History of Mass Transportation: The FS RAL60 Metric Gauge Autorail

 

Di Smiley.toerist - Opera propria, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7690411

Source: Wikipedia, https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotrice_FS_RALn_60

____

History of Mass Transportation: The Henschel Steam Locomotive No. 2000

 

By Henschel & Sohn Cassel - https://orka.bibliothek.uni-kassel.de/viewer/fullscreen/02008090546707/1/, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=164392169

Source: Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henschel_%26_Son

____

#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (by AMEDEO, October 25 '25)

 

Br J Anaesth

1. THOMAS C, Pearse RM
   Socioeconomic deprivation and health inequity: independently associated with postoperative outcomes, and does this matter?
   Br J Anaesth. 2025;135:1141-1143.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Clin Infect Dis

2. TARTOF SY, Aliabadi N, Goodwin G, Slezak J, et al
   Estimated Vaccine Effectiveness for Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Related Acute Respiratory Illness in Older Adults: Findings From the First Postlicensure Season.
   Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Oct 21:ciaf496. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
3. MANABE YC, Hamill MM, Palamountain KM, Achenbach CJ, et al
   The Critical Importance of Clinical Use Case to Inform Point-of-Care Technology Development: A Case Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Nucleic Acid Assays in the United States.
   Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Oct 23:ciaf510. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

4. LV Y, Zhu L, Li FH, Li H, et al
   Nonadherence to anti-VEGF intravitreal injections in patients with diabetic macular edema : The names of the authors.
   Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2025 Oct 18. doi: 10.1007/s00417-025-06925.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Int J Infect Dis

5. GENTILOTTI E, Gorska A, Tacconelli E
   Research on post-COVID syndrome: current gaps and future perspectives.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2025 Oct 16:108129. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108129.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
6. DEB D, Heidari ME, Kizito B, Kesamang M, et al
   HIV status is not associated with SARS-CoV-2 viral load and longer duration of infection among people with well-controlled HIV and high COVID-19 vaccine coverage.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2025 Oct 17:108142. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108142.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
7. OH J, Kim S, Jo H, Park J, et al
   Burden of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 in patients with type 2 diabetes: a binational cohort study in South Korea and Japan.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2025 Oct 18:108143. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108143.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
8. CARVALHO-SAUER R, Costa MDCN, Flores-Ortiz R, Teixeira MG, et al
   Case Fatality Rate and Determinants of Maternal Death among Pregnant Women with SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Bahia, Brazil.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2025 Oct 20:108144. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108144.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
9. DIAZ Y, Ortiz A, Weeden A, Castillo D, et al
   Corrigendum to "SARS-CoV-2 reinfection with a virus harboring mutation in the Spike and the Nucleocapsid proteins in Panama", [International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 108 (2021), 588-591, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.06.004].
   Int J Infect Dis. 2025;161:108124.
   PubMed        
   
   

   
   Invest Radiol

10. KUBLER J, Chekan S, Xu S, Ghoul A, et al
    Clinical Evaluation of A-LIKNet: Deep Learning-Accelerated Single-Breath-Hold CINE Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Cardiac Function Assessment.
    Invest Radiol. 2025 Oct 17. doi: 10.1097/RLI.0000000000001243.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Infect

11. BORROW R, Caugant DA, Clark SA, Dinleyici EC, et al
    Current global trends in meningococcal disease control, risk groups and vaccination: Consensus of the Global Meningococcal Initiative.
    J Infect. 2025 Oct 17:106635. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2025.106635.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Med Virol

12. SANDER I, Kespohl S, Beine A, Belting K, et al
    SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Levels and Infections in Multiple Vaccinated Employees Over Time.
    J Med Virol. 2025;97:e70628.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
13. BARTOLUCCI G, Garro E, Mussa M, Pepe A, et al
    The Clinical Presentations of Patients With COVID-19 in the Omicron Era: Missed Opportunities in the Antiviral Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infections.
    J Med Virol. 2025;97:e70652.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. ZHU M, Massuda E, Patel U, Chau G, et al
    Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Mucosal Immunoglobulin A in Clinical Saliva Samples After a Dose of Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine.
    J Med Virol. 2025;97:e70645.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
15. YEN TY, Hsu CL, Lu CY, Lee NC, et al
    The Association of RNase L, Cytokines, and Chemokines With Severity of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.
    J Med Virol. 2025;97:e70650.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
16. PATRICK MD, Foster A, Aneja A, Annamalai RT, et al
    Sexual Dimorphism in Systemic Inflammatory Responses to Femur Fracture in Mice Infected With SARS-CoV-2-Like Virus.
    J Med Virol. 2025;97:e70654.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
17. WONG CI, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Tsai YT, et al
    Viral Epidemiology and Etiology of Acute Respiratory Infections Among Hospitalized Pediatric Patients in Macao Across the Pre-, Peri-, and Post-COVID-19 Era.
    J Med Virol. 2025;97:e70664.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
18. GOSERT R, Naegele K, Weiss M, Bingisser R, et al
    Rebound of Respiratory Virus Activity and Seasonality to Pre-Pandemic Patterns.
    J Med Virol. 2025;97:e70658.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
19. LAI A, Bergna A, Fabiano V, Della Ventura C, et al
    Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in an Italian Pediatric Cohort: Genomic Analysis and Circulation Pattern in the Season 2022-2023.
    J Med Virol. 2025;97:e70660.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
20. HIKMAT H, Py J, Boschi C, Burel E, et al
    Implementation of a Multiplex PCR Amplification System Combined With Next-Generation Genome Sequencing to Decipher the Circulation of Human Coronavirus 229E Lineages in Southern France.
    J Med Virol. 2025;97:e70653.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Virol

21. ZHOU J, Cai S, Huang H, Yang F, et al
    LPS/TLR4-activated M1-polarized macrophage-derived exosomes enhance IBV vaccine efficacy in chickens.
    J Virol. 2025 Sep 23:e0115625. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01156.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
22. DANGI T, Li S, Penaloza-MacMaster P
    Development of a cross-protective common cold coronavirus vaccine.
    J Virol. 2025 Oct 22:e0152625. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01526.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Nature

