Epidemiological study of #hantavirus in Southern #Brazil, 2009-2019

 

ABSTRACT

Brazil has the highest number of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome cases on the American continent, with Santa Catarina being the state with the most notifications. This retrospective longitudinal study aimed to describe the epidemiological profile of 177 hantavirus cases reported in Santa Catarina from 2009 to 2019, using data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). Statistical analyses of socio-demographic, clinical, and epidemiological data revealed that the typical patient was a male of working age with low educational attainment, living in a rural area. The highest incidence occurred in the Santa Catarina West, Midwest, and Mountain regions, strongly associated with agricultural activities. The case fatality rate (CFR) was highest among the 15-19-year age group. Clinical risk factors for death included respiratory signs, increased hematocrit, and the need for mechanical ventilation. Patients who sought early care had a higher CFR, possibly due to the initial difficulty of differentiating hantavirus from other viral diseases. Conversely, regions with higher notification rates showed lower CFRs, suggesting better surveillance. This study highlights critical areas for public health intervention and the key characteristics of hantavirus patients (males in rural areas and adolescents aged 15-19 years in regions with low notification rates) and areas for public health intervention. Training for medical professionals in regions with low notification rates should aim to reduce lethality, especially in regions with low reported cases (Itajai river delta and South), where underreporting may be occurring. Furthermore, the high lethality in adolescents and in patients with non-specific initial symptoms requires greater awareness. This study shows the utility of a governmental database in identifying epidemiological patterns and creating public health strategies tailored to regional specificities.

Source: 

Link: https://www.scielo.br/j/rimtsp/a/VB7LM8DjmVJ9yJBwYzSjzMh/?lang=en

____

Loss of nsp14-exonuclease activity impairs the #replication, proofreading, fitness, and #pathogenesis of #SARS-CoV-2

 

ABSTRACT

Coronaviruses (CoVs) replicate their RNA genomes with a higher degree of fidelity than other RNA viruses, a mechanism mediated by the proofreading and recombination activities of the exoribonuclease domain of replicase nonstructural protein 14 (nsp14-ExoN). Both murine hepatitis virus (MHV) and SARS-CoV tolerate nsp14-ExoN loss-of-function mutations (ExoN−) (D90A and E92A), but have impaired replication fidelity and pathogenesis; yet identical substitutions in MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 have been reported to be lethal. Here, we report a saturation mutagenesis approach facilitating the recovery and analysis of several constellations of SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 ExoN-inactivating, loss-of-function substitutions, including the canonical D90A and E92A. Biochemical assays with purified WT or ExoN-nsp10-14 fusion proteins confirmed that active site substitutions abolished ExoN activity (ExoN−). SARS-CoV-2 ExoN− viruses exhibited impaired replication, RNA synthesis, and recombination, as well as decreased replication fidelity and loss of fitness in vitro. ExoN− viruses were significantly attenuated for replication in human primary airway epithelial cells and were attenuated for replication and pathogenesis in WT mice, as well as the highly susceptible K18 transgenic mice. In the absence of interferon signaling in vivo, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 ExoN− viral replication could be partially restored. These results demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 ExoN− viruses are viable but highly impaired for replication, fitness, and fidelity in vitro, as well as innate immune antagonism and pathogenesis in vivo. Collectively, our results solidify the multiple critical roles of nsp14-ExoN across CoV genera and establish new approaches for rescuing and analyzing loss-of-function substitutions in studies of CoV replication, pathogenesis, and evolution.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mbio.00073-26

____

Computational #design of an ultrapotent #deltacoronavirus miniprotein #inhibitor

 

Significance

Multiple porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) spillovers occurred in Haiti and there are currently no vaccines or therapeutics approved for use in humans. We computationally designed PDCoV miniprotein inhibitors and identified one (MB11) that potently and broadly neutralizes distantly related delta-coronaviruses. MB11 is resistant to multiple biochemical stresses, an ideal property for easy storage and delivery. These data pave the way for developing therapeutics to prepare for possible future PDCoV outbreaks.

Abstract

Multiple spillovers of porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) into humans in Haiti highlight its zoonotic potential and the need for targeted interventions. No approved vaccines or therapeutics are available for use in humans against any DCoVs. Here, we report the de novo design of PDCoV miniprotein inhibitors (aka minibinders, MBs) and show that one of them, MB11, binds with picomolar affinity to the PDCoV receptor-binding domain (RBD). MB11 potently inhibits PDCoV, outcompeting monoclonal antibodies, and cross-reacts with and broadly neutralizes a panel of distantly related DCoVs. We determined a cryoelectron microscopy structure of MB11 bound to the PDCoV RBD which reveals the molecular basis of broad DCoV neutralization through interference with host receptor engagement. Deep mutational scanning of the PDCoV RBD reveals that MB11 has a high barrier to viral escape with only few mutations mediating escape without dampening APN receptor binding. MB11 resists stringent biochemical stresses, including high temperature, low pH, and proteolysis, which may enable delivery to various tissues for viral inhibition. This work delineates a prime candidate for clinical evaluation against PDCoV infection and for pandemic preparedness.

