Increased burden of #influenza #H1N1pdm09 in older adults following the #COVID19 #pandemic

 

Abstract

Of the two influenza A virus (IAV) subtypes circulating endemically in humans, A/H3N2 and A/H1N1pdm09, A/H3N2 has historically been the dominant driver of disease burden in older adults. Based on an analysis of publicly available global surveillance data from 2015 to 2025 (>300,000 subtyped, age-stratified infections), we report a substantially increased contribution of A/H1N1pdm09 to influenza morbidity in older adults since approximately 2022. Birth cohort-stratified analyses suggest elevated A/H1N1pdm09 burden among individuals born before 1955-1959, consistent with erosion of pre-existing immunity originally generated by exposure to historical A/H1N1 strains. Pooled estimates across datasets and analytical approaches indicate the increase in A/H1N1pdm09 burden rises with earlier birth year, ranging from 1.22-fold (95% CI 1.08-1.37) for the 1955-1959 birth cohort to 3.10-fold (95% CI 2.58-3.72) for the 1930-1934 cohort. These findings point to a substantial rise in the overall influenza burden among the most vulnerable age groups, with implications for vaccine policy, clinical management, and public health planning.

Competing Interest Statement

C.A.R. has received consulting fees from CSL Seqirus, Moderna, Pfizer, GSK, and Sanofi for advisory services unrelated to this work.

Source: 

Link: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.05.20.26353664v1

____

#Hantavirus #infections: an emerging zoonotic #threat in the context of #ecological change

 

{Extract}

Dear Editor,

Hantaviruses, belonging to the family Hantaviridae, are increasingly recognized as significant zoonotic pathogens responsible for severe human diseases, including hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). Although traditionally considered geographically confined, recent epidemiological data indicate a gradual expansion in the incidence and geographic distribution of hantavirus infections, raising concerns regarding their re-emergence as a global public health threat [1,2]. 

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2052297526000673?via%3Dihub

____

BNT162b2 #LP81 early #vaccine #effectiveness against #COVID19 emergency department, urgent care, and outpatient visits

 

Abstract

COVID-19 continues to cause substantial illness, particularly among older adults and individuals with underlying conditions. Updated vaccines are designed to better protect against the strains of the virus that are currently circulating. However, real-world evidence on the effectiveness of updated vaccines remains limited. Here we show the early vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the BNT162b2 LP.8.1-adapted COVID-19 vaccine against mild-to-moderate COVID-19 outcomes. We used a test-negative case-control design to estimate early VE of the BNT162b2 LP.8.1-adapted vaccine against COVID-19 emergency department/urgent care (ED/UC) and outpatient visits. Adult patients from the US Veterans Affairs Healthcare System with an acute respiratory infection (ARI) who underwent SARS-CoV-2 testing from September 10 to November 30, 2025, were included. VE was estimated using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for patient demographics and clinical characteristics. Among 34,455 ARI episodes, 10.7% were COVID-19 cases. A total of 1.2% of cases and 2.6% of controls received the BNT162b2 LP.8.1 vaccine, with a median time since vaccination of 29 days (interquartile range 20-–41). BNT162b2 LP.8.1 vaccine was effective during the early 2025–2026 respiratory virus season. VE was 57% (95% confidence interval [CI] 39–70%) against ED/UC visits and 54% (95% CI 15–75%) against outpatient visits. These findings inform shared decision-making in clinical practice and support the continued importance of COVID-19 vaccination in populations for whom it is recommended.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-73798-3

____

#Andes virus, #hantavirus infections, and the unresolved question of #transfusion #transmission

 

{Summary}

The May 2026 multinational outbreak of Andes virus infection linked to cruise ship travel has appropriately focused public health attention on case identification, quarantine, contact tracing, and prevention of secondary transmission. Although the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) have emphasized that the general public risk remains low, the outbreak is relevant to transfusion medicine because Andes virus (Orthohantavirus andesense, also known as Andes hantavirus) occupies an unusual position among hantaviruses. Hantaviruses are enveloped, negative-sense RNA viruses in the family Hantaviridae that are maintained primarily in rodent and other small mammal reservoirs. 

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://www.trasci.com/article/S1473-0502(26)00087-X/abstract

____

Assessing #Evidence to Guide Primary #Prevention of #Pathogen X

 

Abstract

Primary prevention includes interventions that prevent the initial occurrence of disease; in the context of pandemic origins, one class of primary preventative interventions involves reducing the risk of zoonotic pathogen spillover. Pandemics are rare events, therefore data on spillover events of known pandemic pathogens are also rare. In contrast, many zoonotic viruses spill over frequently but fail to spread efficiently between humans. We consider whether insights from frequent spillovers of poorly-spreading viruses should be used to inform primary prevention strategies aimed at viruses that spill over rarely but spread well human-to-human. We propose a set of principles to steer future research and guide deployment of preventative strategies. We believe that a precautionary approach, grounded in evidence from viruses that spill over frequently, offers the most practical empirical foundation for guiding primary spillover prevention.

