#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (AMEDEO, May 2 '26)

 

Ann Intern Med

1. COTTON D
   "Never More Than 15 Feet From the Respirator": Housestaff Research During the 1955 Boston Polio Epidemic.
   Ann Intern Med. 2026 Apr 28. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-25-05440.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Clin Infect Dis

2. WALLS G, McGrath L, Herdman MT, Campbell AJ, et al
   Patient-reported perceptions, experiences and preferences around intravenous and oral antibiotics for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a descriptive qualitative study.
   Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Sep 24:ciaf522. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
3. SHAH AB, Lindsey KN, Zambrano LD, Free RJ, et al
   Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), United States, 2023-2024.
   Clin Infect Dis. 2026 Apr 27:ciag259. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
4. RAMACHANDRAN V, Onukwube Okaro J, Prasad N, Park S, et al
   Epidemiology of Pediatric Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections in 10 U.S. States, 2004-2023.
   Clin Infect Dis. 2026 Apr 27:ciag284. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Int J Infect Dis

5. SHAH P, Pischel L, Sack B, Km AB, et al
   Air Conditioning, Ventilation, and Respiratory Virus Transmission Potential in South India.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Apr 22:108724. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108724.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
6. REICH S
   Re: Petersen E, Hviid AP. Inosine pranobex as a treatment of SARS-CoV-2? Int J Infect Dis. 2026.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Apr 24:108736. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108736.
   PubMed        
   
   
7. TERLIESNER N, Lesniowski D, Unterwalder N, von Bernuth H, et al
   RSV as an independent driver of a subsequent influenza epidemic in Berlin before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Apr 28:108741. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108741.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
8. YAO C, Dong Y, Zou X, Alhaskawi A, et al
   Severe acute limb ischemia in patients with COVID-19: a single-center case series.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Apr 28:108740. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108740.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Intensive Care Med

9. VENKATESAN N, Shah FA, Bain W, Yang Z, et al
   Risk heterogeneity within hypoinflammatory acute respiratory failure: continuous probabilities identify high-risk patients masked by binary classification.
   Intensive Care Med. 2026 Apr 27. doi: 10.1007/s00134-026-08406.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect

10. KIM HK, Jo S, Min KD, Cho SI, et al
    Effectiveness of bivalent COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in Patients With Cancer: Evidence From a Nationwide Target Trial Emulation.
    J Infect. 2026 Apr 28:106753. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2026.106753.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Med Virol

11. LARSEN L, Bistrup C, Sorensen SS, Jorgensen CS, et al
    Torque Teno Virus Viral Load as a Predictive Marker of Serotype-Specific Antibody Response Following the 13-Valent Conjugated Pneumococcal Vaccine in Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Cohort Study.
    J Med Virol. 2026;98:e70949.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
12. WEISS JJ, Messina J, Saullo J, Li Y, et al
    Respiratory Viral Infections Following CD19 CAR T-Cell Therapy.
    J Med Virol. 2026;98:e70941.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Virol

13. GUO D, Yu S, Ma K, Tao H, et al
    Concanavalin A targets phylogenetically conserved N-linked glycans on coronavirus spike proteins for broad-spectrum antiviral activity.
    J Virol. 2026 Apr 27:e0167925. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01679.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. NASIR A, Lee D, Avena LE, Berrueta DM, et al
    Predictive modeling of immune escape and antigenic grouping of SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
15. CHEN L, Su H, Shang W, Nie T, et al
    SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro mutations T21I and E166A confer differential resistance to simnotrelvir, bofutrelvir, and ensitrelvir.
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
16. KOTANI N, Iwasa K, Amimoto T, Yamashita C, et al
    Pseudovirus-mediated proximity labeling identifies candidate host cell membrane proteins involved in viral attachment.
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    JAMA

17. ANDERER S
    Most US Health Care Workers Vaccinated for Flu, Less Than Half for COVID-19.
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    PubMed        
    
    

    
    Lancet

18. SHANKAR-HARI M, Ming D, Mendelson M, Rupali P, et al
    The Lancet Commission on Sepsis: transforming sepsis care and outcomes.
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    PubMed        
    
    

    
    Science

19. BOHM R, Schneider A, Betsch C, Lilleholt L, et al
    CDC communication undermines trust in vaccines.
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    

#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (AMEDEO, May 2 '26)

 

Biochem Biophys Res Commun

1. SAKTHI P, Arun K, Priya D
   Integrative network pharmacology and molecular simulation analysis reveals the therapeutic potential of Coscinium fenestratum alkaloids against SARS-CoV-2.
   Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2026;817:153681.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Epidemiol Infect

2. TOZDUMAN B, Gulle BT
   Influenza Vaccination Coverage and Determinants of Vaccination Among Older Adults in Turkey.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2026 Apr 30:1-17. doi: 10.1017/S0950268826101563.
   PubMed        
   
   

   
   J Gen Virol

3. CHIANG HL, Lin HT, Chen WY, Liang KH, et al
   Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies derived from mRNA LNP immunization exhibit potent neutralizing ability against JN.1, KP.3.1.1 and XEC new Omicron variants.
   J Gen Virol. 2026;107:002251.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Immunol