Source: 

Link: https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2533456123?af=R

____

Disentangling the drivers and host-mediated #global #spread of #H7 #influenza A virus

 

Abstract

Avian influenza H7 viruses pose a significant zoonotic and pandemic threat, yet their evolutionary dynamics, spatial transmission patterns, and host-specific roles remain underexplored. This study integrates phylodynamic and phylogeographic analyses to map global H7 dissemination, quantify host-specific contributions, and identify key ecological and anthropogenic drivers. Epidemiological data show key epidemic waves in Asia during 2013-2014 and 2016-2017, and in Africa in 2023. The Eurasian and American lineages of H7 viruses exhibit transmission with a median velocity of ~661 km/year and ~354 km/year, though spread varies significantly by virus subtype. Anseriformes (~587 km/year) and wild birds (~654 km/year) spread the Eurasian lineage of H7 viruses more rapidly and over greater distances than Galliformes and domestic birds. Geographic distance is negatively associated with the spread of the H7 virus, while temperature and poultry density show positive association. In this work, we identify Asia as an important H7 virus evolutionary epicenter. Anseriformes drives transcontinental spread, whereas Galliformes facilitates local amplification. The dynamics of the H7 virus are shaped by ecological and socioeconomic factors. A One Health approach emphasizing targeted surveillance and global cooperation is essential to mitigate cross-species transmission and future pandemic threats.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-72718-9

____

Opposing #cell type preferences for binding and #replication shape #influenza A virus infection in #human #airways

 

Abstract

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a persistent threat to human health through seasonal epidemics and zoonotic spillover from avian reservoirs. As respiratory pathogens, they primarily target the airway epithelium. However, it remains unclear how host cell-specific barriers jointly shape viral tropism and replication in primary human airway cultures. Here, we show that avian IAVs can infect ciliated and secretory cells but preferentially bind to ciliated cells, consistent with higher abundance of their receptor alpha2,3-linked sialic acids, specifically sialyl Lewis X glycans, present on the apical surface of ciliated cells. Replication levels were comparable between secretory and ciliated cells for the avian strains, resulting in an overall preference for ciliated cells. In contrast, human IAVs also preferentially bind to ciliated cells but independently of alpha2,6-linked sialic acid abundance. Human IAVs replicate more efficiently than avian IAVs due to their ability to utilize human ANP32 proteins, but they also exhibit cell type-specific differences due to ANP32, allowing for higher viral RNA levels in secretory cells. Thus, preferential binding to ciliated cells coupled with enhanced replication in secretory cells equalizes overall infection levels across cell types for human IAVs. Together, our findings highlight the spatiotemporal complexity and interplay of IAV infection dynamics in the airway epithelium and redefine current models of influenza A virus tropism.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

Swiss National Science Foundation, 310030_204166

UZH Candoc, FK-25-039

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.05.04.722582v1

____

#Surveillance on #California dairy #farms reveals multiple possible sources of #H5N1 #influenza virus #transmission

 

Abstract

Transmission routes of highly pathogenic H5N1 between cows or to humans remain unclear due to limited data from affected dairy farms. We performed air, farm wastewater, and milk sampling on 14 H5N1-positive dairy farms across two different California regions. Infectious virus was detected in the air in milking parlors and in wastewater streams, while viral RNA was found in exhaled breath of cows. Sequence analysis of infectious H5N1 virus from air and wastewater samples on one farm revealed viral variants relevant for potential human susceptibility. Longitudinal analysis of milk from the individual quarters of cows revealed a high prevalence of subclinical H5N1-positive cows. Additionally, a heterogeneous distribution of infected quarters that maintained a consistent pattern over time was observed, inconsistent with shared milking equipment serving as the sole transmission mode. The presence of subclinically infected cows was further supported by detection of antibodies in the milk of animals that exhibited no clinical signs during the H5N1 outbreak on one farm. Our data highlight additional sources and potential modes of H5N1 transmission on dairy farms.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3003761

____

Respiratory #infections due to #human common cold #coronaviruses, #SARS-CoV, #MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2: #epidemiology, #pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine landscapes

 

Summary

Over the past half-century, perceptions of human coronaviruses have evolved from their initial characterisation as causes of the common cold to recognition of their capacity to trigger severe disease and global epidemics. The emergence of three zoonotic coronaviruses—severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019, has had profound health, economic, and societal consequences and continues to influence global epidemic-preparedness strategies. All three viruses remain on the WHO Blueprint of priority pathogens for research and development. This Review summarises current knowledge on human coronaviruses, drawing lessons from the past 25 years of epidemic outbreaks. The shared and divergent features of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, including their origins, evolution, transmission determinants, zoonotic transmission, viral entry pathways, pathogenesis, spectrum of clinical manifestations, long-term sequelae, and case-fatality profiles are highlighted. The full range of clinical manifestations, from asymptomatic or atypical presentations to severe acute respiratory and multisystem disease, are outlined together with risk factors for progression and populations with the greatest susceptibility. Diagnostic approaches, including molecular assays, antigen-based tests, and imaging modalities are described alongside current therapeutics, antiviral strategies, immunomodulators, supportive care principles, and evidence from clinical trials. Advances in diagnostics, vaccines, therapeutics, and infection-control practices are examined together with persistent challenges in early recognition, particularly in resource-limited settings. Strengthening multinational clinical trial capacity, leveraging digital innovations, and embedding One Health approaches are essential to mitigating spillover risks and improving global readiness. We review the latest data, identify gaps and opportunities, and outline forward-looking strategies to anticipate and prepare for the threat of future coronaviruses, and other existing or new respiratory pathogens with epidemic potential. Clinicians and other health-care workers play a central role in detecting and reporting possible lethal coronavirus infection including atypical presentations, enabling rapid, coordinated infection control and management responses.