Source: 

Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/6/26-0293_article

____

Detection of Anti- #H5 #Antibodies in People with Exposure to Wild #Birds in Northern #Canada

 

Abstract

Using a commercially available H5 serology assay, we identified a 7.4% (n=5/68) anti-H5 seroreactivity rate among hunters in Northern Canada. All participants reported close contact with wild birds.

Competing Interest Statement

This study was performed outside of JK's duties and responsibilities with the Public Health Agency of Canada.

Source: 

Link: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.05.24.26353994v1

____

Two #epidemics, one #genotype, different outcomes: evolutionary #changes of Avian #Influenza #H5N1, genotype EA-2024-DI

 

Abstract

Since 2020, high pathogenicity avian influenza H5Nx viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b have become enzootic in Europe, causing recurrent epidemic waves characterized by extensive reassortment events. Here, we describe the emergence of a single high-fitness genotype (EA-2024-DI) that has driven two consecutive waves, evolving into distinct sub-lineages. While its circulation is ongoing, during the 2025-2026 wave it caused an unprecedented number of cases in wild birds. Using phylodynamic analyses of a large dataset of genomic sequences, we compared the spatial diffusion and host transmission pattern of the EA-2024-DI sub-lineages across the three most recent epidemic waves (2023-2024, 2024-2025 and 2025-2026). We show that the genotype has persisted over time and has spread primarily through wild Anseriformes, but with a marked change in the transmission patterns between the different waves and a shift in the epicenter from Eastern to Central Europe, the latter having emerged as an important hub for virus diffusion throughout Europe. Our results reveal a recent increase in the frequency of viruses from wild and domestic mammals carrying mutations enhancing virus replication in mammalian hosts, highlighting the importance of proactive monitoring of this group of hosts to better understand its role in the virus ecology and evolution.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

Funded by the European Union under grant agreement (101084171) - (Kappa-Flu). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or REA. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them

Support for this work was provided by the European Union within the framework of the activities foreseen by the European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease under grant agreement 101201937

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.05.25.727580v1

____

The Q226H #Mutation in #Avian #H5N1 #Hemagglutinin Mediates a Path towards Structural #Adaptation in #Humans

 

Abstract

The global outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) among birds and the spillover to mammals increases the risk for humans. A recent case in British Columbia with a clade 2.3.4.4b H5 virus infection revealed a mixture of 226Q/H in the receptor-binding site of hemagglutinin. While significant changes in pre-existing immunity by H1 or H3 polyclonal sera are not evident, we show that the Q226H mutation enables binding to human-type α2-6 sialic acid receptors. High-resolution cryo-EM structures provide a basis for the alteration in receptor preference and show that a possible path towards human adaptation also requires a conformational change of the bound α2-6-sialylated glycan. Continued surveillance for additional mutations that could enhance this phenotype is warranted.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

Ministry of Technology and Innovation through Striving for Pandemic Preparedness—The Alberta Research Consortium

Canada Excellence Research Chair Program

Alberta Innovates Graduate Student Scholarship

Canada Biomedical Research Fund grant

Biosciences Research Infrastructure Fund grant

Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant

Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada

Canada Foundation for Innovation

Alberta Innovation and Advanced Education Research Capacity Program

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.05.21.726965v1

____

#Human #infection with #Andes #hantavirus: an #update for the general physician

 

Abstract

Orthohantaviruses are zoonotic RNA-viruses transmitted to humans through inhalation of aerosols contaminated by infected rodent excreta. Among hantavirus species, Andes virus (ANDV) owns unique capacity for sustained human-to-human transmission, occurring via respiratory droplets and prolonged close contact with symptomatic individuals, with a median reproductive number exceeding 2 and an incubation period ranging from 9 to 40 days.

ANDV infection can present with a wide range of clinical manifestations. Of them, the most feared is Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), a severe condition characterised by acute respiratory failure, haemodynamic instability, acute kidney injury, hepatic involvement, and dysregulated cytokine release, with high lethality. Disease severity correlates with the degree of neutrophilia, leukocytosis, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated lactate dehydrogenase. No approved antiviral therapy or vaccine currently exists; management remains entirely supportive, centred on oxygen supplementation, haemodynamic stabilisation, and renal replacement therapy when indicated. Case fatality rates reached 32% in a 2018–2019 outbreak, with death occurring a mean of 6.7 days from symptom onset.

The April 2026 outbreak aboard the MV Hondius cruise ship — involving passengers of 23 nationalities, with 8 cases (6 confirmed, 2 suspected), and 3 deaths reported as of 11 May 2026 (CFR 38%) — exemplifies how a zoonotic pathogen with limited human-to-human transmissibility can rapidly achieve global reach in the era of mass international rtravel, underscoring the urgent need for clinician awareness, prompt contact tracing, and internationally coordinated outbreak preparedness.

