#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (AMEDEO, Oct. 17 '26)

 

Antiviral Res

1. GARDNER CL, Pieterse L, Piper AE, Cerchin ES, et al
   Molnupiravir, first small molecule therapeutic to demonstrate therapeutic efficacy against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in the cynomolgus macaque model.
   Antiviral Res. 2026;255:106548.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol

2. BROWN MARUSIAK A, Babcock H, Sickbert-Bennett E, Westreich D, et al
   Comparative effectiveness of proactive exposure management and illness-based exclusion strategies for COVID-19 in healthcare personnel.
   Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2026 Oct 16:1-10. doi: 10.1017/ice.2026.10553.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Int J Infect Dis

3. SENO AJI NRA, Thomas JT, Tervahartiala T, Raisanen IT, et al
   Oral Fluid Inflammatory Biomarker Profile in Long COVID: Evaluation of Oral Active and Total MMP-8, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 in Relation to BMI and Disease Status.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Oct 13:109183. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109183.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
4. ADEBISI YA, Bailey N, Henderson A, Dibben C, et al
   Residential setting as an effect modifier of intellectual and physical disability associations with COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation and mortality in Scotland.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Oct 12:109177. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109177.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Intensive Care Med

5. LEONE M, Russell JA
   Toward very early vasopressin use in septic shock: observational data accumulate but trial evidence still lacking.
   Intensive Care Med. 2026 Oct 15. doi: 10.1007/s00134-026-08640.
   PubMed        
   
   

   
   J Med Virol

6. XU X, Ye C, Zhou J, Xiao X, et al
   Temporal Trends of Serum Epstein-Barr Virus DNA Positivity Among Clinically Tested Pediatric Patients in Hangzhou, China, 2016-2025: A 10-Year Retrospective Study.
   J Med Virol. 2026;98:e71176.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
7. ZHANG C, Dong X, Liu J, Chen M, et al
   Sigma-1 Receptor-Targeting Compounds Show Antiviral Activity Across Multiple Coronavirus Models.
   J Med Virol. 2026;98:e71123.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Virol

8. KEITH AD, Keen MM, Frank F, Lam WA, et al
   Variant escape site mapping and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid rapid antigen test antibodies.
   J Virol. 2026 Oct 14:e0100126. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01001.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   JAMA

9. JERATH A, Slessarev M, Martin C, D'Aragon F, et al
   Isoflurane-Based Inhaled Sedation in Mechanically Ventilated Adults With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: The SAVE-ICU Randomized Clinical Trial.
   JAMA. 2026 Oct 14. doi: 10.1001/jama.2026.18471.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep

10. NEWELL K, Ohlsen E, Moore K, Aho S, et al
    Effectiveness of Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine in Children Aged 6 Months-6 Years During a Statewide Pertussis Outbreak - Alaska, May-November 2024.
    MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2026;75:601-606.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    

#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (AMEDEO, Oct. 17 '26)

 

Epidemiol Infect

1. ONTAS E
   Establishing influenza epidemic thresholds and intensity levels in Turkiye using the moving epidemic method and assessing concordance with WHO transmission zones: A sentinel surveillance analysis of ten seasons, 2013-2025.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2026;154:e129.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
2. KUMBAROFF Z, Harvey EP, Whitehead J, O'Neale DRJ, et al
   Ethnic inequities in mathematical models for respiratory infectious disease: A systematic review.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2026;154:e130.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
3. HAUSER-VAN WESTRHENEN ESEM, De Hoog MLA, Winkel AMAM, Junquera Guinovart L, et al
   Viral interference with SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic: An individual participant data meta-analysis.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2026;154:e128.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
4. TRIGO F, Guillen JM, Hernandez-Barrera V, Gil R, et al
   Burden of RSV hospital disease and its comorbidities in adults in Spain (2016-2023).
   Epidemiol Infect. 2026;154:e127.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
5. PILAPIL JD, Mata MA, Del Rosario R, Pasciolco MJ, et al
   Genomic surveillance of COVID-19 in Hong Kong (2020-2023): Analysing SARS-CoV-2 variants, mutations, and their impact on viral entry.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2026;154:e124.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
6. SPRONK M, Boyd A, Campman SL, Jongen V, et al
   Presence of post-COVID-19 condition in six ethnic groups in Amsterdam, the Netherlands: a retrospectively reconstructed time interval approach.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2026;154:e121.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Clin Microbiol