Source: 

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(26)00049-4/abstract?rss=yes

____

Characterization of atypical #Ebola virus disease in #ferrets

 

Abstract

Ebola virus (EBOV) infection typically results in severe—and often lethal—acute disease. However, increasing evidence suggests that EBOV can persist in certain immune-privileged tissues, which may then serve as reservoirs for the later reemergence of EBOV and disease recrudescence. Here, we report atypical EVD recrudescence in a ferret model inoculated with an otherwise lethal dose of EBOV and treated with low doses of a highly potent monoclonal antibody cocktail. Among 32 antibody-treated ferrets, 14 animals survived, while 8 succumbed to acute EVD within about 5–8 days. The remaining 10 animals succumbed to atypical EVD between 12 and 18 days post-infection (DPI) despite having shown no, or very minor, signs of illness during the acute phase of disease. While viremia disappeared by 14 DPI in most animals that succumbed to atypical EVD, it rebounded modestly just prior to death. Unlike animals that died of acute EVD, those that died of atypical EVD showed only a moderate systemic inflammatory response and few signs of organ dysfunction, in line with low levels of virus in the liver and spleen. Interestingly, however, ferrets that died of atypical EVD showed high levels of virus in the brain, consistent with increased markers of inflammation in the central nervous system and significant pathological changes, including a breakdown in the blood-brain barrier and severe meningoencephalitis. Not only does this study shed important light on the atypical and underappreciated manifestations of EVD, but it also establishes the ferret as a valuable model of EBOV recrudescence.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1013916

____

#Niclosamide Inhibits the #Replication of Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza #H5Nx Viruses and Antiviral-Resistant #Mutants

 

Highlights

• Niclosamide blocks the replication of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses

• Niclosamide is effective against H5 viruses with antiviral-resistant substitutions

• Niclosamide has potential as host-targeting anti-influenza drug

Abstract

The recurrent spillover of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses into humans represents a major public health concern that is exacerbated by the emergence of drug-resistant viral variants. Host-targeting antiviral approaches, including drug repurposing, offer a promising alternative to conventional virus-directed therapeutics. Here, we evaluated the antiviral activity of niclosamide, an FDA-approved anthelmintic drug, against four HPAI A(H5Nx) viruses, two A(H5N1), one A(H5N6), and one A(H5N8), recently isolated from human cases. Niclosamide inhibited all four viruses in plaque reduction assays with MDCK cells, with low inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) values (0.68–1.40 μM) and minimal cytotoxicity at effective concentrations. These values were more potent than the IC50 values observed for the RdRp inhibitor favipiravir. Niclosamide treatment plus either baloxavir marboxil or favipiravir resulted in additive or near-additive interactions, as indicated by synergy scores of ±10. Importantly, niclosamide retained antiviral activity against HPAI A(H5Nx) viruses bearing resistance-associated amino acid substitutions (i.e., PA-I38T, baloxavir resistance and PB1-K229R, favipiravir resistance), consistent with its host-directed mechanism of action. Although there are barriers to be overcome such as a narrow therapeutic window, largely attributable to its poor bioavailability and some cytotoxicity, our findings suggest niclosamide has potential as a host-targeting therapeutic option against emerging zoonotic influenza viruses, particularly in settings involving antiviral-resistant escape mutants.

Source: 

Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016635422600080X?via%3Dihub

____

#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (AMEDEO, May 2 '26)

 

Ann Intern Med

1. COTTON D
   "Never More Than 15 Feet From the Respirator": Housestaff Research During the 1955 Boston Polio Epidemic.
   Ann Intern Med. 2026 Apr 28. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-25-05440.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Clin Infect Dis

2. WALLS G, McGrath L, Herdman MT, Campbell AJ, et al
   Patient-reported perceptions, experiences and preferences around intravenous and oral antibiotics for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a descriptive qualitative study.
   Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Sep 24:ciaf522. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
3. SHAH AB, Lindsey KN, Zambrano LD, Free RJ, et al
   Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), United States, 2023-2024.
   Clin Infect Dis. 2026 Apr 27:ciag259. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
4. RAMACHANDRAN V, Onukwube Okaro J, Prasad N, Park S, et al
   Epidemiology of Pediatric Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections in 10 U.S. States, 2004-2023.
   Clin Infect Dis. 2026 Apr 27:ciag284. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Int J Infect Dis

5. SHAH P, Pischel L, Sack B, Km AB, et al
   Air Conditioning, Ventilation, and Respiratory Virus Transmission Potential in South India.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Apr 22:108724. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108724.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
6. REICH S
   Re: Petersen E, Hviid AP. Inosine pranobex as a treatment of SARS-CoV-2? Int J Infect Dis. 2026.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Apr 24:108736. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108736.
   PubMed        
   
   
7. TERLIESNER N, Lesniowski D, Unterwalder N, von Bernuth H, et al
   RSV as an independent driver of a subsequent influenza epidemic in Berlin before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Apr 28:108741. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108741.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
8. YAO C, Dong Y, Zou X, Alhaskawi A, et al
   Severe acute limb ischemia in patients with COVID-19: a single-center case series.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Apr 28:108740. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108740.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Intensive Care Med