23. KOZLOV M
    People with some cancers live longer after a COVID vaccine.
    Nature. 2025 Oct 22. doi: 10.1038/d41586-025-03432.
    PubMed        
    
    
24. GRIPPIN AJ, Marconi C, Copling S, Li N, et al
    SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines sensitize tumours to immune checkpoint blockade.
    Nature. 2025 Oct 22. doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09655.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Science

25. CAPLAN A
    Vaccinations for allFair Doses Seth Berkley University of California Press, 2025. 408 pp.
    Science. 2025;390:342.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
26. JACOBS P
    COVID-19 vaccines may boost cancer immunotherapy.
    Science. 2025;390:321-322.
    PubMed         Abstract available

#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, October 25 '25)

 

Antiviral Res

1. BESSONNE M, Morel J, Nevers Q, Groutsch J, et al
   Inhibition of influenza virus replication by artificial proteins (alphaReps) targeting its RNA-polymerase.
   Antiviral Res. 2025 Oct 21:106300. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2025.106300.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   BMC Pediatr

2. WONG K, Ducharme R, Murphy MSQ, Clarke AE, et al
   SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy and infant outcomes in the first year of life: a retrospective cohort study.
   BMC Pediatr. 2025;25:842.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
3. MAGGIO ABR, Palomo S, Joye R, Huguet H, et al
   Reduced aerobic capacity in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) after PICU admission: a retrospective cohort study, 2020-2022.
   BMC Pediatr. 2025;25:835.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Cell

4. HICKMAN HD, Moutsopoulos NM
   Don't forget to floss! An innovative approach for vaccine delivery.
   Cell. 2025;188:5787-5789.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Epidemiol Infect

5. GODOY P, Pardos J, Garcia Cenoz M, Parron I, et al
   Mask wearing by COVID-19 index cases reduces SARS-CoV-2 transmission to household contacts.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2025;153:e125.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Clin Microbiol

6. BACSIK DJ, Mills MG, Monroe LD, Spring C, et al
   Validation of H5 influenza virus subtyping RT-qPCR assay and low prevalence of H5 detection in 2024-2025 influenza virus season.
   J Clin Microbiol. 2025 Oct 21:e0041525. doi: 10.1128/jcm.00415.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Gen Virol

7. SHIMOTAI Y, Sugawara K, Matsuzaki Y, Muraki Y, et al
   Cytoplasmic domain of CM2 is involved in the replication of influenza C virus.
   J Gen Virol. 2025;106:002165.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect

8. MOORE CM, Secor EA, Fairbanks-Mahnke A, Everman JL, et al
   Independent and interactive effects of viral species on early-life lower respiratory tract illness.
   J Infect. 2025 Sep 25:106616. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2025.106616.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
9. RAJAN A, Nagaraj D, Bomidi C, Aloisio GM, et al
   Single cell sequencing analysis of respiratory syncytial virus-infected pediatric and adult human nose organoids reveals age differences, proliferative diversity and identifies novel cellular tropism.
   J Infect. 2025;91:106617.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
10. GRANVIK C, Persson IL, Barros GWF, Ahlm C, et al
    Long-term Physical Capacity Following COVID-19: A Prospective, Three-Year Study.
    J Infect. 2025 Sep 12:106614. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2025.106614.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
11. PRITCHARD E, Vihta KD, Lipworth S, Pouwels KB, et al
    An Electronic Health Record-Wide Association Study to identify populations at increased risk of E. coli bloodstream infections.
    J Infect. 2025 Sep 3:106612. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2025.106612.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Virol

12. JOSEPH R, Marais G, Iranzadeh I, Alisoltani A, et al
    Intra-host SARS-CoV-2 diversity in immunocompromised people living with HIV provides insight into the evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2.
    J Virol. 2025 Sep 5:e0078025. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00780.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
13. WANG J, Sang X, Zheng W, Chan JF-W, et al
    Discovery of a potent covalent inhibitor that unusually distorts the catalytic dyad of SARS-CoV-2 main protease.
    J Virol. 2025 Sep 15:e0065825. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00658.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. FARRUKEE R, Mordant F, Mackenzie-Kludas C, Mesner D, et al
    Human guanylate-binding protein (GBP) 1 inhibits replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
    J Virol. 2025 Sep 15:e0082325. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00823.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
15. RZYMSKI P, Poniedzialek B, Zarebska-Michaluk D, Tomasiewicz K, et al
    High seroprevalence and high risk: why are older adults more prone to respiratory syncytial virus?
    J Virol. 2025;99:e0143225.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
16. CHIOK KL, Jenik K, Fenton M, Falzarano D, et al
    MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in diverse human lung organoid-derived cultures.
    J Virol. 2025 Sep 18:e0109825. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01098.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
17. HAMMER E, Flynn C, Rossler J, Erder J, et al
    Prediction of COVID-19 disease progression by multiparametric analysis of circulating extracellular vesicles with flow cytometry.
    J Virol. 2025 Sep 23:e0118925. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01189.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
18. TSUJINO S, Tsuda M, Nao N, Okumura K, et al
    Evolution of BA.2.86 to JN.1 reveals that functional changes in non-structural viral proteins are required for fitness of SARS-CoV-2.
    J Virol. 2025 Sep 23:e0090825. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00908.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
19. SHU T, Wang X, Li Y, Su J, et al
    Respiratory syncytial virus phosphoprotein has NTPase and helicase-like activities.
    J Virol. 2025;99:e0099625.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
20. SUN L, Huang M, Feng S, Zhang W, et al
    Developing an eVLP mRNA vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus with enhanced pre-fusion targeting humoral responses.
    J Virol. 2025 Sep 30:e0120925. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01209.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
21. PAN Z, Jiang L, Chen Y, Peng H, et al
    Adjuvant-dependent protection of SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccines: comparative immunogenicity of human-applicable formulations.
    J Virol. 2025 Oct 3:e0109925. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01099.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Virol Methods