7. HEIMSCH KC, Stanoeva KR, Visser I, Rahou Y, et al
   SARS-CoV-2 and RSV external quality assessment on molecular detection and variant typing in European expert laboratories in 2025.
   J Clin Microbiol. 2026;64:e0025826.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
8. SMITH K, Martinez J, Yu H, Harrison J, et al
   Development and evaluation of an ARTIC-based amplicon sequencing assay for whole-genome characterization of respiratory syncytial virus.
   J Clin Microbiol. 2026;64:e0046826.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Immunol

9. KOUTSAKOS M, Crawford JC, Grzelak L, Rizzetto S, et al
   TCRalphabeta repertoire plasticity defines universal CD8+ T cell responses directed at influenza-specific HLA-A*02:01-PB1413-421 epitope.
   J Immunol. 2026;215:vkag270.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect Dis

10. BAI X, Chen S, Yin S, Zhao Q, et al
    Characterization of Mucosal BPI fold-containing family A member 1-High-Expressing Neutrophils and their Immune Defense roles in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Breakthrough Infection via single-cell RNA sequencing.
    J Infect Dis. 2026;234:583-593.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
11. NARAYAN K, Tosh K, Holmes A, Hu L, et al
    Serum Virus-Neutralizing Antibody Titers in Clinical Trial Participants With and Without Immunocompromise Receiving Pemivibart, a Long-Acting Monoclonal Antibody for COVID-19.
    J Infect Dis. 2026;234:e859-e868.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
12. AVADHANULA V, Bournat J, Ferlic-Stark LL, Bond NL, et al
    Impact of Low Community Circulation of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) on Immunity Debt Against RSV in Adults During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.
    J Infect Dis. 2026;234:564-572.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
13. SUTCLIFFE CG, Sergent VM, Yazzie D, Brasinikas G, et al
    Post-COVID Rebound in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Driven by Resurgence of Serotype 4 Among American Indian Individuals in the Southwest United States.
    J Infect Dis. 2026;234:e908-e921.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. MOORE HC, Foo D, Giannini F, Minney-Smith C, et al
    What is the Optimal RSV Immunization Strategy for Infants Born in the RSV Off-season?
    J Infect Dis. 2026;234:e823-e828.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
15. EPSI NJ, Richard SA, Morris MJ, Lindholm DA, et al
    Is Cellular Senescence a Biological Feature of Long COVID? A Transcriptomic Analysis Across Comparative Postacute Sequelae Phenotypes.
    J Infect Dis. 2026;234:e869-e880.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
16. PEREZ-GARCIA C, Llorente J, Aguirre Alastuey ME, Llamosi M, et al
    Lineage Dynamics and Risk Factors Underlying Serotype 4 Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Spain.
    J Infect Dis. 2026;234:e922-e934.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
17. WAN T, Lautenbach E, Mannathoko N, Mosepele M, et al
    Diverse genetic lineages spreading across healthcare and community boundaries underlie extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales (ESCrE) colonization burden in Botswana.
    J Infect Dis. 2026 Jul 7:jiag342. doi: 10.1093.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
18. LEIS AM, Han JH, Hough CL
    Beyond the Acute Illness: Three Myths About Viral Respiratory Infection.
    J Infect Dis. 2026;234:513-515.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Virol

19. WILLIAMS SL, Gygli SM, Bjorgen JC, Fan H, et al
    Avian influenza A virus polymerase gene leads to temperature-resistant genome replication.
    J Virol. 2026 Oct 13:e0097826. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00978.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS Biol

20. NIU C, Huang X, Yan Q, Liu B, et al
    R1-32-like public antibodies acquire tolerance to SARS-CoV-2 antigenic drift through somatic hypermutation.
    PLoS Biol. 2026;24:e3003996.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS One

