#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, September 20 '25)

 

Ann Intern Med

1. FELDMAN CH, Santacroce L, Bassett IV, Thaweethai T, et al
   Social Determinants of Health and Risk for Long COVID in the U.S. RECOVER-Adult Cohort.
   Ann Intern Med. 2025 Jul 29. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-24-01971.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Arch Virol

2. PUENPA J, Dara S, Vichaiwattana P, Aeemjinda R, et al
   Seasonal dynamics and genetic diversity of human rhinoviruses in patients with acute respiratory infection in Bangkok in 2024.
   Arch Virol. 2025;170:208.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Gen Virol

3. DI GENOVA C, Warren CJ, Johnson S, Riccio S, et al
   Pigeons exhibit low susceptibility and poor transmission capacity for H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b high pathogenicity avian influenza virus.
   J Gen Virol. 2025;106.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
4. PHAN N, Zaytseva Y, Lin CC, Mishra M, et al
   PUM2 binds SARS-CoV-2 RNA and PUM1 mildly reduces viral RNA levels, but neither protein affects progeny virus production.
   J Gen Virol. 2025;106:002152.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect

5. AHIMBISIBWE G, Greenwood D, Wilkinson KA, Gahir J, et al
   Third exposure to COVID-19 infection or vaccination differentially impacts T Cell responses.
   J Infect. 2025 Aug 21:106598. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2025.106598.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
6. LIU B, Song S, Liu W, Hu Y, et al
   Post-COVID-19 multimorbidity incidence by prior vaccination status in people with a pre-existing comorbidity: A population-based cohort study.
   J Infect. 2025;91:106597.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
7. ATTAIANESE F, Trapani S, Agostiniani R, Ambrosino N, et al
   Effectiveness of a targeted infant RSV immunization strategy (2024-2025): A multicenter matched case-control study in a high-surveillance setting.
   J Infect. 2025;91:106600.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
8. DIETL B, Henares D, Cuchi E, Blanco-Fuertes M, et al
   Differential nasopharyngeal microbiota patterns: A Comparative Study of Pneumococcal Pneumonia, COVID-19, and Healthy Adults.
   J Infect. 2025 Aug 14:106589. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2025.106589.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
9. LI Z, Wang X, Chen S, Xiong W, et al
   Assessing Global Border Controls in Response to COVID-19 Pandemic Using Real-World Data and Target Trial Emulation.
   J Infect. 2025 Aug 12:106578. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2025.106578.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
10. JANANI L, Munro APS, Wright A, Aley PK, et al
    Heterologous COVID-19 vaccine schedule with protein-based prime (NVX-CoV2373) and mRNA boost (BNT162b2) induces strong humoral responses: results from COV-BOOST trial.
    J Infect. 2025 Aug 7:106576. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2025.106576.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
11. SYMES R, Keddie SH, Walker J, McKeever T, et al
    Burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in older adults hospitalised in England during 2023/24.
    J Infect. 2025;91:106570.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
12. GONZALEZ-SANCHEZ A, Andres C, Prats-Mendez I, Pinana M, et al
    Evolutionary dynamics of HRSV following the implementation of nirsevimab immunoprophylaxis in Catalonia (2023-2024).
    J Infect. 2025;91:106567.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Virol

13. PAPPAS C, Brock N, Belser JA, Kieran TJ, et al
    Identification of clinical and virological correlates associated with influenza A candidate vaccine virus (CVV) attenuation in a ferret model.
    J Virol. 2025 Sep 17:e0102325. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01023.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. LI Q, Cai X, Li X, Zhang Y, et al
    Structural and functional constraints on spike activation and host protease utilization limit cell entry of SARS-CoV-2-related bat coronaviruses.
    J Virol. 2025 Jul 24:e0100725. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01007.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
15. XU Z, Li L, Gu Y, Li D, et al
    CX1/BtSY2 and BANAL-20-52 exhibit broader receptor binding and higher affinities to multiple animal ACE2 orthologs than SARS-CoV-2 prototype.
    J Virol. 2025 Jul 10:e0028325. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00283.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS One

16. CHOI MJ, Choi WS, Song JY, Cheong HJ, et al
    Estimating the clinical and economic burden of medically attended influenza in South Korea, stratified by age and comorbidity: A five-season hospital-based surveillance data, 2014/15-2018/19.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0317643.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
17. EI D, Bradvik G, Lindgren P, Barach P, et al
    Correlations between the prescribing patterns of psychotropic medications and socio-economic factors during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional Swedish registry study.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0330081.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
18. MARFOH K, Samba A, Okyere E, Fattah AZ, et al
    Post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infections among healthcare workers in a tertiary hospital in Ghana.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0331971.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
19. BELSHAW Z, Brand CL, O'Neill DG, Packer RMA, et al
    More than just one man and his dog: The many impacts of puppy acquisition on the mental health of families including children in the UK.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0331179.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
20. CETIN S, Ulgen A, Sivgin H, Cetin M, et al
    Osmolality as a strong predictor of COVID-19 mortality and its possible links to other biomarkers.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0331344.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
21. SUN Y, Yang C
    The influence of investor sentiment on the Chinese stock market amid COVID-19: An event study analysis.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0332216.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
22. GIANCOLA M, Mari E, Palmiero M, Burrai J, et al
    Adolescence and online vulnerability: The role of fear of missing out (FoMO): A cross-sectional study during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0332147.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
23. HE Y, Cheng C, Wang L
    Unmasking the effects of E-leadership on virtual team effectiveness by an integrated fsQCA and NCA method.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0331500.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
24. FAZZIO I, Shivalli S, Magill N, Elbourne D, et al
    Support To Rural India's Public Education System (STRIPES2) and impact on numeracy and literacy scores: A cluster randomized trial in rural villages of Madhya Pradesh, India.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0330203.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
25. PENG J, Isoni A, Luckman A, Zeitoun H, et al
    How facemasks shape trust in social interactions.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0331918.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
26. VISHKIN A, Bkheet E
    Effects of survey administration mode on response profiles are predictable, and robust across countries: Evidence from 29 countries using machine-learning models.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0330182.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
27. HERNAWAN B, Duran-Sierra GF, Zarate-Losoya E, Medina-Cetina Z, et al
    A pandemic risk index to improve supply chains decision-making between US and Mexico: A COVID-19 case study.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0327526.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
28. TERAKAWA K, Katagiri D, Asai Y, Ishikane M, et al
    A retrospective cohort study evaluating the predictive value of urinary L-FABP combined with the SOFA score for assessing COVID-19 severity.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0331558.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
29. WANJIKU P, Orindi B, Kimotho J, Sayed S, et al
    Induction of an early IFN-gamma cellular response and high plasma levels of SDF-1alpha are inversely associated with COVID-19 severity and residence in rural areas in Kenyan patients.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0316967.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
30. LI Y, Lu X, Fu J, Yang F, et al
    Influence of SARS-CoV-2 infection before and during organogenesis on embryo implantation and development outcomes: A prospective cohort observational study.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0328743.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
31. CLAVERIE D, Duffaud A, Pellissier S, Jacob S, et al
    Influence of mindfulness and coping flexibility in the early phases of burnout development in intensive care unit healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0328064.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
32. YOON CS, Park HY, Park HK, Lee JK, et al
    The influence of pneumococcal positivity on clinical outcomes among patients hospitalized with COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0329474.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
33. BONILLA Y, High D, Acosta Rullan J, Tabba J, et al
    Body mass index and critical care outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients-A national cohort study.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0329779.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
34. WASILEWSKI MB, Leighton J, Reis L, Vijayakumar A, et al
    Coping with stressful life disruptions due to long COVID: A qualitative study.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0329831.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
35. TCHOUA PP, Patel S, Starr AS, Rairigh R, et al
    Implementation of oral health evidence-based practices in early care education settings across the U.S. during different COVID-19 periods.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0323396.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
36. GUTMANIS I, Coleman BL, Ramsay K, Maunder R, et al
    Changes in emotional distress among Ontario education workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: 2021-2023.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0330442.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
37. HERNANDEZ GT, Menendez D, Yoo SH, Klapper RE, et al
    "What happens when you get corona?": Children's questions and parental responses about the COVID-19 pandemic.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0330506.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

