#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (AMEDEO, August 1 '26)

 

Antiviral Res

1. WANG K, Gibbons JS, Bisht N, Reyes AC, et al
   SARS-CoV-2 resistance pathways to EDP-235.
   Antiviral Res. 2026;253:106493.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Emerg Infect Dis

2. KIM S, Chun BC
   Kudoa septempunctata Parasite-Associated Foodborne Disease Outbreaks, South Korea, 2015-2024.
   Emerg Infect Dis. 2026;32:1373-1375.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
3. XU Y, Xiong W, Huang X, Cowling BJ, et al
   Respiratory Syncytial Virus Suppression through Public Health and Social Measures, Hong Kong, China, 2020-2023.
   Emerg Infect Dis. 2026;32:1315-1318.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Int J Infect Dis

4. SPILIOPOULOU A, Betaania L, Giannopoulou I, Leonidou L, et al
   Candidemia in Post-COVID Era: Increasing incidence of endemic fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis and Candidozyma auris.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Jul 30:109018. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109018.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
5. GARNERET P, Gaubert G, Nauleau S, Franke F, et al
   Social Deprivation and Remoteness as Determinant of COVID-19 Hospitalisations and Severity: an Area-Level Analysis in South-Eastern France.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Jul 30:109013. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109013.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
6. GRIMM K, Hodel EM, Gasser L, Schuller S, et al
   Feasibility of studying respiratory infection transmission in a Swiss household cohort: Findings from the BEready ("Bern, get ready") study.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Jul 29:109019. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109019.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
7. RAHAJAMANANA VL, Rabezanahary H, Arroyave A, Wantchecon A, et al
   Dynamics of neutralizing antibodies against enterovirus D68 in adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Jul 27:109008. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109008.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Med Virol

8. MORETTO SL, Cassela PLCS, Trigo GL, Lozovoy MAB, et al
   Investigation of PDCD1 Gene Polymorphisms and Haplotypes in COVID-19 Severity and Outcome in a Brazilian Population.
   J Med Virol. 2026;98:e71090.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
9. PASITTUNGKUL S, Vichaiwattana P, Poovorawan Y, Wanlapakorn N, et al
   Post-Pandemic Resurgence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Thailand: Molecular Epidemiology and Sublineage Turnover Among Children, 2023-2025.
   J Med Virol. 2026;98:e71089.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
10. FRASCA F, Maddaloni L, D'Auria A, Fracella M, et al
    SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination Induces Neutralizing Antibodies and Type I IFN Changes in People Living With HIV.
    J Med Virol. 2026;98:e71067.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
11. HUANG Y, Gao Y, Li Y, Song G, et al
    Application of a Super-Multiplex Microfluidic qPCR System for Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Patients With Influenza-Like Illness.
    J Med Virol. 2026;98:e71072.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Virol

12. XU J, Chan H-w, Yang R, Wu X-R, et al
    Nicotine and cotinine enhance SARS-CoV-2 entry through distinct but complementary mechanisms in human respiratory epithelial cells.
    J Virol. 2026 Jul 31:e0097126. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00971.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
13. LIANG X, Chi X, Deng X
    Coronavirus Nsp15 endoribonuclease: linking viral RNA regulation to immune evasion and viral fitness.
    J Virol. 2026 Jul 31:e0170025. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01700.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. ZENG W, Zhang G, Ma H, Xiong L, et al
    ACE2-fused nanobody targeting a cryptic RBD epitope broadly neutralizes SARS-like viruses.
    J Virol. 2026 Jul 30:e0060826. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00608.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
15. HE L, Su Y-WN, Zhang F, Moustafa IM, et al
    Recovery of proofreading-impaired SARS-CoV-2 reveals a mutator phenotype and an ExoN activity threshold for viability.
    J Virol. 2026 Jul 29:e0080926. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00809.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
16. DWIVEDI S, Kar S, Horton AP, Gollihar JD, et al
    ViralMap: predicting features in viral proteins from primary sequence.
    J Virol. 2026 Jul 28:e0075726. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00757.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Nature

17. CHEN E
    Can long COVID be prevented? Two drugs finally show promise.
    Nature. 2026 Jul 29. doi: 10.1038/d41586-026-02341.
    PubMed        

#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (AMEDEO, August 1 '26)

 

Arch Virol

1. LEE K, An SH, Heo GB, Lee YJ, et al
   Genomic characterization of H6N1 avian influenza viruses from wild birds and domestic ducks in the republic of Korea and Mongolia (2022-2024).
   Arch Virol. 2026;171:238.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Biochem Soc Trans

2. MADDUMAGE JC, Dow GR, Murdolo LD, Liwei Leong S, et al
   Deciphering influenza B virus-derived peptides and their presentation by HLA class I molecules.
   Biochem Soc Trans. 2026;54:1021-1052.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   BMC Pediatr

