Saturday, July 26, 2025

Emerging highly pathogenic #H5N1 #influenza triggers fibrotic #remodeling in #human #airway organoids

ABSTRACT

The ongoing outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has affected at least 989 dairy herds across 17 states in the United States (U.S.) and resulted in 70 confirmed human infections, underscoring the urgent need to understand the pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions of emerging H5N1 viruses. In this study, we modelled infection with a highly pathogenic recombinant human A/Texas/37/2024 H5N1 (rHPh-TX H5N1) strain using human airway organoids (HAO) to investigate viral replication, innate immune response, infection-induced fibrogenesis, and potential therapeutic interventions. rHPh-TX H5N1 replicated efficiently in HAO, eliciting a robust interferon (IFN) response and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Prolonged infection led to the accumulation of fibroblast-like cells surrounding infected regions, marked by increased alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression and upregulation of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), indicative of fibroblast activation and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling. Compared to organoids infected with the pandemic A/California/04/09 H1N1 (pH1N1) strain, rHPh-TX H5N1 induced significantly higher expression of fibrosis-associated markers, including fibronectin (FN), collagen 1A (COL1A), collagen 3A (COL3A), metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP2, and MMP9). Notably, the inhibition of Rho-associated coiled-coil-forming protein kinases (ROCK) signalling reduced fibrogenesis, with ROCK1 inhibition being more effective than ROCK2 inhibition. These findings highlight the potential of targeting ROCK signalling to mitigate H5N1-induced lung fibrosis, informing therapeutic strategies for severe influenza infections.

Source: Emerging Microbes and Infections, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22221751.2025.2532684#abstract

____

Random #mutagenesis of #influenza #hemagglutinin identifies new sites which modulate its acid-stability and cleavability

Abstract

The structural instability of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) is related to its function in low pH-mediated membrane fusion, which requires prior cleavage of the premature HA0 by a host protease. The precise determinants underlying the stability and cleavability of HA remain to be fully understood and have implications for risk assessment of zoonotic influenza A viruses (IAV), viral transmissibility and vaccine production. To address this, we conducted random mutagenesis on early 2009 pandemic H1 HA, followed by selection of acid-stable viruses and detailed profiling of the mutant HAs. This resulted in identification of four mutations, which increase the acid-stability and decrease the fusion-promoting activity of H1 HA, without compromising viral entry and replication in cells. The newly recognized mutations are situated in the globular head, vestigial esterase and membrane-proximal part of H1 HA, in regions involved in the refolding of HA at low pH. A fifth mutation, D346N, is located in the cleavage loop and renders H1 HA0 12-fold resistant to trypsin activation, whereas its cleavage by transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) is not affected. Along this line, we found that the poor cleavage of H16 HA0, which is unusual in carrying an N346 residue, only applies when it is performed by extracellular proteases. Since H16 HA also exhibits a very low fusion pH, we propose that gull H16N3 virus may carry a much more stable HA than other avian IAVs. Collectively, our mutagenesis approach revealed new determinants of HA stability and cleavability, with relevance for viral surveillance and vaccine production.

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.25.666873v1

____

History of Mass Transportation: The FS E333 Three-Phase Electric Locomotive


Di Elio Cossetta - Ricordo quel binario, Alberto Cordara, Calosci-Cortona, Pubblico dominio,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34088072

Source: Wikipedia, https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotiva_FS_E.333

____

#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (by AMEDEO, July 26 '25)

 


    Am J Respir Crit Care Med

  1. LAUTRETTE A, Cadoret M, Richard JC, Schwebel C, et al
    Impact of Visitation Restrictions in ICU on Psychological Symptoms in Family Members: Experience of the COVID-19 Pandemic.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2025 Jul 23. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202412-2470.
    PubMed         Abstract available