38. SWINGLE KL, Hamilton AG, Han X, Liao KC, et al
    Circular RNA lipid nanoparticle vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025;122:e2505718122.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
39. URMI T, Pant B, Dewey G, Quintana-Mathe A, et al
    Characterizing population-level changes in human behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025;122:e2500655122.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Vaccine

40. SHEN Y, Sung MH, Ge Y, Chen Y, et al
    Predicting influenza vaccine-elicited antibody responses with practical point systems.
    Vaccine. 2025;64:127737.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
41. ODAGIRI T, Yoshino N, Sasaki Y, Ishikawa S, et al
    Polymyxin B as a novel mucosal adjuvant for the intranasal whole inactivated influenza vaccine.
    Vaccine. 2025;64:127750.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
42. LANE A, Quach HQ, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB, et al
    High-resolution antibody dynamics following influenza vaccination reveal predominantly weak responses as well as infrequent but durable immunity across the 2014-2022 seasons.
    Vaccine. 2025 Sep 12:127677. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127677.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
43. OKOLI GN, Murphy C, Mak L, Cheng SMS, et al
    Estimates of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness against outpatient medically attended SARS-CoV-2 infection from April 2023 through August 2024 in Hong Kong: A test-negative design study.
    Vaccine. 2025;63:127687.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
44. DEGIUSEPPE JI
    Comprehensive assessment of the impact of universal rotavirus vaccination program on the burden of diarrheal disease in children after 10 years of implementation in Argentina.
    Vaccine. 2025;63:127681.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
45. MORGAN JC, Kornides ML, Lee J, Fishman J, et al
    Different vaccination debunking interventions: a randomized, controlled experiment estimating "backfiring" and positive effects.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127463.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
46. HATZL S, Posch F, Schulz E, Uhl B, et al
    Altered immune responses to mRNA vaccination against SARS-COV-2 are characterized by an impaired cross-talk between humoral and T-cellular immune compartments in patients with hematologic diseases.
    Vaccine. 2025;63:127666.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
47. KITAMURA N, Tomo Y, Okuyama M, Ueda K, et al
    COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness and duration of protection among children and adolescents: A retrospective cohort study in 11 large cities in Japan.
    Vaccine. 2025;63:127656.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
48. FU JYL, Syed Omar SF, Rajasuriar R, Kukreja A, et al
    Longitudinal dynamics of immune responses after mRNA and inactivated COVID-19 vaccination, boosters, and breakthrough infections in Malaysia.
    Vaccine. 2025;63:127657.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
49. COSGROVE S, Hider P, Anglemyer A, Walls T, et al
    HPV vaccination in Aotearoa New Zealand: Impact of a school-based program on adolescent vaccine coverage.
    Vaccine. 2025;63:127637.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
50. KORVES C, Kulldorff M, Balajee AS, Smith J, et al
    Innovative use of self-controlled methods for the evaluation of waning effectiveness of the COVID-19 monovalent third dose: comparison with a test-negative design.
    Vaccine. 2025;63:127658.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
51. WARD JK, Youssef R, Peretti-Watel P
    Different vaccines, different trust issues? Disentangling the effect of trust in various institutions using dominance analysis.
    Vaccine. 2025;63:127668.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
52. LI G, Marchevsky NG, Macaulay G, Aley P, et al
    Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine in children aged 6-17 years: Final results of a phase 2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial (COV006).
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127597.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
53. GROOM HC, Kuntz JL, Varga AM, Smith N, et al
    Parental intent to vaccinate children with the updated 2023-2024 COVID-19 vaccine.
    Vaccine. 2025;63:127618.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
54. LOUTH J, Holland A, Chum C, Morgan L, et al
    Understanding the immunity gap for serogroup B invasive meningococcal disease due to non-pharmaceutical interventions during the Covid-19 pandemic.
    Vaccine. 2025;63:127647.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
55. CIESLA AA, Mak J, Godoshian A, Smith ZR, et al
    Symptom reporting and vaccination status among SARS-CoV-2-positive encounters - Increasing Community Access to Testing, Treatment, and Response program, United States, September 2023-August 2024.
    Vaccine. 2025;63:127635.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
56. BRUCKER A, Hurst JH, O'Brien EC, Anderson D, et al
    An analytic approach considering two temporal mechanisms driving breakthrough viral infections after vaccination.
    Vaccine. 2025;63:127638.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
57. TSCHERNE A, Sun W, Liu STH, Krammer F, et al
    Mucosal COVID-19 vaccines in clinical development.
    Vaccine. 2025;63:127602.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
58. LUONG NGUYEN LB, Magloire L, Francois A, Billard D, et al
    Humoral immune response to Covid-19 vaccination in patients with cancer - Results from the ANRS0001S COV-POPART study.
    Vaccine. 2025;63:127633.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
59. SHAW CA, Stewart-Jones GBE, Jorquera P, Narayanan E, et al
    Design and preclinical assessment of mRNA-1345 prefusion F glycoprotein-encoding mRNA vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus.
    Vaccine. 2025;63:127589.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
60. KARRAS J, Harrison M, Danchin M, Kaufman J, et al
    Supporting dialogue amongst multicultural communities: Exploring the role of vaccine champions.
    Vaccine. 2025;63:127629.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
61. MORSTEAD T, Loo N, Sin NL, DeLongis A, et al
    COVID-19 hoax belief endorsement and its implications for vaccine uptake: Investigating the role of perceived threat.
    Vaccine. 2025;63:127630.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
62. BUHL C, Jacobsen R, Traulsen JM, Andersen A, et al
    Validation of the Danish translation of the vaccination attitudes examination (VAX) scale.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127620.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
63. VARISKALLIO S, Moustgaard H, Remes H, Martikainen P, et al
    Association of parental education with adolescents' COVID-19 vaccine uptake: A nationwide register-based study in Finland.
    Vaccine. 2025;63:127615.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
64. GOLLUB EL, Myszkowski N, Xi M, Boyraz G, et al
    Correlates of higher trust in public health officials: results from a representative cohort of private university undergraduates.
    Vaccine. 2025;63:127610.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
65. JEONG NY, Cho S, Lim E, Lee JR, et al
    COVID-19 vaccination and the risk of abnormal uterine bleeding: A nationwide self-controlled case series study.
    Vaccine. 2025;63:127619.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
66. IZQUIERDO G, Villena R, Cabrera C, Albornoz J, et al
    Safety of timely immunization with nirsevimab in hospitalized preterm infants.
    Vaccine. 2025;63:127591.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
67. BAUR C, Saperstein SL, Griffis RL, Vazquez C, et al
    Implementing a co-design approach to facilitate a COVID-19 vaccination rapid response.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127585.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
68. LINDSEY KM, Farrell Z, Tutino R, Kowalski-Dobson T, et al
    From first infection to reinfection: Comparing Nucleocapsid antibody kinetics in vaccinated and unvaccinated adults.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127593.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
69. VARMA A, Andrews NJ, Carazo S, Walter K, et al
