History of Mass Transportation: The Spoornet Class 14E Electric Locomotive

Von Col André Kritzinger, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11506789

Source: 

Link: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoornet-Klasse_14E

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#Circumpolar spread of avian #influenza #H5N1 to southern Indian Ocean islands

 

Abstract

Since 2020, the outbreak of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus clade 2.3.4.4b has turned into the largest documented panzootic 1,3. Here, we describe its arrival into the Indian Ocean sub-Antarctic archipelagos of Crozet and Kerguelen, where we first detected the virus in October 2024 in dead southern elephant seals. While the panzootic is ongoing, it has already caused unprecedented mortalities of marine mammals and seabirds. We collected brain swabs from seal and seabird carcasses and obtained 25 novel HPAI H5N1 2.3.4.4b sequences. Using phylogeographic analyses, we show that there have been independent introductions of the virus to Crozet and Kerguelen islands, most likely from the distant South Georgia islands in the Southern Atlantic, and not from the more nearby coasts of South Africa. Our results point to a year-long gap in genomic surveillance in the sub-Antarctic region. Locally, our analyses show that the virus is transmitted between different species. Our serological analyses show that some southern elephant seal had mounted an anti-H5 antibody response. Through its circumpolar spread to the Indian Ocean, HPAI H5N1 2.3.4.4b moves closer to Australia, which remains free from infections with this strain, and represents a major threat to the sub-Antarctic wildlife.

Source: Nature Communications, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-64297-y

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#SouthAfrica - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

 

{A Great White Pelican, one of the affected species in the outbreak.}

By Charles J. Sharp - Own work, from Sharp Photography, sharpphotography.co.uk, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=66151818

Wild birds of different species in Western Cape Region.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6732

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#SouthAfrica - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

Two poultry farms affected in North West and Mpumalanga Regions.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6585?reportId=175014&fromPage=event-dashboard-url

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