4. BENEZECH S, Picq L, Villard M, Rousseaux N, et al
   Single-cell analysis identifies CPT1a-associated metabolic remodeling in human NK cells during COVID-19.
   J Immunol. 2026;215:vkag036.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect Dis

5. O'HALLORAN A, Hood N, Ujamaa D, Merced-Morales A, et al
   Effects of age and birth cohort on influenza A virus subtype-specific hospitalization rates, United States 2010-2025.
   J Infect Dis. 2026 Apr 27:jiag232. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
6. ISHIKAWA S, Okada N, Fukui Y, Ueha R, et al
   Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Mediated Gas6/Axl Axis Induces Hyporesponsive Macrophages to Promote Pneumococcal Proliferation in the Nasopharynx.
   J Infect Dis. 2026;233:674-684.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
7. ESNEAU C, Boettiger D, Leask S, Bryant NE, et al
   The Pandemic Respiratory Virus Epidemiological Surveillance Trial - A Self-swab Surveillance System for Respiratory Viruses Nested Within FluTracking.
   J Infect Dis. 2026;233:e1031-e1039.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
8. KLAASSEN F, Swartwood NA, Chitwood MH, Lopes R, et al
   National- and State-level SARS-CoV-2 Immunity Trends From January 2020 to December 2023: a Mathematical Modeling Analysis.
   J Infect Dis. 2026;233:714-724.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Virol

9. DAINES R, Sadeyen J-R, Chang P, Iqbal M, et al
   Mapping hemagglutinin residues driving antigenic diversity in H5Nx avian influenza viruses.
   J Virol. 2026 Apr 30:e0009526. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00095.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Lancet

10. DU X, Anderson CS
    Off-target benefits of influenza vaccination in cardiovascular disease - Authors' reply.
    Lancet. 2026;407:1600.
    PubMed        
    
    
11. FROBERT O, Pedersen IB, Hjelholt AJ, Erikstrup C, et al
    Off-target benefits of influenza vaccination in cardiovascular disease.
    Lancet. 2026;407:1599-1600.
    PubMed        
    
    

    
    Pediatrics

12. ENGSTROM EE, Kaplan SL, Barson WJ, Lin PL, et al
    Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children: 2017-2023.
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
13. KUTZ C, Alarcon-Andrade G, Aguilera E, Garfias C, et al
    Incidence and Severity of Type 1 Diabetes in Children Through the COVID-19 Pandemic in Chile.
    Pediatrics. 2026 Apr 23:e2025072191. doi: 10.1542/peds.2025-072191.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. JACOBSON KB, Merchant M, Fireman B, Klein NP, et al
    SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Before and During Pregnancy and Prevention of Infant COVID-19 Infection.
    Pediatrics. 2026 Apr 22:e2025073000. doi: 10.1542/peds.2025-073000.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
15. LOWENSTEIN C, Kamdar N, Rehkopf DH
    Trends in Youth Mental Health Among Patients in Family Medicine Practices: 2017-2023.
    Pediatrics. 2026;157:e2025072305.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS Comput Biol

16. MOSS R, Tobin RJ, O'Hara-Wild M, Adekunle AI, et al
    Ensemble forecasts of COVID-19 activity to support Australia's pandemic response: 2020-22.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2026;22:e1014199.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
17. PAMORNCHAINAVAKUL N, Schroeder DC, VanderWaal K
    QoALa: A comprehensive workflow for viral quasispecies diversity comparison using long-read sequencing data.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2026;22:e1014208.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS One

18. THIPAYAMASKOMON C, Grimaud O, Tattevin P, Lamhaut L, et al
    High-speed trains versus air transport vectors for mass transfers of critically ill patients: The TRANSCOV cohort study.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0348090.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
19. HU R, Valdivia A, White T, Ju W, et al
    Poldip2 deficiency attenuates lung disease severity in a mouse model of COVID-19.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0348065.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
20. OKADA Y, Nishiura H
    Changes in life expectancy and life span equality during the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020-22 in Japan.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0345579.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
21. RODRIGUEZ-CRESPO JJ, Gutierrez-Leon E, Dammann-Beltran P, Seaman-Gomez JA, et al
    Outcomes in acute pulmonary embolism and their association with adherence to international recommendations around COVID-19 pandemic-induced hospital-strain: The experience in a Mexican tertiary care center.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0347761.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
22. HASHEMPOUR Y, Zazouli MA, Jaafarzadeh N, Valadan R, et al
    Integrated monitoring of enveloped viruses in hospital environments: Detection, persistence, and implications for infection control.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0345644.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
23. SU B, Sun Z, Chen R, Liu H, et al
    Association between psychological distress, lifestyle and career planning on health-related quality of life among the university students during school closure of COVID-19 pandemic in China.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0347032.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
24. WANG M, Laison EKE, Philippsen T, Ghaemi S, et al
    Mechanistic modelling of highly pathogenic avian influenza: A scoping review revealing critical gaps in cross-species transmission models.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0347929.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
25. FATHELRAHMAN E, Mohamed Ali M, Challa TG, Osman R, et al
    Modeling and assessing Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) spread, epidemiological control measures, and cost.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0340004.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
26. BASHIR K, Ouedraogo MO, Dharma C, Sobers M, et al
    Strengthening access to and confidence in COVID-19 vaccines among equity-deserving populations across Canada: An exploratory qualitative study.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0301953.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
27. KO CC, Wu JY, Hung KC, Liao SW, et al
    The impact of COVID-19 vaccination on long-term risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation/flutter after COVID-19 infection: A retrospective cohort study.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0348133.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
28. LIU C, Yang L, Lei J
    CMAP-Fusion: A cross-modal feature selection and model pruning framework for laboratory and imaging data.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0346875.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
29. DAS N, Konduru L, Dahia SS, Sagnika S, et al
    The stress reduction potential of Bhagavad Gita and Yoga for healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A randomized controlled trial.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0347320.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

