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Abstract H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) is endemic in poultry worldwide and increasingly zoonotic . Despite the long-term widespread use of inactivated vaccines , H9N2 AIVs remain dominant in chicken flocks. We demonstrated that inactivated vaccines did not prevent the replication of H9N2 AIVs in the upper airway of vaccinated chickens. Viral transmission was enhanced during sequential passage in vaccinated chickens, which was attributed to the restricted production of defective interfering particles and the introduction of stable mutations (NP-N417D, M1-V219I, and NS1-R140W) which enhanced viral replication. Notably, the genetic diversity of H9N2 AIVs was greater and included more potential mammal/human-adapted mutations after passage through vaccinated chickens than through naïve chickens, which might facilitate the emergence of mammal-adapted strains. By contrast, vaccines inducing cellular/mucosal immunity in the upper respiratory tract effectively limit H9N2 AIV. These findings ...

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{Auto translated} www.gob.mx/salud The Ministry of Health reports the detection of the first human case of avian influenza A (H5N1) in Mexico .  The case occurred in a three-year-old girl residing in the state of Durango . On April 1 , the Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference (InDRE) confirmed the result of influenza A ( H5N1 ). The patient initially received treatment with oseltamivir and is currently hospitalized in a tertiary care unit in the city of Torreón, where her condition is reported to be serious .  Once the case was confirmed , the following actions were immediately implemented:  -- Notification to the World Health Organization, in accordance with the protocol established for this purpose in the International Health Regulations.  Health -- Health personnel from the Durango and Coahuila Health Services were trained in relation to the National Guide for the preparation, prevention and response to a zoonotic influenza outbreak or event at the...