Molecular Characterization of #H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4B Virus in Vaccinated Layer #Chickens

 

Abstract

The global emergence of the avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4B since 2016 has caused substantial losses in wild bird and poultry populations, along with heightened risks of transmission to humans and other mammals. Vaccination of poultry has been a key strategy to curb the virus’s spread and mitigate its socioeconomic impact. This report describes an outbreak of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4B in a flock of 15,000 brown layer chickens (170 days old), all of which had received a four-dose vaccination regimen with H5N1/H5N8 commercial vaccines at 17, 50, 100, and 125 days of age. Despite this vaccination history, H5N1 infection was confirmed approximately seven weeks post-vaccination. H5N1 infection was confirmed by RT-qPCR, virus isolation, and full genome sequencing covering all eight gene segments, followed by phylogenetic and molecular analyses. Clinical signs included reduced feed intake, decreased egg production, and a cumulative mortality rate of 35% over 52 days. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) testing with various H5 antigens revealed inconsistent antibody titers (geometric mean: 4.0 to 9.1 log2). Genetic analysis of the full-length HA and NA gene sequences further revealed strong similarity to contemporaneous H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4B strains circulating in Egypt, with multiple mutations in the HA head domain, particularly near immunogenic epitopes and receptor binding sites. These findings highlight the limitations of current vaccination strategies under conditions of antigenic mismatch and complex immunization schedules, emphasizing the need for improved vaccine matching and continuous molecular surveillance. To improve outbreak management in poultry, enhanced vaccination protocols, stringent biosecurity measures, and rigorous monitoring practices are critical.

Source: 

Link: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18/6/589

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Epidemiological #surveillance against the #Andes virus: have we learned anything after #COVID19?

 

Summary

Recent outbreaks associated with Andes hantavirus have reignited the international debate on healthcare preparedness for hantaviruses with documented human-to-human transmission. Unlike other orthohantaviruses, Andes hantavirus has demonstrated human-to-human transmission in certain epidemiological contexts, including household and hospital settings. The recent emergence of cases linked to multinational outbreaks has prompted new assessments and recommendations from international public health organizations.

This manuscript presents an epidemiological reflection on the current challenges of surveillance against emerging hantaviruses, drawing on the experience gained during the COVID-19 pandemic. It also reviews aspects related to zoonotic surveillance, molecular monitoring, early detection, and integrated One Health approaches applied to preparedness for future emerging threats.

The available evidence suggests the need to strengthen surveillance systems capable of integrating human, environmental, and animal information to improve the response to complex epidemiological scenarios associated with emerging hantaviruses.

Source: 

Link: https://ojs.sanidad.gob.es/index.php/resp/article/view/1824

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#WHO DG's opening #remarks at Member State #information #session on outbreaks of #Ebola and #hantavirus – 22 May 2026 (edited): 1 new Andes virus case confirmed

 

    Excellencies, Honourable Ministers,

    Heads of delegation, colleagues and friends,

    Good afternoon to all Member States in the room, and good morning, good afternoon and good evening to those joining us online.

    As you know, in the early hours of Sunday morning Geneva time, I declared a public health emergency of international concern over the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with so far two imported cases to Uganda.

    I’m conscious that this is the first time a Director-General has declared a PHEIC before convening an Emergency Committee.

    It’s not a decision I took lightly, but it’s one I took in accordance with the International Health Regulations, after speaking with the Ministers of Health of both countries, and in light of the need for an urgent response.

    Preparations began immediately to convene an Emergency Committee, which met on Tuesday and concurred that in its view the situation is a public health emergency of international concern, but not a pandemic emergency.

    Previously, WHO assessed the risk as high at the national and regional levels and low at the global level.

    We are now revising our risk assessment to very high at the national level, high at the regional level, and low at the global level.

    So far, 82 cases have been confirmed in DRC, with seven confirmed deaths.

    But we know the epidemic in DRC is much larger. There are now almost 750 suspected cases and 177 suspected deaths.

    In Uganda, two cases have been confirmed in people who travelled from DRC, with one death.

    The measures taken in Uganda, including intense contact tracing and cancelling the Martyrs’ Day commemoration, appear to have been effective in preventing the further spread of the virus.

    An American national who was working in DRC has also been confirmed positive, and transferred to Germany for care.

    We are also aware of media reports today about another American national who is a high-risk contact who has been transferred to the Czech Republic.

    I thank the governments of DRC and Uganda for their leadership in coordinating the response, as well as the National Institute for Biomedical Research and the National Institute of Public Health in DRC, and the local health authorities.

    WHO is supporting the response, in close cooperation with partners.

    In addition to national staff in DRC, so far we have deployed 22 international staff to the field, including some of our most experienced people;

    And we have released US$ 3.9 million from the Contingency Fund for Emergencies.

    We’re also in touch with the Under Secretary-General of OCHA, who has allocated US$ 60 million.

    On the ground, we’re supporting national authorities with every pillar of the response, including contact tracing, establishing treatment centres, risk communication and community engagement, and more.

    Together with the Africa CDC, WHO is also establishing a continental Incident Management Support Team.

    In the coming days we will publish a multi-agency Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan, aligned with the national plans of both DRC and Uganda, and with our partners.

    There are several dimensions to this outbreak that make it especially challenging.

    First, as you know, unlike many previous Ebola outbreaks, which were caused by Zaire virus, this outbreak is caused by the Bundibugyo virus, for which there are no approved vaccines or therapeutics.