21. BHUKHAI K, Tanhuad N, Srimorkun P, Manopwisedjaroen S, et al
    Omicron SARS-CoV-2 shows NRP1-linked susceptibility in adipose-derived MSCs and alters primitive cord blood CD34(+) HSPCs.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0360439.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
22. SADIQ M, Wasim B, Khatoon A, Kumar A, et al
    Whole-exome sequencing identifies a missense variant in the cytoskeletal gene SVIL implicating actin remodeling in COVID-19 severity in a Pakistani cohort.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0360429.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
23. REZENDE LMT, Silva KVC, Cuadro A, Signes VM, et al
    Consequences of COVID-19 infection on educators' executive functions: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0350156.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
24. LI X, Ding J, Zhang Y, Hu T, et al
    Measuring destination image dissonance: A compositional data analysis of cross-media representations in Sanya's Tourism.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0360383.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
25. YANG Y, Juntila-Raymond C, Callear A, Smith M, et al
    Evaluation of pre-Omicron population immunity for SARS-CoV-2 in the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) cohort.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0360506.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
26. VERFAILLIE SCJ, Verveen A, Visser D, Nieuwkerk P, et al
    Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) are associated with distinct clinical phenotypes two years after SARS-CoV-2 infection: A data-driven approach.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0359844.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
27. NGAMALEU MR, Tene H, Djounda R, Minomo R, et al
    Early inflammation-driven damage and delayed viral clearance are associated with prolonged biliary perturbation in a Cameroonian cohort of COVID-19 patients.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0357503.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
28. JUNG H, Jung M
    A retrospective epidemiological study of screening-derived solid cancer incidence proxy rates in South Korea before and after COVID-19 using Korean National Health Insurance Service data.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0360040.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Vaccine

29. BOER M, Klugkist I, Kroese F
    Educational background and vaccination beliefs in the Netherlands: A Bayesian Evidence Synthesis from four studies.
    Vaccine. 2026;93:129132.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
30. SAIKI S, Kuroiwa M, Hashimoto K, Nakajima-Yoshida H, et al
    LP.8.1-directed recombinant protein COVID-19 vaccine S-268025, formulated with squalene-based adjuvant A-910823, elicits robust immunogenicity and neutralizing breadth in mice.
    Vaccine. 2026;93:129177.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
31. BAZARJAV P, Erdene-Ochir T, Sandagdorj A, Enkhtuvshin A, et al
    One-year antibody kinetics and effectiveness of a BNT162b2 booster after four primary COVID-19 vaccination regimens in Mongolia.
    Vaccine. 2026;93:129179.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
32. GOULD S, Rohde CM, Destexhe E, Tiesjema B, et al
    Summary of 2025 Society of Toxicology Workshop "Vaccine Toxicology in the Post-COVID Era".
    Vaccine. 2026;93:129180.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
33. BRADY C, Govender M, Mellors J, Tipton T, et al
    Spike antibody Fc is associated with protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge in macaques.
    Vaccine. 2026;93:129192.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
34. SHICHINOHE S, Li Q, Tanaka H, Anindita J, et al
    Cross-clade protection against human H5N1 isolates by a clade 2.3.4.4b HA mRNA vaccine in mice.
    Vaccine. 2026;93:129215.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
35. BEOGO I, Xu Y, Kibret TC, Muray M, et al
    Perception of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness perception in older racialized communities: role of major racial discrimination and health literacy.
    Vaccine. 2026;93:129214.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
36. BEOGO I, Kibret TC, Zhang Q, Muray M, et al
    Ethnic disparities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake among among 55+ year-old Canadians: Exploring the role of racial discrimination, chronic disease comorbidities, and conspiracy beliefs.
    Vaccine. 2026;93:129213.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
37. KOPP L, Hofner B, Mentzer D
    Mobile-app-based cohort event monitoring study (CEM) of COVID-19 vaccines.
    Vaccine. 2026;93:129219.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
38. MARQUES DFP, Howard J, Alvarez ML, Machado A, et al
    Comparing two case definitions for including severe acute respiratory infection patients in influenza and COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness studies among older adults using the test-negative design: VEBIS hospital network, seven European countries, 2023/
    Vaccine. 2026;94:129234.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    

The #Risk of an #H5N1 #Influenza #Pandemic

 

Abstract

The last 110 years have seen four influenza A pandemics, where viruses have emerged from mammals or birds with the ability to transmit and cause disease in human populations. Since 2021, a high-pathogenicity strain of avian influenza, H5N1, has caused a panzootic (pandemic of animals), with global spread in wild birds, resulting in frequent spillovers into farmed poultry and into mammals, including mammal species not previously known to be affected by influenza A. This has created increased opportunity for reassortment, mutation, human infection, and potential adaptation to transmit. The risk to humans and the impact are difficult to quantify but of mounting concern to public health bodies. Here, we examine the risk of an H5N1 pandemic emerging and spreading in humans and the potential impact of an H5N1 pandemic.