9. VENKATESAN N, Shah FA, Bain W, Yang Z, et al
   Risk heterogeneity within hypoinflammatory acute respiratory failure: continuous probabilities identify high-risk patients masked by binary classification.
   Intensive Care Med. 2026 Apr 27. doi: 10.1007/s00134-026-08406.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect

10. KIM HK, Jo S, Min KD, Cho SI, et al
    Effectiveness of bivalent COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in Patients With Cancer: Evidence From a Nationwide Target Trial Emulation.
    J Infect. 2026 Apr 28:106753. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2026.106753.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Med Virol

11. LARSEN L, Bistrup C, Sorensen SS, Jorgensen CS, et al
    Torque Teno Virus Viral Load as a Predictive Marker of Serotype-Specific Antibody Response Following the 13-Valent Conjugated Pneumococcal Vaccine in Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Cohort Study.
    J Med Virol. 2026;98:e70949.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
12. WEISS JJ, Messina J, Saullo J, Li Y, et al
    Respiratory Viral Infections Following CD19 CAR T-Cell Therapy.
    J Med Virol. 2026;98:e70941.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Virol

13. GUO D, Yu S, Ma K, Tao H, et al
    Concanavalin A targets phylogenetically conserved N-linked glycans on coronavirus spike proteins for broad-spectrum antiviral activity.
    J Virol. 2026 Apr 27:e0167925. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01679.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. NASIR A, Lee D, Avena LE, Berrueta DM, et al
    Predictive modeling of immune escape and antigenic grouping of SARS-CoV-2 variants.
    J Virol. 2026 Apr 27:e0022526. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00225.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
15. CHEN L, Su H, Shang W, Nie T, et al
    SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro mutations T21I and E166A confer differential resistance to simnotrelvir, bofutrelvir, and ensitrelvir.
    J Virol. 2026 Apr 27:e0222325. doi: 10.1128/jvi.02223.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
16. KOTANI N, Iwasa K, Amimoto T, Yamashita C, et al
    Pseudovirus-mediated proximity labeling identifies candidate host cell membrane proteins involved in viral attachment.
    J Virol. 2026 Apr 29:e0050726. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00507.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    JAMA

17. ANDERER S
    Most US Health Care Workers Vaccinated for Flu, Less Than Half for COVID-19.
    JAMA. 2026 May 1. doi: 10.1001/jama.2026.2126.
    PubMed        
    
    

    
    Lancet

18. SHANKAR-HARI M, Ming D, Mendelson M, Rupali P, et al
    The Lancet Commission on Sepsis: transforming sepsis care and outcomes.
    Lancet. 2026 Apr 22:S0140-6736(26)00648-3. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00648.
    PubMed        
    
    

    
    Science

19. BOHM R, Schneider A, Betsch C, Lilleholt L, et al
    CDC communication undermines trust in vaccines.
    Science. 2026;392:475-477.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    

#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (AMEDEO, May 2 '26)

 

Biochem Biophys Res Commun

1. SAKTHI P, Arun K, Priya D
   Integrative network pharmacology and molecular simulation analysis reveals the therapeutic potential of Coscinium fenestratum alkaloids against SARS-CoV-2.
   Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2026;817:153681.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Epidemiol Infect

2. TOZDUMAN B, Gulle BT
   Influenza Vaccination Coverage and Determinants of Vaccination Among Older Adults in Turkey.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2026 Apr 30:1-17. doi: 10.1017/S0950268826101563.
   PubMed        
   
   

   
   J Gen Virol

3. CHIANG HL, Lin HT, Chen WY, Liang KH, et al
   Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies derived from mRNA LNP immunization exhibit potent neutralizing ability against JN.1, KP.3.1.1 and XEC new Omicron variants.
   J Gen Virol. 2026;107:002251.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Immunol

4. BENEZECH S, Picq L, Villard M, Rousseaux N, et al
   Single-cell analysis identifies CPT1a-associated metabolic remodeling in human NK cells during COVID-19.
   J Immunol. 2026;215:vkag036.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect Dis

5. O'HALLORAN A, Hood N, Ujamaa D, Merced-Morales A, et al
   Effects of age and birth cohort on influenza A virus subtype-specific hospitalization rates, United States 2010-2025.
   J Infect Dis. 2026 Apr 27:jiag232. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
6. ISHIKAWA S, Okada N, Fukui Y, Ueha R, et al
   Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Mediated Gas6/Axl Axis Induces Hyporesponsive Macrophages to Promote Pneumococcal Proliferation in the Nasopharynx.
   J Infect Dis. 2026;233:674-684.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
7. ESNEAU C, Boettiger D, Leask S, Bryant NE, et al
   The Pandemic Respiratory Virus Epidemiological Surveillance Trial - A Self-swab Surveillance System for Respiratory Viruses Nested Within FluTracking.
   J Infect Dis. 2026;233:e1031-e1039.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
8. KLAASSEN F, Swartwood NA, Chitwood MH, Lopes R, et al
   National- and State-level SARS-CoV-2 Immunity Trends From January 2020 to December 2023: a Mathematical Modeling Analysis.
   J Infect Dis. 2026;233:714-724.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Virol