Source: 

Link: https://www.ejinme.com/article/S0953-6205(26)00251-7/fulltext

____

#Zoonotic #infections and genomic #evolution associated with novel #reassortants swine-origin #influenza A viruses in #Spain

 

Abstract

Influenza A virus (IAV) circulates widely in European pig populations and continues to diversify through frequent introductions from humans, followed by reassortment within swine. Spain represents a particularly dynamic ecological setting due to the coexistence of intensive white pig production, extensive Iberian pig systems, and abundant wild boar populations. This study provides an integrated analysis of IAV evolution and genomic diversity in swine in Spain between 2019 and 2022, expanding on previous surveillance from 2016 to 2019. Sampling across 24 provinces yielded 66 new whole genome sequences from Iberian and white pigs. We identified 18 genotypes, including 11 novel reassortants not detected in our previous survey. Several genotypes, such as H1huN2 G21 and G22, H3N2 G23, and the unusual H3N1 G12, were exclusive to the country. Some genotypes were detected across white pigs, Iberian pigs, and wild boar in Toledo and Badajoz, suggesting viral flow among swine populations. Phylogenetic analyses revealed ongoing introductions of H1N1pdm09 from humans into pigs, generating at least five reassortant genotypes (G10, G16 to G19). These lineages incorporated pandemic internal cassettes and, in some cases, human seasonal N2 segments, highlighting the continued role of humans as a source of viral incursions. Conversely, four zoonotic infections (H1N1v) detected in Spain between 2022 and 2026 were linked to genotypes circulating in white pigs, underscoring the bidirectional nature of IAV transmission at the human swine interface. Overall, this study demonstrates that Spain provides ecological conditions conducive to IAV diversification, reassortment, and zoonotic risk. The findings reinforce the need for sustained One Health surveillance.

Competing Interest Statement

The A.G.-S. laboratory has received research support from Avimex, Dynavax, Pharmamar, and Accurius, outside of the reported work within the last three years. A.G.-S. has consulting agreements for the following companies involving cash and/or stock within the last three years: Castlevax, Amovir, Vivaldi Biosciences, Contrafect, Avimex, Pagoda, Accurius, Applied Biological Laboratories, Pharmamar, CureLab Oncology, CureLab Veterinary, Virofend and Prosetta, outside of the reported work. A.G.-S. has been an invited speaker in meeting events within the last three years organized by Seqirus, Novavax and Hipra. A.G.-S. is inventor on patents and patent applications on the use of antivirals and vaccines for the treatment and prevention of virus infections and cancer, owned by the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, outside of the reported work. The rest of the authors report no conflicts of interest.

Funder Information Declared

Centre for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis and Transmission (CRIPT), one of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) funded Centres of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response (CEIRR), contract #75N93021C00014

Intramural Research Program of the National Library of Medicine at the US National Institutes of Health

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.05.22.724525v1

____

Connecting the #region during #crisis: a Community of Practice #response to the MV Hondius #hantavirus #outbreak

 

Abstract

This article describes the rapid activation of the Asia Pacific Health Security Action Framework Community of Practice following the MV Hondius hantavirus outbreak. It highlights regional knowledge-sharing, multidisciplinary engagement, preparedness activities, and the importance of timely communication and collaboration in strengthening readiness and response during emerging public health emergencies.

Source: 

Link: https://ojs.wpro.who.int/ojs/index.php/wpsar/article/view/1488

____

#Hantavirus #seroprevalence and associated factors for exposure in south-central #Uganda

 

ABSTRACT

Orthohantaviruses are largely rodent-borne pathogens that can cause haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. In Uganda, the risk of human exposure is heightened by known rodent hosts, close human-rodent interaction in rural areas, and poor housing conditions. Despite this risk, data on human exposure remain scarce. This study sought to ascertain the seroprevalence of orthohantavirus exposure and identify associated factors with exposure among residents of the greater Masaka-Rakai region in Uganda. Seropositivity was assessed for orthohantavirus-specific IgG antibodies using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with seropositivity. Among 1,199 sera samples, orthohantavirus population-weighted seroprevalence was 7.4% (95% CI: 3.91–10.80). Males had a higher seroprevalence, while higher socioeconomic status was associated with a reduced burden of exposure to orthohantavirus. This study reports evidence of orthohantavirus exposure in Uganda, highlighting a previously underrecognized zoonotic risk in the region likely driven by close contact with rodent reservoirs and poor living conditions. The higher burden among males and lower-burden association with higher socioeconomic status, highlights the need for improved housing, rodent control, and integration of orthohantavirus surveillance into national public health programmes.