    Clin Infect Dis

  2. AKANDE ET, Fowotade AA, Odih EE, Oaikhena AO, et al
    Genomic Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2025;80.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  3. STREINU-CERCEL A, Castagna A, Chang SC, Chen YS, et al
    Efficacy and Safety of Obeldesivir in High-Risk Nonhospitalized Patients with COVID-19 (BIRCH): a Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Jul 22:ciaf406. doi: 10.1093.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  4. BOSCOLO-RIZZO P, Spinato G, De Colle R, Maniaci A, et al
    Five-Year Longitudinal Assessment of Self-reported COVID-19-Related Chemosensory Dysfunction.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Jul 23:ciaf331. doi: 10.1093.
    PubMed        

  5. SUBIDO-CARINO MT, Donadel M, Asi LD, Ariola-Ramos MS, et al
    Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Seroprevalence, Illness Recall, and Work Absenteeism Among Healthcare Workers: A Facility-Based Cross-Sectional Study in the Philippines, 2021.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Jul 23:ciaf342. doi: 10.1093.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  6. MA KC, Surie D, Zhu Y, Grijalva CG, et al
    Multimorbidity Profiles and Severe In-Hospital Outcomes in Adults with Respiratory Syncytial Virus.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Jul 24:ciaf405. doi: 10.1093.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  7. CHISSUMBA RM, Kwatra G, Ramgi P, Enosse M, et al
    Hybrid Immunity in a Mozambican Cohort After 1 or 2 Doses of the BBIBP-CorV Vaccine.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2025;80.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  8. KANG SSY, Tadesse BT, Jeon HJ, Fallah MP, et al
    Enhancing Clinical Trial Sites in Low- and Middle-Income Countries to Facilitate Product Development in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2025;80.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  9. KIM CL, Thwe TT, Espinoza LMC, Sugimoto JD, et al
    Overcoming Vaccine Inequities and Research Gaps in Africa: Challenges and Opportunities Identified During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2025;80.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  10. RAMGI P, Siribie M, Rakotozandrindrainy N, Bule O, et al
    Immunogenicity and Safety of Heterologous Versus Homologous Prime-Boost Regimens With BBIBP-CorV and Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 Vaccines: A Multicentric, Randomized, Observer-Blinded Non-inferiority Trial in Madagascar and Mozambique.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2025;80.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  11. RAKOTOZANDRINDRAINY N, Kang SSY, Wandji Nana LR, Sugimoto JD, et al
    COVID-19 Surveillance in Madagascar and Urban Burkina Faso: Addressing Underreporting of Disease Burden Through Integrative Analysis of Diverse Data Streams.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2025;80.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  12. CAPITINE IU, Aziz AB, Manhica A, Tivane I, et al
    Real-world Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Sinopharm COVID-19 Vaccine Against Symptomatic COVID-19 in an Omicron-Dominant Setting in Mozambique: A Test-Negative, Case-Control Study.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2025;80.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  13. DE SCHACHT C, Capitine IU, Lucas C, Muteerwa A, et al
    Importance of Targeted Communication Strategies During COVID-19 Vaccination Campaigns in Mozambique: Results of a Mixed-Methods Acceptability Study.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2025;80.
    PubMed         Abstract available