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042525-092552

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#MERS #Coronavirus in #Camels, #Kazakhstan, 2025

 

Abstract

In 2025, a respiratory disease outbreak occurred among camels in Kazakhstan. We detected Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus by using quantitative reverse transcription PCR in 38 symptomatic camels, demonstrating active circulation in Central Asia. Our findings highlight the need for enhanced surveillance to assess zoonotic transmission risk.

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3211.260394

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#Andes virus from the MV #Hondius #outbreak is highly #pathogenic in hamsters and #airborne shed

 

Abstract

In May 2026, an outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) caused by Andes virus (ANDV) was detected aboard the cruise ship MV Hondius, sparking public health measures in multiple countries. ANDV infections in humans are mostly sporadic, most often linked to exposure to infected rodents in South America, although small clusters of human cases, like the 2026 outbreak on the MV Hondius occur as well. It is not known whether virological factors may contribute to this distinct epidemiology, and no phenotypic characterisation of the newly emerged ANDV (ANDV2026) has been carried out to date. Here, using an ANDV isolate from a presymptomatic patient from the MV Hondius, we studied pathogenesis, identified sites of viral replication, characterized innate and adaptive immune responses, and quantified shedding in golden Syrian hamsters. ANDV2026 proved to be highly pathogenic in hamsters, causing severe pulmonary disease reminiscent of HPS. ANDV2026 triggered a delayed type-I IFN response and inflammatory response in the lungs consistent with the key pathological features of HPS, and we detected viral replication in both respiratory and extra-respiratory tissues, including the brain. Infected animals mounted neutralising antibodies and T cell responses, the latter directed predominantly against the L and N proteins. Importantly, ANDV2026-infected animals shed virus through multiple routes, and we detected infectious virus in air samplers connected to cages housing ANDV2026-infected hamsters. In contrast, control hamsters infected with a rodent-derived ANDV isolate (ANDV9717869) shed little virus and air samples were consistently negative. These findings consolidate established features of ANDV pathogenesis, while revealing properties not previously described. Phenotypic characterisation of patient-derived ANDV isolates in animal models can strengthen outbreak preparedness, identify markers of disease severity, and support the development of medical countermeasures.

Competing Interest Statement

AS is a consultant for AstraZeneca, Darwin Health, Desna Therapeutics, Geovax, RiverVest Venture Partners and Wugen and he has equity interest in Sanofi. AG is a consultant for Sanofi.

Funder Information Declared

Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, 09150182110054

Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Centre (PDPC), 2022.002

HERA EU4Health DURABLE, 101102733

European Union's Horizon Europe research and innovation programme, 101137506

Medical Research Council (MRC)

Wellcome Trust, https://ror.org/029chgv08, 226141/Z/22/Z

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.12.758426

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#Community #Transmission of Pneumonic #Plague, Fenoarivobe, #Madagascar, 2022

 

Abstract

The results of an outbreak investigation of pneumonic plague conducted in the plague-endemic district of Fenoarivobe, Madagascar, revealed a familial cluster of plague. Transmission was aided by intrahousehold contact or gatherings and was amplified by delayed plague treatment, highlighting the need for early diagnosis and rapid initiation of appropriate therapy.

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3211.260549

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Differentiating #Avian and Seasonal #Influenza Viruses in #Wastewater by Digital #PCR

 

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5Nx) viruses, particularly clade 2.3.4.4b, pose substantial global health risks. We combined and piloted 2 duplex reverse transcription digital PCRs to discriminate between avian and seasonal influenza viruses in wastewater. This approach enabled rapid, strain-specific detection to reduce ambiguity in environmental surveillance for influenza viruses.

