#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (AMEDEO, July 19 '26)

 

Clin Infect Dis

1. PAYNE DC, Weinberg GA, Halasa NB, Englund JA, et al
   The New Vaccine Surveillance Network: 25 years of active, population-based surveillance for pediatric infectious diseases in the United States.
   Clin Infect Dis. 2026 Jul 13:ciag434. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
2. MEYEROWITZ EA, Richterman A
   Hantavirus on a Cruise Ship: What COVID-19 Taught Us.
   Clin Infect Dis. 2026 Jul 11:ciag428. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Emerg Infect Dis

3. FALENDER R, Kaya D, Harry M, Hachimi O, et al
   Targeted Wastewater Surveillance during the World Athletics Championship, Oregon, USA, 2022.
   Emerg Infect Dis. 2026;32.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Int J Infect Dis

4. AUBRY A, Brochot E, Demey B, Louchet-Ducoroy M, et al
   Epidemiological trends in viral CNS infections in a French university hospital from 2019 to 2024, as revealed by multiplex PCR testing of cerebrospinal fluid samples.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Jul 12:108977. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108977.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect

5. HANSEN CL, Shaikh N, Naeger S, Torcel-Pagnon L, et al
   Hospitalizations and deaths from major respiratory viruses in the US: An ensemble time series modeling study, 2016-2025.
   J Infect. 2026;93:106811.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Med Virol

6. RIZZUTO J, Amarin JZ, Polic A, Howe HL, et al
   Severe COVID-19 in Pregnant Versus Nonpregnant Women: Intensive Care Unit Outcomes and Perinatal Risks.
   J Med Virol. 2026;98:e71036.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Virol

7. LOU J, Guo Z, Chen K, Tian Y, et al
   Cyclo-C stabilizes PEX13 to inhibit porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication by blocking pexophagy-mediated disruption of antiviral innate immunity.
   J Virol. 2026 Jul 17:e0078526. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00785.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
8. OVERSTI S, Lytras S, Kawakubo S, Ito J, et al
   From sites to structure to serology: a roadmap for structure-aware molecular evolution of antigenically evolving viruses.
   J Virol. 2026 Jul 16:e0168725. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01687.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
9. KAWAHARA S, Nao N, Tulakarnwong S, Suzuki S, et al
   GC content mismatch of transgene destabilizes RNA virus genomes.
   J Virol. 2026 Jul 13:e0088226. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00882.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Lancet

10. CRIVELLI L, Suemoto CK, Sosa AL, Lopera F, et al
    Multidomain lifestyle intervention for the prevention of cognitive decline in at-risk older adults in Latin America (LatAm-FINGERS): a single-blind, multicentre, randomised controlled trial.
    Lancet. 2026 Jul 13:S0140-6736(26)01278-X. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(26)01278.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Lancet Infect Dis

11. OPPEGAARD O, Blomberg B, Cox RJ, Iversen A, et al
    Nirmatrelvir for acute COVID-19 to prevent long COVID (PANORAMIC Norway): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.
    Lancet Infect Dis. 2026 Jul 16:S1473-3099(26)00244.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
12. NAIDOO T, Morgenstern C, Doohan P, Earl R, et al
    A systematic review of Nipah virus disease epidemiological parameters, outbreaks, and mathematical models.
    Lancet Infect Dis. 2026 Jul 14:S1473-3099(26)00239.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    N Engl J Med

13. WARKENTIN TE, Greinacher A
    Platelet-Activating Anti-Platelet Factor 4 Disorders.
    N Engl J Med. 2026 Jul 13. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2502459.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Nature

14. 
    Party pooper: grandparents' COVID risk rose after grandchildren's birthdays.
    Nature. 2026 Jul 13. doi: 10.1038/d41586-026-02194.
    PubMed        
    
    
15. GULLAND A
    This microbiologist endured a four-year court battle over COVID-19 tests.
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    PubMed        
    

#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (AMEDEO, July 19 '26)

 

BMC Pediatr

1. CHOO MY, Lum LCS, Jalal MIA, Ooi KS, et al
   Nutritional disparities between urban poor and non-poor Malaysian children under five in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study.
   BMC Pediatr. 2026 Jun 5. doi: 10.1186/s12887-026-07079.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
2. KENDRIC KJ, Durrani TS
   Trends in pediatric household cleaning product exposures before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national poison data system analysis (2016-2023).
   BMC Pediatr. 2026;26:658.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Epidemiol Infect