    Analytical approaches and examples of addressing time-varying factors in COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness studies: Report from a meeting of the World Health Organization.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127567.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
70. ROBERTS C, Top KA, Henaff L, Tunis M, et al
    Exploring off-label vaccine use: a survey of the global national immunization technical advisory group network.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127581.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
71. BHAT S, Basak P, Verma S, Siddiqui K, et al
    Type 2 diabetes compromises SARS-CoV-2-specific immunological memory following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127604.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
72. HUNTER OF, McClymont E, Lau O, Bettinger JA, et al
    Knowledge gaps and research priorities regarding vaccination in pregnancy: A Canadian perspective from the prevention of infections in the maternal-infant dyad (PRIMED) consortium.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127594.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
73. LUVIRA V, Lawpoolsri S, Phumratanaprapin W, Jongkaewwattana A, et al
    Immune responses to a heterologous booster with mRNA based COVID-19 vaccine after priming with an inactivated Newcastle disease virus recombinant vaccine expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (NDV-HXP-S).
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127601.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
74. VASILIADIS S, Cook J, Nissan K, Cook W, et al
    Vaccine misinformation among Arabic-speakers in Australia and the audience and appetite for a game-based intervention.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127599.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
75. KILLANDER MOLLER I, Hedberg P, Wagner P, Sparen P, et al
    Sociodemographic factors influencing SARS-CoV-2 vaccination uptake in people with and without HIV: Insights from a Swedish Nationwide cohort.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127580.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
76. NUZHATH T, Khobragade N, Regan AK, Pinkney JA, et al
    Pregnant women's perceptions of RSVpreF vaccine and Nirsevimab for infant RSV prevention.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127590.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
77. IMHOF C, Liu S, Messchendorp AL, Sanders JF, et al
    The phenotype and functionality of spike-specific CD4(+) T cells after COVID-19 vaccination associates with time after transplantation in transplant recipients.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127600.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
78. JAYARAJ VJ, Husin M, Tok PSK, Ismail MZH, et al
    Assessing the relative vaccine effectiveness of a fourth COVID-19 dose on hospitalization in Malaysia amidst evolving omicron variants: An emulated target trial.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127569.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
79. SIU JY
    Barriers to COVID-19 vaccinations and moral struggle among nurses in a Chinese community: A critical medical anthropology analysis.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127574.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
80. LIDSTROM AK, Albinsson B, Sund F, Lindback J, et al
    Adverse drug reactions following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of 3805 healthcare workers cause substantial sick-leave and are correlated to vaccine regimen, age, sex and serological response.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127553.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
81. AHSAN F, Rahmawati NY, Dachlan EG, Alditia FN, et al
    Memory T cell reactivity to a broad range of conserved SARS-CoV-2-derived ORF1ab epitopes in first wave COVID-19 convalescents.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127571.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
82. OSMENAJ T, van Roon A, Labuschagne L, Pijpers J, et al
    Determinants for not keeping up to date with COVID-19 vaccination in the 2023 vaccination round among medical risk groups, the Netherlands.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127561.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
83. XU S, Sy LS, Contreras R, Powers DA, et al
    Differences in COVID-19 XBB.1.5 vaccination coverage: A decomposition analysis across racial and ethnic groups in a large U.S. healthcare system.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127577.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
84. KURIYAMA K, Murakami K, Sugiura K, Sakui S, et al
    One-year follow-up of the immunogenicity and safety of a first and second booster dose of the NVX-CoV2373 (TAK-019) vaccine in healthy Japanese adults who had previously received a primary series of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine: Final report of a phase 3 ope
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127562.
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85. MORO PL, Getahun A, Romanson B, Marquez P, et al
    Safety monitoring of Pfizer's Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine in pregnant women in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2023-2024, United States.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127497.
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86. SCAIOLI G, Martella M, Moro GL, Mara A, et al
    Assessing vaccination intentions and perceptions among pregnant women in Italy: A multicenter cross-sectional study in the context of mandatory policies and the COVID-19 pandemic.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127528.
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87. FORTUNATO F, Martinelli D, Ascatigno L, Campanozzi A, et al
    Cost of universal immunization with Nirsevimab vs. standard of practice for infants in their first RSV season. Foggia District, Italy, 2023-2024.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127550.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
88. MOREIRA J, Patino EG, Braga PE, Pacheco P, et al
    Efficacy and safety of an inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) in Brazilian healthcare professionals: The PROFISCOV trial.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127559.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
89. GENOVA P, Phung CF, Dickens BL, Lim JM, et al
    Trust in government, science, and vaccine confidence in Southeast Asia: A latent profile analysis.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127536.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
90. FEDELE G, Schiavoni I, Trentini F, Leone P, et al
    Six-month follow-up of antibody response to bivalent mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine booster in healthcare workers.
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
91. CHEMAITELLY H, Ayoub HH, Coyle P, Tang P, et al
    Comparative effectiveness of one versus two doses of COVID-19 vaccines in Qatar: Evidence of converging protection over time.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127556.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
92. KANG Y, Zhang F, Vogt TM
    Parental attitudes, beliefs, and experiences related to pediatric COVID-19 vaccination.
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
93. DIRAY-ARCE J, Chang AC, Moradipoor S, Amodio D, et al
    Longitudinal Meta-cohort study protocol using systems biology to identify vaccine safety biomarkers.
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
94. XU S, Sy LS, Hong V, Qian L, et al
    Tinnitus risk after COVID-19 XBB.1.5 vaccination: A self-controlled case series study.
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100. VISKUPIC F, Wiltse DL, Djira G
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101. SHETTY AN, Kattan GS, Javed M, Pearce C, et al
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102. DALEXIS RD, Muray M, Kibret TC, Farahi SMMM, et al
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103. DIONNE M, Sauvageau C, Ward JK, Sylvain-Morneau J, et al
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104. MUNOZ FM, Kampmann B, Stergachis A, Chaudhary M, et al
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105. GWAK E, Choe SA, Kim K, Bolormaa E, et al
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RAPID #RISK #ASSESSMENT: #EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE, DRC (#WHO, September 19 '25)

