ETIDIOH - NEW

  Abstract Background West Nile Virus (WNV) is a zoonotic arbovirus maintained in a transmission cycle between Culex mosquitoes and birds , occasionally spilling over into humans. The impact of avian biodiversity on WNV circulation remains debated, with studies reporting both negative and positive correlations (dilution and amplification effects respectively) across different settings. In Europe, this relationship remains largely unexplored, particularly in regions with high WNV transmission, such as Emilia-Romagna in Northern Italy. Methods We explored the association between avian biodiversity and WNV circulation in Culex mosquitoes in Emilia-Romagna using 11 years (2013–2023) of entomological surveillance data paired with two avian data sources . We calculated avian biodiversity indices (Shannon’s, Simpson’s, and Chao2) from observation records from the Farmland Bird Index project and applied linear regression models to assess their relationship with WNV detection frequency. Mor...

  {Summary} -- During current epidemiological week (from  23 to 29 Oct. 2025) , two new human cases of infection with West Nile Virus have been reported.  -- The cumulative number of confirmed cases this season so far rose to 773 (they were 771 last week), of these:  - 367 were West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND): 17 in Piedmont, 56 Lombardy, 35 Veneto, 4 Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 1 Liguria, 30 Emilia-Romagna, 11 Tuscany, 1 Marche, 87 Latium, 2 Molise, 83 Campania, 2 Apulia, 2 Basilicata, 5 Calabria, 3 Sicily, 28 Sardinia,  - 56 were asymptomatic cases detected in blood donors ,  - 339 were West Nile Fever cases (of which: 1 imported from Kenya , 1  from Egypt and 1 from Maldives),  - 3 asymptomatic cases ,  - 8 unspecified cases.  -- Among confirmed cases, 72 fatalities have been recorded: 7 in Piedmont, 9 Lombardy, 1 Veneto, 2 Emilia-Romagna, 1 Marche, 19 Latium, 29 Campania, 2 Calabria, 1 Sicily, 1 Sardinia.  - The Case-Fatality ...

  {Summary} -- New human cases of West Nile Virus infection continue to be reported albeit with reduced intensity.  -- During current epidemiological week (from  9 to 15 October 2025)  26 new confirmed cases have been reported.  -- The total number of cases so far is 767 (they were 740 last week), of these:  - 366 were West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND): 17 in Piedmont, 56 Lombardy, 34 Veneto, 4 Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 1 Liguria, 32 Emilia-Romagna, 10 Tuscany, 1 Marche, 86 Latium, 2 Molise, 83 Campania, 2 Apulia, 2 Basilicata, 5 Calabria, 3 Sicily, 28 Sardinia,  - 57 were asymptomatic cases among blood donors ,  - 333 were West Nile Fever cases (of which 1 imported from Kenya, 1 from Egypt and 1 from Maldive),  - 3 asymptomatic cases,  - eight unspecified cases.  -- Among confirmed cases, 69 fatalities  have been reported: 7 in Piedmont, 9 Lombardy, 2 Emilia-Romagna, 18 Latium, 29 Campania, 2 Calabria, 1 Sicily, 1 Sardinia....

{Summary} -- During current epidemiological week , a rise in the West Nile Virus human cases has been observed although with reduced intensity compared most recent weeks.  -- Twenty-two new confirmed human cases have been reported during surveillance week from 2 to 8 October 2025.  -- The cumulative number of cases rose to 740  (they were 718 last week), of these:  - 354 were West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND): 16 in Piedmont, 53 Lombardy, 33 Veneto, 4 Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 1 Liguria, 30 Emilia-Romagna, 11 Tuscany, 1 Marche, 84 Latium, 2 Molise, 81 Campania, 2 Apulia, 2 Basilicata, 5 Calabria, 3 Sicily, 26 Sardinia, - 57 were asymptomatic cases in blood donors ,  - 318 were West Nile Fever cases , of which 1 imported from Kenya , 1 from Egypt and 1 from Maldives ,  - 4 asymptomatic cases,  - 7 unspecified cases.  -- Among confirmed cases there were 68 fatalities : 7 in Piedmont, 9 Lombardy, 2 Emilia-Romagna, 18 Latium, 28 Campania, 2 Cal...

  {Summary} -- During current epidemiological week (from  25 September to 1rst October 2025),  38 new confirmed human infection with West Nile Virus have been reported.  -- Since the beginning of the epidemic season, 718 confirmed cases have been recorded in Italy (they were 680 in the last bulletin), of these:  - 341 were West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND): 15 in Piedmont, 51 Lombardy, 30 Veneto, 4 Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 1 Liguria, 27 Emilia-Romagna, 11 Tuscany, 1 Marche, 84 Latium, 2 Molise, 79 Campania, 2 Apulia, 2 Basilicata, 5 Calabria, 2 Sicily, 25 Sardinia,  - 57 were asymptomatic cases in blood donors ,  - 309 were West Nile Fever cases (1 imported from Kenya , 1 Egypt , and one Maldives ),  - 4 asymptomatic cases,  - 7 unspecified cases.  -- Among confirmed cases , there have been 49 fatalities : 7 in Piedmont, 5 Lombardy, 2 Emilia-Romagna, 18 Latium, 14 Campania, 2 Calabria, 1 Sardinia.  - The Case-Fatality Rate in WNN...