3. AMEMIYA Y, Nishiura H
   Using forensic autopsy data to estimate the age-specific infection fatality risk of COVID-19.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2026;154:e96.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
4. MCGEOCH L, Stoker K, Rome M, Carey C, et al
   What is the burden of respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks in care homes? An enhanced surveillance study in England, winter 2024/25.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2026;154:e99.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Epidemiol Community Health

5. WING K, Morton C, Mahalingasivam V, Costello RE, et al
   Occurrence and persistence of symptoms, diagnoses and prescriptions after community-diagnosed COVID-19: a matched cohort study using the OpenSAFELY platform.
   J Epidemiol Community Health. 2026;80:624-634.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect Dis

6. FLANNERY B, Chung JR, Holiday C, Jefferson S, et al
   Influenza Antibody Levels Associated with Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza in a Test-Negative Study Design, US Flu VE Network, November 2018-May 2019.
   J Infect Dis. 2026 Jul 17:jiag371. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
7. KAWAI N, Bando T, Kawashima T, Matsuura S, et al
   Influenza Attack Rates and Vaccine Effectiveness by Prior-Season Infection and Vaccination: A 17-Season Analysis.
   J Infect Dis. 2026 Jul 11:jiag352. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
8. ROGERS S, Sumner KM, Yang Y, Johnson E, et al
   Protective effects of influenza B neuraminidase antibodies against symptomatic influenza virus infection.
   J Infect Dis. 2026 Jul 10:jiag351. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Virol

9. CIMINSKI K, Reuther P, Rijkers R, de Vries RP, et al
   The receptor landscape of influenza A viruses.
   J Virol. 2026 Jul 16:e0144325. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01443.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
10. SHIRAZI R, Kim SY, Cruz A, Stumpff JP, et al
    RELMalpha establishes a permissive environment for influenza virus infection through direct effects on lung epithelial cells.
    J Virol. 2026 Jul 16:e0222525. doi: 10.1128/jvi.02225.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Lancet

11. BLAKNEY AK, Top KA, Cowling BJ, Larson HJ, et al
    Safety and efficacy of mRNA vaccines: a mechanistic and public health perspective.
    Lancet. 2026 Jun 30:S0140-6736(26)00512-X. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00512.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS Comput Biol

12. DA SILVA K, Naffakh N, Rameix-Welti MA, Lemoine F, et al
    Accounting for Defective Viral Genomes in viral consensus genome reconstruction, application to influenza virus.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2026;22:e1014115.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS One

13. OKUI T
    Difference in excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic depending on marital status in Japan.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0354263.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. KARIM A, Al Mamun MA, Sultana S, Kabilan MK, et al
    Teaching persuasive essay writing online to first-year undergraduates: A phenomenological study of instructional design and learning experiences.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0353171.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
15. MICHEL S, Kempf C, Pirschtat N, Herbstreit F, et al
    Herpesvirus reactivation is associated with mortality in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19: Insights from a retrospective single-center analysis of 455 cases.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0354153.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
16. MA C, Sun J, Liu Z, Zhang C, et al
    Skin manifestations of primary COVID-19 infection with the omicron variant.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0352201.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
17. MADDEN D
    Covid-19 related excess mortality: An analysis by age for selected countries.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0353766.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
18. BOMANS S, Michotte N, El M'Rabet I, Jimenez Garcia B, et al
    Agreement and reliability between the two-day 6-minute incremental step test and two-day cardiopulmonary exercise test in post COVID-19 condition for assessing post-exertional malaise: The REVEAL-study.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0353132.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
19. CAPODICI A, Filippeschi A, Noci F, Michelucci A, et al
    Mapping global inequities in telemedicine implementation: An umbrella review of barriers and facilitators.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0351885.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
20. WIELAND V, Wassmuth N, Contento L, Kuhn M, et al
    Assessment of simulation-based inference methods for stochastic compartmental models in epidemiological research.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0353306.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
21. DILILLO KM, Forconi CS, Matta A, Melo J, et al
    Estimating SARS-CoV-2 exposure in asymptomatic hospitalized children with cancer in Western Kenya: A retrospective analysis of serological data.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0353284.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
22. ROBINSON B, Bisaillon P, Sandhu R, Khalil M, et al
    Semi-analytical hierarchical Bayesian inference of nonlinear model structure in stochastic dynamics: Applied to compartmental models of infectious diseases.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0350747.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
23. ROSYCHUK RJ, Lee BE, Qiu JY, Gao T, et al
    Exploring the predictability of distributed lag nonlinear models using SARS-CoV-2 wastewater-based surveillance in multiple communities in Alberta, Canada.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0349030.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
24. KAYUMBA K, Duga A, Papa Fallah M, Tshidibi C, et al
    Adverse events following immunization during COVID-19 mass vaccination campaigns in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Findings from active safety surveillance.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0309628.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Vaccine