    There have only been two previous outbreaks of Bundibugyo, in Uganda and 2007 and DRC in 2012.

    Part of the reason the outbreak went undetected was because the tests that are used to detect Zaire virus do not detect Bundibugyo.

    Yesterday, WHO convened the leaders of several partner organizations under the interim Medical Countermeasures Network, to review the pipeline of vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics.

    The WHO R&D Blueprint is also coordinating several advisory groups on therapeutics, vaccines, clinical trial design and more.

    Second, the provinces of Ituri and North Kivu in which the outbreak is occurring are highly insecure, with intensified fighting in recent months, causing more than 100 000 people to be newly displaced.

    Across both provinces, around 4 million people need urgent humanitarian assistance, 2 million are displaced, and 10 million face acute hunger.

    The area is also rich in minerals, with a transient population of miners, increasing the risk for the spread of the virus.

    Third, there is significant distrust of outside authorities among the local population.

    Just yesterday, there was a security incident at a hospital in Ituri, where tents and medical supplies were set on fire.

    Building trust in the affected communities is critical to a successful response, and is one of our highest priorities.

    We are also committed to ensuring that essential health services for the affected communities are maintained and strengthened, based on their needs.

===

    Now a brief update on the hantavirus outbreak among passengers and crew on board the cruise ship MV Hondius.

    Today, the Netherlands confirmed an additional case among a crew member who disembarked in Tenerife, was repatriated to the Netherlands and has been isolating since then.

    There are now 12 reported cases and 3 reported deaths.

    No deaths have been reported since the 2nd of May, when the outbreak was first reported to WHO.

    We continue to urge affected countries to monitor all passengers and crew carefully for the remainder of the quarantine period.

    More than 600 contacts continue to be followed in 30 countries, and a small number of high-risk contacts are still being located.

    Once again, I thank the many countries that have cooperated in the response, and the epidemiological investigation: Argentina, Cabo Verde, Chile, Netherlands, South Africa, Spain and the United Kingdom.

    The sharing of information under the International Health Regulations for this response has been very effective, with almost 800 communications with national focal points and WHO in the first two weeks alone.

    Thank you all once again for your support, and we look forward to your questions and advice.

    I thank you.

Source: 

Link: https://www.who.int/news-room/speeches/item/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-member-state-information-session-on-outbreaks-of-ebola-and-hantavirus-22-may-2026

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1rst #meeting of #IHR EC regarding #epidemic of #Ebola #Bundibugyo in #DRC and #Uganda 2026 – Temporary #recommendations (WHO, May 22 '26)

 

{Edited, please visit original page to view in full}

    On 17 May 2026, pursuant to paragraph 2 of Article 12 - Determination of a public health emergency of international concern, including a pandemic emergency of the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR), the Director-General (DG) of the World Health Organization (WHO), after having consulted the States Parties where the event was known to be occurring, determined that the epidemic of Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda constitutes a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC), but did not meet the criteria of pandemic emergency, as defined in the IHR. The DG statement issued on 17 May 2026 also contained “WHO advice” to States Parties to respond to and prepare for the event.

    On 19 May 2026, the DG convened the first meeting of the IHR Emergency Committee regarding the epidemic of Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda (hereafter “Committee”). 

    The Committee’s advice aligned with the determination by the DG that the event constitutes a PHEIC, but does not meet the criteria for pandemic emergency. 

    The Committee acknowledged that the epidemic is occurring in one of the most challenging operational environments possible, therefore, any response must incorporate key contextual information to improve the chances of a successful response. 

    The DG, considering the advice of the Committee, he is hereby issuing the following temporary recommendations to all States Parties to respond to and prepare to respond to the PHEIC.

====

Temporary recommendations

    These temporary recommendations are issued for subsets of States Parties according to the public health risk associated with the Bundibugyo virus disease epidemic they face.

    All current WHO interim technical guidance can be accessed on this page of the WHO website. WHO evidence-based guidance has been and will continue to be updated in line with the evolving situation, updated scientific evidence, and WHO risk assessment.

    The implementation of these temporary recommendations by States Parties shall be with full respect for the dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms of persons, in accordance with the principles set out in Article 3 of the IHR.

For States Parties with documented detection of Bundibugyo virus (the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda)

    As of 22 May 2026, the WHO Secretariat assessed the risk for these States Parties as “Very high” for the Democratic Republic of the Congo and as “High” for Uganda.

    It is noted that the epidemiological situation in the two States Parties differs in terms of magnitude of the epidemic and contexts where response efforts are being implemented.

    Specifically, as of 22 May 2026, Uganda has reported two confirmed cases of Bundibugyo virus disease (BVD), both with epidemiological link traceable to areas in the Democratic Republic of the Congo with documented BVD transmission. 

    In Uganda, as of the same date, no onwards transmission among contacts of the two confirmed BVD cases was documented.

    The epidemic is caused by Bundibugyo virus (BDBV), a virus belonging to the Orthoebolavirus genus. Unlike Ebola virus causing Ebola virus disease, there is no currently approved therapeutics or vaccines against Bundibugyo virus. While candidate therapeutics are considered for clinical trials and work in ongoing to fast-track candidate vaccines evaluation, the control of the epidemic relies on scaling-up public health interventions as outlined below.

Coordination and high-level engagement

    ° Declare the Bundibugyo virus disease (BVD) epidemic a health emergency, at national or sub-national level, in accordance with domestic laws, and as appropriate.