Source: 

Link: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22221751.2026.2665002

____

Clade 2.3.4.4b #H5N1 #HPAIV from Migratory #Birds in Beidaihe #Wetland, North #China

 

Abstract

During 2022–2024, a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 strain, designated A/Seagull/Hebei/qhd6/2024 (H5N1), was isolated from migratory birds in Beidaihe National Wetland Park, North China. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that its hemagglutinin (HA) gene belongs to the 2.3.4.4b clade, while the neuraminidase (NA) gene and internal genes clustered with strains originating from multiple continents, consistent with a transcontinental reassortment event. The virus also exhibited 90.1–98.1% nucleotide homology with human-derived H5N1 isolates. Molecular characterization identified key virulence-associated mutations, including the classic HPAIV HA cleavage site, HA-T160A (associated with enhanced human receptor-binding capacity), and NA-I117T (potentially linked to drug resistance). BALB/c mouse infection experiments confirmed systemic replication and high pathogenicity of strain qhd6, with a 50% lethal dose (LD50) of 0.95 log10EID50/mL. Antigenic analysis revealed good cross-reactivity with the widely used H5-Re14 vaccine strain. This study reports the identification, in Beidaihe National Wetland Park, of an HPAIV H5N1 strain whose genetic characteristics suggest intercontinental reassortment and indicate cross-species transmission risk. It clarifies the genetic characteristics and pathogenicity of this strain, providing an important theoretical and practical basis for precise surveillance, risk early warning, and comprehensive prevention and control of AIV at migratory bird stopover sites in North China.

Source: 

Link: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18/6/595

____

Predicting #Influenza Virus #Host #Tropism and Zoonotic #Spillover #Risk from #Protein Sequences

 

Abstract

Novel infectious diseases, predominantly originating from non-human animals, pose a significant threat to global public health and economic stability. Avian influenza virus presents an especially significant challenge due to its high mortality rates and spillover capability into new host species. Recent H5N1 spillover events into poultry and cattle resulted in massive economic burden and increased human health risk. Traditional methods of disease surveillance rely on reactive case detection and pathogen characterization, providing insufficient lead time for effective intervention. Computational tools that allow efficient and proactive prediction of zoonotic potential are critical in mitigation of influenza outbreaks and identification of strains with human spillover risk. Existing models predicting influenza virus subtypes or host have been developed; however, the complexity of spillover events, including the non-binary nature of zoonotic potential, limits the capabilities of these models. In the approach reported here, rich protein language model embeddings were generated from ESM-2 for each protein in influenza virus strains and used to predict the protein host tropism probabilities across nine animal families. The protein host tropism model achieved weighted precision and recall scores of 0.95 and 0.95, respectively. We then constructed a zoonotic risk prediction model using the outputs from the protein host tropism prediction model to classify the strains into six classifications: avian, mammal, human, avian-to-human zoonotic, avian-to-mammal zoonotic, or mammal-to-human zoonotic. The average weighted precision and recall scores for this model were 0.90 and 0.90, respectively. This framework advances the prediction of influenza zoonotic risk by being agnostic to influenza subtype, incorporating non-human mammals and mammal zoonotic spillover classifications, and using the full influenza proteome to capture the complexity of spillover dynamics.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.05.21.726772v1

_____

Dairy #cows infected with #influenza #H5N1 reveals low infectious dose and #transmission #barriers

 

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus exhibits a strong tropism for the bovine mammary gland, challenging our understanding of influenza A virus host range and tissue specificity. We performed experimental studies with an influenza A(H5N1) B3.13 genotype virus in female lactating dairy cattle to define the infectious dose, routes of exposure, and factors linked to morbidity and mortality. Here, we demonstrate that intramammary inoculation with as few as 10 TCID50 establishes a robust infection and shedding of high-titer virus in milk. Despite this low infectious dose, H5N1 does not readily transmit via contaminated milking equipment and close contact with infected animals. High-dose intramammary exposure results in severe disease and mortality, while respiratory and oral exposures are less likely to establish productive infection and associated morbidity. This study challenges current hypotheses of H5N1 transmission on dairy farms, raising important questions about potential agent, host, or environmental cofactors contributing to viral spread.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-73490-6

____

Spatiotemporal #Dynamics of Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza #H5 Virus Introductions and Regional Spread in the Republic of #Korea

 