25. TU T, Tseng CY, Islam MD, Hsu WL, et al
    Adjuvant-free pH-controlled aggregates of E. coli-expressed H1N1-RBD enhance neutralizing antibody responses and confer protection against influenza virus.
    Vaccine. 2026;88:128898.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
26. GROOTENDORST A, Paludan-Muller AS, Madsen K, Stovring H, et al
    Expanding enhanced influenza vaccines programs for adults aged >/=65 in the Nordic region predicted to improve public health and health system resilience.
    Vaccine. 2026;88:128934.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    

Characterization of #bovine-derived #H5N1 viruses expressing fluorescent and luminescent reporter #proteins

ABSTRACT

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses present a broad host range, with recent spillover and sustained transmission in dairy cattle reported in the USA. Replication-competent reporter viruses are critical tools that enable real-time monitoring of virus replication, facilitating high-throughput screens. In this study, we engineered three recombinant H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b reporter viruses expressing nanoluciferase (NLuc) and two fluorescent reporter proteins, miniGFP2 and UnaG within the open reading frame of the nonstructural gene of the bovine A/Cattle/Texas/063224-24-1/2024 (TX2/24) virus. All reporter viruses replicated efficiently in vitro, presenting replication kinetics comparable to the parental rTX2/24 virus, but exhibited smaller plaque sizes, suggesting reduced cell-to-cell spread. In vivo infection studies in mice showed comparable pathogenicity among all four viruses, although rTX2/24-miniGFP2 and rTX2/24-UnaG exhibited decreased virus shedding relative to rTX2/24 and rTX2/24-NLuc. Virus titrations and in situ localization of virus replication sites demonstrated robust replication in respiratory tissues, with slightly attenuated systemic dissemination of all three reporter viruses. Fluorescent virus neutralization assays using miniGFP2 and UnaG reporter viruses accurately quantified neutralizing antibody titres in sera from naturally infected dairy cattle, consistent with wild-type virus assays. Additionally, the utility of the NLuc reporter virus for antiviral screening was validated against oseltamivir in vitro. Collectively, these results establish the H5N1 TX2/24-based reporter viruses as versatile and biologically relevant tools for investigating H5N1 pathogenesis and for use in serological and antiviral drug screens.

Source: 

Link: https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.002298

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Immune correlates of #risk for #SARS-CoV-2 #infection in #children: a prospective, community-based cohort study

 

Abstract

Few studies have characterized immune correlates of SARS-CoV-2 infection risk in children, particularly those with hybrid immunity from vaccination and prior infection. We conduct a prospective community-based cohort study of 1509 U.S. children (2022–2024), performing weekly SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing and measuring baseline binding and neutralizing antibody titers against multiple variants. Higher antibody levels, notably nucleocapsid-binding and Omicron-specific neutralizing antibodies, are significantly associated with reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection after adjusting for age, recent infection, exposure settings, and temporal trends (adjusted hazard ratios ranging from 0.60 to 0.87 per positive unit difference in log10-fold antibody level (AU/mL)). Secondary analyses suggest these findings are robust to multiple stratifications of SARS-CoV-2 immune status, are relevant across different pediatric age groups, and appear to apply to both overall and symptomatic infection risk. Together, the results suggest that specific antibodies can predict relative infection risk in pediatric populations with diverse immune histories. Understanding these immune correlates may inform tailored vaccination strategies and risk assessments as SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-74684-8

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Case - #Fatality #Risk of #Norovirus, #England, 2022–2025

 

Abstract

Norovirus incidence increased in England during 2022–2025, when GII.17 replaced GII.4 as the dominant genotype. By using nationally linked norovirus testing and fatality data, we found age and care setting, but not genotype, were associated with case-fatality risk. Increased incidence might reflect changes in transmissibility or population immunity.

Source: 

Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/8/26-0091_article

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#Nirmatrelvir for acute #COVID19 to prevent #longCOVID (PANORAMIC Norway): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

 

Summary

Background

Long-term symptoms are common after acute COVID-19, particularly fatigue, cognitive problems, and dyspnoea. Cohort studies have suggested that antiviral treatment of acute COVID-19 might prevent development of post-COVID-19 condition (also known as long COVID), but the efficacy of antivirals has yet to be verified in prospective studies. We aimed to investigate whether treatment of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection with nirmatrelvir–ritonavir would reduce the risk of long COVID.