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3211.261234

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Effectiveness of #Diphtheria and #Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular #Pertussis #Vaccine in #Children Aged 6 Months–6 Years During a Statewide Pertussis Outbreak — #Alaska, May–November 2024

 

Abstract

Widespread use of pertussis vaccines in children has resulted in a >90% reduction in the number of annual pertussis cases in the United States. After a period of low U.S. pertussis incidence during and shortly after the COVID-19 pandemic, incidence increased in 2024. Data on the real-world effectiveness of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) against pertussis during this disease resurgence are limited. In response to documentation of a record high pertussis incidence in Alaska during May–November 2024, DTaP vaccine effectiveness (VE) against pertussis in Alaska children aged 6 months–6 years was evaluated. Adjusted VE was 96.2% among children who had completed the 3-dose primary DTaP series and 85.3% among those who were partially vaccinated. Compared with children who had received ≥3 DTaP doses, the odds of laboratory-confirmed pertussis were approximately 26 times as high in unvaccinated children (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 26.1), and approximately 4 times as high in those who had received 1–2 DTaP doses (adjusted OR = 3.8). These findings reinforce the importance of following pertussis vaccination recommendations to protect for children from the disease and reduce the occurrence of pertussis outbreaks.

Source: 

Link: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7540a1

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#Epidemiology and #Economic Burden of #Puumala Virus #Infection in Styria, #Austria, 2003 to 2024

 

Abstract

Background

Hantavirus infections cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and impose a potential burden on healthcare systems. However, comprehensive economic data remain scarce. We quantified the inpatient economic burden of hospitalized patients with Puumala virus (PUUV) infections in Styria, Austria’s primary endemic region, to identify hospitalization costs and early admission predictors of costs.

Methods

This retrospective cost-of-illness study analyzed 1049 serologically confirmed PUUV hospitalizations across 20 public hospitals in Styria, Austria between September 2003 and March 2024. Costs were estimated using the Austrian performance-oriented hospital financing (Leistungsorientierte Krankenanstaltenfinanzierung) diagnosis-related group system, standardized to 2024-equivalent Euros using consumer price index deflation. Admission predictors of cost were assessed using multivariable γ-generalized linear modeling with multiple imputations. Temporal trends in length of stay were analyzed using weighted segmented linear regression.

Results

Cumulative inpatient cost was ∼€10.3 million (mean per-case: €9788) for the entire study period of 21 years. Three epidemic years (2012, 2019, and 2021) accounted for 53.6% of cases and over €5.2 million in expenditure, with peak annual costs reaching €1.93 million (0.274% of total Styrian inpatient expenditure) in 2012. Prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT; cost-ratio 1.024 per second, 95% CI 1.019–1.030) and older age (CR 1.004 per year, 95% CI 1.001–1.008) were independent admission-level predictors of higher cost. Median hospital length of stay declined by ∼50% over the study period.

Conclusions

PUUV hospitalizations impose a sharply episodic but recurrent economic burden on regional healthcare systems. Admission aPTT and age independently predicted cost, but clinical outcomes were not modeled and these variables do not constitute a triage tool. Epidemic preparedness strategies are warranted.

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofag607

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Evaluating the effects of #population #mobility on #transmission during the #COVID19 #pandemic

 

Abstract

Changes to community mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic, together with unprecedented availability of surveillance and mobility data, provide a unique opportunity to quantify the effect of mobility on respiratory infection transmission. We present a renewal model that incorporates epidemiological mechanisms influencing SARS-CoV-2 transmission along with a non-mechanistic scaling process. We compare models with and without mobility using epidemic data from 122 countries and quantify the influence of mobility through reductions in non-mechanistic scaling. In several countries, this non-mechanistic process closely tracks mobility trends and varies substantially less when mobility is incorporated. This is especially evident in Western Europe and North America, but not in several countries of West Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Google and Facebook data produce similar findings, and parks is frequently assigned the lowest weight in the multi-location Google analysis. Mobility trends are strongly aligned with short-term transmission dynamics in many high-income settings, although between-country heterogeneity remains.

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-78247-9

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Mice immunized with #N1 NA in a single cycle infectious virus or in a recombinant nanoparticle #vaccine are protected against lethal challenge with HPAI #H5N1 influenza

 