    ° Activate national disaster or health emergency management mechanisms and activate or establish an emergency operation centre, under the authority of the Head of State or relevant government authority, to coordinate response activities across Government sectors, administrative levels, and partners to ensure efficient and effective implementation and monitoring of comprehensive BVD control measures. 

        - These measures must include: 

            - enhanced surveillance, including case identification; 

            - contact tracing; 

            - infection prevention and control (IPC), 

            - risk communication and community engagement; 

            - laboratory diagnostic testing, 

            - case management, and 

            - safe and dignified burials. 

    ° Coordination and response mechanisms should be established at national level, as well as at subnational level in areas where BDBV has been detected and at-risk areas.

    ° Establish and maintain up to date a register of signals consistent with BVD (“alerts”), including status of their investigation.

    ° Establish and maintain up to date a line list of suspected cases – including identified through syndromic surveillance, probable cases, and confirmed BVD cases.  

    ° Establish and maintain up to date the list of contacts of all confirmed and probable BVD cases, and monitor each contact for 21 days after the date of last known exposure. Both the evolution of the epidemic and resources available may require risk-based prioritization of contacts requiring identification and monitoring.

    ° Negotiate, as applicable, and establish security corridors, including cross-border, to allow responders to safely reach affected communities, as well as to allow communities to seek appropriate health care.

    ° Notify WHO, through the relevant WHO IHR Contact Point in the WHO Regional Office, the detection of suspected, probable and confirmed BVD cases on a daily basis, as per WHO case definitions available here.

Risk communication and community engagement

    ° Implement large-scale trust building and community engagement interventions – using all trusted available communication channels, and working closely with local religious and traditional leaders, and traditional healers – so that communities are fully aware of the risk and benefits of control measures, and pro-actively contribute and support the early detection and early isolation of cases; the identification and monitoring of contacts; and safe and dignified burial practices.

    ° Strengthen community awareness, engagement and participation, to establish and strengthen trust, including by identifying and addressing cultural norms and beliefs that may serve as barriers to their full participation in the response; and by integrating interventions and community feedback, within the wider response, to address the needs of the population, particularly in contexts of the protracted humanitarian crisis in the Eastern provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

    ° Train community leaders on the rationale underpinning public health measures, including the isolation of cases, monitoring of contacts, and safe burials in a dignified, non-stigmatizing, and non-punitive manner.

    ° Activate local networks, including community health workers, Red Cross volunteers, and other trusted community actors to promote protective behaviours; facilitate early detection and referral of suspected BVD cases; support contact tracing activities; and collect and relay community feedback to enhance the acceptance of public health measures.

    ° Enable adherence to movement restrictions, associated with the application of control measures, by providing food, water, communication, financial and psychosocial support.

Surveillance and laboratory

    ° Strengthen surveillance and laboratory capacity, decentralized across first sub-national administrative levels (e.g., provinces) with documented BDBV detection, as well as in their neighbouring first sub-national administrative levels, through:

    ° Dedicated surveillance and response teams within each health zone and in neighbouring health zones determined to be at high risk for the introduction of BVD;

    ° Active case finding and enhanced community surveillance for clusters of unexplained illness or deaths;

    ° The investigation of “alerts” within 24 hours from detection;

    ° The scale-up and strengthen RT-PCR laboratory capacities for timely testing for BDBV, including the establishment of protocols for safe sample collection, sample referral pathways, biosafety training for laboratory workers;

    ° The decentralization of the laboratory capacities should be considered to allow for quick turn-around time and support patient care, as well as any clinical trials that may take place. Field laboratories should be set up in accordance with biosecurity and biosafety standards. A near point of care assay might be considered provided that its performance is validated against current RT-PCR standards.

    ° NB: The GeneXpert platform cannot detect Bundibugyo virus (BDBV).

    ° Identify and monitor, for 21 days after the date of last known exposure, the health of contacts of suspected probable, and confirmed BVD cases. On a daily basis, the health status of contacts being monitored should be assessed and recorded. Any contact developing symptoms compatible with BVD should be assessed, isolated, tested and cared for.

    ° Establish a mechanism to monitor the evolution of indicators related to the performance of contact tracing activities.

Infection prevention and control in health facilities and in the context of care

    ° Strengthen measures to prevent nosocomial infections, including systematic mapping of health facilities, the establishment and dissemination of protocols for triage, targeted IPC interventions and sustained monitoring and supervision.

    ° Provide continuous IPC training to health care workers, including the proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE).

    ° Provide health facilities with sufficient supplies of appropriate PPE equipment to ensure the safety and protection of their staff, resources for timely payment of their salaries and, as appropriate, hazard pay.

    ° Establish channels for health workers to report and be assessed following exposures, and have access to psychosocial support and, when possible post-exposure prophylaxis under compassionate use or clinical trial. All health worker occupational exposure must be investigated to allow for immediate corrective actions.

    ° Consider building community IPC capacity by training community leaders, and emphasizing that hand hygiene not only contributes to bring the BVD epidemic under control, but also reduces the risk of transmission of other communicable diseases present in the same areas. Hand hygiene shall be facilitated at critical spots, such as schools, churches, bars, markets, local gatherings sites, points of entry, etc.

Patient referral pathway and access to safe and optimized intensive care

    ° Establish dedicated BVD isolation and treatment centers or units for suspected, probable, and confirmed cases, located within, or close to, areas with documented BDBV detection, with sufficient staff who are specifically trained and equipped to implement optimized intensive supportive care.