3. IBRAHIM HM, Mansour MGE, Zaitoun R, Rushdy M, et al
   HLA-B class I allele associations with neurological complications in pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective observational study.
   BMC Pediatr. 2026;26:691.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Epidemiol Infect

4. NAQVI OH, Wendelboe AM, Beasley WH, Tyungu DL, et al
   Epidemiological characteristics of paediatric COVID-19 and influenza co-infections in the United States, 2020-2024.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2026;154:e105.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Immunol

5. CHEUNG MW, Choi JD, Stempak JM, Chandran V, et al
   T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with anti-cytokine biologics.
   J Immunol. 2026;215:vkag173.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
6. NELSON SA, Rattan A, Marathe B, White CL, et al
   Distinct kinetic features of innate and adaptive responses in influenza A versus influenza B-infected mice.
   J Immunol. 2026;215:vkag196.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect

7. SANZ-MUNOZ I, Ciria-Gil CJ, Hernandez M, Santiago C, et al
   Pre-existing and Cross-Reactive Immunity to Avian Influenza H5N1 in Humans: Implications for Pandemic Risk and Vaccine Strategies.
   J Infect. 2026 Jul 30:106822. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2026.106822.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Virol

8. MCCAFFREY KD, Esfahani BG, Elbehairy MA, McCormick AL, et al
   Molecular basis for protection and cross-protection by human antibodies targeting the parainfluenza virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein.
   J Virol. 2026 Jul 31:e0050226. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00502.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
9. CHEN X, Yan J, Li M, Liu H, et al
   c-Fos enhances influenza virus replication by stabilizing the M2 protein and promoting autophagosome accumulation.
   J Virol. 2026 Jul 27:e0091626. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00916.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   JAMA

10. BAUDIN F, Pouyau R, Subtil F, Jarrasse C, et al
    Prone Positioning in Infants With Acute Bronchiolitis: The PROPOSITIS Randomized Clinical Trial.
    JAMA. 2026;336:315-322.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Pediatrics

11. YI Y, Edwards F, Wakefield S, Wildeman C, et al
    Child Welfare System Involvement in the United States: 2016-2023.
    Pediatrics. 2026;158:e2025074635.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
12. MORENO-PEREZ D, Catalan-Fernandez E, Croche-Santander B, Rios-Hurtado JM, et al
    Nirsevimab and Hospitalization for Lower Respiratory Tract Infection During the Second Season.
    Pediatrics. 2026;158:e2025075562.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS Comput Biol

13. XU R, Ghaffarzadegan N, Zhang G, Aoki G, et al
    Population-level behavioral and structural drivers of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the US.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2026;22:e1013988.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. BEAULIEU M, Hoze N, Vieillefond V, Goetschy T, et al
    Quantitative analysis of massive SARS-CoV-2 testing in the community in France in 2021-2022 reveals the associations of variant, vaccination, and age with viral dynamics in symptomatic individuals.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2026;22:e1013811.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS One

15. ZHU K, Barberio J, Tsao N, Mor A, et al
    Trends in the incidence of asthma, atopic dermatitis, and multiple sclerosis before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic in a US claims database.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0355103.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
16. BRANNON GE, Chatterjee K, Jang CY, Markham Shaw C, et al
    Perceptions of Spanish-language COVID-19 video messaging among the Hispanic community: A qualitative study in the United States of America.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0339634.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
17. NELSON AK, Everett M, Smith R, Rogers L, et al
    Death by incarceration: Detention duration, overdose, and COVID-19 in Los Angeles County Jails, 2008-2023.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0351332.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
18. CASTRO MONTEIRO F, Luiza C Wuillaume M, Linhares Veloso Filho C, Figueiredo K, et al
    Identifying cluster profiles based on barriers and facilitators to physical activity during COVID-19 confinement: A cross-sectional study using machine learning analysis.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0354036.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
19. SUN L, Jiang Z, Chen Y, Han M, et al
    Exploring the mechanism of Shuangyu Granule in regulating immune-inflammatory responses in influenza through UPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS, GC-MS, and network target analysis.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0353259.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
20. ROY SS, Nguyen NT, Zuniga A, Sarhaddi F, et al
    Mission imputable: Effects of missing data processing on infectious disease detection and prognosis.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0320105.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
21. ABUSKA D, Dikme O, Dikme O, Yurttas TT, et al
    Age-stratified prognostic performance of hematologic inflammatory indices for 30-day mortality in emergency department patients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19: A cohort study from the pre-vaccination pandemic era.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0354809.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
22. CALLAGHAN CW
    Cultural tightness and scientific capacity: A cross-national study of their synergistic and conflicting roles in COVID-19 pandemic outcomes.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0330983.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
23. KEBEDE M, Kusheta G, Jemal M, Abdurehman K, et al
    Determinants of parental traditional medicine use for children during COVID-19 in Dire Dawa city administration, Eastern Ethiopia, 2023/24: Mixed community based cross-sectional study design.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0354889.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
24. LIM MS, Park C, Lee E, Ko SY, et al
    A multiplex dual-probe RT-LAMP assay for rapid subtype-specific detection of respiratory syncytial virus A and B.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0354914.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

