu is confirmed in more locations and species in Australia it will not be necessary to continue testing all species in known areas of transmission, or to test every animal involved in an investigation. 

    Reporting will be targeted to provide a clear picture of the national H5 bird flu situation in wildlife in Australia and key developments.

Data disclaimer

    Data reflects information provided by state and territory governments to the Australian Government as at 17:00 AEST daily. The Australian Government publishes this information for national reporting purposes. Responsibility for the accuracy, completeness and currency of the data remains with the relevant state or territory government. Due to differences in reporting timing, information on the national dashboard may differ from information published on state or territory government websites.

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{Click on Image to Enlarge}

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(...)

Source: 

Link: https://www.agriculture.gov.au/campaigns/birdflu/latest-data#h1_bird_flu

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Limited added #benefit of seasonal #influenza #vaccination before #H5 vaccination in mice and #ferrets challenged with #H5N1

 

ABSTRACT

Limited A(H5)-specific vaccine supply is expected early in a potential A(H5N1) pandemic, raising the question of whether licensed seasonal influenza vaccines could enhance protection when administered before A(H5) vaccination. We evaluated this strategy in mouse and ferret models using clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) viruses. Seasonal influenza vaccination induced antibodies to seasonal haemagglutinins but did not induce detectable antibodies against A(H5) and did not consistently enhance A(H5)-directed antibody responses after A(H5) vaccination. In lethal challenge studies, seasonal vaccine priming before A(H5) vaccination was associated with improved outcomes compared with A(H5) vaccination alone in one of three mouse experiments, but this effect was not observed in the other two mouse experiments or in ferrets. These findings suggest that seasonal influenza vaccine priming provides limited added benefit to A(H5) vaccine-mediated protection against A(H5N1) under the conditions tested.

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2026.2731495

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Epidemiological #investigation of #Shuni virus #infections in #hospitals in two provinces of South Africa (2019–2021) using molecular and serological surveillance

 

Abstract

Shuni Virus (SHUV) is a reemerging zoonotic orthobunyavirus in the Peribunyaviridae family associated with neurological infections and birth defects in humans and animals in Africa and has emerged in the Middle East in the past 10 years. Limited epidemiological data exist in humans, partially due to a lack of clinical awareness and availability of diagnostic assays to determine the incidence of clinical cases and seroprevalence in the population. The goal of this study was to establish serologic and molecular diagnostic assays for SHUV for hospital-based surveillance and to investigate the clinical epidemiology in humans in South Africa. The incidence of SHUV infections was investigated in patients with acute fever of unknown cause with or without neurological signs (AFDUC/N) during the arbovirus season (January-June, 2019–2021). IgM and IgG ELISAs for SHUV were established using baculovirus-expressed glycoproteins and validated against virus-neutralization tests (VNT) positive sera. Orthobunyavirus quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) and IgM ELISA were used to identify acute infections, and IgG ELISA to define the seroprevalence in patients and healthy control groups in hospitals in Gauteng and Mpumalanga provinces in South Africa. In total, 3/349 (0.84%) AFDUC/N cases tested positive by RT-qPCR and confirmed as SHUV by sequencing. In total, 22/225 (9.7%) AFDUC/N patients had SHUV neutralising antibodies (VNT), of which 11/22 (50.00%) were IgM positive, with an IgM seropositivity of 4.89% (11/225 (4.89%)). Of the RT-PCR and double IgM + VNT+ patients, 60% presented with seizures and 40% with meningitis, of which 36.36% were children and 63.63% were adults, respectively. In total, 9/112 (8%) of the healthy control group tested positive on the IgG ELISA assay. These findings suggest that SHUV is a missed cause of acute neurological infections in hospitalized children and adults in South Africa and should be investigated in humans in Africa and other regions.

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0014738

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#Global #framework to accelerate #action on avian #influenza (WOAH/FAO/WHO, September 21 '26, summary)

 

Required citation: FAO, WHO, WOAH and CMS. 2026. Global framework to  accelerate action on avian influenza. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ce1712en

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression

of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World

Health Organization (WHO), the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) or the Convention on the Conservation of

Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area

or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or

products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or

recommended by FAO, WHO, WOAH or CMS in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.

The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader, and in no event shall FAO, WHO,

WOAH or CMS be liable for damages arising from such interpretation or use.

ISBN 978-92-5-141028-8 [FAO]

ISBN (WHO) 978-92-4-012544-5 (electronic version)

ISBN (WHO) 978-92-4-012545-2 (print version)

© FAO, WHO and WOAH, 2026

Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike

3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/ )

(...)

1. Introduction

Avian influenza is a complex global challenge with consequences for animal health,

human health, biodiversity, food security and livelihoods. In recent decades, high

pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have spread across continents, become

established in wild bird populations, affected an increasing range of mammalian species

and caused unprecedented impacts on wildlife, poultry production and associated

economies. These impacts are occurring alongside other environmental pressures

including climate change, habitat degradation and biodiversity loss.

Recognizing these challenges, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Organisation for Animal

Health (WOAH) and the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild

Animals (CMS) have developed this global framework to strengthen collaboration on

avian influenza through a One Health approach.

This high-level framework is not intended to replace existing mandates, strategies or

technical guidance. Rather, it adds value by showing how existing mandates, strategies

and technical mechanisms can be better connected, aligned and communicated as part

of a shared One Health response to avian influenza. It reflects a recognition that no single

sector nor institution can address avian influenza alone, and that sustainable solutions

require coordinated efforts that integrate human, animal and environmental dimensions.

Developed through a participatory and consultative process, the framework draws

on the comparative strengths and roles of each organization (Figure 1). It emphasizes

the importance of human, domestic animal and wildlife surveillance, including in wild

birds, poultry and susceptible mammalian species, timely information and data sharing,

strong laboratory and workforce capacities, effective risk communication and sustained

investment in prevention and preparedness. It reinforces the principle that protecting

health is inseparable from protecting ecosystems and ensuring resilient agrifood systems.

Given the accelerating risks and impacts of avian influenza, there is an urgent need to

translate this framework into concrete action. This will require enhanced global support,

including increased and sustained investment in prevention, preparedness, surveillance,

mitigation and response capacities across sectors. The four organizations call on

governments, donors and partners to prioritize avian influenza within broader health

security and development agendas, and to mobilize the resources necessary to support

coordinated, country-led implementation of a One Health approach.

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.4060/ce1712en

____

Willow Mill, Albrecht Durer (1496 - 1498)

 

{Click on Image to Enlarge}

___

Public Domain.

Source: 

Link: https://www.wikiart.org/en/albrecht-durer/willow-mill-1498

____

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