  {Summary} -- During current surveillance week (from 18 to 24 Sept. '25), 33 new confirmed human cases of West Nile Virus have been detected.  -- Since the beginning of the epidemic season , there have been 680 cases in total , (they were 647 last week); of these:  - 321 were West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND): 15 in Piedmont, 44 Lombardy, 27 Veneto, 2 Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 1 Liguria, 25 Emilia-Romagna, 8 Tuscany, 1 Marche, 83 Latium, 2 Molise, 79 Campania, 2 Apulia, 2 Basilicata, 5 Calabria, 1 Sicily, 24 Sardinia),  - 54 were asymptomatic cases in blood donors ,  - 296 were West Nile Fever cases (1 imported from Kenya , 1 Egypt and 1 Maldives ),  - 3 asymptomatic cases,   - 6 unspecified cases.  --  Among confirmed cases , there were 48 deaths : 7 in Piedmont, 5 Lombardy, 2 Emilia-Romagna, 17 Latium, 14 Campania, 2 Calabria, 1 Sardinia.  - The Case-Fatality Rate among WNND cases was 14.9% (it was 20% in 2018 and 14% in 2024)....

  {Summary} -- During current epidemiological week ( 11– 17 September 2025),  65 new confirmed human cases of infection with West Nile Virus have been reported.  -- The total number of confirmed cases , since the beginning of the epidemic season, has thus risen to 647 (it was 582 last week), of these:  - 300 were West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND): 15 in Piedmont, 39 Lombardy, 24 Veneto, 2 Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 1 Liguria, 23 Emilia-Romagna, 5 Tuscany, 83 Latium, 2 Molise, 77 Campania, 2 Apulia, 2 Basilicata, 5 Calabria, 1 Sicily, 19 Sardinia,  - 54 were asymptomatic cases detected among blood donors ,  - 284 were West Nile Fever cases (one imported from Kenya),  - 3 asymptomatic cases and  - 6 unspecified casese.  -- Among confirmed cases, there were 47 death cases : 7 in Piedmont, 5 Lombardy, 1 Emilia-Romagna, 16 Latium, 15 Campania, 2 Calabria, 1 Sardinia.  - The Case-Fatality Rate in WNND cases was 15.8% (it was 20% in 2018 and...

{Summary} -- During current epidemiological week (4 to 10 September), eighty new confirmed human cases of West Nile Virus infection have been reported in Italy. -- Since the beginning of the epidemic season , there have been a total of 582 confirmed cases (they were 502 last week), of these:  - 260 were West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND): 14 in Piedmont, 24 Lombardy, 22 Veneto, 1 Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 1 Liguria, 20 Emilia-Romagna, 3 Tuscany, 77 Latium, 2 Molise, 74 Campania, 1 Apulia, 2 Basilicata, 5 Calabria, 1 Sicily, 13 Sardinia,  - 48 asymptomatic cases among blood donors ,  - 262 cases of West Nile Fever (1 imported from Kenya ),  - 4 asymptomatic cases,  - 8 unspecified cases.  -- A total of 39 fatal cases have been reported so far this season: 5 in Piedmont, 2 Lombardy, 1 Emilia-Romagna, 15 Latium, 14 Campania, 2 Calabria.  - The Case-Fatality Rate among WNND cases is thus far at 15% (during 2018 season it was 20%, in 2024 14%).  -- Du...

{Summary} -- During current surveillance week (28 August - 3 September 2025):  - 72 new confirmed human cases of West Nile Virus infection have been confirmed;  -- The total number of cases since the beginning of epidemic season has risen to 502 (they were 430 in the last bulletin); of these:  - 226 were West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND):  11 in Piedmont, 16 in Lombardy, 17 Veneto, 1 Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 1 Liguria, 15 Emilia-Romagna, 3 Tuscany, 71 Latium, 2 Molise, 72 Campania, 1 Apulia, 2 Basilicata, 5 Calabria, 1 Sicily, 8 Sardinia,  - 40 were asymptomatic cases detected in blood donors ,  - 226 were West Nile Fever cases (one of them imported from Kenya ), - 5 asymptomatic cases,  - 5 unspecified.  -- So far there have been 33 fatal cases : 3 in Piedmont, 1 Lombardy, 1 Emilia-Romagna, 14 Latium, 12 Campania, 2 Calabria.  - The Case-Fatality rate among WNND cases is thus far at 14.6% (in 2018 it was 20%, in 2024 14%).  -- During...