Methods

In this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, participants were recruited from the municipal health-care service at three sites in Norway (Bergen, Oslo, and Ålesund). Non-hospitalised adults aged 18–65 years with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by PCR or lateral flow test and symptoms for 5 days or fewer were eligible for inclusion. Key exclusion criteria included pregnancy or lactation, chronic renal impairment or chronic liver dysfunction, and any person judged by the investigator to need nirmatrelvir–ritonavir treatment due to increased risk of hospitalisation or death. Participants were allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive oral 300 mg nirmatrelvir and 100 mg ritonavir, or placebo, twice a day for 5 days using a pre-generated randomisation list without stratification or block adjustment. Participants, clinicians, and the study team were masked to treatment allocation. The primary outcome was long COVID, defined as patient-reported fatigue, dyspnoea, and/or cognitive symptoms at 3 months’ follow-up. Safety was analysed as a secondary outcome, and included adverse events, hospital admissions, and deaths. Both the primary outcome and safety were assessed in the intention-to-treat population. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05852873) and is now closed to new participants.

Findings

Between May 12, 2023, and June 11, 2025, we enrolled 144 participants, of whom 66 were assigned to nirmatrelvir–ritonavir and 78 to placebo. In the protocol we planned to enrol 2000 participants, but the trial was stopped prematurely by the steering committee due to insufficient recruitment. Among the 143 participants who completed follow-up, the risk of long COVID at 3 months was significantly reduced in the nirmatrelvir–ritonavir group (17 [26%] of 66) compared with the placebo group (33 [43%] of 77), corresponding to a relative risk after imputation of data for the single missing value in the placebo group of 0·60 (95% CI 0·37–0·98; p=0·039). In the nirmatrelvir–ritonavir group, five patients discontinued treatment due to adverse events. The most common adverse events in the nirmatrelvir–ritonavir group were change in taste or smell (57 [86%] of 66 in the nirmatrelvir–ritonavir group vs 14 [18%] of 78 in the placebo group) and nausea or vomiting (19 [29%] vs eight [10%]). Inversely, palpitations were more common in the placebo group (ten [13%] of 78) than in the nirmatrelvir-ritonavir group (two [3%] of 66). No severe adverse events were reported.

Interpretation

Treatment with nirmatrelvir–ritonavir for acute COVID-19 was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of long COVID at 3 months’ follow-up. The limited sample size precludes firm conclusions, and further clinical trials are warranted.

Funding

National Health Authorities’ KlinBeForsk programme, Western Norway Regional Health Authority, Helse Møre og Romsdal Hospital Trust, and The Influenza Centre, Haukeland University Hospital and University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.

Source: 

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(26)00244-6/fulltext?rss=yes

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#Safety and efficacy of #mRNA #vaccines: a mechanistic and public health perspective

 

Summary

mRNA vaccines represent a transformative advance in vaccinology, combining rapid development timelines, scalable manufacturing, and strong immunogenicity with a favourable safety profile. Global deployment of mRNA vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic provided an unprecedented real-world evaluation of this platform, with billions of doses administered across diverse populations. In this Review, we critically examine the safety and efficacy of mRNA vaccines from mechanistic, preclinical, clinical, and public health perspectives. We outline the biological basis of mRNA vaccines, including their transient cytoplasmic expression, lack of genomic integration, and rapid clearance, distinguishing them clearly from other gene therapies. We synthesise evidence on vaccine components, manufacturing quality controls, and regulatory standards that underpin safety, alongside data from randomised trials, post-authorisation surveillance, and active pharmacovigilance systems. We also review real-world effectiveness across age groups, pregnancy, and populations that are immunocompromised, along with the effects on transmission. Last, we address public perception and vaccine confidence, and discuss implications for next-generation mRNA vaccines, including strategies to reduce reactogenicity, improve breadth and durability of immunity, enhance global access, and support sustainable public trust. Together, the accumulated evidence affirms mRNA vaccines as a safe, effective, and adaptable platform with enduring relevance for future infectious disease prevention and public health preparedness, and for the treatment of cancer and autoimmunity.