    ° Establish protocols for transferring suspected BVD patients safely to dedicated health care facilities for their isolation, assessment and treatment in a humane and patient-centred approach. This includes trained ambulance teams, mechanisms to notify the receiving health care facility, the application of appropriate IPC precautions during transfer, and decontamination protocols for vehicles and equipment.

    ° Establish protocols for the handling and disposal of medical waste, in accordance with biosafety principles.

    ° Establish survivor follow-up programmes, including clinical care, counselling, semen testing and sexual health advice and condoms where appropriate, along with psychosocial support and stigma-reduction programmes.

    ° Maintain the package of essential health services, including by providing IPC equipment for them to operate safely. This includes, at minimum, malaria diagnosis and treatment, and maternal and child health services.

Safe and dignified burials

    ° Establish protocols ensuring funerals and burials are conducted by well-trained personnel, with provision made for the presence of the family and cultural practices, and in accordance with relevant national laws and regulations.

Operations, supplies and logistics

    ° Establish logistics support to maintain a robust supply pipeline for PPE, diagnostics, therapeutics, and other medical commodities, IPC materials, including for safe burial.

Border health, international travel and mass-gathering events

    ° Enhance, through arrangements between countries sharing borders, surveillance at ground crossings and border areas.

    ° Implement measures, in accordance with national laws and regulations, to prevent suspected, probable, and confirmed BVD cases, as well as their contacts from undertaking international travel, unless the travel is part of an appropriate medical evacuation.

    ° Prevent the cross-border movement of the human remains of deceased suspected, probable or confirmed BVD cases, unless authorized through bilateral arrangements.

    ° Implement exit screening at all points of entry – airports, ports and ground crossings – consisting of, at a minimum, a questionnaire encompassing history of potential exposure to BVD, a temperature measurement and, in case of fever, an in-depth assessment of the risk of BVD, by personnel trained and equipped with PPE. Any traveller determined to present with an illness consistent with BVD should not be allowed to travel unless the travel is part of an appropriate medical evacuation.

    ° Report to WHO, through the relevant WHO IHR Contact Point in the WHO Regional Office, the implementation of any international traffic related measure adopted.

    ° Consider postponing mass gatherings until BVD transmission is interrupted.

Research and development of medical countermeasures

    ° Engage, when feasible, with research partners and international institutions to:

    ° Define a robust laboratory strategy, urgently implement head-to-head comparison studies of PCR diagnostics to validate or invalidate the PCR platform (Radione ®) currently used in the field.

    ° Implement ethically approved, scientifically robust clinical trials to advance the development and use of candidate therapeutics for treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis and for vaccines.

    ° Establish, with a view to support research, expedited and efficient national regulatory and ethics reviews, community engagement, pharmacovigilance (where applicable), data sharing and equitable access arrangements.

For States Parties with land borders adjoining States Parties with documented BDBV detection

    ° As of 22 May 2026, the WHO Secretariat assessed the regional risk “High”.

    ° Establish a national coordination mechanism articulated with subnational levels.

    ° Enhance rapidly the status of readiness to respond to BVD cases, including establishing active surveillance across health facilities, with zero reporting; enhancing community-based surveillance for clusters of unexplained deaths; establishing access to laboratories qualified to test for BVD; raising the awareness of health workers regarding BVD; training health workers on IPC precautions; establishing rapid response teams for the investigation and management of BVD patients and their contacts; establishing a mechanism for the identification and monitoring of contacts.

    ° Establish the capacity at national reference laboratory(ies) to timely and safely perform testing for BDBV along with relevant differential testing. Considerations may be given to shipment to an international reference laboratory for inter-laboratory comparison as part of external quality assurance implementation.

    ° Conduct international contact tracing operations as necessary, including obtaining information from airlines and other conveyances operations; identifying contacts associated with conveyances on an international voyage, and communicate with States Parties known as final destination of those contacts.

    ° Intensify risk communication and community engagement activities, in communities residing in border areas and at points of entry, including airports and ports with direct connection with States Parties with documented BDBV detection, and provide the general public with accurate and up to date information regarding the BVD epidemic and measures to reduce the risk of exposure.

    ° Exercise arrangements in place to respond to BVD through simulation exercises relating to management of BVD ” alerts”, including cross-border; sample referral; activation of rapid response teams and mechanisms.

    ° Establish, with a view to support research, expedited and efficient national regulatory and ethics reviews, community engagement, pharmacovigilance (where applicable), data sharing and equitable access arrangements.

Border health and international travel

    ° Provide travelers with accurate and up to date information regarding the BVD epidemic and measures to reduce the risk of exposure, including discouraging travel to areas with documented BDBV detection.

    ° Enhance, through arrangements between countries sharing borders, surveillance at ground crossings. This includes establishing coordination mechanisms for the detection and assessment of travelers with unexplained febrile illness; and the timely sharing of information regarding contacts who have, or may have, crossed the border, thus enabling continuity of follow-up.

    ° Pre-position PPE, other IPC materials, sample collection kits, case investigation forms, and safe burial supplies in border areas adjacent to those with documented BDBV detection.

    ° Activate health contingency plans at airport and ports, involving conveyance operators, to detect, assess, and manage travellers from States Parties with documented BDBV detection, presenting with symptoms compatible with BVD, and the identification of their contacts, according to established protocols. This entails the availability of trained personnel, referral mechanisms, application of IPC measures.

    ° Coordinate with conveyance operators to facilitate timely communication, prior to arrival and to relevant authorities, of any suspected BVD cases on board conveyances, and to identify contacts associated with conveyances on an international voyage. The identification of such contacts entails, where applicable, the communication of personal details to the States Parties known as final destination of those contacts.