22. AFZAL M, Willcox MDP, Praet S, Mcdonald M, et al
    Evaluating the effectiveness of a novel environmental decontamination system utilizing low-energy hyper-charged photoelectrons against coronavirus.
    J Virol Methods. 2026;339:115269.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
23. HINOJOSA-TRUJILLO D, Dehesa-Canseco F, Garcia-Vega M, Mata-Haro V, et al
    Evaluation of two IgG-scFv bispecific antibodies for neutralizing Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2.
    J Virol Methods. 2026;339:115258.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
24. BRAVI ME, Fuentealba NA, Brasso N, Sguazza GH, et al
    Performance evaluation of a SYBR Green-based real-time quantitative PCR for SARS-CoV-2 detection from animal oropharyngeal samples.
    J Virol Methods. 2026;339:115259.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
25. CHEN Y, Zhang T, Zhang J, Dong X, et al
    Comparative effects of three SARS-CoV-2 inactivation methods on cytokine detection using LEGENDplex bead-based immunoassays.
    J Virol Methods. 2026;339:115244.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Lancet

26. 
    Burden of 375 diseases and injuries, risk-attributable burden of 88 risk factors, and healthy life expectancy in 204 countries and territories, including 660 subnational locations, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Stud
    Lancet. 2025 Oct 12:S0140-6736(25)01637-X. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01637.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
27. 
    Global age-sex-specific all-cause mortality and life expectancy estimates for 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations, 1950-2023: a demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.
    Lancet. 2025 Oct 12:S0140-6736(25)01330-3. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01330.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
28. JOHANSEN ND, Modin D, Pardo-Seco J, Rodriguez-Tenreiro-Sanchez C, et al
    Effectiveness of high-dose influenza vaccine against hospitalisations in older adults (FLUNITY-HD): an individual-level pooled analysis.
    Lancet. 2025 Oct 17:S0140-6736(25)01742-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01742.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    N Engl J Med

29. SIEGERS JY, Xie R, Edwards KM, Byrne AMP, et al
    Resurgence of Zoonotic Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Cambodia.
    N Engl J Med. 2025;393:1650-1652.
    PubMed        
    
    
30. CAI M, Xie Y, Al-Aly Z
    Association of 2024-2025 Covid-19 Vaccine with Covid-19 Outcomes in U.S. Veterans.
    N Engl J Med. 2025 Oct 8. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2510226.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS One

31. HEMATRAM YADAV RY, Thangiah N, Bhaskaran KS, Kumarasamy C, et al
    Factors associated with hospitalization of people with influenza in a Malaysian tertiary hospital from 2015 to 2019.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0333921.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
32. ABIDIN FA, Prathama AG, Fitriana E, Mayangsari A, et al
    Depression, anxiety, and stress levels during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study among Indonesian psychologists.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0315584.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
33. CATALFAMO CJ, Jacobs ET, Falk LP, Lauro P, et al
    Concordance between self-reported SARS-CoV-2 positivity and laboratory-confirmed positivity.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0334102.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
34. KALIA V, Knauft K
    Adults with adverse childhood experiences report greater coronavirus anxiety.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0323401.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
35. KUCHLER J, Zinnecker T, Hellwig P, Wolf M, et al
    Quantitative analysis of proteomic changes in two monoclonal suspension MDCK cell lines infected with human influenza A virus (H1N1).
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0327939.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
36. HOLZER A, Stoever A, Lau M, Gleich S, et al
    Quantitative and qualitative changes in substance-related administrative offences in road traffic during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Munich.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0334598.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
37. BALECH B, Lo Presti A, Telegrafo C, Maisto L, et al
    Investigating the evolutionary dynamics and mutational pattern of SARS-CoV-2 spike gene on selected SARS-CoV-2 variants.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0333093.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
38. MAKI K
    Methodology for predicting hospital admissions and evaluating recovery rates for coronavirus disease in Japan.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0334643.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
39. DELAVARY M, Kalantari AH, Farsangi H, Mohammadzadeh Moghaddam A, et al
    Effect of COVID-19 restrictions and fuel prices on traffic volume and offenses in Iran: A spatiotemporal analysis.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0332443.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

40. FORMIGA RO, Pesenti L, de la Heronniere FC, Ladjemi MZ, et al
    Cytosolic proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) orchestrates neutrophil hyperactivation in COVID-19.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025;122:e2503667122.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Vaccine

41. CHAUDHRY T, Tum P, Morrow F, Hargreaves S, et al
    Facilitators to strengthening vaccine uptake post-pandemic amongst underserved populations considering social norms and health beliefs: a global systematic review.
    Vaccine. 2025;65:127769.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
42. ZEEVAT F, Luttjeboer J, Korsten K, van Boven M, et al
    Evaluating cost-effectiveness of RSV vaccination strategies for older adults in the Netherlands.
    Vaccine. 2025;65:127735.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
43. CAMPBELL PM, Ess GJ, Lale A, Talaat KR, et al
    Clinical immunization safety assessment (CISA) project: COVID-19 vaccine consultations and case reviews.
    Vaccine. 2025;65:127781.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
44. DOMINGUEZ ISLAS CP, Magaret CA, Molitor C, Serebryannyy L, et al
    SARS-CoV-2 spike sequence-based distance as a marker of binding antibody response to COVID-19 vaccines.
    Vaccine. 2025;65:127738.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
45. OPHIR Y, Wong JH, Haddad KR, Huuskonen A, et al
    Expression and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in Thermothelomyces heterothallica C1.
    Vaccine. 2025;65:127784.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
46. WROBLEWSKI M, Meler A
    Vaccine acceptance and refusal in Western and Central and Eastern European countries: An analysis based on the European Social Survey data from 23 countries, using a classification and regression tree.
    Vaccine. 2025;65:127807.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
47. FANG X, Holding AC, Audet EC, Thai H, et al
    Understanding COVID-19 vaccination disparity among Black adults in North America: A two-study motivational approach.
    Vaccine. 2025;65:127803.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
48. OGATA T, Hattori S, Kawachi K, Ishikane M, et al
    Durability of effectiveness of a booster dose of COVID-19 bivalent (ancestral/BA.4-5) vaccine against all-cause mortality in older adults in Japan, October 2022 to September 2023.
    Vaccine. 2025;65:127796.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
49. HIRAGA K, Momose H, Kuribayashi W, Uemura M, et al
    Development of a novel safety assessment method for quality control of mRNA vaccines based on lung biomarker gene expression.
    Vaccine. 2025;65:127805.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
50. BLADH O, Aguilera K, Sheikh-Mohamed S, Nardulli J, et al
    Comparing methods collecting mucosal secretions and detecting SARS-CoV-2 spike IgA in three laboratories across three countries.
    Vaccine. 2025;65:127792.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Virology