Source: 

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(26)00512-X/abstract?rss=yes

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#Autoantibodies against type I #interferons in patients with #zoonotic #H7N9 #influenza: an observational case–control study

 

Summary

Background

The determinants of the species barrier preventing human infections with avian influenza A viruses (IAV) are incompletely understood. We previously identified loss-of-function variants of the interferon-regulated antiviral factor MxA as a genetic factor for increased susceptibility to infections with the H7N9 subtype. Given the central role of type I IFNs (IFN-I) in antiviral defence, we hypothesised that IFN-I-neutralising autoantibodies may similarly predispose to zoonotic H7N9 infection.

Methods

In this observational case–control study, serum samples collected between 2013 and 2017 from 199 Chinese patients with laboratory-confirmed H7N9 infection and 531 healthy, uninfected controls (269 poultry workers, 262 close contacts) were screened for IgG autoantibodies binding IFNα2, IFNβ1b, or IFNω using a multiplex bead-based assay. Positive samples were tested for IFN-neutralising activity in a luciferase-based reporter assay. To confirm their ability to block IFNα2-mediated antiviral activity, selected samples (n = 19) were analysed in IAV infection experiments. Associations between age, sex, H7N9 case status, case fatality, and the presence of neutralising autoantibodies were evaluated by logistic regression. Available whole-genome sequencing data from 26 individuals with neutralising autoantibodies were screened for variants in genes linked to IFN-I autoimmunity.

Findings

Neutralising autoantibodies against at least one IFN-I were detected in 19.1% (38/199) of patients but in only 1.1% (6/531) of controls, consistent with published general population data. Most patient sera targeted IFNα2 and/or IFNω (35/199), and 18.1% (36/199) neutralised even high IFN-I concentrations of 1–10 ng/ml. The presence of neutralising autoantibodies was associated with 8.2- to 25.3-fold higher odds of H7N9 infection (p < 0.0001), depending on antibody specificity and reference group. Autoantibody prevalence increased significantly with age in patients (44.8% ≥70 years; OR = 1.05; 95% CI 1.02–1.07; p = 0.0001), but was not associated with sex (OR for males vs. females = 0.52; 95% CI 0.23–1.14; p = 0.106). All selected sera containing neutralising autoantibodies blocked IFNα2-induced antiviral activity in cell culture. No known genetic predisposition for IFN-I autoimmunity was identified.

Interpretation

Our findings suggest that IFN-I-targeting autoimmunity is associated with susceptibility to zoonotic IAV infection with the H7N9 subtype, and possibly also other subtypes, including panzootic H5N1. Given the ease of implementation, screening for anti-IFN-I autoantibodies could be readily integrated into surveillance or targeted testing. This could be relevant in environments with increased exposure to zoonotic IAVs.

Funding

Shenzhen Medical Research Fund, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Program, Program for Youzuzhikeyan of Shenzhen University, German Research Foundation, Swiss National Science Foundation.

Source: 

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(26)00271-9/fulltext

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#Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in #children: a systematic scoping #review of presentation, critical care management, and outcomes

 

Abstract

Background

Pediatric hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome/hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HCPS/HPS) is rare but can progress rapidly from a nonspecific febrile prodrome to respiratory failure, shock, and multiorgan dysfunction. Pediatric-specific evidence is limited, and a comprehensive map of the clinical literature is lacking.

Methods

We conducted a systematic scoping review per Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidance (protocol registered at DOI:10.17605/OSF.IO/MZDN4). PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched from inception to May 2026. Eligible reports described children or adolescents (age ≤18 years) with HCPS/HPS and extractable pediatric clinical data. Two reviewers independently screened records, assessed overlap, extracted data, and appraised reporting quality using Joanna Briggs Institute tools.

Results

Of 2208 database records, 20 reports were included in the core pediatric synthesis after removal of 976 duplicates and screening. Reports were concentrated in the Americas. Recurrent features included fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, myalgia, thrombocytopenia, hemoconcentration, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, and shock. Severe cases required mechanical ventilation, vasoactive support, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and in some cases renal replacement therapy. Larger pediatric case series and surveillance-level reports reported mortality of approximately 33% to 37%. Evidence was predominantly case-based with variable reporting completeness.

Conclusions

Pediatric HCPS/HPS is rare but potentially rapidly fatal. Early suspicion in endemic regions or after rodent exposure, with prompt supportive critical care and timely consideration of advanced cardiopulmonary support, is central to management.

