ETIDIOH - NEW

Abstract An unprecedented outbreak of Oropouche virus (OROV) is occurring in the Americas, characterized by thousands of confirmed cases and a wide geographical spread, including areas outside the Amazon Basin. Little is known about this neglected arbovirus regarding its pathophysiological aspects and potentially different transmission modes . This study describes the clinical course of a man who returned from a trip to Cuba and presented to our hospital 4 days after the onset of febrile symptoms. The patient was diagnosed with Oropouche fever and was followed for 177 days after the onset of symptoms. We performed a longitudinal investigation of the samples collected from several body sites ( whole blood, serum, urine, and semen ) with the aim of providing further insights into OROV infection dynamics, using the detection of antigenomic RNA as a marker of active viral replication. Clinical samples that were longitudinally collected over the course of OROV infection showed consistently ...

{Excerpt} A novel reassortant Oropouche virus (OROV) lineage (with medium [M], large [L], and small [S] RNA segments : M1L2S2) has driven Brazil's largest and most geographically widespread OROV epidemic , expanding beyond the endemic Amazon basin to establish local transmission across multiple Brazilian states and other previously unaffected Latin American countries . The rapid spread of this lineage underscores its evolutionary potential and reinforces its significance as a public health threat .1 Similar to chikungunya and Zika viruses, expanding arboviruses can exhibit unexpected clinical and epidemiological shifts , including vertical transmissions , neuroinvasive effects, and potentially fatal outcomes.2–4 Although OROV typically causes self-limited febrile illness, accumulating clinical and experimental evidence suggests neurotropic potential .5 This Correspondence describes the first confirmed case of neuroinvasive OROV infection caused by the emergent M1L2S2 lineage in ext...

Abstract Oropouche virus (OROV), historically endemic to the Amazon, had spread to nearly all Brazil states by 2024 ; Espírito Santo emerged as a transmission hotspot in the Atlantic Forest biome . We characterized the epidemiologic factors driving OROV spread in nonendemic southeast Brazil, analyzing environmental and agricultural conditions contributing to viral transmission. We tested samples from 29,080 suspected arbovirus-infected patients quantitative reverse transcription PCR for OROV and dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and Mayaro viruses . During March‒June 2024, the state had 339 confirmed OROV cases, demonstrating successful local transmission . Spatial analysis revealed that most cases clustered in municipalities with tropical climates and intensive cacao, robusta coffee, coconut, and pepper cultivation . Phylogenetic analysis identified the Espírito Santo OROV strains as part of the 2022–2024 Amazon lineage. The rapid spread of OROV outside the Amazon highlights its adaptive pot...

Abstract Determining the incubation period of Oropouche virus disease can inform clinical and public health practice . We analyzed data from 97 travel-associated cases identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n = 74) or the GeoSentinel Network (n = 13) and 10 cases from published literature . Using log-normal interval-censored survival analysis, we estimated the median incubation period to be 3.2 (95% CI 2.5–3.9) days . Symptoms developed by 1.1 (95% CI 0.6–1.5) days for 5% of patients, 9.7 (95% CI 6.9–12.5) days for 95% of patients, and 15.4 (95% CI 9.6–21.3) days for 99% of patients . The estimated incubation period range of 1–10 days can be used to assess timing and potential source of exposure in patients with Oropouche symptoms. For patients with symptom onset >2 weeks after travel , clinicians and public health responders should consider the possibility of local vectorborne transmission or alternative modes of transmission. Source: US Centers for Disease C...

Abstract {1} The 2023–24 epidemic of Oropouche fever in the Americas and the associated ongoing outbreak in Cuba suggests a potential state shift in the epidemiology of the disease , raising questions about which vectors are driving transmission. In this study, we conduct a systematic review of vector competence experiments with Oropouche virus (OROV, Orthobunyavirus ) that were published prior to the 2023–24 epidemic season. Only seven studies were published by September 2024, highlighting the chronic neglect that Oropouche virus (like many other orthobunyaviruses) has been subjected to since its discovery in 1954. Two species of midge (Culicoides paraensis and C. sonorensis) consistently demonstrate a high competence to transmit OROV (~30%), while mosquitoes (including both Aedes and Culex spp .) exhibited an infection rate consistently below ~20%, and showed limited OROV transmission . Further research is needed to establish which vectors are involved in the ongoing outbreak in Cub...