Abstract

The recent spillover of highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b into dairy cattle and other mammalian species has been concerning. Vaccine candidates that can be rapidly synthesized and implemented are key countermeasures for protecting the human population against emerging pathogens. Here we examine the use of a pH1N1 virus lacking the genetic material for hemagglutinin (HA), limiting the infection to a single cycle (sciIAV) or Cobalt lipid-porphyrin nanoparticles decorated with neuraminidase (NA) of HPAI H5N1 (N1-CoPoP) as vaccine candidates. C57BL/6 mice that were inoculated intranasally with a single dose of pH1N1 sciIAV did not differ in serum NA antibody compared to uninoculated mice. However, mice that were inoculated intramuscularly with the N1-CoPoP alone or in combination with pH1N1 sciIAV had increased N1 IgG antibodies. Upon lethal challenge with HPAIV H5N1, all mice inoculated with either pH1N1 sciIAV or N1-CoPoP were protected from weight loss, unlike unvaccinated mice with substantial body weight losses that succumb to viral infection between 7 and 10 days post infection (dpi). Both pH1N1 sciIAV and N1-CoPoP immunization minimized viral infection such that only one mouse receiving pH1N1 sciIAV had detectable viral titer in the lungs at 4 dpi. By 6 dpi, no mouse inoculated with pH1N1 sciIAV and/or N1-CoPoP had detectable virus in nasal turbinates, lungs or the brain, unlike the high viral titers found in uninoculated mice. Both pH1N1 sciIAV and N1-CoPoP were protective and should be investigated further as alternative vaccine candidates.

Competing Interest Statement

J.F.L. holds interest in POP Biotechnologies. Other authors declare no competing interests.

Funder Information Declared

American Lung Association, https://ror.org/01p3rh655

Texas Biomedical Research Institute

Douglass Foundation

Source: 

Link:  https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.11.758125

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Cross-reactive T-cell responses against #BDBV in #humans after rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP #vaccination

 

{Excerpts}

(...)

Our study shows that a single immunisation with the available, licensed EBOV vaccine induces T-cell cross-reactivity against BDBV and to a lesser extent against SUDV. Although it is not known whether these T cells contribute to improved clinical outcomes upon BDBV exposure in humans, preclinical studies show that T-cell responses are required for vaccine-mediated protection in non-human primates: CD4 T cell help to B cells is required for protection against disease caused by EBOV,10 and depletion studies have also shown a protective role of CD8 T cells.11

Our study has limitations. Due to the small sample size and single measured timepoint, dose–response differences and long-term persistence of the cross-reactive T-cell response could not be assessed. This study was performed in healthy adults in Germany, thus representativeness of populations in areas affected by the BDBV outbreak is limited.

Although a correlate of protection against disease caused by BDBV has not been defined, our findings provide first evidence that rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP vaccination against EBOV induces BDBV-cross-reactive T-cell responses. In the absence of a BDBV-specific vaccine, these data support the systematic evaluation of the available EBOV vaccine within clinical trials during the current outbreak.

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(26)00529-3

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Strong #Protein #Responses to Acute #Infection Control General Post-Viral #Sequelae and #SARS-CoV-2-specific #Neurocognitive Sequelae

 

Abstract

After serious infections, many survivors fully recover while others face persistent symptoms including neurocognitive dysfunction, cardiopulmonary instabilities and disabling fatigue, classified broadly as Post-Acute Infection Syndromes (PAIS). Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID19 (PASC) is one special case. To test whether acute infection initiates PAIS, we analyzed proteins in 173 saliva samples collected during severe respiratory viral infections and tracked patient outcomes for five years. We discovered 44 proteins, all derived from interferon stimulated genes, that respond strongly to acute infection. Rates of post-acute syndromes were similar regardless of infection, but the types of Sequelae differed by virus. High expression of 19 proteins predict low General Sequelae rates across all viruses. High expression of 23 overlapping proteins predict low Neurocognitive Sequelae rates only with SARS-CoV-2 infections. We propose that low expressions of these proteins, which control viral replication, innate immunity, and secondary autoimmunity, combine to precipitate PAIS and PASC.