9. DAINES R, Sadeyen J-R, Chang P, Iqbal M, et al
   Mapping hemagglutinin residues driving antigenic diversity in H5Nx avian influenza viruses.
   J Virol. 2026 Apr 30:e0009526. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00095.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Lancet

10. DU X, Anderson CS
    Off-target benefits of influenza vaccination in cardiovascular disease - Authors' reply.
    Lancet. 2026;407:1600.
    PubMed        
    
    
11. FROBERT O, Pedersen IB, Hjelholt AJ, Erikstrup C, et al
    Off-target benefits of influenza vaccination in cardiovascular disease.
    Lancet. 2026;407:1599-1600.
    PubMed        
    
    

    
    Pediatrics

12. ENGSTROM EE, Kaplan SL, Barson WJ, Lin PL, et al
    Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children: 2017-2023.
    Pediatrics. 2026;157:e2025073196.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
13. KUTZ C, Alarcon-Andrade G, Aguilera E, Garfias C, et al
    Incidence and Severity of Type 1 Diabetes in Children Through the COVID-19 Pandemic in Chile.
    Pediatrics. 2026 Apr 23:e2025072191. doi: 10.1542/peds.2025-072191.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. JACOBSON KB, Merchant M, Fireman B, Klein NP, et al
    SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Before and During Pregnancy and Prevention of Infant COVID-19 Infection.
    Pediatrics. 2026 Apr 22:e2025073000. doi: 10.1542/peds.2025-073000.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
15. LOWENSTEIN C, Kamdar N, Rehkopf DH
    Trends in Youth Mental Health Among Patients in Family Medicine Practices: 2017-2023.
    Pediatrics. 2026;157:e2025072305.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS Comput Biol

16. MOSS R, Tobin RJ, O'Hara-Wild M, Adekunle AI, et al
    Ensemble forecasts of COVID-19 activity to support Australia's pandemic response: 2020-22.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2026;22:e1014199.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
17. PAMORNCHAINAVAKUL N, Schroeder DC, VanderWaal K
    QoALa: A comprehensive workflow for viral quasispecies diversity comparison using long-read sequencing data.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2026;22:e1014208.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS One

18. THIPAYAMASKOMON C, Grimaud O, Tattevin P, Lamhaut L, et al
    High-speed trains versus air transport vectors for mass transfers of critically ill patients: The TRANSCOV cohort study.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0348090.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
19. HU R, Valdivia A, White T, Ju W, et al
    Poldip2 deficiency attenuates lung disease severity in a mouse model of COVID-19.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0348065.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
20. OKADA Y, Nishiura H
    Changes in life expectancy and life span equality during the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020-22 in Japan.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0345579.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
21. RODRIGUEZ-CRESPO JJ, Gutierrez-Leon E, Dammann-Beltran P, Seaman-Gomez JA, et al
    Outcomes in acute pulmonary embolism and their association with adherence to international recommendations around COVID-19 pandemic-induced hospital-strain: The experience in a Mexican tertiary care center.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0347761.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
22. HASHEMPOUR Y, Zazouli MA, Jaafarzadeh N, Valadan R, et al
    Integrated monitoring of enveloped viruses in hospital environments: Detection, persistence, and implications for infection control.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0345644.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
23. SU B, Sun Z, Chen R, Liu H, et al
    Association between psychological distress, lifestyle and career planning on health-related quality of life among the university students during school closure of COVID-19 pandemic in China.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0347032.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
24. WANG M, Laison EKE, Philippsen T, Ghaemi S, et al
    Mechanistic modelling of highly pathogenic avian influenza: A scoping review revealing critical gaps in cross-species transmission models.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0347929.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
25. FATHELRAHMAN E, Mohamed Ali M, Challa TG, Osman R, et al
    Modeling and assessing Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) spread, epidemiological control measures, and cost.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0340004.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
26. BASHIR K, Ouedraogo MO, Dharma C, Sobers M, et al
    Strengthening access to and confidence in COVID-19 vaccines among equity-deserving populations across Canada: An exploratory qualitative study.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0301953.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
27. KO CC, Wu JY, Hung KC, Liao SW, et al
    The impact of COVID-19 vaccination on long-term risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation/flutter after COVID-19 infection: A retrospective cohort study.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0348133.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
28. LIU C, Yang L, Lei J
    CMAP-Fusion: A cross-modal feature selection and model pruning framework for laboratory and imaging data.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0346875.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
29. DAS N, Konduru L, Dahia SS, Sagnika S, et al
    The stress reduction potential of Bhagavad Gita and Yoga for healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A randomized controlled trial.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0347320.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

30. RODRIGUEZ HERNANDEZ CJ, Cruz-Cruz A, Shrestha CL, Terekhova M, et al
    Gingipain proteases from the bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis confer protection against airway viral infection.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2503100123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
31. HUANG KA, Nguyen HTV, Chen YY, Wu KJ, et al
    Broad neutralization of influenza B hemagglutinin antibodies via receptor mimicry and glycan engagement.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2532989123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
32. ZHANG Y, Wang C, Zheng Y, Chen F, et al
    An Ad5-vectored platform generating self-assembling VLPs elicits potent mucosal immunity against influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2519857123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
33. DE LACY N, Lam WY, Collins T, Danks D, et al
    A century of suicide: Insights from long-term data in the United States.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2519951123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Vaccine