30. RODRIGUEZ HERNANDEZ CJ, Cruz-Cruz A, Shrestha CL, Terekhova M, et al
    Gingipain proteases from the bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis confer protection against airway viral infection.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2503100123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
31. HUANG KA, Nguyen HTV, Chen YY, Wu KJ, et al
    Broad neutralization of influenza B hemagglutinin antibodies via receptor mimicry and glycan engagement.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2532989123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
32. ZHANG Y, Wang C, Zheng Y, Chen F, et al
    An Ad5-vectored platform generating self-assembling VLPs elicits potent mucosal immunity against influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2519857123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
33. DE LACY N, Lam WY, Collins T, Danks D, et al
    A century of suicide: Insights from long-term data in the United States.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2519951123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Vaccine

34. LIU Y, Jia M, Mu X, Jiang B, et al
    Designing equitable influenza vaccination services for older adults in rural China: A discrete choice experiment.
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
35. SILVA LL, Lopes VDS, da Silva DCB, Nemer CRB, et al
    Global overview of vaccine trust: Evidence from a scoping review.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128482.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
36. JAMES E, Christie S, Boye B, Githieya D, et al
    How to leverage social media to build confidence in COVID-19 vaccines: findings and lessons learned from nationwide campaigns in four countries.
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
37. MALDEN DE, Ackerson BK, Gee J, Peryer MA, et al
    Self-reported reactogenicity of RSV vaccines among older adults: a post-licensure study within a large integrated healthcare system in Southern California.
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
38. FANTIN R, Das S, Loria V, Calderon A, et al
    Hybrid immunity provides stronger protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection than vaccination alone: Evidence from a population-based active monitoring study.
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
39. DENG L, Barton B, Choi P, Clarke L, et al
    Clinical, psychological and quality of life outcomes up to 12-months following thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome after ChAdOx1-S (AZD1222) vaccination in Australia.
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
40. BRIGGS K, Gingerich MC, Gingerich A, Johnson SK, et al
    Intranasal PIV5-vectored SARS-COV-2 KP.2 vaccine protects against homologous and heterologous challenge in mice and hamsters.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128490.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
41. AZEEZ R, Ames SR, Lotoski LC, Winsor GL, et al
    Predictors of SARS-CoV-2 anti-Spike IgG antibody levels following two COVID-19 vaccine doses among children and adults in the Canadian CHILD Cohort.
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42. ROOYAKKERS A, Ye L, Cahn PE, Ruiz-Palacios GM, et al
    Relative efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity analysis of two doses versus one dose of recombinant coronavirus vaccine (adenovirus type 5 vector) in adults 18 years and older: an international, multicentre, randomized, double blinded phase 3 trial.
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43. STRAUTINS K, Foong R, Carcione D, Spencer P, et al
    Post-licensure safety monitoring of nirsevimab in Western Australia 2024.
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
44. AIZAWA Y, Shobugawa Y, Tachikawa J, Ikuse T, et al
    Effectiveness of the COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccine against symptomatic omicron infection in children aged 6 months to 11 years in Japan.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128474.
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45. LLOYD PC, Shah PB, Zhang HT, Shah N, et al
    Safety monitoring of health outcomes following RSVPreF3 + AS01 and RSVPreF vaccination among Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older in the United States, 2023-2024.
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46. MADNI SA, Olson CK, Zauche LH, Machefsky A, et al
    Risk of perinatal death and preterm birth among an observational cohort of women vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 in pregnancy: CDC COVID-19 vaccine pregnancy registry.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128461.
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47. GIOVANATTI A, Shapiro AE
    Anticipating tuberculosis vaccine acceptability in Kenya and South Africa: a narrative review of behavioral and social drivers and strategies to optimize acceptability.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128457.
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48. GUARDALINI LGO, Martins IM, Bernardino TC, Quintilio W, et al
    Non-clinical analysis of virus-like particles (VLP) containing SARS-CoV-2 vaccine antigens.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128406.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
49. DURIER C, Benhamouda N, Besbes A, Lefebvre M, et al
    Ancestral Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike CD4(+) T cells predict protection from symptomatic omicron breakthrough infection.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128425.
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50. VISKUPIC F, Wiltse DL, Liebl Z, Kinslow T, et al
    The prevalence and nature of anti-vaccination legislation in ten midwestern states: Implications for public health and policy.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128452.
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51. DRISLANE S, Lake J, Attwell K
    Learning from government communication strategies to promote infant RSV immunisation: A cross-national study of France, Luxembourg, Spain, and Australia.
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52. CABIESES B, Obach A, Madrid P, Blukacz A, et al
    Mapping the continuum of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy in Chile: Insights from qualitative research among nationals and migrants.
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53. LU PJ, Hung MC, Srivastav A, Kriss JL, et al
    RSV vaccination uptake by the end of the 2024-25 respiratory virus season among adults aged 60-74 years at increased risk of severe RSV and adults aged >/=75 years.
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54. JANSSEN RS, Coffman RL
    A narrative review of immune-mediated adverse events in clinical trials of CpG oligonucleotide toll-like receptor 9 agonists.
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55. IRVING SA, Crane B, Daley MF, Dixon BE, et al
    2023-2024 COVID-19 vaccination coverage in pregnancy in ten healthcare delivery organizations in the United States.
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56. COSTANTINO V, Notaras A, MacIntyre CR
    Long COVID in children in Australia and the potential impact of vaccination.
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57. LLANES-KIDDER C, Gaythorpe K, Rawson T
    Sociodemographic factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake and dropout rates in England.
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58. MCEVOY R, Hervol JR, Zhang Y, Wagner EM, et al
    A modified self-controlled case series on mortality risk following primary series doses of COVID-19 vaccines in U.S. Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older.
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#Replication Efficiency of Contemporary Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza #H5N1 Virus Isolates in #Human #Nasal Epithelium Model