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses from clade 2.3.4.4 have caused recurrent outbreaks in poultry since 2014. In the Republic of Korea, clade 2.3.4.4b viruses have driven five epidemic waves, yet the factors underlying HPAI introduction and farm-to-farm spread remain poorly understood. We compiled hemagglutinin gene sequences of clade 2.3.4.4b viruses from wild birds and poultry in the Republic of Korea (October 2016–March 2024) and reconstructed dispersal dynamics using Bayesian phylogeography. Dispersal patterns suggest that domestic duck farms in the western provinces likely form a key interface for spillover from wild birds into poultry. Mixed-effects generalized linear models showed that both wild-to-poultry and farm-to-farm transition rates were positively associated with the number of poultry farms in the destination province, while wild-to-poultry rates were further associated with higher avian influenza virus infection probability among wild birds. Wild-to-poultry transition rates were lower in 2020–2024 than in 2016–2018, which may reflect strengthened interventions. These findings suggest that poultry farm abundance and introduction pressure from wild birds jointly shape the spatial dynamics of HPAI introduction and spread. More broadly, these factors may provide operational indicators to guide risk-based surveillance and control strategies.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.05.21.726857v1

____

Understanding the emergence of the #influenza #H3N2 K #subclade in its historical and evolutionary context

Abstract

The emergence in 2025/26 of the influenza A/H3N2 K substrain (H3N2/K) was the cause of significant public health concern. This genetically divergent virus was assessed to have a strongly decreased reactivity to contemporary vaccine strains. Respectively prolonged and early influenza seasons in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres contributed to concerns about vaccine efficacy. Here we retrospectively assessed the genetic and antigenic properties of this virus, combining epidemiological surveillance data, computational antigenic analysis, and serological data using samples from a well-stratified UK cohort. In contrast to initial indications, we found that despite the genetic distinctiveness of H3N2/K the virus had undergone limited antigenic change, suggesting that its emergence was instead the result of selection for non-antigenic properties. We confirmed previous results showing that contemporary vaccines produced an enhanced neutralising response to H3N2/K but, in a stratified serological analysis, showed that responses to the J and K substrains were age-dependent, largely driven by patterns of vaccination. Our results have implications for antigenic surveillance and for public communication strategies in future influenza seasons.

Competing Interest Statement

PRM declares funding by MSD. EH has received an honorarium for advisory board work for Seqirus.

Funder Information Declared

Medical Research Council, MR/Y03368X/1, MC_UU_0034/1, MC_UU_0034/2, MC_UU_0034/3, MC_UU_0034/5, MC_UU_0034/6

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.05.21.726823v1

____

#Andes virus on a cruise #ship: person-to-person #transmission and an empty #pipeline

 

{Extract}

The outbreak of Andes virus aboard the expedition cruise ship MV Hondius with 10 cases, three deaths, and more than 440 contacts including passengers of 23 nationalities, is a stark reminder that neglected zoonotic viruses can rapidly become international public health emergencies.

A WHO-led emergency scientific consultation on May 15, 2026, convened experts to assess the situation and coordinate research priorities.1 The outbreak in the ship might have potentially involved up to three generations of person-to-person transmission from a single index case, with two epidemic peaks during 18 days and one asymptomatic PCR-positive case. The meeting highlighted three urgent realities: the Andes virus can sustain person-to-person transmission, the medical countermeasure pipeline remains immature, and existing scientific networks require urgent support.

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(26)00283-5/fulltext?rss=yes

____

#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (AMEDEO, May 23 '26)

 

Am J Respir Crit Care Med

1. KRAMER L, Calfee CS, Mcauley DF, O'Kane C, et al
   Interleukin-6 is a mediator of therapeutic efficacy in acute lung injury.
   Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2026 Apr 28:aamag213. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Ann Intern Med

2. MILLER M, Fischer S, Azrael D
   Firearm Acquisition and New Exposure to Household Firearms After the Initial Pandemic Purchasing Surge: Results From the 2024 National Firearms Survey.
   Ann Intern Med. 2026;179:637-644.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Antiviral Res

3. LOISON S, Chabert M, Gensous C, Constant S, et al
   Cell-Type Specific Effects of SARS-CoV-2 P252L Mutation on Nirmatrelvir Sensitivity.
   Antiviral Res. 2026 May 19:106445. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2026.106445.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
4. PAGLIARI M, Lutken C, Vianello L, Mazzacan E, et al
   LTX-109 as a broad-spectrum antiviral: in vitro and in vivo efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Viruses.
   Antiviral Res. 2026 May 19:106444. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2026.106444.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Int J Infect Dis

5. ERIGUCHI Y, Shimono N
   Declining antibiotic consumption and changing sexually transmitted infection dynamics in Japan: a national ecological time-series analysis, 2013-2024.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 May 16:108804. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108804.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
6. MA Q, Yao L, Shang H, Han X, et al
   Reply to comment on SARS-CoV-2 variant-specific humoral immunity and long-term immune recovery in people living with HIV in the ancestral vaccine era.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 May 17:108812. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108812.
   PubMed        
   
   
7. ABERA EG, Kisch R, Ali S, Tsegaye W, et al
   Dynamics and variant-specific patterns of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in Ethiopia: a prospective longitudinal cohort study.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 May 18:108814. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108814.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect

8. MUNRO AP, Ferrari M, Kinsley R, Egan D, et al
   A phase I, needle free, dose escalation clinical trial of pEVAC-PS, a candidate pan-Sarbecovirus Vaccine.
   J Infect. 2026 May 18:106759. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2026.106759.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
9. GUINOVART LJ, Westrhenen SEMH, Schuurman R, Bruijning-Verhagen PCJL, et al
   Symptomatology of SARS-CoV-2 versus seasonal coronavirus infection in healthy young children.
   J Infect. 2026 May 20:106762. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2026.106762.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Med Virol

10. BU GL, Chen LN, Wu PH, Zeng MS, et al
    Preventing Both EBV Infection and EBV-Associated Diseases: Advances in Vaccine Research.
    J Med Virol. 2026;98:e70961.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
11. FUKUDA Y, Fujii Y, Togashi A, Nawa T, et al
    Recent Increase in Rotavirus Gastroenteritis After Five Years of Low Activity in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan, Associated With Equine-Like G3P[8] and G8P[8] Strains, 2025.
    J Med Virol. 2026;98:e70967.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
12. SANSONE NMS, Costa PT, Mello LS, Marques LFA, et al
    Vaccination Coverage Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Brazil's Indigenous Population.
    J Med Virol. 2026;98:e70965.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
13. HORI M, Hayama-Terada M, Kitamura A, Hosozawa M, et al
    Prevalence and Risk Factors for Persistent Post-COVID-19 Condition at 3, 6, 12, and 18 Months After Initial Infection Among Adults Living in a Community of Japan: Yao COVID-19 Study.
    J Med Virol. 2026;98:e70973.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. YENOKYAN K, Wentz E, Ni Z, Kammerling T, et al
    Association of Comorbid and Incident Depression and Other Mental Health Conditions With Long-COVID: Results From the Johns Hopkins COVID Long Study.
    J Med Virol. 2026;98:e70970.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Virol

15. YAN P, Kyaw ZO, Wang X, Li N, et al
    Febrifugine dihydrochloride restricts porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication by modulating the IGF1R-driven PI3K/AKT-apoptosis axis.
    J Virol. 2026;100:e0011726.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
16. HUANG M, Liukang C, Yang H, Sun L, et al
    Infectious bronchitis virus accessory protein 3a induces renal inflammatory injury by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome via ER calcium mobilization and mitochondrial ROS production.
    J Virol. 2026;100:e0212525.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
17. SCHIFFER JT, Reeves DB, Mayer B, Rodriguez LR, et al
    Clinical trial simulation of antiviral drugs.
    J Virol. 2026;100:e0181424.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
18. SIVARAJAN R, Kirchgatterer PC, Lawrenz J, Tanner-Matiz E, et al
    Tonic and early interferons defend against respiratory viruses in primary human lung organoid-derived air-liquid interface cultures.
    J Virol. 2026 May 20:e0210425. doi: 10.1128/jvi.02104.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Lancet

19. ISLAM MS, Chughtai AA, Wood JG, Sawleshwarkar S, et al
    Hantavirus outbreak on a cruise ship in the South Atlantic.
    Lancet. 2026 May 15:S0140-6736(26)00934-7. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00934.
    PubMed        
    
    

    
    Nature

20. AYGUN E, Belyaeva A, Comanici G, Coram M, et al
    An AI system to help scientists write expert-level empirical software.
    Nature. 2026 May 19. doi: 10.1038/s41586-026-10658.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
21. KOZLOV M
    Exclusive: NIH ousts infectious-disease leaders as COVID scientists face US charges.
    Nature. 2026 May 15. doi: 10.1038/d41586-026-01558.
    PubMed        
    
    

    
    Science

22. COHEN J
    Virologist accused of starting COVID-19 fights funding ban.
    Science. 2026;392:795-796.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Travel Med Infect Dis

23. LI D, Tian F, Niu Y, Li H, et al
    Surveillance of Airborne Microorganisms and Associated Influencing Factors at an International Airport in China, 2019-2020.
    Travel Med Infect Dis. 2026 May 19:102992. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2026.102992.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
24. POLONI A, Rizzo A, Giacomelli A, Colaneri M, et al
    D-dimer as a marker of severe disease in imported malaria: a retrospective observational study.
    Travel Med Infect Dis. 2026;72:102994.
    PubMed         Abstract available

#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (AMEDEO, May 23 '26)

 