51. TSUNEKI-TOKUNAGA A, Komatsu M, Perdana WY, Nishiyama S, et al
    Epidemic influenza virus strains with high growth capability induce severe inflammatory response in vivo.
    Virology. 2025;613:110717.
    PubMed         Abstract available

Joint #FAO / #WHO / #WOAH Rapid #Risk #Assessment of Rift Valley fever (#RVF) in #Senegal and #Mauritania: Implications for Public Health and Animal Health (Oct. 24 '25)

 

{Excerpt}

Risk statement

This risk assessment is based on the current epidemiological and epizootic situation of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in Senegal and Mauritania, from 20 September through 8 October 2025.

The risk assessment was conducted separately for each country. However, the findings indicate that the level of risk is the same for both countries across all levels, for both human and animal health.  

During this period, Senegal reported 119 confirmed human RVF cases, including 16 deaths, resulting in a case fatality rate (CFR) of 13.4%. Cases were recorded across eight health districts in three regions of Senegal, with the majority in Saint-Louis Region with 110 cases (92%) followed by Louga (four cases) and Matam (one case). 

The affected districts in Saint-Louis Region: Podor, Richard-Toll, Dagana, and Saint-Louis are located along the northern border with Mauritania along the Senegal River.  

The most affected age groups were 15- 35 years, accounting for 69 cases (58%), and 35-60 years with 34 cases (29%), with 77 % of cases occurring in males. 

Hemorrhagic symptoms were reported in 22 cases (18%) of which 13 resulted in death.  

Animal infections resulting in abortions and livestock mortality were also reported. 

On 23 September, 1122 blood samples and four abortion samples were collected from small ruminant herds in villages where human cases were reported. 

Of these, 36 samples tested positive across six herds. 

By 30 September, a total of 27 confirmed animal cases, two deaths have been reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) through the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS). 

As of that date, five animal outbreaks have been confirmed in Saint-Louis Region, with four additional outbreaks expected to be included in a forthcoming follow-up report currently in draft.  

RVF is endemic in Senegal, with previous outbreaks affecting both humans and animals. 

The last confirmed human case before this outbreak occurred in January 2025 in Touba, located in the Diourbel region, while the last recorded human case in Saint-Louis region occurred in 2022.   

Between 27 September and 5 October 2025, Mauritania reported 17 confirmed human RVF cases, including eight deaths, resulting in a CFR of 47%. 

Cases were recorded across seven districts in five regions (wilayas), three of which have international borders: Assaba which borders Mali to the south, Brakna and Trarza both bordering Senegal along the Senegal River. 

Of 66 samples tested, the positivity rate was 25.7%.  

Multiple active outbreaks in animals have also been reported. According to the Ministry of Animal Resources of Mauritania, as of 6 October, 17 outbreaks across eight regions, with 86 out of 307 samples testing positive. 

The first animal cases, involving goats and camels, were reported in August 2025. A total of 39 clinical animal cases (including 16 deaths in two dromedaries and 14 goats) were reported in Aioun, Hodh-Gharbi region and Timbedra, Hodh-Charghi region, both are located in southeastern Mauritania near the Mali border, and in Maghta Lahjar, Brakna region, in central Mauritania.  

In Brakna region alone, 233 animal cases and 55 deaths have been reported to WOAH by 3 October 2025. 

Affected animals include sheep, goats, camels and cattle.  

RVF is endemic in Mauritania. The last major outbreak occurred in 2022, with 47 confirmed human cases, including 23 deaths (CFR 49%), mostly among animal breeders in nine of 15 regions. 

The virus also affected animals such as cattle, camels, and small ruminants, with sample positivity rates of around 24% tested during that outbreak period.  

The current outbreak in Senegal and Mauritania is unusual in both its magnitude and severity. It involves multiple districts in border regions, particularly along the Senegal River, increasing the risk of cross-border transmission between Senegal and Mauritania. 

In Mauritania, the outbreak also extends to eastern regions bordering Mali, raising concerns about potential regional spread beyond the Senegal River basin.  

A notably high proportion of severe and haemorrhagic cases has been reported. In Senegal, 18% of confirmed human cases presented with haemorrhagic symptoms, with 13 cases resulting in death.  

The situation is particularly concerning in Mauritania, where the CFR has reached 47%, reflecting both the severity of illness and potential gaps in early detection and clinical management. 

Further information is needed to better understand the factors contributing to this high fatality rate. 

Possible contributing factors include delayed access to adequate care, shortage of essential medical products and supplies and underreporting of mild cases, which may result in disproportionate detection of severe cases. However, additional factors should also be investigated.  

(...)

Source: World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/joint-fao-who-woah-rapid-risk-assessment-of-rift-valley-fever-(rvf)-in-senegal-and-mauritania--implications-for-public-health-and-animal-health

____

#Assessment of #malnutrition in preschool-aged #children by mid-upper arm circumference in the #Gaza Strip (January, 2024–August, 2025): a longitudinal, cross-sectional, surveillance study

 

Summary

Background

Since October, 2023, Palestinian children in the Gaza Strip have suffered war-induced displacement, food insecurity, malnutrition, and elevated risks of famine and mortality. In this study, we aimed to document the extent of, and patterns in, wasting malnutrition in children aged 6–59 months across the Gaza Strip between January, 2024, and August, 2025.