 

Abstract

Replication of influenza A virus in human nasal epithelium affects transmissibility and disease. We compared virus replication and immune responses in human nasal epithelium infected with seasonal and highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses. Contemporary H5N1 viruses replicated better than the historical isolate; however, interferon response to B3.13 genotype viruses was dampened.

Source: 

Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/5/26-0053_article

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Severe Respiratory Illness and Death Associated with #Outbreak of #Human #Rhinovirus B14 among Older Adults, #France, 2024

 

Abstract

We investigated an outbreak of unknown respiratory disease and 8 deaths among older adults in a long-term care facility in France. We identified human rhinovirus (HRV) by quantitative PCR and HRV-B14 by metagenomics. We obtained 5 HRV-B14 genomes that diverged from 5 publicly available genomes. Real-time metagenomics could enable rapid clinical diagnoses.

Source: 

Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/5/25-0981_article

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#Human #infections with avian #influenza #H5 viruses with potential #pandemic #risk: 1997–2025

 

ABSTRACT

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) viruses have caused sporadic human infections since 1997, with recent detections in the Americas and Asia. However, the evolutionary dynamics of different HPAI A(H5) viruses at the animal–human interface, along with their associated disease severity, propensity for animal-to-human (zoonotic) spillover, and human-to-human transmission potential, remain unclear. Here, we combine available genetic and epidemiological data with mechanistic models to better understand the global spread of HPAI A(H5) viruses that spilled over to humans in 1997–2025. Analysis of 7445 subsampled hemagglutinin gene sequences revealed frequent regional succession of HPAI A(H5) virus clades that varied by geographic location. The 1104 reported human HPAI A(H5) cases exhibited subtype- and clade-specific heterogeneity in age, gender, and exposure sources (p < 0.001). After adjusting for under-reporting, we estimated case-fatality risk to be low for HPAI A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b (0.7%, 95%CI: 0.02%–3.9%) and for A(H5N6) clades 2.3.4x (0%, 0%–1.1%) and 2.3.4.4b (1.6%, 0.7%–3.2%), compared with other A(H5) clades (range: 4.7%–15.0%). We also show that, while the transmissibility of HPAI A(H5) viruses between humans remains very low to date (mean Rt: 0.10–0.23), zoonotic transmission has increased with the emergence of bovine-origin clade 2.3.4.4b (incidence: 7.85 per million people per year), relative to other avian-origin A(H5) clades (range: 1.54–5.04 per million people per year). Although other factors such as exposure sources, routes of transmission, immune function, underlying medical conditions, and clinical management can influence outcomes of case-patients, these findings highlight the ongoing pandemic threat posed by HPAI A(H5) viruses and the need for ongoing comprehensive surveillance, genotypic and phenotypic characterization, and preparedness.

Source: 

Link: https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/13/7/nwaf471/8317928

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Mechanistic #modelling of highly pathogenic avian #influenza: A scoping #review revealing critical gaps in cross-species #transmission models

 

Abstract

Background

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, particularly subtypes such as H5N1 and H7N9, have caused widespread outbreaks in wild birds, poultry, livestock and occasionally humans, raising concerns about cross-species transmission and pandemic potential. Effective control and surveillance strategies require a thorough understanding of HPAI transmission dynamics, which can be supported by mathematical modelling.