    ° At the time these temporary recommendations are issued, neither the suspension of flights or waterways routes with States Parties with documented BDBV detection, nor denial of entry to travellers and conveyances arriving from those States Parties, are recommended.

    ° Report to WHO, through the relevant WHO IHR Contact Point, the implementation of any international traffic related measure adopted.

    ° Treat as a health emergency, including through a formal declaration according to domestic laws, the detection of a suspected or confirmed BVD case, of a contact thereof, or of a cluster of unexplained deaths. This include investigating any of those events within 24 hours and, by instituting case isolation and management; establishing a definitive diagnosis; and undertaking the identification and monitoring of contacts.

    ° Notify to WHO immediately, through the relevant WHO IHR Contact Point in the WHO Regional Offices, any suspected, probable or confirmed BVD case, as per WHO case definitions available here.

    ° In the presence of a BVD case, temporary recommendations for State Parties States Parties with documented BDBV detection apply.

For all other States Parties

    ° As of 22 May 2026, the WHO Secretariat assessed the risk for these States Parties as “Low”.

    ° Make arrangements to detect, assess, report and manage travelers with unexplained febrile illness arriving from areas with documented BDBV tdetection. These include, but are not limited to, disseminating the definition of BVD cases to public and private health care facilities, including travel clinics, and general practitioners; identifying laboratories to conduct testing for BDBV; identifying isolation facilities allowing for safe assessment and clinical care.

    ° Provide no-governemntal organizations and other entities deploying personnel internationally to respond to the BVD epidemic with information on risk, measures to minimize the risk of exposure, and advice for managing a potential exposure.

    ° Prepare to facilitate the evacuation and repatriation of nationals (e.g., health workers) who have been exposed to BVD cases.

    ° Provide the general public with accurate and up to date information regarding the BVD epidemic and measures to reduce the risk of exposure, including discouraging travel to areas with documented BDBV detection.

Border health and international travel

    ° Provide accurate and up to date information regarding the BVD epidemic to travel clinics, other health facilities and professionals, and discourage travel to areas with documented BDBV detection.

    ° Provide incoming travelers, at points of entry, with information about measures to take should they develop symptoms compatible with BVD within 21 days after arrival.

    ° Coordinate with the transport sector, including conveyance and points of entry operators, for the timely management of suspected BVD cases, including communication prior to arrival if the individual is on board; as well as for the identification of their contacts on board conveyance. The identification of such contacts entails, where applicable, the communication of personal details to the States Parties known as final destination of those contacts.

    ° At the time these temporary recommendations are issued, neither the suspension of flights from States Parties with documented BDBV detection, nor denial of entry to travellers and conveyances arriving from those States Parties, are recommended.

    ° Report to WHO, through the relevant WHO IHR Contact Point, the implementation of any international traffic related measure adopted.

    ° Notify to WHO immediately, through the relevant WHO IHR Contact Point in the WHO Regional Offices, any suspected, probable or confirmed BVD case, as per WHO case definitions available here.

    ° In the presence of a BVD case, temporary recommendations for States Parties with documented BDBV detection apply.

All States Parties

    ° Reporting on the implementation of temporary recommendations

    ° Report quarterly to WHO on the status of, and challenges related to, the implementation of these temporary recommendations, using a standardized tool and channels that will be made available by WHO, also allowing for the monitoring of progress and the identification of gaps in the national response.

Source: 

Link: https://www.who.int/news/item/22-05-2026-first-meeting-of-the-ihr-emergency-committee-regarding-the-epidemic-of-ebola-bundibugyo-virus-disease-in-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-and-uganda-2026-temporary-recommendations

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#USA, #Wastewater Data for Avian #Influenza #H5 (CDC, May 22 '26)

 

{Excerpt}

(...)

Time Period: May 10, 2026 - May 16, 2026

    -- A(H5) Detection: 4 site(s) (1.0%)

    -- No Detection: 413 site(s) (99.0%)

    -- No samples: 81 site(s)

{Click on Image to Enlarge}

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://www.cdc.gov/wastewater/emerging-viruses/h5.html?

____

#UK Health Security Agency #update on #hantavirus #outbreak (May 22 '26)

 

Latest update

    The UK Health Security Agency continues to work with the NHS and local authorities in response to the hantavirus outbreak.  

    So far, 10 individuals have left Arrowe Park and have returned home, or to other suitable accommodation, to complete their 45 day isolation period. 

    Further departures are expected over the coming days and the risk to the general public remains very low. 

    Professor Robin May, Chief Scientific Officer at UKHSA, said: 

    ''We would like to thank those still isolating at Arrowe Park and those now self-isolating at home. We know this remains a challenging time and are very grateful for their continued cooperation.  

    ''We continue to work closely with local authorities and the NHS to ensure everyone has the necessary support in place as people continue with their isolation period.  

    ''We would like to again stress our thanks and gratitude to everyone at Arrowe Park who has worked so hard during this challenging time.

Source: 

Link: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ukhsa-update-on-the-hantavirus-cruise-ship-outbreak

____

#Spain, #Health authorities update #protocol for #hantavirus #outbreak and incorporate supervised home #quarantine (Min. Health, May 22 '26)

 

    ° Contacts who have not presented symptoms and maintain negative results in the PCR tests performed during the first 28 days of hospital quarantine may continue monitoring at their homes until completing the established 42 days.

    ° The protocol incorporates specific measures for transfers from the hospital to the home and regulates the conditions of isolation, health monitoring and prevention that must be maintained during home quarantine.