Methods

This longitudinal, cross-sectional, surveillance study was conducted across a total of 16 UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East health centres and 78 medical points established within school shelters and tent encampments across the five governorates of Gaza. Children aged 6–59 months were screened for wasting malnutrition by mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) measurement. Children with a MUAC of less than 125 mm were enrolled into therapeutic feeding regimens. MUAC Z scores were derived from published WHO age-specific and sex-specific arm circumferential growth curves. Monthly prevalence of acute wasting (MUAC Z scores less than –2) and severe wasting (MUAC Z scores less than –3) were described by age, sex, type of screening facility, and governorate.

Findings

Between Jan 1, 2024, and Aug 15, 2025, 265 974 measurements were obtained from 219 783 uniquely identified children, with two-thirds of children screened in Khan Younis and Middle Governorates. The monthly prevalence of acute wasting ranged from 5% (34 of 722 children) to 7% (794 of 10 907) between January and June, 2024. After approximately 4 months of severe aid restrictions between September, 2024, and mid-January, 2025, the prevalence of wasting increased from 8·8% (1601 of 18 225 children) to 14·3% (1661 of 11 619), with the highest prevalence observed in Rafah (32·2%; 95 of 295) and among children aged 24–59 months (21·0%; 1366 of 6518). After a 6-week ceasefire, marked by a substantial increase in the number of aid trucks entering through territory borders, by March, 2025, the prevalence of wasting had declined to 5·5% (831 of 15 165). However, after an 11-week blockade from March to May, 2025, and continued severely restricted entry of food, water, medicines, fuel, and other essentials thereafter, by early August, 2025, 15·8% (1213 of 7668) of screened children were acutely wasted, including 3·7% (280 of 7668) severely wasted, equating to more than 54 600 children in need of therapeutic care.

Interpretation

After nearly 2 years of war and severe restrictions in humanitarian aid, tens of thousands of preschool-aged children in the Gaza Strip are suffering from preventable acute malnutrition and facing an increased risk of mortality.

Funding

UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East.

Source: The Lancet, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(25)01820-3/abstract?rss=yes

____

Detection of #WNV, #USUV and #Insect-Specific #Bunyaviruses in #Culex spp. Mosquitoes, #Greece, 2024

 

Abstract

Greece is one of the countries in Europe most affected by West Nile virus (WNV), and since 2010, when the virus caused a large outbreak with 197 human neuroinvasive cases, outbreaks occur almost every year. Mosquito surveillance is an indirect sign of virus circulation; therefore, the purpose of the study was the molecular detection of WNV in 45,988 C. pipiens s.l. mosquitoes collected during 2024 in four Regions of Greece and the genetic characterization of the virus strains. WNV was detected in 41 of 1316 (3.12%) Culex spp. mosquito pools. Next-generation sequencing was applied to the WNV-positive samples that had a high viral load. All WNV sequences belong to Cluster B of the sub-lineage Europe WNV-2A presenting a temporal clustering. The WNV infection rates varied highly across the Regions, regional units and months, being higher in Thessaly and Central Macedonia Regions, especially in July and September. All mosquito pools were also tested for Usutu virus (USUV), and one pool was found positive, with sequence clustering into the EU-2 lineage. A subset of mosquitoes (737 pools) was tested for additional viruses, and bunya-like viruses were detected in 6 pools with sequences clustering into four distinct subclades. The prompt detection of pathogenic viruses is helpful for the design of control measures, while the detection of insect-specific viruses provides insights into viral diversity and evolution.

Source: Viruses, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/11/1414

____

#UK - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

 

{England} Premises of 32,000 free range laying hens. Samples taken were positive for HPAI H5N1. Birds presented clinical signs prior to testing.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6914

____

#Resurgence of Zoonotic Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza #H5N1 Virus in #Cambodia

 

{Excerpts}

To the Editor:

After a decade of no reported human cases, Cambodia faces a resurgence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus infections, with an overall mortality of 38%. Cases have occurred primarily in children and adolescents who were exposed to infected poultry (...). From February 2023 through August 2024, a total of 16 infections were detected through the long-standing national influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infection surveillance systems, both of which were strengthened by expanded laboratory-testing capacity that was developed during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. All 16 patients reported exposure to sick or dead poultry, and outbreak investigations identified contemporary, genetically similar viruses in poultry collected in or around case households or from active, longitudinal surveillance of live-bird markets. Genomic sequencing revealed an avian origin for all the human infections, and sequences have been publicly shared through the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (also known as GISAID).

(...)

Of note, this virus carries genomic signatures (e.g., PB2:E627K) that are linked to enhanced polymerase activity, virulence, and replication capacity in birds and mammals,3 which poses an increased potential risk to the poultry industry as well as an increased potential risk of zoonotic transmission (...)

Source: The New England Journal of Medicine, https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2504302?query=TOC&cid=DM2422812_NEJM_Non_Subscriber&bid=-1106918107

____

Development of a cross-protective common #cold #coronavirus #vaccine

 

ABSTRACT

Common cold coronaviruses, such as OC43 and HKU1, typically cause mild respiratory infections in healthy people. However, they can lead to severe illness in high-risk groups, including immunocompromised individuals and older adults. Currently, there is no clinically approved vaccine to prevent infection by common cold coronaviruses. Here, we developed an mRNA vaccine expressing a stabilized spike protein derived from OC43 coronavirus and tested its efficacy in different challenge models in C57BL/6 mice. This novel OC43 vaccine elicited OC43-specific immune responses, as well as cross-reactive immune response against other embecoviruses, including HKU1 and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-A59). Interestingly, this OC43 vaccine protected mice not only against a lethal OC43 infection but also against a distant embecovirus, MHV-A59. These findings provide insights for the development of common cold coronavirus vaccines, demonstrating their potential to protect against various coronaviruses.