Source: 

Link: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08998280.2026.2698359

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#Ribavirin post-exposure #prophylaxis for #Andes virus #exposure: a viewpoint

 

Summary

Andes virus (ANDV) is unique among hantaviruses because person-to-person transmission is possible. This raises questions on the relevance of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), particularly following high-risk household, healthcare-associated, or laboratory exposures, considering its high case fatality rate. Ribavirin has demonstrated antiviral activity against hantaviruses in vitro and in animal models, although clinical evidence supporting its use for ANDV remains extremely limited. This viewpoint summarises the currently available evidence regarding ribavirin as PEP after potential ANDV exposure. We discuss the knowledge gaps that may limit the applicability of ribavirin PEP, to make informed decisions on the use of ribavirin in the setting of PEP. Potential dosing strategies are visualised by modelling and simulation, and potential dose and duration are discussed. Although the biological rationale for ribavirin PEP appears compelling, absence of controlled human studies and potential toxicity currently limit its role to highly selected exposure scenarios and use shortly after exposure.

Source: 

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(26)00270-7/fulltext

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Pan-continental #spillover #risk: integrated spatiotemporal, transmissibility and #surveillance analysis of avian #influenza #H5N1 in #Africa

 

Abstract

Background: 

The HPAI H5N1 panzootic represents a critical threat to human health in Africa, where traditional poultry systems and dense human-animal interfaces facilitate frequent zoonotic spillover. While sporadic human cases raise pandemic concerns, continent-wide integration of spatial dynamics, transmissibility indicators, and surveillance performance has been lacking. This study quantifies avian influenza transmission over two decades across Africa, identifies geographical hotspots, and evaluates the responsiveness of current surveillance systems.

Methods: 

We analysed 8,037 avian influenza outbreak events and 369 laboratory-confirmed human cases, predominantly caused by HPAI H5N1 (2004–2025), using harmonised data from FAO (EMPRES-i+), WHO, and WOAH. A Bayesian Besag-York-Mollié (BYM) spatiotemporal model estimated residual transmission risks and Incidence Rate Ratios (IRR) by subtype. The basic reproduction number (R₀) was derived via an exponential growth model applied to human outbreak phases across infectious durations of 7–30 days. Surveillance responsiveness was assessed by quantifying notification delays between clinical observation and official reporting.

Results: 

Risk of infection in animals: HPAI H5N1 was the dominant strain, representing 87.8% of animal cases, with Egypt acting as the primary epidemiological epicentre (66% of total records). The spatiotemporal model revealed that H5N1 is associated with a significantly higher risk of animal infection (IRR = 8.37; 95% CI: 6.65–10.53). Although 71% of outbreaks were reported within 5 days of detection, significant delays (≥15 days) occurred in 12% of cases, with notable regional disparities. Risk of infection in human: H5N1 was associated with a 67-fold increase in the incidence of human cases compared to other subtypes (IRR = 66.78; 95% CI: 25.29–176.37). Sensitivity analyses yielded R0 estimates ranging from 1.05 (95% CI: 0.91–1.31) to 1.23 (95% CI: 0.60–2.33), indicating localised epidemic potential.

Conclusion: 

Our findings highlight a persistent and geographically heterogeneous H5N1 reservoir in Africa with high zoonotic affinity. Although sustained human-to-human transmission remains limited, the identification of dual poultry-human hotspots and localised R0 peaks underscores the urgent need for geographically targeted One Health interventions. Strengthening real-time reporting systems and improving biosecurity in high-risk poultry value chains are critical to mitigating future pandemic threats on the continent.

Source: 

Link: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/epidemiology/articles/10.3389/fepid.2026.1813211/full

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#Camel #Prion Disease, Tataouine, #Tunisia, 2019–2021

 

Abstract

We report 6 cases of camel prion disease in dromedaries in Tunisia, confirming widespread occurrence in North Africa. Affected animals showed neurologic signs and scrape prion protein accumulation in brain and lymphoid tissues. These findings highlight the importance of active surveillance and investigation of the epidemiology, transmission, and public health implications.

Source: 

Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/8/25-1474_article

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Identification of #Contacts With High Rates of Missed and #Asymptomatic Infection Following an #Outbreak of #Ebola Virus Disease: A Seroepidemiological Study in Likati Health Zone, #DRC

 

Abstract

Background

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is often regarded as severe and highly fatal, but growing evidence suggests that subclinical or minimally symptomatic infections occur and frequently go undetected. During the 2017 outbreak in Likati Health Zone, only 8 cases were confirmed despite many reported exposures. We evaluated the extent of asymptomatic or unrecognized Ebola virus infection and associated factors among contacts of reported cases.