 

{Summary}

Overall risk and confidence

Overall risk

-- National: High 

-- Regional: Moderate   

-- Global: Low   

Confidence in available information 

-- National: Moderate

-- Regional: Moderate

-- Global: Moderate

Risk statement

On 1 September 2025, WHO received an alert from the Ministry of Health of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) regarding suspected cases of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in the Bulape Health Zone, Kasai Province, DRC. 

The first currently known suspected EVD case was admitted to the Bulape General Reference Hospital on 20 August 2025 and reported to have died five days later (25 August 2025).

This is a 34-year-old female patient with a 34-week gestational age who presented with fever, bloody diarrhoea, followed by anal, oral, and nasal haemorrhage, vomiting, and asthenia. 

She reportedly died on 25 August 2025, with a clinical picture of multiple organ failure. 

Two of the contacts of this first case (a midwife and a laboratory technician) also developed similar symptoms and died a few days later.  

As of 4 September 2025, a total of 28 suspected cases, including 15 deaths (case fatality ratio: 54 %) had been reported from the Bulape health zone (Bulape, Bulape COM and Dikolo) and Mweka health zone. 

Among deaths, four are health care workers.  

In addition, 20% of the suspected cases are aged under 15 years. 

Five blood samples and one swab were collected from six suspected cases from the three health areas and arrived today at the National Public Health Laboratory (INRB) in Kinshasa for confirmation testing.

A crisis committee has been activated at the local and provincial levels, risk communication and active surveillance activities are underway, all cases are isolated, Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) measures are being implemented, isolation and contact tracing are underway, and patients are receiving intravenous medications, including ceftriaxone and metronidazole. 

The INRB confirmed Ebola virus (EBOV), Orthoebolavirus zairense species was detected through RTPCR assays, including GeneXpert, on 3 September.    

At national level, the risk is considered high due to:  

• Information gaps on the cases, including the first case, particularly: 

-- the date of symptom onset, 

-- their therapeutic itinerary, 

-- the potential number of contacts within the community, and 

-- epidemiological links between cases does not allow an assessment as to the extent of the outbreak. Similar alerts have been reported from this location/region in the past few months.  

• Most of the cases recorded so far in this health zone live in the Health Areas with a high population density and mobility. This could accelerate disease transmission within the community.  

• The last EVD outbreak in this health zone, Bulape, was in 2007, 18 years later, the capacities required for the response to a potential EVD outbreak may not exist.  

• So far, in addition to Bulape health zone, the epicentre of the outbreak, suspected cases are being reported in the neighbouring district of Mweka showing a potential geographic extension of the outbreak.   

• Bulape has a large market every Friday, attracting people from the surrounding villages. The city of Mweka borders a health district in the province of Kasai-Central (Bena Leka). Furthermore, population movements between Bulape and Tshikapa, the capital city of Kasai province, are frequent as part of trading activities.  Tshikapa city is considered as a regional market hub receiving populations from neighbouring provinces.  

At the regional level the risk is moderate due to the proximity of Bulape to Tshikapa city, the capital city of Kasai province and the Angolan border (approximately 100 to 200 kilometres depending on the nearest border crossing point) as well as population movement between Bulape and Tshikapa then Tshikapa and Angola.  

At the global level, the risk is low. 

(...)

Source: World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/who-rapid-risk-assessment---ebola-virus-disease--democratic-republic-of-the-congo-v.1

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#Syndromic approach for rapid #detection and differentiation of #human pathogenic #alphaviruses

 

Highlights

• Most vector-borne viruses like alphaviruses are not included in routine diagnostics

• Lack of testing results in misdiagnoses and underdetection

• A new multiplexed real-time PCR assay detects all human pathogenic alphaviruses

• The new multiplex assay is more sensitive than available tests and highly specific

• The multiplex test can be applied broadly for diagnostics and molecular surveillance

Abstract

Background

Knowledge of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and public health burden is scarce for many arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). Insufficient knowledge is partly due to lack of exhaustive laboratory diagnostics due to resource limitations. Among arboviruses, arthritogenic and encephalitogenic alphaviruses are globally widespread, can cause severe disease, and can co-occur regionally.