Objective

This scoping review aimed to identify mechanistic models used to study HPAI transmission. Specifically, we sought to categorize model types, describe their application contexts (e.g., wild birds, poultry, livestock, and humans), and highlight modelling gaps relevant to understanding and mitigating the risks of HPAI spread.

Methods

Following PRISMA guidelines and the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR), we conducted systematic searches of PubMed and Web of Science to identify peer-reviewed studies employing deterministic and stochastic models to analyze HPAI transmission. Eligible articles published between January 2023 and June 2025 were screened and grouped by model structure, host populations, transmission pathways, and modelling objectives.

Results

After screening, 30 studies published after 2023 were included in this scoping review. Compartmental models were the most common (26 studies), with 16 deterministic and 10 stochastic approaches. These models were primarily used to describe transmission among wild birds, poultry, livestock, and humans and to evaluate interventions such as culling, vaccination, and movement restrictions. Agent-based models (2 studies) captured individual-level interactions and spatial heterogeneity, while network models (2 studies) represented contact structures and transmission pathways between farms or species.

Conclusions

Currently, mechanistic modelling of HPAI is dominated by compartmental approaches, including both deterministic and stochastic formulations, whereas agent-based and network models remain relatively underused. Although most studies focus on transmission in wild birds and poultry, and in some cases spillover infections to humans, few explicitly examine infection dynamics in livestock or in transmission between livestock and humans, despite the importance of livestock (e.g., cattle) as potential intermediaries in human infection. Key gaps persist in the integration of empirical data, representation of multi-host interactions, and evaluation of realistic intervention strategies. Addressing these limitations is essential to improve predictive accuracy and to strengthen the role of modelling in informing HPAI surveillance and control.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0347929

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Prior #immunity to seasonal #influenza #H3N2 virus confers varying levels of cross - #protection against challenge with clade 2.3.4.4b #H5N1, #H7N9, or #H9N2 virus in a #ferret model

 

ABSTRACT

Evaluating how prior immunity to seasonal influenza viruses influences subsequent zoonotic influenza A virus (IAV) infection in animal models is critical for pandemic preparedness. In this study, we investigated the cross-protective effect of pre-existing A(H3N2) immunity in ferrets challenged with three distinct subtypes of zoonotic IAVs: low pathogenic A(H7N9) and A(H9N2) viruses, and highly pathogenic clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) virus. Our results show that A(H3N2) preimmunity conferred some protection against A(H5N1) and A(H9N2) virus infection, as evidenced by more rapid viral clearance in the upper respiratory tract, reduced virus shedding in the nasal wash on select days post-inoculation, and a lowered frequency of viral detection in specific tissues compared with naive animals. In contrast, A(H3N2) preimmunity provided minimal cross-protection against A(H7N9) infection, as weight loss and viral dissemination in tissues were not significantly reduced in A(H3N2) preimmune ferrets relative to naive animals. These findings highlight the variable breadth and magnitude of cross-protection elicited by prior seasonal IAV immunity against zoonotic influenza virus challenges in the ferret model. Seasonal influenza A(H3N2) preimmunity provided differing levels of cross-protection against zoonotic influenza A virus infections in ferrets.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/spectrum.03974-25

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Emergence and #Evolution of Triple #Reassortant Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza #H5N1 Virus, #Argentina, 2025

 

Abstract

The H5N1 subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) poses a major zoonotic threat due to its high fatality rate and capacity for cross species transmission. In early 2025, Argentina detected a novel triple reassortant A(H5N1) virus in Chaco Province, combining Eurasian, North American, and South American lineage segments. Genomic analyses of subsequent outbreaks in Buenos Aires and Entre Ríos confirmed persistence of this reassortant and additional HA substitutions (T204K, P251S) potentially linked to increased mammalian receptor affinity. Although PB2 sequences lacked canonical mammalian-adaptive markers (E627K, Q591K, D701N), all contained I292M, a mutation associated with human adaptation. Phylogenetic analyses revealed distinct genotypes and increasing divergence. These findings indicate ongoing viral evolution and adaptation within Argentina, emphasizing the urgent need for sustained genomic surveillance, timely data sharing, and integrated One Health strategies to mitigate zoonotic and socioeconomic risks associated with H5N1 spread in South America.