25. HAN AX, Hulme KD, Russell CA
    The global demand and potential public health impact of oral antiviral treatment stockpile for influenza pandemics.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2524161123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
26. GERVAIS A, Marchal A, Maillard A, Le Voyer T, et al
    High risk of hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia in myasthenia gravis patients with type I IFN autoantibodies.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2518581123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Vaccine

27. LIU B, Li F, Yang Y, Tu H, et al
    In-depth monitoring of host cell proteins in influenza vaccines throughout multi-step purification processes.
    Vaccine. 2026;88:128957.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
28. KOSTANYAN L, Fukase H, Rumyantsev A, Hashizume K, et al
    Immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety of an mRNA-based seasonal influenza and SARS-CoV-2 multicomponent vaccine, mRNA-1083, in adults aged >/=50 years in Japan.
    Vaccine. 2026;88:128961.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
29. WEI Z, Feng X, Sun Q, Chen D, et al
    Factors affecting parental practices and attitudes toward influenza vaccination for children in China.
    Vaccine. 2026;88:128988.
    PubMed         Abstract available

Synergistic #antiviral effect of #Asunaprevir and #Ribavirin in combination against Murray Valley #Encephalitis Virus replication

 

Highlights

    • Renilla luciferase-based MVEV sub-genomic replicon was constructed and applied in antiviral drug evaluation.

    • Removal of Stem Loop I from 3’UTR impairs viral genome replication.

    • Asunaprevir and ribavirin exhibit synergistic antiviral activity against MVEV.

    • A single-round MVEV infectious particle platform was developed.

Abstract

Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus known for causing severe neurological diseases in humans. Despite the rising number of reported infections and high mortality rate among hospitalized patients, no antiviral therapies or licensed vaccines are available. To strengthen preparedness against this reemerging virus, we establish a subgenomic replicon (SGR) platform and a complementary single-round infectious particles (SRIPs) production system, using widely circulating genotype 1 (G1) MVEV as backbone. Stem-loop I(SLI) from 3’UTR stands for the major difference among 4 MVEV genotypes and removal of SLI resulted in mild decrease of genome replication. Through screening a mini anti-flavivirus drug library, we identified that asunaprevir (ASV) and ribavirin (RBV) inhibit MVEV infection independently. Combination of ASV and RBV also showed synergistic activity against MVEV. These results underscore the value of the MVEV replicon system as a versatile tool for evaluating antiviral compounds, supporting the potential of ASV and RBV as a combinatorial therapeutic approach.

Source: 

Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166354226001567?via%3Dihub

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A #review of #Bundibugyo virus and the 2026 #outbreak: lessons for #epidemic #preparedness

 

Summary

The ongoing 2026 outbreak of Ebola virus disease caused by Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda has renewed attention to one of the least studied human-pathogenic orthoebolaviruses. Since its discovery in western Uganda in 2007, only two recognised outbreaks of BDBV had been reported, limiting opportunities to define the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical spectrum, and optimal management of BDBV or to develop species-specific countermeasures. The current outbreak, declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by WHO on May 17, 2026, has also exposed the gap between scientific innovation and operational readiness. Although pan-filovirus diagnostics, investigational vaccines, therapeutics, and adaptive clinical trial platforms are now available, their deployment has been constrained by delayed diagnosis, limited access to species-inclusive diagnostics, insecurity due to conflict, population displacement, and fragile health systems. In this Review, we synthesise evidence on BDBV from its discovery to the current 2026 outbreak, highlighting advances in epidemiology, clinical management, diagnostics, vaccines, therapeutics, and preparedness. More broadly, the outbreak shows that scientific innovation alone is insufficient; its public health impact depends on integrated, species-inclusive systems capable of rapidly detecting, evaluating, and responding to outbreaks caused by any human-pathogenic Orthoebolavirus spp.

Source: 

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(26)00414-7/fulltext

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#Thrombotic and #cerebrovascular events following #SARS-CoV-2 #vaccination: an umbrella #review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

 

Abstract

Rare thrombotic and cerebrovascular events have been reported after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, raising safety concerns. This umbrella review synthesizes evidence from 19 systematic reviews and meta-analyses examining thrombotic outcomes, including acute ischemic stroke and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, across different vaccine platforms. Methodological quality was assessed using AMSTAR-2, and findings were synthesized by outcome and platform. Evidence consistently shows that thrombotic and cerebrovascular events following vaccination are rare. mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273) were not associated with increased risk beyond background population rates. Adenoviral vector vaccines (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, Ad26.COV2.S) were linked to a rare syndrome of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia, most commonly presenting as cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in younger adults. Evidence for whole-virus vaccines was limited but did not indicate consistent safety concerns. Across all platforms, thrombotic risk was substantially lower than that from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Overall, vaccination benefits outweigh risks, highlighting the importance of ongoing surveillance and transparent communication.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-026-01550-5