Source: Journal of Virology, https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/jvi.01526-25?af=R

____

#Clinical Characteristics of #Paediatric #RSV, #Influenza, and #SARS-CoV-2 Infections: Insights from Three Consecutive Seasons

 

Abstract

Background: 

The purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyse the clinical presentation of RSV, Influenza, and SARS-CoV-2 infections in children across three consecutive seasons (2022/2023; 2023/2024; and 2024/2025). 

Methods: 

Of the 321 hospitalised patients, 129 (36%) tested positive for RSV, 110 (38%) for Influenza, and 82 (26%) for SARS-CoV-2. Children were aged ≤ 17 years (median: 15 months). The data were statistically analysed using the χ2 test, multinomial multivariable logistic regression, OR (odds ratio), and 95% CI (confidence interval). 

Results: 

Significant independent predictors of RSV infection were auscultatory abnormalities (OR: 15.9 [1.49–169]) and hospital admission ≥ 4 days after symptom onset (OR: 32.5 [1.19–907]). Among RSV-positive patients, compared with those aged < 6 months, those aged 7–24 months were more likely to present with higher CRP levels (OR 1.06 [1.003–1.13]), reduced appetite (OR 6.7 [1.62–27.67]), and longer duration of fever (OR 7.22 [1.47–35.59]), while in children > 24 months, only a longer duration of fever remained significant (OR 16.82 [2.14–162.4]). In Influenza, reduced appetite was the only characteristic feature in the 7–24-month age group (OR 13.55 [1.79–102.81]). In COVID-19, children aged 7–24 months more frequently had higher CRP levels (OR 1.108 [1.001–1.226]) and chronic diseases (OR 7.59 [1.115–51.64]), whereas in those >24 months, only CRP was significant (OR 1.16 [1.047–1.31]). 

Conclusions: 

RSV was associated with severe respiratory manifestations and later hospital admission, whereas Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 were characterised by milder courses with predominant upper respiratory symptoms. Observed age- and virus-specific patterns highlight the importance of continued surveillance and comparative research on major respiratory viruses in children.

Source: WOAH, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/11/1403

____

#Belgium - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

 

{Di Riki7 - Opera propria, Pubblico dominio, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6957499}

A farm with Meleagris gallopavo species birds in Vlaanderen Region. 

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6921

____

#Belgium - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

Non-poultry birds at a hobbyist's premise in Wallonie Region.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6908

____

#Japan - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

 

{By Norbert Kenntner, Berlin - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1062838}

A wild Northern Goshawk in Hokkaido Region.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6909

____

#Japan - High pathogenicity avian #influenza viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

{ob1-Shiraoi-Town} On 21 October 2025, a Livestock Hygiene Service Centre (LHSC) in Hokkaido Prefecture received a notification from a domestic layer farm regarding an increase in bird mortality. Samples were collected from birds on the farm by LHSC officers and tested positive for influenza A virus using a viral antigen rapid test. On 22 October, the LHSC conducted RT-PCR and rRT-PCR tests and confirmed that the virus is of high pathogenicity. Movement and shipment restriction have been imposed on farms within a radius of 3 km and 10 km of the affected farm, respectively. Stamping-out and relevant control measures, including disinfection, are ongoing. The National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH) is sequencing the virus genome and will identify the subtype.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6911

____

#Slovakia - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

 

Establishment registered for the direct supply of small quantities of animal products from the farm to the consumer: - 150 pcs Gallus gallus (22 dead) - 26 pcs geese (5 dead) - 21 pcs ducks (no clinical signs) Sudden deaths, haemorrhagies of the inner organs (intestines, spleen, lungs). Depopulation is ongoing.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6916

____

Cross-Species #Transmission #Risks of a #Quail-Origin #H7N9 #Influenza Virus from #China Between Avian and #Mammalian Hosts

 

Abstract

The H7N9 influenza viruses, which are capable of causing severe respiratory syndrome in humans, were first discovered to infect humans in 2013 and continue to pose a persistent public health threat. Quail has been proposed as a potential intermediate host that may facilitate the emergence of novel reassorted influenza A viruses with the capacity to infect humans across species barriers; however, information on the biological characterization of quail H7N9 remains limited. In this study, we isolated and identified an avian H7N9 influenza virus from quails, designated as A/quail/Hebei/CH06-07/2018 (H7N9) and abbreviated as CH06-07, in Hebei, China. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that both the HA gene and the NA gene of CH06-07 were clustered in the Eurasian lineage. Furthermore, CH06-07 exhibited binding affinity for both α2,3-linked and α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors and demonstrated high pathogenicity in both quails and mice. Notably, transmission studies revealed that CH06-07 not only exhibited efficient inter-quail transmission and inter-guinea pig transmission but also demonstrated effective cross-species transmission. Importantly, infected quails and guinea pigs generated significant quantities of viral aerosols (≥18,998 ± 1672 copies per liter of air at 3 days post-infection), and infectious viruses were successfully recovered from environmental aerosols. These findings highlight the necessity for continuous surveillance of the prevalence of quail-origin H7N9 influenza A viruses in poultry populations due to their potential threat to human health.

Source: Viruses, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/10/1402

____

#Italy, #WNV & #USUV Integrated #Surveillance - Weekly Bulletin No. 14, 15 Ocotber 2025 (ISS, edited)

 

{Summary}

-- New human cases of West Nile Virus infection continue to be reported albeit with reduced intensity. 

-- During current epidemiological week (from 9 to 15 October 2025) 26 new confirmed cases have been reported. 

-- The total number of cases so far is 767 (they were 740 last week), of these: 

- 366 were West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND): 17 in Piedmont, 56 Lombardy, 34 Veneto, 4 Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 1 Liguria, 32 Emilia-Romagna, 10 Tuscany, 1 Marche, 86 Latium, 2 Molise, 83 Campania, 2 Apulia, 2 Basilicata, 5 Calabria, 3 Sicily, 28 Sardinia, 

- 57 were asymptomatic cases among blood donors, 

- 333 were West Nile Fever cases (of which 1 imported from Kenya, 1 from Egypt and 1 from Maldive), 

- 3 asymptomatic cases, 

- eight unspecified cases. 