Ann Intern Med

1. ALBALOUL H, Nemer A, Saini N, Schuster MG, et al
   Infectious Diseases: What You May Have Missed in 2025.
   Ann Intern Med. 2026 Apr 14:e2600983. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-26-00983.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
2. REIS G, Dos Santos Moreira Silva EA, Medeiros Silva DC, Thabane L, et al
   The Effect of Fluvoxamine and Metformin for Fatigue in Patients With Long COVID : An Adaptive Randomized Trial.
   Ann Intern Med. 2026 Mar 31. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-25-03959.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
3. MILLER M, Fischer S, Azrael D
   Firearm Acquisition and New Exposure to Household Firearms After the Initial Pandemic Purchasing Surge: Results From the 2024 National Firearms Survey.
   Ann Intern Med. 2026;179:637-644.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
4. QASEEM A, Obley AJ, Harrod CS, Wilt TJ, et al
   Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines in Adults Who Are Not Pregnant or Immunocompromised: Rapid Practice Points From the American College of Physicians.
   Ann Intern Med. 2026 Mar 3. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-25-05485.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
5. MOSER ITK, Dobrescu AI, Sommer I, Goeschl S, et al
   Efficacy, Comparative Effectiveness, and Harm of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines in Adults Who Are Not Pregnant or Immunocompromised: A Rapid Review for the American College of Physicians.
   Ann Intern Med. 2026 Mar 3. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-25-05536.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
6. QASEEM A, Obley AJ, Harrod CS, Wilt TJ, et al
   COVID-19 Vaccines for 2025-2026 in Adults Who Are Not Pregnant or Immunocompromised: Rapid Practice Points From the American College of Physicians.
   Ann Intern Med. 2026 Feb 24. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-25-05026.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
7. DOBRESCU A, Pinte L, Sharifan A, Gadinger A, et al
   Effectiveness, Comparative Effectiveness, and Harms of COVID-19 Vaccines in Adults Who Are Not Pregnant or Immunocompromised: A Rapid Review for the American College of Physicians.
   Ann Intern Med. 2026 Feb 24. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-25-05044.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Antiviral Res

8. PAGLIARI M, Lutken C, Vianello L, Mazzacan E, et al
   LTX-109 as a broad-spectrum antiviral: in vitro and in vivo efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Viruses.
   Antiviral Res. 2026 May 19:106444. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2026.106444.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
9. WANG W, Yang F, Liu K, Cai M, et al
   A mouse model of human-derived H10N3 influenza enables preclinical evaluation of antiviral efficacy.
   Antiviral Res. 2026 May 18:106436. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2026.106436.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Gen Virol

10. SASVARI H, Sherry L, Logan N, Dunbar D, et al
    Serological response to feline coronavirus in the UK domestic cat population.
    J Gen Virol. 2026;107:002270.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Immunol

11. SAIDU A, Crawford JC, Walden S, Qu JH, et al
    Highly focused human CD8+ T-cell response in the lower airways during acute influenza infection.
    J Immunol. 2026;215:vkag068.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Infect

12. SMITH CS, Mohmand Z, Hrycyshyn A, Djerboua M, et al
    Risk of severe influenza in people with a history of injection drug use in Ontario: A population-based nested case control study.
    J Infect. 2026 May 20:106764. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2026.106764.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Virol

13. BAYUROVA E, Kostyushev D, Tikhonov A, Chulanov V, et al
    Broad-acting antivirals: the pursuit of pan-viral therapeutics in the era of pandemics.
    J Virol. 2026 Mar 23:e0007726. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00077.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. POZHIDAEVA A, Hoch JC, Pustovalova Y
    The DMV pore-forming TM2-Y region of SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 exhibits structural conservation beyond the coronavirus family.
    J Virol. 2026 Apr 3:e0203825. doi: 10.1128/jvi.02038.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
15. RAHEJA H, Sahu R, Ghosh T, Paul S, et al
    HuR enhances SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein translation through the genomic 5'-UTR, by promoting polypyrimidine tract-binding protein binding.
    J Virol. 2026 Apr 16:e0027626. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00276.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
16. SALISCH F, Muller-Ruttloff C
    Behind the membranous curtain-lipid dynamics and functions in coronaviral replication.
    J Virol. 2026 Apr 21:e0175325. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01753.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
17. GUO D, Yu S, Ma K, Tao H, et al
    Concanavalin A targets phylogenetically conserved N-linked glycans on coronavirus spike proteins for broad-spectrum antiviral activity.
    J Virol. 2026 Apr 27:e0167925. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01679.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
18. NASIR A, Lee D, Avena LE, Berrueta DM, et al
    Predictive modeling of immune escape and antigenic grouping of SARS-CoV-2 variants.
    J Virol. 2026 Apr 27:e0022526. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00225.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
19. CHEN L, Su H, Shang W, Nie T, et al
    SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro mutations T21I and E166A confer differential resistance to simnotrelvir, bofutrelvir, and ensitrelvir.
    J Virol. 2026 Apr 27:e0222325. doi: 10.1128/jvi.02223.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
20. KOTANI N, Iwasa K, Amimoto T, Yamashita C, et al
    Pseudovirus-mediated proximity labeling identifies candidate host cell membrane proteins involved in viral attachment.
    J Virol. 2026 Apr 29:e0050726. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00507.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS Comput Biol