Summary Background Latin America has been experiencing an Oropouche virus (OROV) outbreak of unprecedented magnitude and spread since 2023–24 for unknown reasons. We aimed to identify risk predictors of and areas at risk for OROV transmission. Methods In this multidisciplinary, laboratory-based, modelling study, we retrospectively tested anonymised serum samples collected between 2001 and 2022 for studies on virus epidemiology and medical diagnostics in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Peru with nucleoprotein-based commercial ELISAs for OROV-specific IgG and IgM antibodies. Serum samples positive for IgG from different ecological regions and sampling years were tested against Guaroa virus and two OROV glycoprotein reassortants (Iquitos virus and Madre de Dios virus) via plaque reduction neutralisation testing (PRNT) to validate IgG ELISA specificity and support antigenic cartography. Three OROV strains were included in the neutralisation testing, a Cuban OROV isolate...

Abstract Background The recent surge in incidence and geographic spread of OROV infections poses an escalating threat to global public health. However, studies exploring the clinical signs of OROV infection remains exceedingly limited. Methods We searched for OROV studies published until June 17, 2024, in several electronic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and the Cochrane Library. Results In total, 15 studies involving 806 patients with OROV infection were eligible for inclusion. General symptoms with fever and headache were the most common. Gastrointestinal disturbances like nausea/vomiting, anorexia , and odynophagia were also prevalent, along with ocular symptoms , mainly retro-orbital pain, photophobia, and redness . Respiratory symptoms , such as cough, sore throat and nasal congestion, are present, and skin-related issues like rash, pruritus, and pallor were also identified. Conclusion Overall, this study provides a foundational understanding of OROV’s clinical manif...

Abstract Oropouche fever is caused by the Oropouche virus (OROV; Bunyaviridae , Orthobunyavirus), one of the most frequent arboviruses that infect humans in the Brazilian Amazon . This year, an OROV outbreak was identified in Brazil , and its vertical transmission was reported, which was associated with fetal death and microcephaly. We describe the clinical manifestations identified in three cases of congenital OROV infection with confirmed serology (OROV-IgM) in the mother-newborn binomial . One of the newborns died , and post-mortem molecular analysis using real-time RT-qPCR identified the OROV genome in several tissues . All three newborns were born in the Amazon region in Brazil , and the mothers reported fever, rash, headache, myalgia, and/or retro-orbital pain during pregnancy . The newborns presented with severe microcephaly secondary to brain damage and arthrogryposis , suggestive of an embryo/fetal disruptive process at birth . Brain and spinal images identified overlapping su...

Abstract Given recent outbreaks of Oropouche virus in Latin America and >100 confirmed travel-associated cases in the United States , we evaluated the competence of US vectors , including Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex pipiens , and Anopheles quadrimaculatus mosquitoes . Results with historic and recent isolates suggest transmission potential for those species is low . Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal,  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/3/24-1886_article _____

{Extract} Since late 2023, more than 10 000 locally acquired cases of Oropouche virus have been reported in the Americas .1 Here, we describe the first cluster of Oropouche virus imported into France from Cuba , where transmission has been ongoing since at least May, 2024.2 Oropouche virus infection was documented in a group of five women (patients 1–5, confirmed cases) travelling to Cuba with two infants (patients 6–7, suspect cases) between July 28 and Aug 14, 2024. During their stay, patients 1–5 developed a dengue-like syndrome lasting 2–11 days, presenting symptoms similar to those described in the literature for Oropouche virus infection (appendix p 8).3 After recovery, patients 1, 2, and 5 experienced symptom relapse upon their return to France; the observed relapse rate aligns with recent estimates suggesting that 60% of patients with Oropouche virus experience a biphasic illness (appendix pp 7–8).4 During relapse, patient 1 sought medical advice, becoming the first diagnosed O...