Objectives

We developed and validated a multiplexed real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay for the detection of all alphaviruses commonly causing human disease except Barmah Forest virus.

Study design

The assay combines five antigenic complex-specific assays and one Chikungunya virus-specific assay in a single parallelized reaction.

Results

Comparisons with previously published PCR-based protocols for broad alphavirus detection using 20 different human-pathogenic alphaviruses revealed a significantly higher sensitivity of the new multiplexed assay (Fisher’s exact test, p<0.0001). Detection limits with the new assay ranged from 0.83 cps/μl of extracted O’nyong-nyong virus to 33.05 cps/μl of extracted Western equine encephalitis virus. Antigenic complexes could be clearly differentiated by reactivity, Ct values (T-test, p<0.0025) and signal intensities (T-test, p<0.0001), even when testing high alphavirus concentrations potentially capable of causing false-positive PCR results. Testing of high-titred cell culture supernatants of eight important non-alphaviral arboviruses, of 4,308 serum samples collected from febrile patients in Benin and Peru, of seven CHIKV positive diagnostic samples from Brazil, and of non-targeted alphaviruses confirmed excellent diagnostic performance by the new assay, including improved detection of Mayaro and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in clinical specimens.

Conclusions

Short turn-around time, applicability in resource-limited settings, antigenic complex determination, and higher sensitivity compared to previously available tests make the new assay a useful tool for alphavirus surveillance and routine patient diagnostics.

Source: Journal of Clinical Virology, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386653225001143?dgcid=rss_sd_all

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#Modeling and #Analysis of SIRR Model (#Ebola #Transmission Dynamics Model) with Delay Differential Equation

 

Abstract

Background

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe and often fatal illness with high transmission potential and recurring outbreaks. Traditional compartmental models often neglect biologically important delays, such as the latent period before an infected individual becomes infectious, limiting their ability to capture real-world epidemic patterns. Including such delays can provide a more accurate understanding of outbreak persistence and control strategies.

Methods

In this study, we develop and analyze a novel deterministic SIRR model that captures the complex transmission dynamics of Ebola by explicitly combining nonlinear incidence rates with a delay differential equation framework. Unlike traditional models, this approach integrates a biologically motivated delay to represent the latent period before infectiousness, providing a more realistic depiction of disease spread. The basic reproduction number (R0) is derived using the next-generation matrix, and local stability for disease-free and endemic equilibria is established. Using center manifold theory, we investigate transcritical bifurcation at R0 = 1, while Hopf bifurcation analysis determines when delays trigger oscillatory epidemics. Sensitivity analysis identifies parameters most influencing R0, and numerical simulations are performed using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method.

Results

The main novelty of this work lies in its detailed investigation of how delays influence outbreak persistence and can trigger oscillatory epidemics, patterns often observed in practice but rarely captured by classic models. For R0< 1, the disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable; for R0> 1, an endemic equilibrium emerges. Increasing delays destabilizes the system, amplifying peak infections, prolonging outbreaks, and producing sustained oscillations. Isolation of recovered individuals (c) significantly reduces R_0, while transmission rate (β), recruitment rate (Λ), and isolation transition rate (ρ) are identified as the most sensitive parameters.

Conclusions

Accounting for delayed recovery dynamics is crucial for accurately predicting outbreak patterns and designing effective interventions. This delay-based, nonlinear-incidence model offers a robust analytical and computational framework for guiding public health strategies, with direct implications for reducing transmission, shortening outbreak duration, and preventing epidemic resurgence.

Source: F1000 Research, https://f1000research.com/articles/14-857/v1

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#USA, #Wastewater Data for Avian #Influenza #H5 (CDC, September 19 '25)

 

{Summary}

Time Period: September 07, 2025 - September 13, 2025

-- H5 Detection: 3 sites (0.7%)

-- No Detection: 401 sites (99.3%)

-- No samples in last week: 57 sites

(...)

Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html

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Intensive #reassortment and frequent #intercontinental #transmission revealed by long-term genetic analysis of #H10 avian #influenza viruses in #Taiwan

 

ABSTRACT

H10 subtype avian influenza viruses primarily circulate among wild waterfowl but can occasionally infect mammals, including humans, and recent sporadic human cases have raised significant public health concerns. In this study, we sequenced and analysed 59 H10 subtype viruses isolated from wild birds in Taiwan. Results showed that all isolates were genetically distinct from human and other mammalian H10 subtype isolates. Taiwanese isolates exhibited high genetic diversity and could be categorized into 34 distinct genotypes, with each genotype circulating only in a single migratory season and not recurring during subsequent seasons. Additional analyses revealed that certain gene pools frequently circulate in the Pacific Rim, with evidence of North American lineage genes establishing long-term populations in Eurasia and vice versa. Although no characteristics indicative of mammalian adaptation was found in the Taiwanese isolates, temporal changes in the haemagglutinin cleavage site sequences were observed. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the evolutionary dynamics of H10 avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in Taiwan, emphasizing the complexity of intercontinental gene flow and viral reassortment. Currently, no consistent molecular markers indicating the impact of H10 avian influenza viruses on mammals or poultry have been identified. Notably, the observed changes in the haemagglutinin cleavage site sequences among Eurasian viruses suggest potential antigenic variations, indicating a need for further investigation into these changes. This potential highlights the necessity of ongoing surveillance to track the evolution and transmission dynamics of these viruses.

Source: Emerging Microbes and Infections, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22221751.2025.2556794#abstract

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#Italy, Integrated #Surveillance for #WNV & #USUV - Weekly Bulletin No. 10, 18 September '25 (Summary)

 

{Summary}

-- During current epidemiological week (11– 17 September 2025), 65 new confirmed human cases of infection with West Nile Virus have been reported. 

-- The total number of confirmed cases, since the beginning of the epidemic season, has thus risen to 647 (it was 582 last week), of these: 

- 300 were West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND): 15 in Piedmont, 39 Lombardy, 24 Veneto, 2 Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 1 Liguria, 23 Emilia-Romagna, 5 Tuscany, 83 Latium, 2 Molise, 77 Campania, 2 Apulia, 2 Basilicata, 5 Calabria, 1 Sicily, 19 Sardinia, 

- 54 were asymptomatic cases detected among blood donors, 

- 284 were West Nile Fever cases (one imported from Kenya), 

- 3 asymptomatic cases and 

- 6 unspecified casese. 