34. LIU Y, Jia M, Mu X, Jiang B, et al
    Designing equitable influenza vaccination services for older adults in rural China: A discrete choice experiment.
    Vaccine. 2026;82:128590.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
35. SILVA LL, Lopes VDS, da Silva DCB, Nemer CRB, et al
    Global overview of vaccine trust: Evidence from a scoping review.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128482.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
36. JAMES E, Christie S, Boye B, Githieya D, et al
    How to leverage social media to build confidence in COVID-19 vaccines: findings and lessons learned from nationwide campaigns in four countries.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128475.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
37. MALDEN DE, Ackerson BK, Gee J, Peryer MA, et al
    Self-reported reactogenicity of RSV vaccines among older adults: a post-licensure study within a large integrated healthcare system in Southern California.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128493.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
38. FANTIN R, Das S, Loria V, Calderon A, et al
    Hybrid immunity provides stronger protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection than vaccination alone: Evidence from a population-based active monitoring study.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128506.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
39. DENG L, Barton B, Choi P, Clarke L, et al
    Clinical, psychological and quality of life outcomes up to 12-months following thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome after ChAdOx1-S (AZD1222) vaccination in Australia.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128501.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
40. BRIGGS K, Gingerich MC, Gingerich A, Johnson SK, et al
    Intranasal PIV5-vectored SARS-COV-2 KP.2 vaccine protects against homologous and heterologous challenge in mice and hamsters.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128490.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
41. AZEEZ R, Ames SR, Lotoski LC, Winsor GL, et al
    Predictors of SARS-CoV-2 anti-Spike IgG antibody levels following two COVID-19 vaccine doses among children and adults in the Canadian CHILD Cohort.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128342.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
42. ROOYAKKERS A, Ye L, Cahn PE, Ruiz-Palacios GM, et al
    Relative efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity analysis of two doses versus one dose of recombinant coronavirus vaccine (adenovirus type 5 vector) in adults 18 years and older: an international, multicentre, randomized, double blinded phase 3 trial.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128424.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
43. STRAUTINS K, Foong R, Carcione D, Spencer P, et al
    Post-licensure safety monitoring of nirsevimab in Western Australia 2024.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128468.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
44. AIZAWA Y, Shobugawa Y, Tachikawa J, Ikuse T, et al
    Effectiveness of the COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccine against symptomatic omicron infection in children aged 6 months to 11 years in Japan.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128474.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
45. LLOYD PC, Shah PB, Zhang HT, Shah N, et al
    Safety monitoring of health outcomes following RSVPreF3 + AS01 and RSVPreF vaccination among Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older in the United States, 2023-2024.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128459.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
46. MADNI SA, Olson CK, Zauche LH, Machefsky A, et al
    Risk of perinatal death and preterm birth among an observational cohort of women vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 in pregnancy: CDC COVID-19 vaccine pregnancy registry.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128461.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
47. GIOVANATTI A, Shapiro AE
    Anticipating tuberculosis vaccine acceptability in Kenya and South Africa: a narrative review of behavioral and social drivers and strategies to optimize acceptability.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128457.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
48. GUARDALINI LGO, Martins IM, Bernardino TC, Quintilio W, et al
    Non-clinical analysis of virus-like particles (VLP) containing SARS-CoV-2 vaccine antigens.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128406.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
49. DURIER C, Benhamouda N, Besbes A, Lefebvre M, et al
    Ancestral Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike CD4(+) T cells predict protection from symptomatic omicron breakthrough infection.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128425.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
50. VISKUPIC F, Wiltse DL, Liebl Z, Kinslow T, et al
    The prevalence and nature of anti-vaccination legislation in ten midwestern states: Implications for public health and policy.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128452.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
51. DRISLANE S, Lake J, Attwell K
    Learning from government communication strategies to promote infant RSV immunisation: A cross-national study of France, Luxembourg, Spain, and Australia.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128432.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
52. CABIESES B, Obach A, Madrid P, Blukacz A, et al
    Mapping the continuum of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy in Chile: Insights from qualitative research among nationals and migrants.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128433.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
53. LU PJ, Hung MC, Srivastav A, Kriss JL, et al
    RSV vaccination uptake by the end of the 2024-25 respiratory virus season among adults aged 60-74 years at increased risk of severe RSV and adults aged >/=75 years.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128427.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
54. JANSSEN RS, Coffman RL
    A narrative review of immune-mediated adverse events in clinical trials of CpG oligonucleotide toll-like receptor 9 agonists.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128437.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
55. IRVING SA, Crane B, Daley MF, Dixon BE, et al
    2023-2024 COVID-19 vaccination coverage in pregnancy in ten healthcare delivery organizations in the United States.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128441.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
56. COSTANTINO V, Notaras A, MacIntyre CR
    Long COVID in children in Australia and the potential impact of vaccination.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128442.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
57. LLANES-KIDDER C, Gaythorpe K, Rawson T
    Sociodemographic factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake and dropout rates in England.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128477.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
58. MCEVOY R, Hervol JR, Zhang Y, Wagner EM, et al
    A modified self-controlled case series on mortality risk following primary series doses of COVID-19 vaccines in U.S. Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128460.
    PubMed         Abstract available

#Replication Efficiency of Contemporary Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza #H5N1 Virus Isolates in #Human #Nasal Epithelium Model

 

Abstract

Replication of influenza A virus in human nasal epithelium affects transmissibility and disease. We compared virus replication and immune responses in human nasal epithelium infected with seasonal and highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses. Contemporary H5N1 viruses replicated better than the historical isolate; however, interferon response to B3.13 genotype viruses was dampened.