    Emerg Infect Dis

  14. LEGRAND NM, Bull RA, Hajarizadeh B, Lloyd AR, et al
    Surveillance of Viral Respiratory Infections within Maximum-Security Prison, Australia.
    Emerg Infect Dis. 2025;31:1527-1536.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  15. ROSE EB, Paden CR, Cook PW, Ma KC, et al
    Estimated COVID-19 Periodicity and Correlation with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Antigenic Diversity, United States.
    Emerg Infect Dis. 2025;31:1573-1579.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  16. PARK JS, Kim GJ, Lee SW
    Optimal Timing for Expanding Diagnostic Laboratories, South Korea.
    Emerg Infect Dis. 2025;31:1-8.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  17. WILSON-HENJUM G, Root JJ, Worgo A, Chandler J, et al
    Community-Scale Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Viruses in Wild Mammals, United States, 2022-2023.
    Emerg Infect Dis. 2025;31:1625-1629.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  18. HATTA M, Larson GP, Hatta Y, Wang W, et al
    ACE2 Receptor Usage across Animal Species by SARS-CoV-2 Variants.
    Emerg Infect Dis. 2025;31:1640-1644.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  19. JUDGE AS, Mitchell T, Klosovsky A, Weinberg M, et al
    COVID-19 Predeparture Test Results and Vaccination Coverage among US-Bound Refugees, 2020-2022.
    Emerg Infect Dis. 2025;31:1630-1635.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  20. BRADBURNE C, Islam A, Bird I, Abbott E, et al
    Genomic Surveillance Detection of SARS-CoV-1-Like Viruses in Rhinolophidae Bats, Bandarban Region, Bangladesh.
    Emerg Infect Dis. 2025;31:1652-1656.
    PubMed         Abstract available


    Int J Infect Dis

  21. ZHANG Y, Guo J, Li Y, Song Y, et al
    Pre-pregnancy vaccination with inactivated vaccines protects SARS-CoV-2-exposed neonates from respiratory distress.
    Int J Infect Dis. 2025 Jul 16:107978. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107978.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  22. COBO-VAZQUEZ E, Aguilera-Alonso D, Grandioso-Vas D, Gamell A, et al
    SHARP INCREASE IN THE INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF INVASIVE STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN AFTER THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC (2019-2023): A NATIONWIDE MULTICENTER STUDY.
    Int J Infect Dis. 2025 Jul 16:107982. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107982.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  23. SIEBNER AS, Griesbaum J, Huus KE, Flugge J, et al
    Class switch towards IgG2 and IgG4 is more pronounced in BNT162b2 compared to mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccinees.
    Int J Infect Dis. 2025 Jul 16:107990. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2025.107990.
    PubMed         Abstract available


    J Infect

  24. ZHANG S, Liang H, Xu J, Chen B, et al
    Spatial-temporal Dynamics and Virus Interference of Respiratory Viruses: Insights from Multi-Pathogen Surveillance in China.
    J Infect. 2025 Jul 22:106556. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2025.106556.
    PubMed         Abstract available


    J Med Virol

  25. MASTERS EA, Tang W, Kang I, Kosikova M, et al
    Dissecting Sex-Specific Pathology in K18-hACE2 Transgenic Mice Infected With Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants.
    J Med Virol. 2025;97:e70506.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  26. HERNANDEZ-ORTIZ OH, Naranjo AF, Cadavid JJV, Echavez GR, et al
    Risk Factors for Breakthrough Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Fully Vaccinated Individuals: A Case-Control Study Nested in a Prospective Cohort in Medelln, Colombia.
    J Med Virol. 2025;97:e70508.
    PubMed         Abstract available


    J Virol

  27. LI Q, Cai X, Li X, Zhang Y, et al
    Structural and functional constraints on spike activation and host protease utilization limit cell entry of SARS-CoV-2-related bat coronaviruses.
    J Virol. 2025 Jul 24:e0100725. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01007.
    PubMed         Abstract available


    JAMA

  28. SCHNEIDER L
    WHO Report Suggests Likely Zoonotic Origin of COVID-19, Doesn't Rule Out Lab Leak.
    JAMA. 2025 Jul 25. doi: 10.1001/jama.2025.10976.
    PubMed        


    Lancet

  29. APEAGYEI AE, Bisignano C, Elliott H, Hay SI, et al
    Tracking development assistance for health, 1990-2030: historical trends, recent cuts, and outlook.
    Lancet. 2025 Jul 14:S0140-6736(25)01240-1. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01240.
    PubMed         Abstract available


  30. Global HIV targets: a roadmap to 2030 and beyond.
    Lancet. 2025 Jul 16:S0140-6736(25)01449-7. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01449.
    PubMed        