-- Among confirmed cases, there were 47 death cases: 7 in Piedmont, 5 Lombardy, 1 Emilia-Romagna, 16 Latium, 15 Campania, 2 Calabria, 1 Sardinia. 

- The Case-Fatality Rate in WNND cases was 15.8% (it was 20% in 2018 and  14% in 2024). 

-- This week nine confirmed cases of Usutu Virus infection have been reported: 2 in Piedmont, 2 Lombardy, 2 Veneto, 3 Latium.

(...)

Source: High Institute of Health, https://www.epicentro.iss.it/westnile/bollettino/Bollettino_WND_2025_10.pdf

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#MERS-CoV and #SARS-CoV-2 #infection in diverse #human lung #organoid-derived cultures

 

ABSTRACT

Cell cultures are widely used to study infectious respiratory diseases and to test therapeutics; however, they do not faithfully recapitulate the architecture and complexity of the human respiratory tract. Lung organoids have emerged as an alternative model that partially overcomes this key disadvantage. Lung organoids can be cultured in various formats that offer potential for studying highly pathogenic viruses. However, the effects of these different formats on virus infection remain unexplored, leaving their relative value unclear. In this study, we generated primary lung organoids from human donor cells and used them to derive monolayers and air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures with the goal of comparing the replication kinetics of two circulating highly pathogenic coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Infection studies revealed that organoid-derived monolayers displayed limited infection, and the innate immune response was impaired against bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) but not against virus-like double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or poly(I:C). Meanwhile, organoids and organoid-derived ALI cultures retained viral permissivity, with ALI cultures displaying diverse antiviral immune responses against both coronaviruses. SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV demonstrated differential replication kinetics in organoid and organoid-derived ALI cultures. Therefore, primary organoid-derived cells in two-dimensional monolayer or three-dimensional ALI formats influence virus infection and host antiviral responses. Our study informs the selection of culture conditions for organoid-based respiratory disease research and therapeutic testing.

IMPORTANCE

The COVID-19 pandemic heralded the upsurge in human-derived lung organoid-based studies due to their cellular heterogeneity that partly emulates the cellular complexity of the respiratory tract. A major disadvantage of organoid models resides in their apical-in conformation that “hides” cells and proteins that are typically exposed to the air-liquid interface (ALI) in the airways and are targets of viruses. Here, we generated monolayers and ALI cultures to facilitate cell exposure to highly relevant pathogens and compared them to parental organoids. Organoids at the ALI captured infection and immune responses better than organoids and organoid-derived monolayer cultures. Organoids at the ALI are a viable approach to improve identification and characterization of virus infection, host responses, and therapeutic testing.

Source: Journal of Virology, https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/jvi.01098-25?af=R

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#Nipah virus #infection - #Bangladesh (#WHO D.O.N., September 18 '25)

 

Situation at a glance

Between 1 January and 29 August 2025, the International Health Regulations National Focal Point (IHR NFP) for Bangladesh notified WHO of four confirmed fatal Nipah virus (NiV) infection cases, temporally unrelated, reported from four different districts across three separated geographical divisions (Barisal, Dhaka, and Rajshahi) in Bangladesh. 

NiV infection is a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans through infected animals (such as bats or pigs), or food contaminated with saliva, urine, and excreta of infected animals. 

It can also be transmitted directly from person to person through close contact with an infected person. 

Fruit bats or flying foxes (Pteropus species) are the natural hosts for the virus. 

Human NiV infection is an epidemic-prone disease that can cause severe disease in humans and animals, with a high mortality rate, and outbreaks primarily occurring in South and South-East Asia. 

Since the first recognized outbreak in Bangladesh in 2001, human infections have been detected almost every year. 

To date, Bangladesh has documented 347 NiV cases through its Nipah surveillance system established to detect and respond to outbreaks promptly, with a case fatality rate of 71.7% 

There are currently no specific drugs or vaccines for NiV infection; intensive supportive care is recommended to treat severe respiratory and neurologic complications. 

Public health efforts should focus on raising awareness of risk factors, promoting preventive measures to reduce exposure to the virus, and on early case detection supported by adequate intensive supportive care. 

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in Bangladesh has implemented several public health measures with support from WHO. 

WHO assesses the overall public health risk posed by NiV at the national and regional levels to be moderate; the risk of international disease spread is considered low.

Description of the situation

Between 1 January and 29 August 2025, the Bangladesh IHR NFP notified WHO of four confirmed fatal Nipah virus (NiV) infection cases that occurred at different times from four separate districts across three different divisions (Barisal, Dhaka, and Rajshahi) of Bangladesh. 

All cases were confirmed through Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) testing, and no epidemiological links were reported to have been identified between the cases.

The first case was a young adult woman from Pabna district, Rajshahi division, with symptom onset on 25 January. She was admitted to a community hospital on 26 January and referred to another hospital the next day. She died on 28 January, and laboratory confirmation of NiV was received on 29 January. A total of 96 contacts were reported to be identified, and all tested negative for NiV.

The second case was an adult man from Bhola district, Barisal division, who developed symptoms on 13 February and was admitted to hospital on 19 February. He was transferred to another hospital the next day and died on 22 February. NiV infection was confirmed on 21 February. A total of 71 contacts were reportedly identified, and all tested negative for NiV.

The third case was an adult man from Faridpur district, Dhaka division, with symptom onset on 17 February. He was admitted to hospital on 25 February and died the same day. NiV infection was confirmed on 26 February. A total of 66 contacts were identified, and all tested negative for NiV.

The fourth case was a male child from Naogaon district, Rajshahi division, with symptom onset on 3 August. He was admitted to a hospital on 8 August and moved to the intensive care unit the following day. He died on 14 August. Samples collected on 10 August tested positive for NiV on 22 August. An outbreak investigation team was deployed the same day. A total of 72 contacts were identified, and samples from 11 symptomatic contacts were collected. Six tested negative, while the results for the remaining are awaited. This case was reported outside the typical season (December to April).

The first three cases had a history of consuming raw palm sap. However, the fourth case had no history of consuming raw palm sap, and the likely source/s of infection remain under investigation. None of the cases appears to be linked to each other. Fruit bats, the known reservoir for NiV, are present in the affected regions.