Methods

In November 2017, we conducted a cross-sectional community-based serosurvey among contacts originally identified through Ministry of Health records and newly identified through additional post-outbreak investigations. Participants provided blood samples and completed questionnaires on demographics, exposures, and symptoms within 4 weeks of symptom onset of the EVD case with whom contact was reported. Sera were tested for anti-EBOV nucleoprotein IgG by ELISA. Seropositive individuals were classified as asymptomatic (no symptoms) or unrecognized (≥1 symptom). Secondary attack rate (SAR) was estimated, and logistic regression assessed associations with sociodemographic factors, exposure level, and symptoms.

Results

Among 180 participants (79 originally identified; 101 newly identified), 33 (18.3%) were seropositive. Of these, 19 (58%) reported symptoms, and 14 (42%) were asymptomatic. Any EVD-related symptom was associated with higher odds of seropositivity (OR 2.48, P = .021), though no specific symptom was significant. Asymptomatic individuals had higher antibody titers than symptomatic seropositive contacts (P = .009). The overall SAR was 19.1% (95% CI: 15.9–23.0). High exposure level strongly predicted seropositivity (OR 11.2, 95% CI: 3.8–33.3).

Conclusions

Asymptomatic infections occurred, including among contacts missed during the response, highlighting the need for exposure-based serologic assessments in EVD investigations and raising questions about immune responses and the true disease burden in outbreak-affected settings.

Source: 

Link: https://academic.oup.com/ofid/article/13/7/ofag397/8725922

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#Screening and #monitoring of #travellers returning from countries affected by #Bundibugyo virus: an overview of #European approaches, July 2026

 

Abstract

The 2026 Ebola outbreak caused by Bundibugyo virus in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda has prompted European countries and the United States to revise measures for travellers, healthcare workers and humanitarian personnel returning from affected areas. We compare current procedures and protocols with those implemented during the 2013–2016 Ebola outbreak. Despite some national differences, policies have largely converged towards risk-based management, early case detection, rapid isolation, exposure-based monitoring and healthcare preparedness, rather than routine border screening.

Source: 

Link: https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2026.31.28.2600578?emailalert=true#abstract_content

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Occupationally Exposed and General #Population #Antibody #Profiles to #Influenza A Viruses Circulating in #Swine as Indication of Zoonotic #Risk

 

Abstract

Persons with occupational exposure to swine might be at disproportionate risk for zoonotic swine influenza A virus. To evaluate human antibody responses, we tested serum or plasma from swine veterinarian, farm employee, and general population cohorts by hemagglutination inhibition assays against representative swine and human seasonal influenza vaccine strains. We analyzed hemagglutination inhibition data by antigenic cartography to assess strain relationships and reproduction number modeling to evaluate pandemic potential using age-stratified immunity profiles. Occupationally exposed groups had lower human seasonal vaccine uptake (45.5% vs. 70%) and lower odds of seropositivity to several H1 and H3 strains from swine than did general population cohorts. One swine strain exhibited significant antigenic drift (3.62 antigenic units) from its nearest vaccine strain. Multiple strains required lower reproduction number thresholds for pandemic spread (1.09–1.35) than recorded pandemic strains (1.46–1.80), demonstrating that population immunity gaps heighten zoonotic risk to circulating swine H1 and H3 strains.

Source: 

Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/8/25-1995_article

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First nationwide full- #genome characterisation of #human-derived #Andes virus in #Chile: a retrospective genomic #epidemiology study

Summary

Background

Andes virus (ANDV) is the only hantavirus known to transmit between humans and causes hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in Chile and Argentina. In Chile, ANDV genomic diversity remains incompletely characterised. This study aimed to characterise the genetic diversity, geographical structure, and molecular signatures of ANDV using human clinical samples collected over a 13-year period (2011–24).

Methods

We conducted a retrospective genomic epidemiology study of ANDV infections in Chile. Clinical samples from patients with confirmed ANDV, collected between March 9, 2011, and June 27, 2024, were analysed and sequenced. Clinical and epidemiological data were obtained from diagnostic laboratories and surveillance programmes. Consensus sequences for the S, M, and L segments were generated, and genetic clustering and divergence were assessed using phylogenetic inference and variant calling.