21. KLOCHKOV KA, Kozlov IE, Ilina EN, Manolov AI, et al
    Human mobility and outbreak origins in epidemic spread: Insights from agent-based modeling.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2026;22:e1014279.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS One

22. EL KHATIB Y, Mukhamedova F
    An alternative strategy for balancing profit maximization and risk reduction.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0348577.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
23. LINDAHL YL, Noren H, Engstrom AH, Grandahl M, et al
    A solo journey in the shadow of a double-edged pandemic: A qualitative study of women's experience of being pregnant during the COVID-19 pandemic.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0349378.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
24. RAUT B, Palla G, Wang J, Campbell S, et al
    ThermiQuant AquaStream: A portable instrument for quantitative colorimetric isothermal nucleic acid amplification reactions in paper and tube formats.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0348607.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
25. VISKUPIC F, Daly R, Wiltse DL, Gonda M, et al
    The relationship between personal COVID-19 vaccination decisions and cattle vaccination practices: Evidence from a survey of South Dakota beef producers.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0349234.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
26. LENARZ AM, Park H, Roberts MT, Pan A, et al
    The impact of COVID-19 on longevity trends and disparities among Native Americans and Whites in the Four Corners States.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0347924.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
27. WILLIAMS H, Armstrong M, Alexander R, Groner J, et al
    Dual pandemic of firearm injury and COVID-19 in Central and Southeastern Ohio: An interrupted time series analysis.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0335813.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
28. GONGORA-BENDEZU JA, Martinez-Lopez MV, Aguinaga-Fernandez AD, Yovera-Aldana M, et al
    Post-COVID spirometric abnormalities in workers with intermittent high-altitude exposure: A cross-sectional study in Peru.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0329054.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
29. RIOS MONTOYA V, Suarez Alarcon AY, Perez Castillo S, Zamudio Raez T, et al
    Beyond coverage: Can vaccination reduce child mortality despite structural inequality? A global ecological analysis of routine childhood immunization (2010-2023).
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0340756.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
30. KOO H, Morrow CD
    Shared autonomous HERV loci transcription identifies a unique circulating CD14+-xCR1+ mononuclear cell phenotype in a patient group with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0349350.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
31. SHOJI M, Nakaoka K, Ishikawa M, Kasai Y, et al
    Correction: Triethylamine inhibits influenza A virus infection and growth via mechanisms independent of viral neuraminidase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0349522.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
32. LIN J, Chen J, Wan L, He W, et al
    Computational models for the classification of antibody specificity using heavy chain features.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0349143.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
33. DENG Y, Tang Z, Chen Q, Hu X, et al
    Computational biology exposed a common pathogenic mechanism in influenza A and Guillain-Barre syndrome.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0349687.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
34. ARINAITWE J, Bakamutumaho B, Mugenyi L, Kiwanuka N, et al
    The epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus circulation among adult patients with acute respiratory illness in Kampala Metropolitan Area in Uganda.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0344869.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

35. 
    Correction for Corell-Escuin et al., Dermcidin has antiviral activity and protects against influenza.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2613956123.
    PubMed        
    
    
36. OZA AN, O'Brien KM, Gleeson JP
    Detecting changepoints in dynamical systems: Modeling time-varying transmission of seasonal influenza.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2533861123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Vaccine

37. TANG YS, Chen C, Lv H, Sun Y, et al
    Robust cross-neutralizing antibody responses but variable cellular immunity following either Comirnaty and Spikevax JN.1-adapted mRNA vaccination in the elderly.
    Vaccine. 2026;83:128634.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
38. UKAH UV, Haapala JL, Benitez GV, DeSilva MB, et al
    Language and racial disparities in COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy and lactation.
    Vaccine. 2026;83:128638.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
39. PAUL KK, Torres M, Shih STF, Gray RT, et al
    Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination program for older Australians reduces health inequalities: a distributional cost-effectiveness analysis.
    Vaccine. 2026;83:128644.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
40. TUITE AR, Forbes N, Salvadori MI, Tunis M, et al
    Cost-effectiveness of ongoing COVID-19 vaccination in the context of high population immunity: A structured review of international economic evidence.
    Vaccine. 2026;83:128660.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
41. HARMA V, Palsola M, Kuusipalo A, Lindh E, et al
    Lessons from the 2024 avian influenza vaccination campaign in Finland: a qualitative inquiry.
    Vaccine. 2026;86:128736.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
42. RANQUE B, Galtier F, Nunes H, Le Jeunne C, et al
    Immunological efficacy and safety of influenza vaccination in adults with sarcoidosis: the SARCOVAC study.
    Vaccine. 2026;86:128732.
    PubMed         Abstract available