ETIDIOH - NEW

Abstract Since 2021, the novel H10N3 has caused four cases of human infection in China, the most recent of which occurred in December 2024 , posing a potential threat to public health. Our previous studies indicated that several avian H10N3 strains are highly pathogenic in mice and can be transmitted between mammals via respiratory droplets without prior adaptation. By analyzing the genome sequence , we found that these H10N3 viruses carry the PB2-E627V mutation , which is becoming increasingly common in several subtypes of avian influenza viruses (AIV); however, its mechanism in mammalian adaptation remains unclear. Using a reverse genetics system , we investigated the role of PB2-E627V in the adaptation of H10N3 to mammals and poultry. Our findings demonstrate that the PB2-E627V mutation is critical for the high pathogenicity of novel H10N3 in mice and its ability to be transmitted through the air among mammals . Additionally, we found that the role of PB2-627 V in promoting AIV adap...

  New human cases {2}:  -- From 23 April to 27 May 2025, based on reporting date, the detection of influenza A( H5N1 ) in three humans, the detection of influenza A( H9N2 ) virus in eight humans and the detection of influenza A( H10N3 ) in one human were reported officially.  -- Circulation of influenza viruses with zoonotic potential in animals:  - High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in poultry and non-poultry animals continue to be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH).{3}  - The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) also provides a global update on avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential.{4}  -- Risk assessment {5}:  - Sustained human to human transmission has not been reported in these events. Based on information available at the time of the risk assessment , the overall public health risk from currently known influenza viruses circulating at the human-animal interface has not c...

Abstract Avian influenza viruses continue to challenge poultry and human health ; therefore, careful surveillance and evaluation of emerging viruses are important for animal disease control and human influenza pandemic preparedness . In this study, we detected a series of H3N3 subtype avian influenza viruses in chickens , pigeons, and ducks during our routine surveillance and diagnosis between September 2022 and May 2023. We performed extensive analyses to fully understand the origins of these viruses and their risk to animals and humans. We found that the viruses were complex reassortants ; the viruses from chickens and pigeons carry genes mainly derived from H3N8 viruses and H10N3 viruses , whereas the two duck viruses were reassortants of duck and wild bird viruses. The chicken and pigeon , but not duck, viruses replicated in multiple organs of chickens and were shed for up to 13 days, but none caused disease or death. Six of the viruses tested all bound to both avian- and human-typ...

  {Excerpt} Avian influenza A(H9N2) :  -- New Cases (New Deaths): 8 (0)  - Chongqing Municipality :  - 1) A 67-year-old man with onset on April 18, 2025.  - Guizhou Province :  - 2)  A one-year-old girl with onset on April 7, 2025.  - 3) A one-year-old girl with onset on April 15, 2025.  - Hunan Province :  - 4) A five-year-old boy with onset on April 1, 2025. - 5) A seven-year-old girl with onset on April 1, 2025.  - 6) A one-year-old girl with onset on April 3, 2025.  - 7) A five-year-old boy with onset on April 19, 2025 - Yunnan Province : - 8) A one-year-old girl with onset on April 2, 2025 Avian influenza A(H10N3) :  - Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region :  - 1) A 68-year-old woman with onset on April 13, 2025.  (...) Source: Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong PRC SAR,  https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/2025_avian_influenza_report_vol21_wk19.pdf ____

Abstract Yakutia, the largest breeding ground for wild migratory birds in Northeastern Siberia , plays a big role in the global ecology of avian influenza viruses (AIVs). In this study, we present the results of virological surveillance conducted between 2018 and 2023, analyzing 1970 cloacal swab samples collected from 56 bird species . We identified 74 AIVs of H3N6, H3N8, H4N6, H5N3, H7N7, H10N3, and H11N9 subtypes in Anseriformes order. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates belong to the Eurasian lineage and have genetic similarities with strains from East Asia, Europe, and North America. Cluster analysis has demonstrated the circulation of stable AIV genotypes for several years. We assume that Yakutia is an important territory for viral exchange on the migratory routes of migrating birds. In addition, several amino acid substitutions have been found to be associated with increased virulence and adaptation to mammalian hosts , highlighting the potential risk of interspecific...

February 2025  The development of influenza candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs),  coordinated by WHO, remains an essential component of the overall global  strategy for influenza pandemic preparedness . Selection and development of  CVVs are the first steps towards timely vaccine production and do not imply a  recommendation for initiating manufacture. National authorities may consider the  use of 1 or more of these CVVs for pilot lot vaccine production, clinical trials and  other pandemic preparedness purposes based on their assessment of public health  risk and need. Zoonotic influenza viruses continue to be identified  and evolve both antigenically and genetically, leading to the need for additional  CVVs for pandemic preparedness purposes. Changes in the antigenic and genetic  characteristics of these viruses relative to existing CVVs and their potential risks  to public health justify the need to develop new CVVs. This docume...

Abstract The novel H10N3 avian influenza virus (AIV) has infected four individuals since 2021 and caused severe respiratory damage , posing a significant threat to public health . However, its pathogenic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Our findings revealed that H10N3 infection induces severe lung damage and causes death in mice , even at low doses. The elevated levels of multiple pro-inflammatory factors in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly increased during infection, displaying hallmarks of a cytokine storm . Transcriptome sequencing further revealed systematic activation of inflammation-related pathways, predicting that viral infection induces multiple forms of programmed cell death , including apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis . Protein-level validation showed that the activation of key cell death markers, including Caspase-3, GSDMD, and MLKL , significantly increased as the infection progressed, with their dynamic changes correlating strongly with the e...

New human cases {2}:  From 13 December 2024 to 20 January 2025, the detection of influenza A(H5) virus in five humans , influenza A( H9N2 ) virus in two humans , and influenza A( H10N3 ) virus in one human were reported officially. Additionally, five human cases of infection with influenza A(H5) viruses were detected.   Circulation of influenza viruses with zoonotic potential in animals :  High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) events in poultry and non-poultry continue to be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH).{3} The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) also provides a global update on avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential.{4}   Risk assessment {5}:  Based on information available at the time of the risk assessment , the overall public health risk from currently known influenza viruses at the human-animal interface has not changed remains low . Sustained human to human transmission has not...