  {Summary} -- During surveillance week from 21 to 27 August , 79 new confirmed human cases of West Nile Virus infection have been reported.  -- Since the beginning of the epidemic season, the total number of confirmed cases have risen to  430 (they were  351 in the last bulletin); of these: -  193 were West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease cases: 8 in Piedmont, 12 Lombardy, 14 Veneto, 1 Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 1 Liguria, 13 Emilia-Romagna, 62 Latium, 2 Molise, 64 Campania, 2 Basilicata, 5 Calabria, 1 Sicily, 8 Sardinia),  - 38 were asymptomatic cases among blood donors ,  - 193 were West Nile Fever cases,  - 3 asymptomatic and  - 3 unspecified cases.  -- Among the confirmed cases, there were 27 fatalities : 1 Piedmont, 1 Lombardy, 1 Emilia-Romagna, 11 Latium, 11 Campania, 2 Calabria).  - The Case-Fatality Rate in WNND cases is so far at 13.9% (during 2018 it was 20%, in 2024 14%).  -- One confirmed human case of Usutu virus infectio...

{Summary} -- During current surveillance week (14 to 20 August), seventy-six new human confirmed cases of West Nile Virus infection have been reported; -- So far this year, 351 human cases of WNV infection were confirmed (they were 275 last week); of these: - 158 were WNND (West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease): 6 in Piedmont, 8 Lombardy, 10 Veneto, 1 Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 8 Emilia-Romagna, 59 Latium, 54 Campania, 2 Basilicata, 5 Calabria, 5 Sardinia; - 27 were asymptomatic cases in blood donors ,   - 162 were West Nile Fever cases,  - 2 asymptomatic and  - 2 symptomatic (unspecified).  -- Among confirmed cases, there were 22 fatalities : 1 in Piedmont, 1 Lombardy, 10 Latium, 9 Campania, 1 Calabria).  - The Case-Fatality Rate in WNND cases is thus far at 13.9% (in 2018 it was 20%, and in 2024, 14%).  -- No confirmed cases of Usutu Virus infection have been confirmed this week. (...) Source: High Institute of Health,  https://www.epicentro.iss.it/westnile/b...

  {Summary} • During current week (7-13 August '25), 102 new cases of human infection with West Nile Virus have been reported;  • Total Number of Confirmed Cases so far this season have risen to 275 (they were 173 in the last report);  -- among these:  - 126 were West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND): 6 in Piedmont, 7 Lombardy, 5 Veneto, 1 FriuliVenezia Giulia, 4 Emilia-Romagna, 47 Latium, 50 Campania, 1 Basilicata, 3 Calabria, 2 Sardinia,  - 20 asymptomatic cases among blood donors ;  - 125 West Nile Fever cases,  - 2 asymptomatic cases and  - 2 unspecified cases.  • So far, 19 fatal cases were reported: 1 in Piedmont, 1 Lombardy, 8 Latium, 8 Campania, 1 Calabria.  -- The Case-Fatality Rate of WNND cases is at 15,1% (during 2018 it was 20%, in 2024 14%).  • No confirmed cases of Usutu Virus human infection were reported during current week.  (...) Source: High Institute of Health,  https://www.epicentro.iss.it/westnile/...

{Summary} -- Since the last update (July 31), eighty-four new confirmed cases of human infection with West Nile Virus have been reported.  -- Since the start of epidemic season, there were 173 confirmed WNV cases, of which:  - 72 were West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND): (2 in Piedmont, 2 Lombardy, 4 Veneto, 1 Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 2 Emilia-Romagna, 37 Latium, 21 Campania, 1 Basilicata, 1 Sardegna),  - 14 were asymptomatic cases in blood donors ,  - 85 were West Nile Fever cases,  - 1 was an asymptomatic case  -- Among the confirmed cases, there were eleven fatalities : 1 in Piedmont, 4 Latium, 6 .  - The case-fatality rate among WNND cases is at 15% (during 2018 season it was 20%, whereas in 2024 it was 14%).  -- No new confirmed cases of Usutu Virus human infection have been reported during current surveillance week. (...) Source: High Institute of Health,  https://www.epicentro.iss.it/westnile/bollettino/Bollettino_WND_2025_04.pdf ____...

{Excerpts} During the epidemiological week comprised between 24 and 30 July 2025, there were fifty-seven new confirmed cases of human infection with West Nile Virus . -- Since the start of the epidemic season, eighty-nine cases have been reported (there were thirty-two cases in the last week report), of which: -- forty were WNND (West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease): - 2 cases in Piedmont, 1 Lombardy, 3 Veneto, 1 Emilia-Romagna, twenty-three Latium, ten Campania); -- two cases of asymptomatic infection were detected among blood donors (one in Veneto and one in Campania); -- forty-six cases of West Nile Fever have been confirmed:  - one in Lombardy, five in Veneto, thirty-five in Latium, four in Campania, one in Sardinia; -- one asymptomatic case is from Campania; -- Among confirmed cases, eight fatalities have been recorded: one in Piedmont, two in Latium and five in Campania. The case-fatality rate among WNND so far is at 20% (during epidemic seasons 2018 it was 20% and in 2024, 14%)....