    ° People under home monitoring must take their temperature daily and report any symptoms. As long as they remain asymptomatic, no further follow-up PCR tests will be performed.

Madrid, May 22, 2026. - The Technical Committee of the Early Warning and Rapid Response System (SIAPR) has updated the hantavirus outbreak monitoring protocol to allow asymptomatic contacts to complete their quarantine at home after an initial period of hospital monitoring. The revision has been approved by the Public Health Commission.

    The update states that people under monitoring who have remained asymptomatic and with negative results in PCR tests performed during the first 28 days of hospital quarantine may continue monitoring at home until completing the maximum incubation period set at 42 days.

    The protocol states that this arrangement can only be implemented when the dwelling meets the necessary conditions to guarantee isolation and health safety. Among the established requirements are having a well-ventilated single room and, preferably, a private bathroom, as well as ensuring constant communication with health authorities via telephone or internet.

    In cases where the conditions of the home or family environment do not allow these measures to be ensured, the Public Health authorities of the autonomous communities must enable alternative resources to guarantee a safe quarantine.

    The review also incorporates specific conditions for transfers from the hospital to the patient's home. The protocol stipulates that these transfers must be carried out using conventional ambulance transport, avoiding the use of public transport at all times. During the journey, both the patient and the driver must wear an FFP2 mask and perform hand hygiene before and after the transfer. Furthermore, the driver must remain physically separated from the patient, and unnecessary stops along the way must be avoided.

    The public health authorities of each autonomous community will be responsible for the daily monitoring of individuals who continue their home quarantine. During this period, two daily temperature checks must be carried out, and any symptoms consistent with the illness, such as fever, cough, shortness of breath, muscle aches, vomiting, diarrhea, or lower back pain, must be reported immediately.

    The protocol also establishes prevention and hygiene measures for both those being monitored and their household members, including the use of FFP2 masks in shared spaces, limiting visits, maintaining interpersonal distance, and specific cleaning and waste management guidelines. As long as individuals remain asymptomatic during home monitoring, additional follow-up PCR tests will not be necessary.

    The protocol will continue to be subject to review and ongoing updates based on the epidemiological evolution of the outbreak and the available scientific evidence.

Source: 

Link: https://www.sanidad.gob.es/gabinete/notasPrensa.do?id=6916

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#Andes #hantavirus #outbreak, 21 May 2026 #Update (ECDC, edited): No new cases since yesterday report

 

    On 2 May 2026, ECDC was notified of a cluster of severe respiratory illness on MV Hondius, a Dutch-flagged cruise ship with passengers and crew from 23 countries, including nine EU/EEA countries. The virus has been identified as Andes hantavirus.

    As of 22 May, 11 cases have been reported in total, including 9 confirmed and 2 probable cases. 

    No new cases or deaths have been reported since the previous update.

    The cruise ship M/V Hondius is currently docked in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, undergoing sanitation.

    The identification of additional cases after former passengers and crew have returned to their home country is expected given the long incubation period of Andes hantavirus and the possibility that some infections occurred on board on the ship. 

    The risk to the EU/EEA general population remains very low.

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    ° Confirmed cases: 9

    ° Probable cases: 2

    ° Suspected cases: 0

    ° Number of deaths: 3

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/infectious-disease-topics/hantavirus-infection/surveillance-and-updates/andes-hantavirus-outbreak

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Updated #trends in #global #prevalence and burden of #mental #disorders, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023

 

Summary

Background

The 2023 iteration of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) estimated prevalence, incidence, and health burden for 375 diseases and injuries, including 12 mental disorders. We assess past, current, and emerging trends in the prevalence and burden of mental disorders across sexes and age groups, for 21 regions, 204 countries and territories, and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile, from 1990 to 2023.

Methods

Mental disorders included in GBD 2023 were anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, idiopathic developmental intellectual disability, and a residual category of other mental disorders. A literature review identified epidemiological data for each disorder. These were analysed via a Bayesian meta-regression to estimate prevalence by disorder, sex, age, location, and year. Disorder-specific prevalence was multiplied by disability weights representing the severity of health loss associated with each disorder to estimate years lived with disability (YLDs). Deaths due to anorexia nervosa were assessed with a Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to estimate deaths by sex, age, location, and year, and then multiplied by the standard life expectancy at age of death to estimate years of life lost (YLLs). YLDs equalled disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for all mental disorders except anorexia nervosa (the only mental disorder considered as an underlying cause of death in GBD), for which DALYs represented the sum of YLDs and YLLs. We presented prevalence, deaths, YLDs, YLLs, and DALYs as counts, age-specific rates per 100 000 population, and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population.