Source: 

Link: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18/5/525

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Characterizing #viral #clearance kinetics in acute #influenza

 

Abstract

Pharmacometric assessment of antiviral efficacy in acute influenza informs treatment decisions and pandemic preparedness. We characterized natural viral clearance in acute influenza to guide phase II trial design using simulations based upon observed data. Standardized duplicate oropharyngeal swabs were collected daily over 14 days from 80 untreated low-risk Thai adults, with viral densities measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We evaluated three models to describe viral clearance: exponential, bi-exponential and growth-and-decay. The growth-and-decay model provided the best fit, but the exponential decay model was the most parsimonious. The median viral clearance half-life was 10.3 h (interquartile range (IQR): 6.8–15.4h), varying by influenza type: 9.6 h (IQR: 6.2–13.0 h) for influenza A and 14.0 h (IQR: 10.3–19.3 h) for influenza B. Simulated trials using parameters from the exponential decay model showed that 148 patients per arm provide over 90% power to detect treatments accelerating viral clearance by 40%. Variation in clearance rates strongly impacted the power; doubling this variation would require 232 patients per arm for an antiviral with a 60% effect size. A sampling strategy with four swabs per day reduces the required sample size to 81 per arm while maintaining over 80% power. We recommend this approach to assess and compare current anti-influenza drugs.

This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evaluating anti-infective drugs’.

Source: 

Link: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rstb/article/381/1949/20240351/481559/Characterizing-viral-clearance-kinetics-in-acute

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#Antiviral treatment for #influenza

 

Abstract

Seasonal influenza is a widespread acute respiratory infection that causes significant illness and death worldwide. Two major antiviral classes are neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) and polymerase inhibitors. NAIs, including oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir and laninamivir, block viral release, while polymerase inhibitors such as baloxavir disrupt viral RNA replication. Early administration within 48 h of symptom onset reduces illness duration, severity and complications, particularly in high-risk groups. Oseltamivir is the most widely studied NAI, demonstrating reduced viral shedding, faster symptom resolution and lower complication rates, though gastrointestinal side effects are common. Higher doses generally do not improve outcomes compared to standard dosing. Zanamivir is more effective against influenza B and is inhibitory for most influenza A viruses resistant to oseltamivir, but the inhaled formulation is less suitable for patients with severe illness or airway disease. Intravenous (IV) zanamivir is approved for hospitalized influenza patients in some countries. Peramivir offers IV treatment options, while laninamivir is mainly used in Japan. Baloxavir shows superior viral load reduction and comparable symptom relief to oseltamivir in outpatients, though resistance variants can emerge. Favipiravir and newer polymerase inhibitors are under investigation. Combination therapies may enhance recovery, with limited evidence. Overall, timely antiviral use is critical to reducing influenza’s burden.

This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evaluating anti-infective drugs’.

Source: 

Link: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rstb/article/381/1949/20240344/481548/Antiviral-treatment-for-influenza

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#Orthopoxvirus #Antibodies in Feral #Mammals in #Mpox #Outbreak Areas, #Nigeria, 2021–2022

 

Abstract

We analyzed tissue and serum samples from 124 wild animals from communities with confirmed mpox cases in Nigeria. Tissue samples were PCR-negative, but serum samples from 8 animals (6.45%)—3 feral cats, 4 giant pouched rats, and 1 shrew—revealed Orthopoxvirus antibodies, suggesting these species as probable reservoirs.

Source: 

Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/5/25-1565_article

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#qRTPCR #Detection of Inactivated #H5 Avian #Influenza Virus in Raw #Milk Samples by Miniaturized Instruments Designed for On-Site Testing

 

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of H5 and H7 subtypes has emerged as one of the most important zoonotic pathogens in the 21st century with significant economic consequences. The recent outbreak of H5N1 avian influenza (AI) in dairy cattle highlighted the importance of early detection in managing and mitigating HPAIV outbreaks. A successful high-speed diagnostic response requires rapid site and specimen access, minimal time for test protocols, and prompt communication of the diagnostic results to government officials. A new diagnostic paradigm that consists of miniaturized extractor and qPCR instruments (EZextractor and EZcycler MiniQ), designed for mobile, on-site testing has been compared with a platform of benchtop instruments (QIAGEN RNeasy and QuantStudio 5) for detecting inactivated H5 avian influenza virus (AIV) spiked in raw milk samples. Two sets of experiments were performed: 1) 15 raw milk samples, obtained from 15 different farms, diluted with phosphate-buffered saline and spiked with the virus to reach approximately 10 copies/mcL virus concentration, and 2) raw milk samples from two farms, each spiked with the inactivated AIV H5 followed by 5 series of dilution to reach AIV concentrations of 1000, 100, 10, 1 and 0.1 copies/mcL. Results show that despite the inhibitors in raw milk, AIV in all samples can be detected by both platforms. The MT platform showed higher sensitivity than the benchtop platform: the Ct values from the MT were ~2 units lower than the benchtop Ct values. Our findings demonstrate the robustness of the MT platform for diagnosing AIV H5 in raw milk samples and support its use as an on-site diagnostic for rapid surveillance and response.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

DiaVac Biotech Co.

Schweitzer Biotech Co.

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.02.657307v3

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Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza #H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus and Mass #Mortality in Eurasian #Cranes, #Germany, 2025

 

Abstract

In autumn 2025, highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus, genotype EA-2024-DI.2.1, caused systemic infections leading to a mass mortality event among the western migrating subpopulation of Eurasian cranes (Grus grus) in Germany. Gregarious behavior at feeding and resting sites likely promoted rapid viral spread within the population.