  31. WINKLER AS, Brux CM, Carabin H, das Neves CG, et al
    The Lancet One Health Commission: harnessing our interconnectedness for equitable, sustainable, and healthy socioecological systems.
    Lancet. 2025 Jul 14:S0140-6736(25)00627-0. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00627.
    PubMed        


    Nature

  32. CONROY G
    People's brains aged faster during the COVID pandemic - even the uninfected.
    Nature. 2025 Jul 22. doi: 10.1038/d41586-025-02313.
    PubMed        

  33. RO C
    The COVID-19 pandemic transformed this scientist into a research-integrity sleuth.
    Nature. 2025 Jul 22. doi: 10.1038/d41586-025-01920.
    PubMed        


    Radiology

  34. KETAI L
    Post-COVID-19 Chest CT Expert Consensus, and a Nod to the Law of the Instrument.
    Radiology. 2025;316:e251890.
    PubMed        

  35. YOON SH, Kanne JP, Ashizawa K, Biederer J, et al
    Best Practice: International Multisociety Consensus Statement for Post-COVID-19 Residual Abnormalities on Chest CT Scans.
    Radiology. 2025;316:e243374.
    PubMed         Abstract available

#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, July 26 '25)

 


    Biochem Biophys Res Commun

  1. KUSUMOTO T, Yotsukura M, Asakura T, Namkoong H, et al
    Induced lung epithelial-like cells derived by direct reprogramming rescue influenza virus-induced lung injury in mice.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2025;778:152384.
    PubMed         Abstract available


    J Infect

  2. SAITO R, Chon I, Sato I, Kawashima T, et al
    Impact of polymerase acidic subunit (PA) substitutions on fever and symptoms in pediatric influenza A patients treated with baloxavir: A pooled four-season analysis.
    J Infect. 2025;91:106555.
    PubMed         Abstract available


    J Infect Dis

  3. SIMOES EAF, Suss RJ, Raje DV
    Human Metapneumovirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza Associated Pneumonia Hospitalizations in Colorado Adults Aged Over 50 Years: 2016-2023.
    J Infect Dis. 2025 Jul 21:jiaf381. doi: 10.1093.
    PubMed         Abstract available


    J Virol

  4. MANNSVERK S, Villamil Giraldo AM, Kasson PM
    Influenza viral infection at the plasma membrane is restricted by lipid composition.
    J Virol. 2025 Jul 24:e0110525. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01105.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  5. SIMONICH CAL, McMahon TE, Ju X, Yu TC, et al
    RSV F evolution escapes some monoclonal antibodies but does not strongly erode neutralization by human polyclonal sera.
    J Virol. 2025;99:e0053125.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  6. ZHANG J, Li M, Cheng J, Wang Y, et al
    CypA inhibits respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication by suppressing glycolysis through the downregulation of PKM2 expression.
    J Virol. 2025;99:e0007425.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  7. POWELL BH, Witwer KW, Meffert MK
    Cellular miRNAs and viruses: trends in miRNA sequestering and target de-repression.
    J Virol. 2025 Jun 18:e0091425. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00914.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  8. CHEN Y, Shi Y, Zuo X, Dong X, et al
    UNC0638 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 entry by blocking cathepsin L maturation.
    J Virol. 2025 Jun 18:e0074125. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00741.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  9. HARRIS C, Kapingidza AB, San JE, Christopher J, et al
    Design of SARS-CoV-2 RBD immunogens to focus immune responses toward conserved coronavirus epitopes.
    J Virol. 2025 Jun 13:e0046525. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00465.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  10. LOKUGAMAGE KG, Zhou Y, Alvarado RE, Plante JA, et al
    Convergent evolution in nucleocapsid facilitated SARS-CoV-2 adaptation for human infection.
    J Virol. 2025 Jun 12:e0209124. doi: 10.1128/jvi.02091.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  11. COTTIGNIES-CALAMARTE A, Marteau F, He F, Belouzard S, et al
    Direct pharmacological AMPK activation inhibits mucosal SARS-CoV-2 infection by reducing lipid metabolism, restoring autophagy flux and the type I IFN response.
    J Virol. 2025 Jun 12:e0039425. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00394.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  12. MORGAN AL, Vu MN, Zhou Y, Lokugamage KG, et al
    The furin cleavage site is required for pathogenesis, but not transmission, of SARS-CoV-2.
    J Virol. 2025 Jun 10:e0046725. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00467.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  13. FOSTER CSP, Walker GJ, Jean T, Wong M, et al
    Long-term serial passaging of SARS-CoV-2 reveals signatures of convergent evolution.
    J Virol. 2025 Jun 9:e0036325. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00363.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  14. NGUYEN D, Laidlaw SM, Dong X, Wand M, et al
    SARS-CoV-2 infection enhancement by amphotericin B: implications for disease management.
    J Virol. 2025 Jun 4:e0051925. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00519.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  15. KALIN JH, Yin Y, Tran MT, Piassek M, et al
    Discovery of a non-nucleoside inhibitor that binds to a novel site in the palm domain of the respiratory syncytial virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
    J Virol. 2025;99:e0017825.
    PubMed         Abstract available