Findings

We estimated 1·17 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1·06–1·31) prevalent cases of mental disorders globally in 2023, equivalent to an age-standardised prevalence rate of 14 210·7 cases (12 849·5–15 940·1) per 100 000 population. These estimates represented a 95·5% (75·0–121·2) increase in prevalent cases and 24·2% (11·4–41·4) increase in age-standardised prevalence rate between 1990 and 2023. All mental disorders showed increases in prevalent cases between 1990 and 2023, while notable increases were seen in age-standardised prevalence rates for anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, schizophrenia, and conduct disorder. There were an estimated 171 million (127–228) DALYs due to mental disorders globally across sex and age in 2023, equivalent to an age-standardised DALY rate of 2070·5 DALYs (1519·1–2750·5) per 100 000 population. Mental disorders contributed to 6·1% (4·8–7·6) of all-cause DALYs in 2023, making them the fifth leading cause of global DALYs (up from 12th in 1990). DALYs were almost entirely composed of YLDs. Mental disorders were the leading cause of YLDs in 2023 (up from second in 1990), explaining 17·3% (14·8–20·6) of all-cause global YLDs. Leading causes of mental disorder DALYs were anxiety disorders (ranked 11th among the 304 diseases and injuries at Level 4 of the GBD cause hierarchy), major depressive disorder (15th), and schizophrenia (41st). Globally in 2023, mental disorder age-standardised DALY rates were higher among females (2239·6 [1643·7–3014·1] per 100 000) than among males (1900·2 [1399·8–2510·8] per 100 000), and peaked in the 15–19 years age group (2617·3 [1850·6–3696·8] per 100 000). All locations showed increased mental disorder DALY rates in 2023 compared with 1990, ranging across countries and territories from 1302·4 (952·7–1683·7) per 100 000 in Viet Nam to 3555·8 (2661·9–4715·0) per 100 000 in the Netherlands. Across SDI quintiles, DALY rates ranged from 1853·0 (1352·1–2469·3) per 100 000 for middle SDI to 2184·1 (1606·1–2890·3) per 100 000 for high SDI.

Interpretation

A significant health burden was imposed by mental disorders in all countries and territories in 2023, irrespective of the health resources available. In some instances, this burden has increased over time and is unevenly distributed across populations. Stronger surveillance systems, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries, are required. Additionally, we need more coordinated and inclusive policies to reduce the burden through early treatment and prevention, tailored to sex and age differences across locations. Responding to the mental health needs of our global population, especially those most vulnerable, is an obligation, not a choice.

Funding

Gates Foundation, Queensland Health, and University of Queensland.

Source: 

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(26)00519-2/abstract?rss=yes

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#Ebola disease #outbreak caused by #Bundibugyo virus – #DRC and #Uganda – 2026, Threat Assessment (ECDC, May 21 '26, summary)

 

Summary  

    -- On 15 May 2026, Africa CDC reported an outbreak of Ebola disease in Ituri Province, DRC. 

    -- Laboratory analysis at Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale of DRC identified Bundibugyo virus (BDBV). 

    -- BDBV disease is a rare disease but can cause outbreaks with high case fatality rates. 

    -- Considering the available information, complicated context and the uncertainties on the epidemiological information WHO declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 17 May 2026. 

    -- Africa CDC declared a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security on 18 May 2026.  

    -- This Threat Assessment Brief aims to assess the risk for people from the EU/EEA living in or travelling to affected areas and the overall risk of BDBV for the general population in the EU/EEA in the context of the ongoing outbreak of BDBV disease in DRC. 

    -- It is intended for public health authorities in EU/EEA countries and is based on currently available evidence. 

    -- It therefore carries considerable uncertainty. 

    -- Recommendations are also included for how public health authorities in the EU/EEA can strengthen preparedness and response capabilities. 

Epidemiological situation  

    -- Based on data reported by the World Health Organisation as at 20 May 2026, almost 600 suspected cases and 139 deaths among the suspected cases have been reported. 

    -- In DRC, 51 cases were confirmed in Ituri and North Kivu Provinces. 

    -- While two imported cases were confirmed in Kampala, Uganda. 

    -- At least five deaths had been reported among the confirmed cases as at 18 May, four in DRC and one in Uganda. 

    -- Due to the very recent declaration of the outbreak and the uncertainties related to the epidemiological information, it is probable that the outbreak is larger than what is currently being reported, not only regarding the number of affected cases but also to its geographical extent. 

    -- BDBV transmission requires direct contact with blood, or other bodily fluids of living or deceased infected people, or any surfaces and materials soiled by infectious fluids. 

    -- Transmission can also occur through contact with dead or live infected animals, including handling and/or consuming bushmeat, or by visiting caves or mines colonised by bats. 

    -- There are currently no licensed vaccines or specific treatments available for BDBV disease.  

Risk assessment 

    -- Although epidemiological information remains limited and there are important uncertainties, the likelihood of infection for people from the EU/EEA living in or travelling to affected areas is assessed as low, provided they adhere to the recommended precautionary measures. 

    -- Transmission requires direct contact with blood, secretions, organs, or other bodily fluids of dead or living infected people or animals; all unlikely exposures for the general EU/EEA travellers or expatriates in affected areas. 

    -- Staff members of humanitarian, religious and other organisations, particularly healthcare workers who are in direct contact with patients and/or local communities in the affected areas, are more likely to be exposed to the virus. 

    -- Provided they adhere to the appropriate infection prevention and control measures, the likelihood of infection for this group is also low.  

    -- The most likely route by which the virus could be introduced to the EU/EEA is through people with a BDBV infection travelling from affected areas to the EU/EEA. 

    -- During the Ebola disease outbreak in West Africa in 2013– 2016, which was the largest outbreak to date, where tens of thousands of cases were reported, with transmission in large urban centres, and hundreds of EU/EEA humanitarian and military personnel deployed to the affected areas, only a small number of imported cases to Europe were reported, most of them medically evacuated for treatment. 

    -- Based on this experience, it is expected that imported cases would be a rare event. 

    -- The likelihood of secondary transmission of BDBV within the EU/EEA and the occurrence of sustained chains of transmission within the EU/EEA is considered very low, as cases are likely to be promptly identified and isolated and recommended control measures would be implemented. 