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Expedition #cruises, island hopping, and #zoonotic #risk: #governance and operational lessons from the MV #Hondius #Andes hantavirus outbreak

 

Abstract

The Andes orthohantavirus outbreak linked to the MV Hondius expedition cruise illustrates how a probable land-based zoonotic exposure can become a multinational public health event when it intersects with enclosed shipboard environments, delayed clinical recognition, remote navigation, medical evacuation, and international passenger dispersal. Although hantavirus infection is classically associated with exposure to infected rodents or contaminated environments, Andes virus is exceptional among orthohantaviruses because limited person-to-person transmission has been documented, particularly after close and prolonged contact. This Perspective uses the MV Hondius outbreak as an analytical case study to identify governance and operational gaps in expedition-era travel medicine. Existing International Health Regulations, WHO ship-event guidance, and ECDC recommendations provide essential foundations for coordination, notification, isolation, and contact tracing; however, this outbreak exposed expedition-specific gaps in safe port access, medical evacuation, onboard recognition of nonspecific febrile illness, diagnostic escalation, passenger traceability, and post-disembarkation monitoring. We therefore propose an accountability-oriented One Health preparedness model that operationalizes existing guidance through route-level risk assessment, exposure-history assessment, onboard syndromic surveillance, isolation and telemedicine triggers, reference-laboratory pathways, port-of-call agreements, auditable passenger and excursion records, and cross-border post-travel monitoring. The central lesson is not that expedition cruises, birdwatching, or ecological tourism are inherently unsafe, but that their expanding geographic reach requires binding, auditable, and expedition-specific outbreak protocols before passengers embark.

Source: 

Link: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2026.1892006/full

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Pre-existing and Cross-Reactive #Immunity to Avian #Influenza #H5N1 in #Humans: Implications for #Pandemic #Risk and Vaccine Strategies

 

Highlights

    ° Evidence of cross-reactive antibodies to H5N1 in humans.

    ° Seasonal influenza may induce partial H5N1 cross-protection.

    ° H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b shows expanded host range and spread.

    ° Role of viral glycoproteins in immune cross-reactivity.

    ° Implications of baseline immunity for H5N1 pandemic risk.

Abstract

Due to the continuous evolution of Influenza A viruses (IAVs), novel strains with efficient human-to-human transmission may emerge and cause future pandemics. Among these, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 remains a major concern because of its impact on wildlife, livestock, and human health. The widespread circulation of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b, detected in hundreds of bird species and numerous mammals worldwide, highlights important changes in viral ecology and transmission, increasing its zoonotic and pandemic potential. This review summarizes current evidence on cross-reactive and cross-protective immunity to H5N1 in humans, focusing primarily on humoral immune responses. We examine the presence of pre-existing H5N1-reactive antibodies in individuals without known exposure and discuss how previous seasonal influenza infection or vaccination may contribute to their development. Particular attention is given to antibodies targeting conserved regions of hemagglutinin (HA), especially the stalk domain, as well as neuraminidase (NA), which may provide heterosubtypic protection. We also evaluate the ability of seasonal influenza vaccines and infections to induce cross-reactive responses against H5N1 and their potential role in partial protection or immune priming. Finally, we review current and emerging H5N1 vaccination strategies, including adjuvanted and mRNA-based platforms, and identify priorities for surveillance, population immunity assessment, and the development of broadly protective influenza vaccines.

Source: 

Link: https://www.journalofinfection.com/article/S0163-4453(26)00148-9/fulltext

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#Zoonotic neglected tropical #diseases at the animal-human interface in the Greater #Mekong Subregion: Two decades of surveillance in #Laos and #Cambodia

 

Abstract

Zoonotic neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) remain a substantial but under-recognised source of human morbidity and economic concern in the Greater Mekong Subregion, particularly in settings characterised by close human–animal interaction. This article represents a narrative synthesis of zoonotic disease research conducted in Laos and Cambodia between 2000 and 2025. The review integrates published literature with findings from long-term surveillance programmes conducted by the authors and collaborating institutions in Laos, with comparative insights from Cambodia, to examine the presence, distribution, diversity, and drivers of zoonotic pathogens at the human–animal interface. Evidence demonstrates the endemic presence of a wide range of parasitic, bacterial, and viral zoonoses, including Taenia solium, Trichinella spp., Streptococcus suis, rickettsial infections, melioidosis, hepatitis E virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus. Some of these pathogens are sustained within smallholder livestock systems, informal slaughter, farming practises, food networks, and wet market environments, where limited diagnostic capacity and fragmented surveillance obscure true disease presence. Surveillance innovations, including abattoir-based sampling, cross-sectoral serological studies, environmental surveillance approaches, and molecular diagnostic tools, have improved pathogen detection but have also highlighted persistent structural and behavioural barriers to control. Socio-cultural practices, occupational exposure, wildlife trade, and economic dependencies reinforce transmission dynamics, indicating that biomedical interventions alone are insufficient. Instead, zoonotic disease persistence reflects the interaction of livestock production systems, environmental conditions, diagnostic limitations, and entrenched human behaviours. This review emphasises the need for integrated One Health approaches that combine strengthened surveillance, improved diagnostics, behavioural interventions, and regional collaboration. Addressing zoonotic NTDs in Laos and Cambodia requires coordinated strategies that account for both biological complexity and socio-economic context to achieve sustainable disease control and improved public health outcomes.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0014584