    Lancet


  16. Global, regional, and national trends in routine childhood vaccination coverage from 1980 to 2023 with forecasts to 2030: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.
    Lancet. 2025 Jun 24:S0140-6736(25)01037-2. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01037.
    PubMed         Abstract available


    PLoS Comput Biol

  17. GONG R, Feng Z, Zhang Y
    Using homologous network to identify reassortment risk in H5Nx avian influenza viruses.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2025;21:e1013301.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  18. KEITHLEY J, Choudhuri A, Adhikari B, Pemmaraju SV, et al
    Analyzing greedy vaccine allocation algorithms for metapopulation disease models.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2025;21:e1012539.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  19. KOLAR MR, Kobzarenko V, Mitra D
    Efficient discovery of frequently co-occurring mutations in a sequence database with matrix factorization.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2025;21:e1012391.
    PubMed         Abstract available


    PLoS Med

  20. KNOWLTON KU, Siegel LK, Barkauskas CE, Bhagani S, et al
    Passive immunotherapy for adults hospitalized with COVID-19: An individual participant data meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials.
    PLoS Med. 2025;22:e1004616.
    PubMed         Abstract available


    PLoS One

  21. MONROY-IGLESIAS MJ, Thavarajah R, Beckmann K, Josephs DH, et al
    Effects of vitamin D on COVID-19 risk and hospitalisation in the UK biobank.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0328232.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  22. BISHOP F, Howick J, Vennik J, Bostock J, et al
    Feasibility trial of a new digital training package to enhance primary care practitioners' communication of clinical empathy and realistic optimism.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0324649.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  23. KANG ZT, Yen PT, Cheong SA
    Indicator from the graph Laplacian of stock market time series cross-sections can precisely determine the durations of market crashes.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0327391.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  24. WILLIAMS R, Bolton T, Jenkins D, Mizani MA, et al
    The challenges of replication: A worked example of methods reproducibility using electronic health record data.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0326335.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  25. DORNEY J, Ebna Mannan I, Malicki C, Wisk LE, et al
    Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on healthcare and essential workers: A longitudinal study of PROMIS-29 outcomes.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0324755.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  26. ROMAN-MONTES CM, Tamez-Torres KM, Guaracha-Basanez GA, Ordinola-Navarro A, et al
    Factors associated with indeterminate QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus Test results during the COVID-19 pandemic.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0326615.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  27. THITY NT, Rahman A, Dulmini A, Yasmin MN, et al
    An illustration of multi-class roc analysis for predicting internet addiction among university students.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0325855.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  28. MA KPK, Stober T, Gottlieb M, Geyer RE, et al
    Participant engagement in a national longitudinal study of COVID-19: Insights from the INSPIRE study.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0325948.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  29. KRAPEZ U, Kuhar U, Senica P, Slavec B, et al
    Different SARS-CoV-2 variants inhibited by RRM designed peptide.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0327582.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  30. QI J, Huang D, Chen Y, Huang D, et al
    From the frontlines to the future: Anti-epidemic volunteer experience and career rewards for doctors.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0328044.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  31. POLLETT SD, Colombo RE, Richard SA, Lalani T, et al
    The infectious diseases clinical research program acute respiratory infection repository protocol: Opportunities to understand current and future epidemics.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0317065.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  32. GOTTLIEB M, Spatz ES, Yu H, Ebna Mannan I, et al
    Effects of long COVID on healthcare utilization.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0327218.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  33. DARAGHMEH DN, Salah A, Hamdan N, Zamareh A, et al
    Attitudes, beliefs, and practices regarding complementary and alternative medicine use: Influenza vaccine intake.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0320412.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  34. ROBERTI J, Carmiol-Rodriguez P, Chan-Liang E, Aguilar-Vidrio OA, et al
    Enhancing tuberculosis treatment support: A thematic analysis of interactive messages in a digital adherence technology trial to identify needs, challenges, and strategies for improvement.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0326492.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  35. TAVARES IC, Maria Guerreiro da Silva D, Ferreira Monteiro W, Janara Veras Lima K, et al
    Therapeutic itineraries and testimonies of COVID-19 patients in Manaus, the epicenter of the pandemic in the Brazilian Amazon.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0327127.
    PubMed         Abstract available