Source: 

Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/5/26-0170_article

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#Genotype Diversity of Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza #H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b in #Pennsylvania #Poultry During Disease #Outbreak from April 2022 to March 2023

 

Abstract

The 2022 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b was one of the major avian influenza outbreaks, leading to multiple spillover events infecting domestic and wild bird flocks, as well as mammals. The sustained spread was a result of viral circulation in wild birds across migratory flyways in North America. Pennsylvania has a significant poultry population that supports both retail and live bird markets. The state also features migratory bird stopovers on the Atlantic flyway, increasing exposure to HPAI infections. This study investigates clinical presentation and sequence data from H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses during the 2022 outbreak in Pennsylvania. Eight different H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b genotypes were detected (A1, B1.1, B1.2, B1.3, B2.2, B3.3, B3.5, and one minor genotype) during the first year. The earliest detection was genotype A1, a fully Eurasian virus, in commercial poultry in April 2022. All other genotypes identified were reassortants of A1 with North American avian influenza gene segments (denoted with “B”). Genotype B3.3 was a rare genotype prior to the initial spillover into the live bird market system, but remained predominant among backyard flocks in Pennsylvania and surrounding states until September 2023. Genotype B3.3 has not been detected in migratory waterfowl since, suggesting the genotype has waned and is no longer in circulation. This study sheds light on the genotype diversity of H5N1 during the 2022 outbreak in Pennsylvania poultry, contributing to the understanding of virus evolution and its potential impacts.

Source: 

Link: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18/5/502

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Operational #zoonotic #containment of #MERS #coronavirus in #Saudi Arabia: An implementation-oriented #OneHealth genomic #framework

 

Abstract

Background and Aim: 

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) remains a persistent zoonotic threat more than a decade after its first detection, with Saudi Arabia continuing to be the global epicenter of human infections and the main reservoir interface through dromedary camels. Despite ongoing surveillance, advances in molecular diagnostics, and research on vaccines and therapeutics, sporadic zoonotic spillovers and healthcare-associated outbreaks still occur, showing that current prevention strategies are still not enough. This review compiles current evidence from epidemiological studies, camel reservoir research, genomic monitoring, and public health reports published between 2012 and April 2025 to identify the key gaps preventing effective containment. Special focus is given to recent genomic discoveries, including post-2022 clade B sublineages, recombination events, and spike protein changes that might affect transmission and the effectiveness of countermeasures. Available data suggest that MERS-CoV epidemiology is driven by repeated camel-to-human transmission, followed by occasional amplification in healthcare settings rather than sustained community spread. High seroprevalence and frequent detection of viral RNA in juvenile camels, seasonal gathering in markets, and extensive animal movement networks contribute to ongoing viral circulation at the animal–human interface. Genomic studies consistently show close phylogenetic relationships between camel and human isolates, confirming recurrent zoonotic transmissions. However, fragmented surveillance systems, delayed genomic data integration, inconsistent biosecurity practices, and limited field evidence for camel vaccination pose major barriers to control. Additionally, hospital outbreaks continue to occur due to delayed diagnosis, overcrowding, and incomplete adherence to infection-prevention protocols, underscoring the need for improved clinical preparedness. Based on the integrated synthesis of epidemiological, veterinary, and genomic evidence, this review proposes an implementation-focused One Health genomic framework tailored to the Saudi context. The proposed roadmap highlights real-time connection of human and camel surveillance, expands genomic sequencing capacity, targets vaccination strategies in camels and high-risk human populations, standardizes biosecurity measures in markets and abattoirs, and strengthens infection control systems in healthcare facilities. Alignment with national governance structures and Saudi Vision 2030 offers a practical pathway for coordinated multi-sectoral action. This review concludes that MERS-CoV is unlikely to be eradicated soon, but it can be effectively managed through a genomics-enabled, operational One Health approach that combines surveillance, vaccination, clinical preparedness, and policy coordination. The model outlined here provides a scalable way to reduce zoonotic spillover risk and strengthen readiness against future coronavirus and emerging zoonotic threats. 

Source: 

Link: https://veterinaryworld.org/Vol.19/March-2026/29.php

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Serologic #Surveillance of Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza Virus Subtype #H5 in #Wildlife, Northeast #Germany, 2023–2025

 

Abstract

We tested wild ruminants, boar, and carnivores in northeast Germany for highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5 antibodies. Wild ruminants were seronegative, but 3.5% of boar and 12.5%–21.9% of carnivores were seropositive, indicating frequent spillover. Because such events might accelerate mammalian (and ultimately human) adaptation, sustained monitoring remains essential.

Source: 

Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/5/25-1555_article

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Evaluation of Cross-Immunogenicity of #Ferret #Antisera Following Immunization with #H5N1 #Vaccine Strains

 

Abstract

Background: 

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b have spread globally since 2021, causing extensive outbreaks in avian populations and repeated spillovers into diverse mammalian hosts, including humans. These cross-species transmission events highlight ongoing pandemic risks and underscore the need for vaccine strategies that reflect viral evolution at the human–animal interface. Despite the availability of licensed H5 vaccines and newly recommended World Health Organization (WHO) candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs), the extent to which these vaccines elicit cross-reactive antibody responses against contemporary clade 2.3.4.4b viruses, including mammalian spillover isolates of avian origin, remains incompletely characterized. 