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Assessment of Quantitative #Genetic #Distances Supports the Separation of #H17N10 and #H18N11 Subtypes of #Influenza a Virus into a Distinct Species

 

Abstract

The taxonomic status of the H17N10 and H18N11 influenza A viruses isolated from bats remains unclear due to the absence of quantitative classification criteria at this taxonomic level. A total of 3328 representative IAV genomes, encompassing all eight protein-coding segments, were analysed. Various genetic distance-based metrics were assessed at the pairwise level, including intra- and intergroup nucleotide distances, dN/dS ratios, and transition/transversion ratios, to facilitate the differentiation of the Alphainfluenzavirus genus into distinct taxa. Pairwise distances for seven of the eight segments (PB2, PB1, PA, NP, M, NA, NS) consistently differentiated the H17–H18 group from H1–H16. Across segments, intergroup nucleotide divergence was consistently above a lower bound of ~25%, with segment-specific values extending to higher levels (up to ~40% in PB2 and PA), while intragroup divergence remained substantially lower. The HA segment did not conform to this pattern, which is consistent with the hypothesis of ancient reassortment. The distribution of pairwise dN/dS values for the PB2, PB1, PA, and NP segments is evidently bimodal. Intergroup comparisons were consistently higher across all segments, whereas intragroup values remained lower. A similar lower boundary of approximately 0.12 was observed across segments, while the upper range of intergroup values varied by gene. Overall, the results support a consistent gene-specific separation pattern. Previously demonstrated absence of reassortment compatibility between bat viruses (H17–H18) and canonical influenza A (H1–H16) viruses indicates that these lineages have evolved independently over an extended period. These consistent genomic patterns provide support for the hypothesis that H17N10 and H18N11 viruses may represent a separate species within the genus Alphainfluenzavirus.

Source: 

Link: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18/8/838

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#Losartan and #prednisolone for #postCOVID syndrome and cardiac inflammation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

 

Abstract

Persistent cardiac symptoms are common in post-COVID syndrome, even without structural heart disease. Evidence implicates immune dysregulation, endothelial dysfunction and low-grade cardiovascular inflammation. Yet no targeted treatment exists. Myoflame-19 is a multicenter, double-blind clinical trial of 279 participants with inflammatory cardiac involvement defined by cardiovascular magnetic resonance, randomized 1:1 to losartan plus prednisolone (n = 139) or matching placebos (n = 140) for 16 weeks. The modified intention-to-treat population comprised 124 and 122 participants. The primary endpoint, change in left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, was neutral: between-group difference 0.74 percentage points (pp), 95%CI −0.14 to 1.62, p = 0.10, unpaired t-test; supportive baseline-adjusted ANCOVA 0.99, 95%CI 0.15-1.83, p = 0.021. Among prespecified secondary endpoints, several symptom and imaging measures showed numerical differences favoring intervention, including Average Symptom Score components (modified Canadian Chest Pain Scale −4.8 pp, 95%CI −17.3 to 7.6; NYHA class −8.1 pp, −20.6 to 4.3; Long COVID symptom burden −7.7 pp, −18.9 to 3.6), native T1 and T2 values (native T1 −2.46 ms, −8.35 to 3.42; native T2 −0.31 ms, −1.16 to 0.53), and LV end-diastolic volume ( + 1.45 ml/m², −0.09 to 3.00); however, confidence intervals included the null value and these findings should be regarded as hypothesis-generating.Treatment was safe and well-tolerated. These findings indicate a neutral treatment effect on the primary endpoint. They inform targeted immunomodulation and design of future trials in post-COVID syndrome and inflammatory cardiac involvement. Trial registration: EudraCT 2022-001682-12; NCT05619653.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-75991-w

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Estimating the #infection #fatality #ratio of zoonotic avian #influenza viruses with #pandemic potential using an evolutionary epidemiological model

 