Source: 

Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/5/26-0053_article

____

Severe Respiratory Illness and Death Associated with #Outbreak of #Human #Rhinovirus B14 among Older Adults, #France, 2024

 

Abstract

We investigated an outbreak of unknown respiratory disease and 8 deaths among older adults in a long-term care facility in France. We identified human rhinovirus (HRV) by quantitative PCR and HRV-B14 by metagenomics. We obtained 5 HRV-B14 genomes that diverged from 5 publicly available genomes. Real-time metagenomics could enable rapid clinical diagnoses.

Source: 

Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/5/25-0981_article

____

#Human #infections with avian #influenza #H5 viruses with potential #pandemic #risk: 1997–2025

 

ABSTRACT

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) viruses have caused sporadic human infections since 1997, with recent detections in the Americas and Asia. However, the evolutionary dynamics of different HPAI A(H5) viruses at the animal–human interface, along with their associated disease severity, propensity for animal-to-human (zoonotic) spillover, and human-to-human transmission potential, remain unclear. Here, we combine available genetic and epidemiological data with mechanistic models to better understand the global spread of HPAI A(H5) viruses that spilled over to humans in 1997–2025. Analysis of 7445 subsampled hemagglutinin gene sequences revealed frequent regional succession of HPAI A(H5) virus clades that varied by geographic location. The 1104 reported human HPAI A(H5) cases exhibited subtype- and clade-specific heterogeneity in age, gender, and exposure sources (p < 0.001). After adjusting for under-reporting, we estimated case-fatality risk to be low for HPAI A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b (0.7%, 95%CI: 0.02%–3.9%) and for A(H5N6) clades 2.3.4x (0%, 0%–1.1%) and 2.3.4.4b (1.6%, 0.7%–3.2%), compared with other A(H5) clades (range: 4.7%–15.0%). We also show that, while the transmissibility of HPAI A(H5) viruses between humans remains very low to date (mean Rt: 0.10–0.23), zoonotic transmission has increased with the emergence of bovine-origin clade 2.3.4.4b (incidence: 7.85 per million people per year), relative to other avian-origin A(H5) clades (range: 1.54–5.04 per million people per year). Although other factors such as exposure sources, routes of transmission, immune function, underlying medical conditions, and clinical management can influence outcomes of case-patients, these findings highlight the ongoing pandemic threat posed by HPAI A(H5) viruses and the need for ongoing comprehensive surveillance, genotypic and phenotypic characterization, and preparedness.

Source: 

Link: https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/13/7/nwaf471/8317928

____

Mechanistic #modelling of highly pathogenic avian #influenza: A scoping #review revealing critical gaps in cross-species #transmission models

 

Abstract

Background

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, particularly subtypes such as H5N1 and H7N9, have caused widespread outbreaks in wild birds, poultry, livestock and occasionally humans, raising concerns about cross-species transmission and pandemic potential. Effective control and surveillance strategies require a thorough understanding of HPAI transmission dynamics, which can be supported by mathematical modelling.

Objective

This scoping review aimed to identify mechanistic models used to study HPAI transmission. Specifically, we sought to categorize model types, describe their application contexts (e.g., wild birds, poultry, livestock, and humans), and highlight modelling gaps relevant to understanding and mitigating the risks of HPAI spread.

Methods

Following PRISMA guidelines and the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR), we conducted systematic searches of PubMed and Web of Science to identify peer-reviewed studies employing deterministic and stochastic models to analyze HPAI transmission. Eligible articles published between January 2023 and June 2025 were screened and grouped by model structure, host populations, transmission pathways, and modelling objectives.

Results

After screening, 30 studies published after 2023 were included in this scoping review. Compartmental models were the most common (26 studies), with 16 deterministic and 10 stochastic approaches. These models were primarily used to describe transmission among wild birds, poultry, livestock, and humans and to evaluate interventions such as culling, vaccination, and movement restrictions. Agent-based models (2 studies) captured individual-level interactions and spatial heterogeneity, while network models (2 studies) represented contact structures and transmission pathways between farms or species.

Conclusions

Currently, mechanistic modelling of HPAI is dominated by compartmental approaches, including both deterministic and stochastic formulations, whereas agent-based and network models remain relatively underused. Although most studies focus on transmission in wild birds and poultry, and in some cases spillover infections to humans, few explicitly examine infection dynamics in livestock or in transmission between livestock and humans, despite the importance of livestock (e.g., cattle) as potential intermediaries in human infection. Key gaps persist in the integration of empirical data, representation of multi-host interactions, and evaluation of realistic intervention strategies. Addressing these limitations is essential to improve predictive accuracy and to strengthen the role of modelling in informing HPAI surveillance and control.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0347929

____

Prior #immunity to seasonal #influenza #H3N2 virus confers varying levels of cross - #protection against challenge with clade 2.3.4.4b #H5N1, #H7N9, or #H9N2 virus in a #ferret model