Competing Interest Statement

Theodore G. Liou, Judy L Jensen and Kristyn A Packer received research funding from Anagram, Aridis, BioMX, Calithera, Clarametyx, Judy L Jensen and Kristyn A Packer received research funding from Anagram, Aridis, BioMX, Calithera, Clarametyx, Gilead, Insmed, Laurent, Novartis, Sionna, SpliSense, the US Cystic Fibrosis Foundation's Therapeutic Development Network and Vertex for performance of clinical studies during the study and manuscript preparation period. Theodore Liou is a member and Rhonda Szczesniak is vice-chair of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Clinical Research Committee. Theodore Liou and Frederick Adler, through the University of Utah, are named as inventors on the following patent applications related to the proteins identified in this manuscript: (1) a provisional patent application titled "DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENTS FOR ACUTE AND POST-VIRAL DISEASE BASED ON INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES TO SARS-COV-2 INFECTION," serial number 63/792,687, filed 4/22/2025; (2) a provisional patent application titled "ADDITIONAL INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES WITH DIAGNOSTIC AND TREATMENT POTENTIAL FOR POST-ACUTE SEQUELAE OF COVID19 SYNDROME AND FOR POST-ACUTE INFECTION SYNDROME," serial number 63/979,883, filed 2/10/2026; (3) a Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) application titled "METHODS FOR PREDICTING POST-ACUTE SEQUELAE OF VIRAL INFECTIONS USING INTERFERON STIMULATED GENE PROTEINS," serial number PCT/US2026/024520, filed 4/21/2026, which incorporates subject matter from (1) and (2); and (4) a provisional patent application titled "ADDITIONAL ACUTELY EXPRESSED PROTEINS PROTECTIVE AGAINST NEUROCOGNITIVE AND GENERAL POST-VIRAL SEQUELAE," serial number 64/102,461, filed 6/30/42026. The applicant on all applications is the University of Utah.

Source: 

Link: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.27.26361488v2

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Serologic #Testing for #MERS #Coronavirus and #SARS-CoV-2 Cross-Reactive Immune Responses, the #Netherlands

 

Abstract

Cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2–specific antibodies could compromise the specificity of MERS-CoV serology, potentially leading to misclassification of infection history. SARS-CoV-2 exposure induced MERS-CoV antibodies primarily targeting the conserved S2 domain, with occasional neutralizing capacity. Combining MERS-CoV S1 binding with neutralization, however, limited the influence of SARS-CoV-2–induced cross-reactivity on MERS-CoV serology.

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3211.260690

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#Global Genomic #Surveillance of #MERS #Coronavirus

 

Abstract

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a persistent zoonotic and epidemic threat. We analyzed 807 publicly available human- and camel-derived MERS-CoV genomes collected during 2012–2024 to assess global genomic surveillance. Most sequences originated from Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Major gaps in surveillance persist across Africa and South and Central Asia despite large camel populations, active trade, and evidence of viral circulation. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed predominance of clade B in the Arabian Peninsula and clade C in East Africa, consistent with regional patterns. We identified uneven sampling, incomplete metadata, and long delays between sample collection and public sequence submission, often spanning years. Those limitations reduce the value of genomic data for timely situational awareness. Integrating genomic with population and trade data supports timelier, more representative, and coordinated One Health surveillance for MERS-CoV but reveals major blind spots.

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3211.260668

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#Evidence of Exposure to Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza #H5 Viruses in East #Greenland Polar #Bears

 

Abstract

We detected influenza A virus antibodies in plasma collected from East Greenland polar bears during subsistence hunts in 2024 (3/14 [21%]) and 2025 (6/14 [43%]). Four bears from 2025 had antibodies for the globally emerging highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5 clade 2.3.4.4b, consistent with survival after exposure.

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3211.261050

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Subacute Sclerosing #Panencephalitis after #Measles #Outbreaks, the #Philippines, 2007–2022

 

Abstract

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a delayed, almost uniformly fatal complication of measles. The Philippines had measles outbreaks in 2010–2011, 2013, and 2018–2019; the last was the largest in the World Health Organization Western Pacific Region. Published SSPE data from the Philippines end in 2015. We reviewed all 20 children admitted with SSPE to a tertiary pediatric hospital in Quezon City during 2007–2022 and estimated year of measles infection. Median patient age was 6.2 years at hospital admission and 0.7 years at reported measles illness. Five (25.0%) of 20 admissions occurred in 2022, and estimated infection dates placed 4 patients within the 2018–2019 outbreak; all were admitted during 2020–2022. Given the multiyear latency of SSPE, additional cases might emerge over coming years. Reported measles history could not be established in one quarter of patients. Strengthened measles surveillance and sustained 2-dose vaccination coverage are needed.

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3211.261395

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Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of a 9-valent vaccine (ExPEC9V) for #prevention of invasive #Escherichia coli disease in older #adults: a phase 3, randomised, placebo-controlled trial (E.mbrace)

 

Summary

Background

Invasive Escherichia coli disease (IED) caused by extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) can lead to bacteraemia and sepsis. ExPEC9V is a conjugate vaccine targeting nine E coli O-serotypes that account for most E coli bloodstream infections. We aimed to evaluate ExPEC9V for safety, immunogenicity, and prevention of IED caused by ExPEC9V O-serotypes in adults aged 60 years and older.