Findings

We analysed clinical samples from 58 infected individuals and identified two major genomic variants of ANDV with distinct geographical distributions, defined by regionally structured patterns of nucleotide and amino acid substitutions across the S, M, and L segments: ANDV Chi-North (central Chile) and ANDV-South (southern Chile). No consistent clustering by clinical severity was observed, and no recurrent non-synonymous substitutions were uniquely associated with severe disease. Substitutions previously associated with person-to-person transmission in outbreaks in Argentina were not consistently observed in Chilean sequences, including in four person-to-person transmission cases. Although some substitutions described in ANDV-like viruses were present in the Chi-North lineage, this lineage remained phylogenetically distinct and geographically restricted to central Chile.

Interpretation

To our knowledge, this study provides the first nationwide genomic characterisation of human-derived ANDV in Chile. The identification of geographically structured variants indicates that ANDV diversity in Chile is driven by regional diversification rather than clinical outcome. The absence of consistent amino acid signatures associated with disease severity or person-to-person transmission suggests that these phenotypes are unlikely to be explained by viral genetic variation alone. These findings refine current understanding of ANDV evolution and highlight the need for continued integrated genomic surveillance in endemic regions.

Funding

Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Chile and National Institutes of Health.

Source: 

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanmic/article/PIIS2666-5247(26)00109-6/fulltext

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#Bundibugyo #ebolavirus from the 2026 Ebola #outbreak in #Uganda and #DRC: a new #variant

 

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In conclusion, we show that the BDBV variant identified in Uganda from a travel-related case linked to the ongoing outbreak in Ituri represents a new clade of BDBV. These findings underscore the diversity of the BDBV ecosystem and the urgent need for antiviral and vaccine countermeasures to reduce fatalities and for public health measures to limit the spread of the virus. Global efforts are immediately needed in this region. Continued genomic surveillance is required for in-depth monitoring to track emerging BDBV variants and adjust and employ BDBV countermeasures in a timely manner.

Source: 

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(26)01079-2/fulltext

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#Andes Virus — A #Clinical #Review

 

Summary

Andes virus (ANDV) is the sole orthohantavirus with documented human-to-human transmission. We summarize the epidemiology and clinical features of ANDV infection and review best practices in clinical management, as based on published expert consensus guidelines, field experience, and clinical trials. We also evaluate currently available and investigational treatments (including the use of antiviral agents), assess emerging monoclonal antibody therapies, and outline prospects for vaccine development. Finally, we discuss important infection prevention and control measures.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra2606651?query=TOC

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Detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza #H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b Genotype #D1.2 Virus in #Swine after Experimental Inoculation

 

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5NX clade 2.3.4.4b viruses continue to circulate globally. Reintroduction of Eurasian lineage viruses into North America and reassortment with endemic low pathogenicity strains have resulted in new genotypes, including D1.2. To assess pathogenicity and cellular tropism, we intranasally inoculated genotype D1.2 virus into pigs. We isolated virus from nasal secretions from most inoculated animals for multiple days. At 5 days postinoculation, PCR and immunohistochemistry detected virus in musculoskeletal, respiratory, digestive, lymphatic, and nervous systems and isolates from meat juice. At 35 days postinoculation, we detected viral antigen and low levels of RNA in the brain of an animal with lesions consistent with a viral etiology and found viral antigen in the ethmoid of 2 animals. Consistent detection in nasal swab specimens, combined with subclinical respiratory infection, systemic distribution, and protracted detection of clade 2.3.4.4b virus in swine, suggest identifying infection in commercial swine without overt respiratory signs could be difficult.

Source: 

Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/8/25-1765_article

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A systematic #review of #Nipah virus disease epidemiological #parameters, #outbreaks, and mathematical #models

 

Summary

Our systematic review, based on PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO CRD42023393345), characterised the epidemiology, outbreaks, and mathematical models of Nipah virus, an important public health threat in south and southeast Asia. We searched PubMed and Web of Science from database inception to March 14, 2025, and extracted 243 parameters, 89 risk factors, 39 models, and 23 distinct outbreaks from 119 papers. IgG seroprevalence estimates in the general population ranged from 0% to 12·5%. Nipah virus causes severe disease, with pooled case–fatality ratio estimates ranging widely from 9·1% (95% CI 0·2–41·3) in Singapore to 81·9% (95% CI 71·9–88·9) in Bangladesh. The infection timeline and clinical course of Nipah virus remain poorly characterised; we estimated a median incubation period of 8·77 days (165, 95% CI 7·53–10·02) from eight estimates in seven articles with sufficient information. Transmission parameter estimates were scarce, and all but one of five central estimates of the basic reproduction number were less than one. Nipah virus mathematical models (39) were rarely fitted to data (eight). All extracted information is accessible via our R package, epireview.

Source: 

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(26)00239-2/abstract?rss=yes

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