 

ABSTRACT

Evaluating how prior immunity to seasonal influenza viruses influences subsequent zoonotic influenza A virus (IAV) infection in animal models is critical for pandemic preparedness. In this study, we investigated the cross-protective effect of pre-existing A(H3N2) immunity in ferrets challenged with three distinct subtypes of zoonotic IAVs: low pathogenic A(H7N9) and A(H9N2) viruses, and highly pathogenic clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) virus. Our results show that A(H3N2) preimmunity conferred some protection against A(H5N1) and A(H9N2) virus infection, as evidenced by more rapid viral clearance in the upper respiratory tract, reduced virus shedding in the nasal wash on select days post-inoculation, and a lowered frequency of viral detection in specific tissues compared with naive animals. In contrast, A(H3N2) preimmunity provided minimal cross-protection against A(H7N9) infection, as weight loss and viral dissemination in tissues were not significantly reduced in A(H3N2) preimmune ferrets relative to naive animals. These findings highlight the variable breadth and magnitude of cross-protection elicited by prior seasonal IAV immunity against zoonotic influenza virus challenges in the ferret model. Seasonal influenza A(H3N2) preimmunity provided differing levels of cross-protection against zoonotic influenza A virus infections in ferrets.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/spectrum.03974-25

____

Emergence and #Evolution of Triple #Reassortant Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza #H5N1 Virus, #Argentina, 2025

 

Abstract

The H5N1 subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) poses a major zoonotic threat due to its high fatality rate and capacity for cross species transmission. In early 2025, Argentina detected a novel triple reassortant A(H5N1) virus in Chaco Province, combining Eurasian, North American, and South American lineage segments. Genomic analyses of subsequent outbreaks in Buenos Aires and Entre Ríos confirmed persistence of this reassortant and additional HA substitutions (T204K, P251S) potentially linked to increased mammalian receptor affinity. Although PB2 sequences lacked canonical mammalian-adaptive markers (E627K, Q591K, D701N), all contained I292M, a mutation associated with human adaptation. Phylogenetic analyses revealed distinct genotypes and increasing divergence. These findings indicate ongoing viral evolution and adaptation within Argentina, emphasizing the urgent need for sustained genomic surveillance, timely data sharing, and integrated One Health strategies to mitigate zoonotic and socioeconomic risks associated with H5N1 spread in South America.

Source: 

Link: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18/5/525

____

Characterizing #viral #clearance kinetics in acute #influenza

 

Abstract

Pharmacometric assessment of antiviral efficacy in acute influenza informs treatment decisions and pandemic preparedness. We characterized natural viral clearance in acute influenza to guide phase II trial design using simulations based upon observed data. Standardized duplicate oropharyngeal swabs were collected daily over 14 days from 80 untreated low-risk Thai adults, with viral densities measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We evaluated three models to describe viral clearance: exponential, bi-exponential and growth-and-decay. The growth-and-decay model provided the best fit, but the exponential decay model was the most parsimonious. The median viral clearance half-life was 10.3 h (interquartile range (IQR): 6.8–15.4h), varying by influenza type: 9.6 h (IQR: 6.2–13.0 h) for influenza A and 14.0 h (IQR: 10.3–19.3 h) for influenza B. Simulated trials using parameters from the exponential decay model showed that 148 patients per arm provide over 90% power to detect treatments accelerating viral clearance by 40%. Variation in clearance rates strongly impacted the power; doubling this variation would require 232 patients per arm for an antiviral with a 60% effect size. A sampling strategy with four swabs per day reduces the required sample size to 81 per arm while maintaining over 80% power. We recommend this approach to assess and compare current anti-influenza drugs.

This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evaluating anti-infective drugs’.

Source: 

Link: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rstb/article/381/1949/20240351/481559/Characterizing-viral-clearance-kinetics-in-acute

____

#Antiviral treatment for #influenza

 

Abstract

Seasonal influenza is a widespread acute respiratory infection that causes significant illness and death worldwide. Two major antiviral classes are neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) and polymerase inhibitors. NAIs, including oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir and laninamivir, block viral release, while polymerase inhibitors such as baloxavir disrupt viral RNA replication. Early administration within 48 h of symptom onset reduces illness duration, severity and complications, particularly in high-risk groups. Oseltamivir is the most widely studied NAI, demonstrating reduced viral shedding, faster symptom resolution and lower complication rates, though gastrointestinal side effects are common. Higher doses generally do not improve outcomes compared to standard dosing. Zanamivir is more effective against influenza B and is inhibitory for most influenza A viruses resistant to oseltamivir, but the inhaled formulation is less suitable for patients with severe illness or airway disease. Intravenous (IV) zanamivir is approved for hospitalized influenza patients in some countries. Peramivir offers IV treatment options, while laninamivir is mainly used in Japan. Baloxavir shows superior viral load reduction and comparable symptom relief to oseltamivir in outpatients, though resistance variants can emerge. Favipiravir and newer polymerase inhibitors are under investigation. Combination therapies may enhance recovery, with limited evidence. Overall, timely antiviral use is critical to reducing influenza’s burden.

This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evaluating anti-infective drugs’.

Source: 

Link: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/rstb/article/381/1949/20240344/481548/Antiviral-treatment-for-influenza

____