-- Among confirmed cases, 69 fatalities have been reported: 7 in Piedmont, 9 Lombardy, 2 Emilia-Romagna, 18 Latium, 29 Campania, 2 Calabria, 1 Sicily, 1 Sardinia. 

-- The case-fatality rate in WNND cases stands at 18.8% (in 2018 it was 20%, in 2024 it was 14%). 

-- So far this season, 10 cases of Usutu virus infection have been recorded: 2 in Piedmont, 3 Lombardy, 2 Veneto, 3 Latium.

(...)

Source: High Institute of Health, https://www.epicentro.iss.it/westnile/bollettino/Bollettino_WND_2025_14.pdf

____

#Cambodia notified two additional #human cases of infection with #influenza #H5N1, #Bangladesh one case of #H5, #China four cases of #H9N2 (HK CHP, Nov. 21 '25)

{Excerpt}

This Week:

[Date of report - Country - Province / Region District / City - Sex - Age - Condition at time of reporting  - Subtype of virus]

1) .../10/2025 - Cambodia - Takeo Province - F - 14 - Hospitalised - H5N1 

2) 16/10/2025 - Cambodia - Kampong Speu Province - F - 3 - Under intensive care - H5N1

(...)

[Place of occurrence - No. of cases  (No. of deaths) - Details]

-- Bangladesh - 1(0) 

- Avian influenza A(H5): 

1) Sylhet Division: A boy with onset on July 27, 2025. 

-- Chinese Mainland - 4(0) 

- Avian influenza A(H9N2): 

- Guangdong Province: 

1) An individual with onset in February 2025. The case was retrospectively reported. 

- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: 

2, 3) Two individuals with onset in February 2025. Both cases were retrospectively reported.  

- Tianjin Municipality: 

4) An individual with onset in February 2025. The case was retrospectively reported. 

-- Mexico - 1(0) 

- Avian influenza A(H5): 

1) Mexico City: A 23-year-old woman with onset on September 14, 2025. 

(...)

Source: Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong PRC SAR, https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/2025_avian_influenza_report_vol21_wk42.pdf

____

Spatial #Variation of #SARS-CoV-2 #Exposure in Urban #Rodents from the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires, #Argentina: Implications for Public Health in Latin American Cities

 

Abstract

Background: 

The COVID-19 pandemic, driven by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has become an unprecedented global public health challenge. Comprehensive investigation of the virus transmission dynamics requires exploration of all potential routes, including the role of animal reservoirs. This study aimed to assess the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibodies in urban rodents captured within two landscape units (low-income neighborhoods and green spaces) in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires (MABA), Argentina.

Methods: 

Between July 2020 and September 2022, 125 synanthropic rodents (68 Rattus norvegicus, 22 R. rattus, and 35 Mus musculus) from seven low-income neighborhoods and seven green spaces in the MABA were captured and examined for SARS-CoV-2 exposure and infection by indirect immunofluorescence serology and RT-qPCR, targeting the N, E, and ORF1ab genes.

Results: 

Two M. musculus and six R. norvegicus from five different low-income neighborhoods tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. No rodent with positive serology was detected in green spaces. All rodents tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA when analyzed by RT-qPCR.

Conclusion: 

The results of this study provide valuable insights into the ecological dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in synanthropic rodents in two landscape units within a Latin American city, with seropositive rodents detected in low-income neighborhoods, suggesting a possible increased exposure risk in these settings. This information is critical for developing management strategies for potentially zoonotic viruses and underscores the importance of continued surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in rodents as part of an integrated One Health approach.

Source: Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/15303667251389403

____

#UK - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

{England} 300k laying hen premises. Samples were taken and were tested positive for HPAI H5N1. Clinical signs were presented prior to testing.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6907

____

#Evolution of #antibody cross-reactivity to #influenza #H5N1 #neuraminidase from an N2-specific germline

 

Highlights

• Human antibody HB420 cross-reacts with neuraminidases from H3N2 and H5N1

• HB420 engages the neuraminidase active site via a single Asp residue

• Germline HB420 is N2 specific but gains reactivity to N1 through somatic mutation

• HB420 provides in vivo protection against both H3N2 and H5N1

Summary

The ongoing spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus in animals and its occasional spillover to humans have raised concerns about a potential H5N1 pandemic. Although recent studies have shown that pre-existing human antibodies can recognize H5N1 neuraminidase, the molecular basis of how this cross-reactivity develops remains poorly understood. In this study, we used a phage display antibody library derived from 245 healthy donors to isolate an antibody, HB420, that cross-reacts with neuraminidases of human H3N2 and avian H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses and confers protection in vivo. Cryogenic electron microscopy analysis reveals that HB420 targets the neuraminidase active site by mimicking sialic acid binding through a single Asp residue. Furthermore, the inferred germline of HB420 is N2 specific but acquires cross-reactivity to H5N1 neuraminidase through somatic hypermutation. Overall, our findings provide insights into how neuraminidase antibody evolves breadth, which has important implications for the development of broadly protective influenza vaccines.

Source: Cell Host & Microbe, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1931312825003816?via%3Dihub

____

#WHO occupied #Palestinian Territory 60 Day #Ceasefire #Plan for #Gaza, October 2025 (edited)

 

PURPOSE AND SCOPE 

-- With the initiation of the first phase of the ceasefire, humanitarian needs remain dire. 

-- In the current situation, it is crucial to scale up humanitarian aid in a coordinated manner while ensuring the start of early recovery and reconstruction. 

-- This document summarizes WHO’s key planning assumptions, strategic priorities and selected activities. 

-- The activities fall within the scope of the overall 2025 WHO operational response and early recovery plan for the occupied Palestinian territory and the One-UN multi-sectoral Gaza Ceasefire Humanitarian Response Plan Summary 60 days (13 October 2025).