Abstract

The risk of zoonotic avian influenza (AIV) infection to humans is challenging to estimate as many human avian influenza virus infections are undetected because infections may be asymptomatic, symptomatic but not tested, and difficult to identify through contact tracing, as human-to-human transmission is rare. We derive equations that consider the evolutionary mechanisms that give rise to pandemics and are parameterized to be consistent with records of past pandemics. We estimate that thousands of human infections with AIVs possessing pandemic potential occur worldwide in an average year. Combining these estimates with H5N1 fatality data, we estimate a historical average infection fatality ratio of 32 (95% uncertainty interval: 9.6-75) deaths per 10,000 infections. This estimate is comparable to SARS-CoV-2 during the recent pandemic and higher than seasonal human influenza. We estimate that preventing animal-to-human influenza spillovers would delay pandemic emergence by several years. Preventing human infections with AIVs is necessary given the high risk of severe outcomes to individuals and to reduce the risk of pandemics occurring in the future.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Source: 

Link: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.21.26344526v3

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#Climatechange as an amplifier of #hantavirus #risk in South #Asia: a neglected nexus

 

Abstract

Hantavirus is seroepidemiologically established in South Asian human populations and rodent reservoirs, with anti-hantavirus antibodies confirmed in occupational risk groups in India, an independent association with chronic kidney disease demonstrated in Sri Lanka, and co-infection with leptospirosis identified in more than one-fifth of hospitalized leptospirosis patients. Despite this, the intersection of these findings with the region’s intensifying monsoon floods, rapid urbanization, and climate-driven rodent ecology remains entirely unexamined. This letter highlights the neglected climate−hantavirus nexus, identifies structural vulnerabilities that amplify transmission risk in South Asia, and calls for integrated flood-response surveillance and One Health coordination across the region.

Source: 

Link: https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/trstmh/trag082/8746591?redirectedFrom=fulltext

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#SARS-CoV-2 #Surveillance in Free-Ranging #Wildlife in New England and #Virginia, #USA, 2022–2025

 

Abstract

Since its emergence in 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected a wide range of animal species, including wildlife. Although SARS-CoV-2 infection has been widely reported in wildlife, particularly in white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus) across the United States, data on viral circulation in New England wildlife remain limited. Here, we investigated active SARS-CoV-2 infection and serological evidence of previous exposure in free-ranging wildlife from New England and Virginia. We examined samples from 1646 animals representing 29 wildlife species, collected through wildlife rehabilitation centers, clinics, and hunter harvests in New England and Virginia between 2022 and 2025. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in three WTD from Massachusetts and Vermont. Phylogeographic analysis showed that the Vermont WTD SARS-CoV-2 sequences were closely related to contemporaneous human SARS-CoV-2 sequences from the same region, consistent with a possible human-to-deer spillover event. Serological screening by ELISA detected SARS-CoV-2 reactive samples in nine individuals from three species, including Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus), Eastern coyote (Canis latrans), and raccoon (Procyon lotor), providing putative evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure. However, neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant were detected in only a single Eastern cottontail. Overall, these findings indicate sporadic SARS-CoV-2 detection and limited serological evidence of prior exposure among wildlife sampled in New England and Virginia, and highlight the importance of continued surveillance to detect spillover events, monitor viral evolution, and assess the potential risks associated with wildlife reservoirs.

Source: 

Link: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18/8/832

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#Baloxavir, #favipiravir, or #oseltamivir in patients with non-severe symptomatic seasonal #influenza (AD ASTRA): a phase 2, open-label, adaptive, RCT

 

Summary

Background

The oral antiviral therapies baloxavir marboxil (hereafter baloxavir), favipiravir, and oseltamivir have not been simultaneously compared for the treatment of seasonal influenza. We aimed to determine their relative efficacies in accelerating viral clearance in patients with symptomatic influenza virus infection at low risk of progression to severe disease.

Methods

We conducted a phase 2, open-label, randomised, controlled, adaptive platform trial in patients aged 18–60 years in Thailand, Laos, Nepal, and Brazil, recruited in four hospital outpatient or primary care departments with acute influenza (≤ 4 days of symptoms) and a low risk of progression to severe disease. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1:1:1:1 using a centralised online app to receive baloxavir (single oral dose of 40 mg if bodyweight <80 kg or 80 mg if bodyweight ≥80 kg), favipiravir (oral loading dose of 1800 mg, followed by 1800 mg 12 h later, and then 800 mg twice daily for 4 days), oseltamivir (oral dose 75 mg twice daily for 5 days), no study drug, or another ongoing intervention (reported separately). Randomisation was stratified by site and used block sizes of 15. The primary endpoint was the rate of oropharyngeal influenza viral RNA clearance, estimated under a Bayesian hierarchical linear model fitted to the daily log10 oropharyngeal viral densities from day 0 to day 5. Analyses were conducted in the modified intention-to-treat population (mITT), defined as patients with PCR-confirmed influenza with more than 250 viral RNA copies per mL at randomisation. Intervention groups were assessed for superiority over the no study drug group (posterior probability >0·9 that the relative increase in viral clearance was ≥20%); if superiority was met, intervention groups were assessed for non-inferiority relative to baloxavir (posterior probability >0·9 that the relative reduction in viral clearance was ≤10%). Secondary outcomes included time to resolution of fever and time to resolution of all symptoms. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05648448) and is ongoing.