    -- Although BDBV infection can cause severe disease in affected individuals, the population-level public health impact in the EU/EEA is expected to be very low because only very few cases would occur. 

    -- Therefore, the overall current risk of BDBV for the general population in the EU/EEA is assessed to be very low. 

Recommendations 

    -- EU/EEA countries should review and update the standard operating procedures on isolation and treatment for BDBV disease cases, and on contact tracing and quarantine for contacts of cases as needed.  

    -- EU/EEA public health authorities should: 

        1. Increase awareness among travellers to, and residents of affected areas, as well as returning travellers;  

        2. Increase awareness among health professionals on: 

            (i) the possibility of BDBV disease in travellers returning from affected areas;  

            (ii) the clinical presentation of the disease and the need to ask about the travel history and contacts of people returning from affected areas;  

            (iii) the availability of protocols for testing suspected cases;  

            (iv) infection prevention and control (IPC) procedures and appropriate management of suspected or confirmed cases.  

        3. Strengthen readiness to rapidly detect imported cases, promptly isolate them, and implement appropriate infection prevention and control measures. 

        4. Review testing capacity and BDBV diagnostic procedures. The EU reference laboratory for public health on Emerging, rodent-borne and zoonotic viral pathogens (EURL-PH-ERZV) offers diagnostic services to EU/EEA countries lacking capability to diagnose BDBV infection. 

        5. Minimise exposure in healthcare settings requires appropriate procedures, trained staff, and equipment for the safe management of BDBV cases. 

        6. Provide all returning travellers with clear information on symptoms, route of transmission, and what to do if symptoms develop after arrival in the EU/EEA: 

            - travellers who develop symptoms compatible with BDBV infection within 21 days after return should self-isolate, seek medical care promptly, and report their travel history and possible exposures. 

            - Exit screening in affected countries, including symptom checks and exposure assessment, is crucial as it contributes to risk reduction by identifying symptomatic travellers before boarding and preventing travel while symptomatic. 

            - Exit screening also helps dissuade ill people from travelling and enhance public and stakeholder confidence. However, it cannot fully prevent exportation of cases, because absence of symptoms at departure does not exclude subsequent onset of disease.  

ECDC actions 

    -- ECDC is monitoring the outbreak through its epidemic intelligence activities to provide epidemiological updates, situational awareness and assess the risk for the EU/EEA. 

    -- ECDC has deployed an expert through the EU Health Task Force to the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) headquarters in Addis Ababa to support coordination and operational planning.  

    -- ECDC is in discussions with the European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO) and the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) regarding the deployment of additional experts to support response activities in DRC and Uganda. 

    -- The European Union Reference Laboratory for public health on emerging, rodent-borne and zoonotic viral pathogens (EURL-PH-ERZV) offers support to the EU/EEA national reference laboratories for the diagnosis of BDBV infection, biosafety advice for handling and inactivation of samples, and also offers diagnostic services to EU/EEA countries for BDBV infection. 

(...)

Suggested citation: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Threat assessment brief. Ebola disease outbreak caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda – 2026. 21 May 2026. ECDC: Stockholm; 2026.    

© European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, 2026  

ISBN 978-92-9498-886-7 | doi: 10.2900/9658441 | Catalogue number TQ-01-26-031-EN-N 

Source: 

Link: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/threat-assessment-brief-ebola-disease-outbreak-caused-bundibugyo-virus-democratic

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#Coronavirus #diversity and #SARS-CoV-2 #exposure at the #wildlife – #human interface in Northern #Italy

 

Abstract

Background

Members of the Coronaviridae family infect humans as well as domestic and wild animals. Over the past three decades, three members of this family, all with zoonotic origins, have caused significant epidemics or pandemics (SARS, MERS, and COVID-19). Despite the spread of SARS-CoV-2 being primarily driven by human-to-human transmission, various animal species are susceptible to infection and may contribute to viral circulation. Aim of this work was to monitor coronavirus (CoV) infections in wild mammals in the Emilia-Romagna region (RER), Italy, using a combined approach of molecular screening for viral RNA detection and serological testing for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.

Methods

Respiratory and gastrointestinal tissue samples were collected from wild animal carcasses between 2022 and 2024. Samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 using two RT-qPCR assays targeting the E and N genes, and for other CoVs using a nested pan-coronavirus RT-PCR followed by Sanger sequencing of positive samples. Additionally, serum samples obtained from blood, cardiac clot, or thoracic exudate were screened for antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein, with positive samples subsequently confirmed by an ELISA targeting antibodies to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the Spike (S) protein, focused on variants circulating during the study period.

Results

Molecular analyses were performed on 2,238 animals, all of which tested negative for SARS-CoV-2, while 90 (79% hedgehogs) tested positive for CoVs. Among these, most sequences were consistent with coronaviruses typically reported in the respective host species. However, some exceptions – such as Betacoronavirus erinacei in fox, porcupine, hare, and roe deer, and EmbeCoV-related sequences in a porcupine – warrant further attention. Suitable serum samples were available from 1,751 animals. Overall, 65 animals tested positive for anti-N antibodies, 31 of which (22 foxes, 4 badgers, 2 hedgehogs, 1 roe deer, 1 wolf, 1 rat) were subsequently confirmed by an anti-RBD ELISA.

Conclusions

This study provides an overview of CoVs circulation among wild mammals in RER, supporting the role of hedgehogs as reservoirs and identifying some species with evidence of exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Certain unexpected findings highlight the need for further investigations to clarify the potential for cross-species transmission.

Source: 

Link: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12985-026-03193-3

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