ETIDIOH - NEW

  Abstract The outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in U.S. dairy cattle poses substantial risks to public health, economic sustainability of farming, and global food systems . Using a Computable General Equilibrium model , we simulate its short- to medium-term impacts on Gross Domestic Product and other macro-economic outcomes for the US and its main trading partners . We simulate impacts under the current situation and realistic and reasonable worst-case scenarios . We estimate domestic economic losses ranging between 0.06% and 0.9% of US GDP , with losses to the dairy sector ranging between 3.4% and 20.6%. Trading partners increase dairy production to compensate for the loss. Current government subsidies are about 1.2% (95% HDI: 1% to 1.4%) of output losses, and likely insufficient to incentivise farmers to step up surveillance and biosecurity for mitigating the possible emergence of H5N1 strains with pandemic potential into human populations. Source:  Link:...

  Abstract The polymerase acidic (PA) protein is a subunit of the trimeric influenza A virus (IAV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the target of the anti-influenza drug baloxavir marboxil (BXM). As with other direct-acting antivirals , treatment with BXM can lead to selection of viruses carrying resistance mutations . If these mutations have negligible fitness costs, resistant viruses can spread widely and render existing treatments obsolete . Multiple BXM resistance mutations in the nuclease domain of PA have been identified, with I38T and I38M amino acid substitutions occurring frequently. These mutations have minimal to no effects on viral polymerase activity , virus replication , or transmission . However, for reasons that are not well understood, viruses with BXM resistance substitutions have not been able to compete with parental wild-type strains . The IAV genome segment encoding PA also encodes the host shutoff nuclease PA-X, which shares the endonuclease domain with PA bu...

  A slaughter turkeys farm in Zachodniopomorskie Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7254 ____

  {Whooper Swan} __ {Eurasian Wigeon} ___ A wild Whooper Swan in Höfuðborgarsvæði Region.  A wild Eurasian Wigeon in Höfuðborgarsvæði Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7248 ____

  {Excerpt} Time Period: January 25, 2026 - January 31, 2026 -- H5 Detection :  4 site(s) ( 0.9% ) -- No Detection :  458 site(s) ( 99.1% ) -- No samples in last week :  192 site(s) The H5 detections at sewershed IDs 809 and 912 in Michigan are false detections resulting from a data error. These will be corrected in the next update. (...) Source:  Link:  https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html ____

{Nitriansky Region} Commercial poultry farm - fattenning turkeys, laying hens and pullets (in toal 36 000 heads). From 3.2. to 5.2. mortaliy in one barn up to100% (7000 fattening turkeys). Restriction zones (3 and 10 km) have been established. Epidemiological enquiry and depopulation of the farm are ongoing.  Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7250 ____

  Abstract Influenza (flu) is a common respiratory virus with seasonal global spread. Zoonotic viruses can occasionally cross species, leading to pandemic-level spread , and for flu viruses, this is considered an “antigenic shift ”. The flu can be particularly severe during pregnancy due to immune system adaptations that occur during pregnancy, with prior global pandemics causing excess hospitalizations, deaths, and other complications in the mothers and the neonates. We aim to review the current literature with respect to novel avian H5N1 and the potential impact of infection with flu during pregnancy. A systematic literature search was conducted. Here we provide a rapid summary of epidemiology and understanding of viral spread , published risks of H5N1 in pregnancy, the unique physiologic, cellular, and molecular adaptations making H5N1 infection unique in pregnancy, implementation of an effective vaccine program in event of a pandemic specific to pregnant individuals, optimizing...

  A fattening duck holding in Bács-Kiskun Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7252 ____

  Abstract Of 19 human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection detected during January 2023–March 2025 in Cambodia , 12 (63%) were detected directly by surveillance for severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) or indirectly by testing ill close contacts . SARI surveillance can supplement other surveillance sources for identifying H5N1 cases. Source:  Link:  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/3/25-0832_article ____

  Abstract Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus has spread to over 1,080 dairy farms across 18 states in the United States, resulting in 41 human infections and posing serious risks to both animal and public health . To address these risks, a hemagglutinin-based mRNA–lipid nanoparticle vaccine was developed , and its safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy in high-yielding lactating dairy cows were evaluated. The vaccine was well tolerated, had no adverse effects on health or milk production , and induced strong antibody responses . Two weeks after the second immunization, all the immunized cattle were fully protected against a high-dose H5N1 virus challenge . Notably, two-thirds of the cattle were still completely protected even at the 19th week after the first vaccination , when their serum antibody levels were very low. These data demonstrate that the mRNA vaccine confers robust, lasting protection against H5N1 virus in lactating dairy cows, providing a foundatio...

  A wild Mute Swan in Žilinský Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7246 ____

  Abstract Recent A(H5N1) zoonotic cases linked to poultry and cattle in North America highlight the urgent need to assess the pandemic potential of emerging strains . Using male ferrets , we evaluate two B3.13 and two D1.1 genotype A(H5N1) viruses isolated from humans and observe fatal disease and varying capacities for direct contact transmission . To enhance pandemic risk assessment , we conduct aerosol sampling using cyclone BC251 and water condensation capture-based SPOT samplers and perform comparative analyses to include additional A(H5N1), A(H9N2), A(H7N9), and A(H1N1)pdm09 strains with known transmissibility profiles. Although none of the A(H5N1) strains transmit via the air, B3.13 viruses are detected at significantly higher levels compared to D1.1 strains . Here we show strong correlations between viral loads in nasal washes, airborne virus shedding, and transmissibility in ferrets , highlighting the value of these metrics for identifying zoonotic influenza viruses that ...

  Highlights •  IN-delivered ChAd-Texas vaccine elicits mucosal antibody and T cell responses •  IN-delivered ChAd-Texas vaccine protects against H5N1 in mice and hamsters •  IN delivery of ChAd-Texas vaccine confers greater protection than IM delivery •  ChAd-Texas induces H5N1 immunity in the setting of prior influenza immunity Summary The emergence of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses in dairy cows and humans has increased the potential for another pandemic . To address this risk, we developed chimpanzee adenoviral (ChAd)-vectored H5 hemagglutinin-targeted vaccines and tested their immunogenicity and efficacy in rodents . Immunization with ChAd-Texas (clade 2.3.4.4b) vaccine in mice elicits neutralizing antibody responses and confers protection against viral infection and mortality upon challenge with a human H5N1 isolate (A/Michigan/90/2024, clade 2.3.4.4b). Intranasal delivery of the ChAd-Texas vaccine elicits mucosal antibody and T cell respon...

  Abstract US retail milk monitoring during April 13–May 3, 2024 , identified influenza A(H5N1) viral RNA in 36% of retail milk samples , indicating widespread undetected infections in US dairy cows . After federal initiatives, reported infections more closely aligned with findings in retail milk during December 27, 2024–January 29, 2025 , reflecting improved detection and control. Source:  Link:  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/2/25-1332_article ____

  {Excerpt} Time Period: January 18, 2026 - January 24, 2026 -- H5 Detection :  4 site(s) ( 0.9% ) -- No Detection :  437 site(s) ( 99.1% ) -- No samples in last week:  204 site(s) (...) Source:  Link:  https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html ____

  A Dead swan found on lake shore in Federacija Bosna i Hercegovina. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7244 ____

  A breeding chickens farm in Śląskie Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7243 ____

  A foie gras goose holding in Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7237 ____

  A wild Greylag Goose in Lubelskie Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7227 ____

  Poultry farms in Békés Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7228 ____