Findings

Between Feb 22, 2023, and Dec 12, 2025, 944 patients with influenza virus infection were randomly assigned to baloxavir (n=199; mITT 163 [82%]), favipiravir (n=223; mITT 196 [88%]), oseltamivir (n=200; mITT 170 [85%]), no study drug (n=228; mITT 200 [88%]) or other interventions (n=94). 120 patients were excluded based on baseline viral density (≤250 copies per mL), and one participant withdrew before collection of quantitative PCR results on day 0. 457 (63%) patients in the mITT population were female and 272 (37%) were male. Compared with no study drug, viral clearance rates were accelerated by 86% (95% credible interval [CrI] 60–117) with baloxavir, 66% (45–94) with favipiravir, and 49% (28–74) with oseltamivir. For all interventions, the posterior probability that the relative increase in viral clearance was 20% or more was 1·0. Compared with baloxavir, oseltamivir was inferior (20% slower clearance, 95% CrI 6 to 32; posterior probability 0·93 that the relative reduction in viral clearance was <10%); non-inferiority could not be shown for favipiravir (10% slower clearance, 95% CrI –4 to 22; posterior probability 0·55 that the relative reduction in viral clearance was <10%). Median time to fever resolution was accelerated with all three antivirals compared with no study drug (absolute differences ranging from 0·5 days to 0·9 days), whereas time to resolution of all symptoms was not significantly different between groups. 31 adverse events of grade 3 or above occurred, five of which were considered severe (one in the favipiravir group, one in the oseltamivir group, and three in the no study drug group).

Interpretation

Oral baloxavir, favipiravir, and oseltamivir accelerated influenza viral clearance rates in adults with early non-severe seasonal influenza at low risk of progression to severe disease. Baloxavir had the greatest in-vivo antiviral efficacy, followed by favipiravir and oseltamivir. These antivirals shortened fever duration but showed no clear effects on time to complete symptom resolution. This pharmacometric approach can inform prioritisation of antiviral agents for further study and potential inclusion in pandemic stockpiles.

Funding

Wellcome Trust.

Source: 

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(26)00255-0/fulltext

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#Seroprevalence of #Influenza #H5N1 Virus in Domestic #Cats at Epicenter of Dairy #Cattle #Outbreaks, #California, #USA, 2024–2026

 

Abstract

We conducted a serologic study of domestic cats near the epicenter of the dairy cattle outbreaks of influenza A(H5N1) in California, USA. Three of the 12 cats sampled within 2 km of farms had neutralizing antibodies against H5N1 virus. Proximity to dairy farms was a statistically significant risk factor for seropositivity.

Source: 

Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/9/26-0785_article

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#Mutations in severe #human #H5N1 cases facilitate #evasion from human mucus and #antivirals

 

Abstract

In late 2024, two individuals in Canada and the United States were treated in intensive care for acute respiratory distress caused by infection with the avian Influenza A Virus H5N1 2.3.4.4b genotype D1.1. Viral sequence data obtained from sampling these patients indicated mixed alleles at haemagglutinin (HA) positions 190 and 226. Mutations at these positions are key determinants of HA usage of α2,6-linked sialic acids (SA), the most abundant influenza receptors in human upper respiratory tracts. Thus, these mutations raised concerns about human adaptation and pandemic potential of the H5N1 virus. In this study, we investigated the impact of the mutations at residues 190 and 226 in H5 HA. We studied the receptor binding properties, cell entry phenotypes and fitness impacts of the mutations using recombinant proteins, pseudotyped lentiviruses, and in the context of influenza viruses using reverse genetics. The mutations did not confer any detectable α2,6-linked sialic acid receptor usage either alone or in combination. Rather, viruses carrying these mutations exhibit weakened binding towards α2,3-linked sialic acid receptors. This correlated with an enhanced capacity to evade human airway mucus, and a reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir and zanamivir. This research underscores that in addition to the way HA interacts with SA as entry receptors, other factors that impact the HA/NA balance might influence the evolutionary trajectory of a zoonotic virus in the human respiratory tract. This study presents a new paradigm for the evolutionary drivers of HA, where reduced sialic acid binding can serve as an advantage for escape from host barriers and antivirals.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

Medical Research Council, https://ror.org/03x94j517, MR/Y03368X/1, MR/Y015061/1, CC2127

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, BB/Y007298/1, APP104179, BBS/E/PI/23NB000, BBS/E/PI/23NB0003

Wellcome Trust, https://ror.org/029chgv08, CC2127, 218304/Z/19/Z

Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs, BB/Y007298/1

The Pirbright Institute, BBS/E/PI/230002A, BBS/E/PI/230001C, BBS/E/PI/230002B

Cancer Research UK, CC2127

UK Research and Innovation, https://ror.org/001aqnf71, UKRI3602

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.28.740943v1

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HPAI #H5N1 #risk in #Australia: a model for the prediction of #poultry #outbreaks