Methods

In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study conducted at 332 clinical sites in 20 countries (E.mbrace), we enrolled participants aged 60 years and older in stable health and with a history of urinary tract infection (UTI) within the previous 2 years. Participants were randomly assigned (in blocks of no set size with the use of interactive web response system, stratified by age and presence or absence of risk factors for complicated UTI) 1:1 to receive a single dose of intramuscular ExPEC9V or placebo. Participants, study-site personnel, and investigators remained masked to group allocation throughout the study. The primary endpoint was first IED in blood or sterile sites caused by ExPEC9V O-serotypes in the per-protocol efficacy analysis set (all randomly assigned, vaccinated participants without major protocol deviations); secondary endpoints included immunogenicity assessment in a subset of participants. Safety endpoints included solicited (safety subset), unsolicited (full analysis set), and serious (full analysis set) adverse events. A prespecified futility analysis conducted when at least 40% of the expected 53 IED events had occurred indicated lack of efficacy, leading to early study termination. We present final study results (data up to the date of the futility announcement), when 17 701 of the planned 19 800 participants had been vaccinated. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04899336).

Findings

Participants were enrolled between June 30, 2021, and Feb 13, 2025. Of 18 844 individuals assessed for eligibility, 17 701 were enrolled, randomly assigned, and vaccinated (8858 with ExPEC9V and 8843 with placebo). The per-protocol efficacy included 17 637 participants (8822 for ExPEC9V and 8815 for placebo). There were 24 IED cases (11 in vaccine and 13 in placebo groups) caused by ExPEC9V O-serotypes in blood or sterile sites, yielding a vaccine efficacy of 14·63% (95% CI −106·57 to 65·38), indicating no protective effect. ExPEC9V had an acceptable safety profile, with more frequent low-grade adverse events in the ExPEC9V versus placebo group, balanced serious adverse event distribution among both groups, and no vaccine-related deaths.

Interpretation

In this large phase 3 trial of older adults, ExPEC9V did not demonstrate efficacy in preventing first IED caused by ExPEC9V O-serotypes, despite generating robust and sustained antibody responses. Development of the ExPEC9V vaccine has been discontinued.

Funding

Johnson & Johnson and Sanofi.

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(26)00469-X

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#Human #Infection with Avian #Influenza #H7N7 Virus, #Taiwan, 2026

 

Abstract

Low pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N7) virus detected in a poultry worker in Taiwan, 2026 was related to viruses circulating in Asian wild birds and possessed PB2 E627K, a mammalian adaptation marker. Enhanced surveillance for H7 viruses in poultry and rapid characterization of human cases are essential to assess pandemic potential.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.09.26365013

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The transition to #postpartum #lactation establishes a state of maternal #antiviral #resilience

 

Abstract

Influenza A virus (IAV) causes severe disease during late pregnancy, yet how maternal adaptations in host defense shape susceptibility following childbirth remains unknown. Here, we show that the postpartum period represents a state of enhanced maternal antiviral immunity. Across postpartum stages, dams infected before weaning exhibited increased survival and reduced disease following lethal IAV challenge compared with nonpregnant females. Postpartum protection was associated with enhanced viral clearance and increased pulmonary antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and IL-17A-producing gamma-delta T cells. We identify the transition into lactation as a critical determinant of this protection. Protection extended to highly pathogenic avian influenza. Together, these findings reveal that maternal antiviral immunity remains actively shaped after childbirth, establishing the postpartum lactational period as a distinct state of maternal antiviral resilience.

Competing Interest Statement

KK and PS are co-inventors on a patent relating to this work. KK and PS are co-founders of Coralie Bio, Inc. that may benefit financially from the work described in this article.

Funder Information Declared

National Institutes of Health, https://ror.org/01cwqze88, 1R01HD120540, 1F31AI191458

David and Lucile Packard Foundation, https://ror.org/032atxq54, Packard Fellowships for Science and Engineering

U.S. National Science Foundation, https://ror.org/021nxhr62, Graduate Research Fellowship Program

Howard Hughes Medical Institute, https://ror.org/006w34k90, Gilliam Fellowship Program

Blavatnik Family Foundation, Blavatnik Biomedical Accelerator at Harvard University

Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering

Source: 

Link: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.10.02.756285

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