ASSUMPTIONS 

-- This plan is developed under the following assumptions:  

- Continuation of ceasefire and improvement of the law-and-order situation.

- Improved access for UN with access/registration issues for INGOs remaining.

- Gradual emergence of a clear and functional governance structure. 

- Improved flexibility of entry of medical supplies and equipment, including dual use items. 

- Free movement in Gaza Strip Zone 1.

- Sustained opening of the Rafah Crossing and other corridors for persons, including medical evacuation and adequate numbers of medical evacuation offers from receiving countries.

- Public health risks largely in line with WHO’s 10th Public Health Situation Analysis for Gaza (Sept 2025 – ceasefire update ongoing). 

STRATEGIC PRIORITIES AND KEY ACTIVITIES 

-- WHO will scale up the provision of humanitarian aid and initiation of early recovery efforts, in collaboration with partners and stakeholders. 

A. Maintain and expand life-saving essential health services

- Provide essential medicines, medical supplies and equipment for primary and secondary health services (including Reproductive Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health; Nutrition; Noncommunicable Disease; Trauma) ensuring appropriate standards in line with the WHO Priority Medicines List for Gaza. 

- Scale up the processing, clearance and entry of medical supplies and equipment to the Gaza Strip safely for WHO and partner organizations who require support.

- Scale-up of medical evacuations up to 50 patients per day plus companions, in line with the previous ceasef ire (currently over 15 000 patients are on the priority list).

- Re-establish and support utilities and support services at hospital level, e.g. oxygen plants, electricity/fuel and generators, mobile storage units. 

- Support the medical referral system, including spare parts for ambulances, ICU units for special transfers,  and coordination between facilities. 

- Scale up of rehabilitation services at all levels of health care, including limb reconstruction services and provision of assistive devices.

- Scale up of mental health and psychosocial support services at all levels of health care, up to specialized clinical care.

- Continue and expand WHO’s existing full support to 3 field hospitals.

- Intensify technical support to health service delivery across the health sector through assessments, monitoring, and capacity building.

- Ensure preparedness and health facility readiness for the possibility of a new escalation. 

B. Public health intelligence, early warning, and prevention and control of communicable disease

- Expansion and strengthening of surveillance for communicable diseases through the provision of surveillance equipment, expansion of Early Warning Alert and Response System, introducing linkages with laboratory and WASH data, and capacity building for Rapid Response Teams.

- Re-establish the Gaza Central Public Health Building, including rehabilitation of laboratory infrastructure, provision of essential equipment, and staffing capacity.

- Provide hospital laboratories with essential diagnostic and antimicrobial resistance equipment and testing supplies.

- Support the availability of safe blood, including entry of blood into the Gaza Strip, restarting local donations, and safety testing.

- Implement the catch-up campaign for immunization to target 40 000 children under the age of 3 that are missing doses or zero-dose for immunizations.

- Provide infection prevention and control support including establishment of isolation capacity, supplies, and capacity building. 

- Continue water quality testing and support to WASH in health facilities.

- Undertake modelling exercises to estimate excess mortality, in collaboration with academic and local partners. 

C. Health emergency coordination

- Health Cluster coordination and support to over 88 health partners to scale up humanitarian support to essential health services for the population of Gaza.

- Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs) scale up from approximately 30 deployed teams to approximately 40 deployed teams to support Gaza’s health system.

- Strengthen the Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus through the establishment and leadership of a dedicated technical working group under the Health Cluster to enable coordination between humanitarian and recovery efforts in health.

- Ensure Prevention of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (PSEA) technical advice and support to partners.

- Coordinate the European Gaza Hospital (EGH) committee under the Health Cluster to operationalize the resumption of services (phase one to restore minimum functionality – two weeks, phase two towards partial functionality – two months). 

D. Early recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction 

-- WHO will focus its early recovery planning around the priorities and activities outlined below. 

-- It is important to note that implementation of these activities will extend beyond the initial 60-day period. However, WHO will require initial resources to prepare, plan and launch the early recovery efforts. 

• Primary health care (PHC) services

- Rehabilitation of 10 primary health care centres (Level III and IV).

- Rehabilitation and restoration/expansion of 3 primary health care services with pre-fabricated structures, equipment and medical supplies, and operational costs. 

• Secondary/tertiary health services

- Two field-hospitals - expand bed capacities for the hospitals (e.g. Al Wafaa Rehabilitation Hospital, Al Shifa Hospital).

- Two pre-fabricated modular clinics - ensure continuity of services during the reconstruction of hospitals.

- Early rehabilitation/expansion of 3 selected general hospitals (e.g. Al Shifa Hospital in Gaza City; Al Aqsa Hospital in Middle Area; EGH Hospital in Khan Younis or Indonesian Hospital in North Gaza). 

• Support the coordination of health sector recovery and recovery planning

- Engage with emerging governance structure, Interim Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (IRNDA)  up-date and plan/prepare for the implementation of early recovery priorities. 

- Health system design: Support the development of a strategic framework for rebuilding a resilient, equitable, and integrated health facility network across the Gaza Strip (rationalized, health needs-based, and cost-effective reconstruction). 

• Facilitating early recovery

- Strengthen and increase the number of health workforce: with salary/incentive payments and deployment of specialized EMTs with surge and training capacities (physical rehabilitation and noncommunicable diseases advanced services).

- Supply chain management, forecasting, warehousing facilities (2 warehouses for medical supplies, decentralized North/South).

REQUIREMENT 

-- Pillar

{A}. Maintain and expand life-saving essential health services: USD 19,500,000

{B}. Public health intelligence, early warning, and prevention and control of communicable disease:  5,500,000

{C}. Health emergency coordination (including Health Cluster and EMT coordination): 1,000,000

{D}. Early recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction: 19,000,000

{Total} 45,000,000 

Note: Operations costs are integrated in pillars A-D. 

___

Source: World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/60-day-ceasefire-plan-for-gaza

____