 

Abstract

The panzootic highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has now been detected on the Australian mainland, with incursions from the sub-Antarctic region posing an increasing threat to domestic wildlife and poultry populations. Our study aimed to predict the risk of HPAI H5N1 poultry outbreaks across Australia at the local government area (LGA) level using a range of influential risk factors. We first used a Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model to estimate the environmental suitability for HPAI H5N1 occurrence across Australia. The resulting suitability layer was then integrated with five additional predictor layers, including abundance data for two Southern Ocean wild birds, one of which has introduced HPAI H5N1 into Australia; abundance data for 28 native Australian wild birds; native bird flyways across Australia; Australian chicken density; and poultry farm density. The six layers were aggregated and averaged to generate an HPAI H5N1 risk map for poultry outbreaks across Australian LGAs. Although most incursions have occurred in Western Australia (WA) and South Australia (SA), we identified New South Wales (NSW) and Victoria (VIC) as having the highest predicted risk of HPAI H5N1 poultry outbreaks. Additional high-risk areas were identified in WA, SA, and Tasmania (TAS). In contrast, the Northern Territory (NT) and large parts of Queensland (QLD), WA, and SA were predicted to be at low risk. These findings provide a spatially explicit framework to support targeted surveillance, preparedness, and biosecurity measures aimed at mitigating the impact of future HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in Australian poultry.

Competing Interest Statement

CR MacIntyre is funded by NHMRC and Medical Research Futures Fund and is Founding Director of EPIWATCH Global Pty Ltd.

Funder Information Declared

NHMRC, CRM funded by NHMRC Investigator Grant 2016907

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.27.740638v1

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#H5N1 #influenza binding and cell entry via #human class II #MHC, and blocking by cross-reactive #antibodies

 

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses are currently responsible for a multi-species outbreak affecting wild birds, poultry, numerous mammalian species, and humans. Influenza A viruses typically initiate infection through binding to sialic acid, although select bat and human influenza viruses can also exploit class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC–II) molecules for cell entry. Here we show that emerging H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses, but not historical H5 lineages, bind human MHC–II HLA-DR and mediate sialic acid-independent cell entry. Hemagglutinin binding to primary human immune cells varies with MHC–II expression and is further shaped by HLA–DR allelic variation, identifying host genetic determinants that may influence susceptibility to infection. Mammalian-adaptive substitutions within the hemagglutinin sialic acid receptor-binding domain reduce MHC–II binding, suggesting this interaction is remodeled during clade 2.3.4.4b H5 adaptation to a human host. Lastly, cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies isolated from clade 2.3.4.4b H5–naive humans can block the hemagglutinin–MHC–II interaction. These findings identify a previously unrecognized receptor pathway in contemporary H5N1 viruses and reveal that both human genetic variation and pre-existing humoral immunity can modulate this interaction, with implications for host range, cellular tropism, spillover risk, and therapeutic intervention.

Competing Interest Statement

S.D.B. has consulted for Regeneron, Sanofi, Novartis, Genentech, Pfizer, Visterra, and Otsuka on topics unrelated to the research presented here; owns stock in AbCellera Biologics; and is a scientific cofounder of Immunera, Inc.; S.E.H reports receiving consulting fees from Sanofi, Pfizer, Lumen, Novavax, and Merck.

Funder Information Declared

NIH/NIAID CEIRR contract, 75N93021C00015

NIH, 1U54CA260517

HIPC, U19AI057266

P01 grant, 5P01AI153559

David Crown Foundation endowment

Early Postdoc Mobility Fellowship Stipend from the Swiss

National Institutes of Health NRSA T32, T32OD011121

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.22.739677v1

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The #Environmental Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) #Benzopyrene (BP) Alters #SARS-CoV-2 #Pathogenesis in a Mouse #Model of Disease

 

Abstract

Since emerging in late 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has caused over 7 million deaths globally and remains a public health concern. Understanding SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis is vital, especially as factors like environmental exposures are still poorly understood. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), like benzo[a]pyrene (BP), found in pollutants like cigarette smoke, diesel exhaust, and charcoal-broiled steaks, are known to injure the lungs. We aimed to evaluate if BP exacerbates SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in a mouse model of disease. One day following intranasal administration of BP (20 mg/kg) or vehicle control, we infected male and female K18-hACE2 mice with ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and assessed lung viral load, weight change, clinical scores, immune cell recruitment, and survival in the presence and absence of BP exposure. We found that BP-exposed mice had decreased survival compared to mock-exposed mice. Additionally, BP did not alter innate or adaptive immune cell populations in the lungs of SARS-CoV-2-infected mice. These findings suggest that PAH exposure exacerbates severe COVID-19 outcomes by unknown mechanisms, highlighting the need to further explore environmental impacts on SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Source: 

Link: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18/8/823

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