Since the report of the first case in 2001, human infections have been reported almost every year, with case fatality ratios (CFR) varying between 25% (in 2009) and 100% (in 2024). In 2024, five laboratory-confirmed fatal cases of NiV were reported from Bangladesh (Figure 1, Figure 2).

Figure 1. Annual number of reported Nipah virus cases and deaths, 1 January 2001 – 9 September 2025, Bangladesh.

__

Source: Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Bangladesh. https://iedcr.portal.gov.bd/site/page/d5c87d45-b8cf-4a96-9f94-7170e017c9ce/- 

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Figure 2. Distribution of Nipah cases in Bangladesh, 2001-2025, as of 14 August 2025

Epidemiology

Nipah virus infection is a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans through infected animals (such as bats or pigs), or food contaminated with saliva, urine, and excreta of infected animals. It can also be transmitted directly from person to person through close contact with an infected person. Fruit bats or flying foxes (Pteropus species) are the natural hosts for the virus.

The incubation period ranges from 4 to 14 days. However, an incubation period of up to 45 days has once been reported. Laboratory diagnosis of a patient with a clinical history of NiV infection can be made during the acute and convalescent phases of the disease by using a combination of tests. The main tests used are RT-PCR from bodily fluids and antibody detection via ELISA.

Human infections range from asymptomatic infection to acute respiratory infection (mild, severe), and fatal encephalitis (brain swelling).

Infected people initially develop symptoms including fever, headaches, myalgia (muscle pain), vomiting and sore throat. This can be followed by dizziness, drowsiness, altered consciousness, and neurological signs that indicate acute encephalitis. Some people can also experience atypical pneumonia and severe respiratory problems, including acute respiratory distress. Encephalitis and seizures occur in severe cases, progressing to coma within 24 to 48 hours.

(...)

The CFR in outbreaks across Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, and Singapore range from 40% to 75%, depending on local capabilities for early detection and clinical management. There are currently no drugs or vaccines specific for NiV infection. Intensive supportive care is recommended to treat severe respiratory and neurologic complications. Henipavirus nipahense (Nipah virus) is considered a priority pathogen for the acceleration of medical countermeasures (MCMs) to respond to epidemics and pandemics as part of the WHO R&D Blueprint for Epidemics.[1]

Public health response

Several public health measures have been implemented by local authorities, including:

-- The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has conducted investigations in collaboration with other sectors through a One Health coordinated approach.

-- Contact tracing has been carried out around the identified cases, with continuous follow-up.

-- Surveillance effort has been strengthened and extended beyond the regular active and passive surveillance to ensure early case detection.

-- Health education and awareness campaigns, including community engagement and advocacy, are ongoing under the supervision of civil surgeons (the head of the district health systems).

-- Nipah information leaflets have been distributed in endemic areas as part of risk communication efforts.

-- Clinicians have been sensitized and alerted to NiV.

-- Prompt sample collection, transportation, and testing were conducted at the reference laboratories.

The support provided by WHO:

-- Provided event communication support at national and international levels, including the timely submission of an official IHR notification to WHO.

-- Closely followed up on NiV infection field investigations to support robust data collection and effective contact tracing.

-- Supported case management, including infection prevention and control measures at household and health facility levels to prevent secondary cases.

-- Monitoring of the evolving outbreak situation, especially during the ongoing Nipah season, including support for data compilation, assessment of epidemiological patterns, risk factors, and geographic spread.

-- Provided technical support to the government in developing public health messaging for the prevention and control of the outbreak. 

WHO risk assessment

Nipah virus (Henipavirus nipahense) is a zoonotic pathogen with a high CFR (40-75%) and no licensed vaccine or treatment. Its reservoirs are fruit bats or flying foxes (bats in the Pteropus genus), which are distributed in the coastal regions and on several islands in the Indian ocean, India, south-east Asia and Oceania. The virus can be transmitted to humans from wild and domestic animals. So far, outbreaks have only been reported in Asia; however, as the disease can be transmitted by domesticated animals and secondary human-to-human transmissions are also possible, it has considerable epidemic or pandemic potential. The disease is endemic in Bangladesh, with seasonal outbreaks linked to bat activities and cultural practices such as the consumption of raw date palm sap.  Seasonal outbreaks occur between December and May, coinciding with the harvesting of date palm sap.

To date, Bangladesh has documented 347 NiV disease cases, with a case fatality rate of 71.7%. Nearly half of these cases (n=162) were primary cases with a confirmed history of consuming raw date palm sap (DPS) or tari (fermented date palm sap), while 29% resulted from direct person-to-person transmission. In 2025 to date, four fatal cases of NiV infection have been reported in Bangladesh; however, none of them appear to be linked to each other. While three of the cases presented a seasonal pattern, clustered during the first two months of 2025, the fourth case presented outside of the usual season, with no history of consuming raw date palm sap, and the possible source of infection remains unknown.

Based on the current available information, WHO assesses the overall public health risk posed by NiV at the national level to be moderate, taking into consideration the high case fatality rate, no availability of specific drugs or vaccines for NiV infection and the difficulty of early diagnosis. Although sensitive and specific laboratory methods exist, the symptoms during the first phase are not specific and could potentially delay a timely diagnosis, outbreak detection and response. In addition, fruit bats (Pteropus spp.) are the natural reservoir of NiV, and they are present in Bangladesh and repeated spillover of the virus from its reservoir to the human population has been demonstrated. Despite ongoing efforts at risk communication and community engagement to raise awareness, there is continued consumption of raw date palm sap in the community.

People infected with NiV may remain asymptomatic. Although human-to-human transmission has been reported in previous outbreaks, it has been less frequent in recent years. The yearly number of NiV infection cases reported in Bangladesh has remained under 10 since 2016, except for 2023, when 13 cases were reported.  Strong public health measures are implemented in Bangladesh to detect and control outbreaks, including sentinel NiV surveillance, established since 2006, and the availability of Rapid Response Team (RRT) at both the central and district levels, along with the capacity to rapidly test samples.

For neighbouring countries – India and Myanmar - WHO assesses the public health risk posed by NiV at the regional level to be moderate. While there has not been any report of previous cross-border transmission, the risk of spread still remains, given the shared ecological corridor of fruit bats and the occurrence among domestic animals and human cases previously reported in both countries. India has demonstrated capacity and experience in controlling previous NiV outbreaks.

WHO assesses the public health risk posed by NiV at the global level to be low, as there have been no confirmed spread of cases outside Bangladesh. 