Method: 

In this study, ferret antisera were generated using four WHO-recommended H5 CVVs, including a clade 1 strain (A/Vietnam/1194/2004) and three clade 2.3.4.4b strains (A/Astrakhan/3212/2020, A/American wigeon/South Carolina/22-000345-001/2021, and A/Ezo red fox/Hokkaido/1/2022), formulated with alum adjuvant to reflect licensed vaccine formulation used in national preparedness programs. Antibody responses and cross-reactive activity were evaluated using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) assays against homologous vaccine strains and a feline-origin clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 field isolate from Korea, A/Feline/Korea/SNU-01/2023. 

Results: 

Antisera induced by clade 2.3.4.4b CVVs showed cross-reactive antibody responses against homologous and heterologous clade 2.3.4.4b viruses and demonstrated measurable HI and MN responses against the feline-origin field isolate. In contrast, antisera raised against the clade 1 Vietnam CVV exhibited limited cross-reactivity against clade 2.3.4.4b viruses. Overall, clade 2.3.4.4b CVVs generally showed higher antibody responses than the clade 1 vaccine strain across multiple panels. 

Conclusions: 

These findings provide descriptive insights into antigenic differences between clade 1 and clade 2.3.4.4b viruses and support the antigenic relevance of clade 2.3.4.4b CVVs for contemporary H5N1 strains. This study highlights the importance of ongoing antigenic evaluation to inform vaccine strain selection within a One Health framework.

Source: 

Link: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/14/4/301

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Seasonal forcing and waning #immunity drive the sub-annual periodicity of the #COVID19 #epidemic

 

Abstract

Seasonal trends in infectious diseases are shaped by climatic and social factors, with many respiratory viruses peaking in winter. However, the seasonality of COVID-19 remains in dispute, with significant waves of cases across the United States occurring in both winter and summer. Using wavelet analysis of COVID-19 cases during the pandemic period, we find that the periodicity of epidemic COVID-19 varies markedly across the U.S. and correlates with winter temperatures, indicating seasonal forcing. However, seasonal forcing alone cannot explain the pattern of multiple waves per year that has been so characteristic of COVID-19. Using a modified SIRS model that allows specification of the tempo of waning immunity, we show that specific forms of non-durable immunity can sufficiently explain the sub-annual waves characteristic of the COVID-19 epidemic.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1014169

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Retrospective #Phylogenetic Analysis of #Mayaro Virus, French #Guiana, 1996–2024

 

Abstract

We conducted a retrospective phylogenetic analysis of Mayaro virus (MAYV) detected in French Guiana during 1996–2024. Analysis revealed circulation of MAYV genotype D sublineage 2 and suggested introduction from Brazil and spread to Haiti and Venezuela. Phylogenetic findings support endemic circulation and reinforce the need for MAYV surveillance in the region.

Source: 

Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/5/25-1435_article

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A Phase 1/2 Dose-Ranging Safety and Immunogenicity Study of #mRNA-Based Candidate #Pandemic #Influenza #Vaccines in Healthy Adults

 

Abstract

Background

Influenza A viruses pose a persistent pandemic threat. We report safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity findings for mRNA-1018 pandemic influenza vaccine candidates from a phase 1/2 study in healthy adults.

Methods

In Part A, participants were randomized to receive 1 of 4 mRNA-1018 candidates at 1 of 3 dose levels across 2 influenza A groups: (1) H5N8/H5-only or (2) H7N9/H7-only. H5N8 and H7N9 candidates were administered at 25, 50, or 100-µg and H5-only and H7-only at 12.5, 25, or 50-µg. Part B participants were randomized to receive 12.5, 25, or 50-µg H5-only-CG. Primary objectives were to evaluate the safety and reactogenicity of vaccine candidates. Secondary objectives included evaluation of humoral immunogenicity through day 205 by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI), neuraminidase inhibition, and microneutralization assays.

Results

Parts A and B comprised 1195 and 304 dosed participants, respectively. Overall, solicited local adverse reactions (ARs) within 7 days of vaccination occurred in 76.8% of participants across vaccine candidates and dose levels, most commonly injection-site pain. Solicited systemic ARs were reported in 62.8% of participants, most frequently fatigue and headache. Solicited ARs were predominantly grade 1–2 in severity, with few grade 3 and no grade 4 events. Post-vaccination immune responses, assessed absolutely, by HAI titers and dynamically, by seroconversion rates, tended to increase with vaccine dose. H5-based candidates induced stronger strain-specific HAI, but with comparable microneutralization titers, versus H7-based candidates.

Conclusions

Vaccine candidates were sufficiently well-tolerated and immunogenic. Further development of mRNA pandemic influenza vaccines is warranted for pandemic preparedness.

Source: 

Link: https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciag278/8662346

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