WHO advice

In the absence of a licensed vaccine or specific therapeutic treatment for Nipah virus disease, the only way to reduce or prevent infection in people is by raising awareness of the risk factors. This includes providing guidance on measures that people can take to reduce exposure to the Nipah virus, and case management should focus on delivering timely supportive care, supported by an effective laboratory system. Intensive supportive care is recommended for treatment of severe respiratory and neurologic complications.   

Public health educational messages should focus on:

-- Reducing the risk of bat-to-human transmission

-- Efforts to prevent transmission should first focus on decreasing bat access to date palm sap and other fresh food products. Freshly collected date palm juice should be boiled, and fruits should be thoroughly washed and peeled before consumption. Fruits with signs of bat bites should be discarded. Areas where bats are known to roost should be avoided.

-- Reducing the risk of human-to-human transmission.

-- Close unprotected physical contact with NiV-infected people should be avoided. Regular hand washing should be carried out after caring for or visiting sick people.

-- Protective measures include guidelines to limit the spread of the disease both in households and hospitals (use of protective equipment, isolation, and safe contact with medical staff).

-- The options to prevent secondary transmissions are active case finding, contact tracing, isolation and quarantine of cases and their contacts.

-- Controlling infection in health care settings

-- Health and care workers caring for patients with suspected or confirmed infection, or handling specimens from them, should implement standard precautions for infection prevention and control at all times.

-- As health care-associated infections and occupational infections of Nipah virus have been reported, in health-care settings, contact and droplet precautions should be used in addition to standard precautions, including the use of single-rooms for isolation. Airborne precautions are required in addition to contact precautions during aerosol-generating procedures.

-- Enhanced environmental controls in health-care settings are advised, including twice daily environmental cleaning and disinfection of all surfaces in the patient care area of patients with suspected or confirmed NiV infection, and to ensure inpatient care areas meet or exceed the minimum ventilation rate of at least 60 litres per second per patient.

-- Samples taken from people and animals with suspected NiV infection should be handled by trained staff working in suitably equipped laboratories.

Based on the currently available information, WHO does not recommend any travel and/or trade restrictions.

Further information

-- World Health Organization. WHO South-East Asia Regional Strategy for the prevention and control of Nipah virus infection 20232030 https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789290210849

-- World Health Organization. Technical brief: Enhancing readiness for a Nipah virus event in countries not reporting a Nipah virus event. Interim Document, February 2024. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789290211273

-- Nipah virus [Fact sheet]. Geneva: WHO; 2018. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/nipah-virus

-- World Health Organization. Nipah virus infection. https://www.who.int/health-topics/nipah-virus-infection#tab=tab_1

-- Nipah Situation Dashboard, Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR). https://www.iedcr.gov.bd/site/page/d5c87d45-b8cf-4a96-9f94-7170e017c9ce/-  

-- Nipah Virus Transmission in Bangladesh https://www.iedcr.gov.bd/site/page/03d6e960-2539-4966-8788-4a12753e410d/-  

-- Foodborne Transmission of Nipah Virus, Bangladesh https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3291367  

-- Nipah Virus Disease: Epidemiological, Clinical, Diagnostic and Legislative Aspects of This Unpredictable Emerging Zoonosis https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/1/159

-- Tackling a global epidemic threat: Nipah surveillance in Bangladesh, 2006–2021 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10529576/

-- The Ecology of Nipah Virus in Bangladesh: A Nexus of Land-Use Change and Opportunistic Feeding Behaviour in Bats https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7910977/

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[1] CEPI and WHO urge broader research strategy for countries to prepare for the next pandemic: https://www.who.int/news/item/01-08-2024-cepi-and-who-urge-broader-research-strategy-for-countries-to-prepare-for-the-next-pandemic

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Citable reference: World Health Organization (18 September 2025). Disease Outbreak News: Nipah virus infection in Bangladesh. Available at:  https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2025-DON582 

Source: World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2025-DON582

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#Mpox #Epidemics: A Call to Restore Humanity’s Lost Herd #Immunity to #Orthopoxviruses

 

Abstract

Global efforts to eradicate smallpox—an Orthopoxvirus infection—began in the mid-20th century, with the last naturally occurring case reported in 1977. This was achieved through global solidarity efforts that expanded the smallpox eradication vaccination program. Approximately 50 years following the cessation of mass smallpox vaccination and in the absence of access to a sustainable boosting program, the population immunologically naïve to Orthopoxviruses has increased significantly. With increasing global movements and travels, we argue that the emergence of two back-to-back yet distinct mpox epidemics in the 21st century is a sign of humanity’s lost herd immunity to Orthopoxviruses. This needs concerted efforts to restore.

Source: Viruses, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/9/1257

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Identification of #clinical and #virological correlates associated with #influenza A candidate #vaccine virus (#CVV) attenuation in a #ferret model

 

ABSTRACT

Influenza A viruses continuously circulate among avian and swine species, posing a persistent threat to public health. The development of influenza candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs) plays a pivotal role in the global strategy for influenza pandemic preparedness. Safety-testing of CVVs for attenuation in ferrets represents a critical step that takes place prior to making these viruses available to vaccine manufacturers. Development of pathogenicity standards is needed to establish acceptable thresholds of disease so that CVV safety can be assessed without the need for comparison to the parental virus. To assess the capacity of diverse CVVs to cause pathogenesis in mammalian hosts, clinical and virological parameters were compiled from CVV assessments in ferrets conducted using consistent methods over approximately 20 years to identify disease parameters most reflective of attenuation compared to wild-type strains. These analyses revealed an overall reduction in ferret weight loss and fever relative to wild-type controls. Viral titers in nasal washes were reduced with limited spread to tissues beyond the respiratory tract. Regression models further support the significance of clinical signs in distinguishing the virulence of wild-type viruses and CVVs. These findings provide support for the development of standardized parameters for assessing pathogenicity of CVVs and their suitability for manufacturers.

IMPORTANCE

The development and safety testing of candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs) against emerging zoonotic influenza strains prior to sharing with vaccine manufacturers is a critical component of influenza pandemic preparedness. The extensive data set reported here provides critical information that will drastically streamline the safety testing process, thereby enabling more efficient CVV assessments and improving public health in the event of an influenza pandemic.

Source: Journal of Virology, https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/jvi.01023-25?af=R

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