    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

  36. MENON T, McQuilten HA, Samir J, Nguyen THO, et al
    Central memory T cells with key TCR repertoires and gene expression profiles dominate influenza CD8+ T cell pools across the human lifespan.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025;122:e2501167122.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  37. LEE AS
    Stress-induced translocation of the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone GRP78/BiP and its impact on human disease and therapy.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025;122:e2412246122.
    PubMed         Abstract available


    Vaccine

  38. PICKERING H, Valli E, Carlock MA, Cappelletti M, et al
    Influenza strain-specific T cell responses longitudinally post-vaccination with FluZone.
    Vaccine. 2025;62:127506.
    PubMed         Abstract available


    Virus Res

  39. SANZ-MUNOZ I, Martin-Toribio A, Garcia-Concejo A, Arroyo-Hernantes I, et al
    A 15-year study of neuraminidase mutations and the increasing of S247N mutation in Spain.
    Virus Res. 2025;358:199599.
    PubMed         Abstract available

  40. CHEN Z, Cai M, Chai L, Li X, et al
    Anti-influenza Activity of Blumea Balsamifera (L.) DC. Extract: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation Against Multiple Influenza Virus Strains.
    Virus Res. 2025 Jul 20:199606. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199606.
    PubMed         Abstract available

Friday, July 25, 2025

#Italy, West Nile Virus (#WNV) and #Usutu Virus Situation #Report, July 24 '25



{Summary}

-- During the Week 17-23 July 2025, Italy reported twenty-seven new cases of human infection with West Nile Virus.

-- Since the beginning of the epidemic season, thirty-two confirmed human WNV infection cases have been reportede (there were five cases in the last update), of these:

- twenty-three were West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease (WNND): 2 in Piedmont, 2 in Veneto, 1 Emilia-Romagna, 15 Latium, 3 Campania),

- one asymptomatic case was detected in a blood donor (Veneto),

- six cases of West Nile Fever have been reported (2 in Veneto, 4 Latium), and two asymptomatic cases (Latium),

- among the cases, there were two fatalities (1 in Piedmont, 1 in Latium).

-- The first confirmed case of the season was detected in Piedmont Region on March 20 2025 (sporadic case), then in Novara Province (July 3rd).

-- No confirmed cases of Usutu Virus infection have been detected so far.

(...)

Source: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Teramo, https://westnile.izs.it/j6_wnd/home

____

#USA, #Wastewater #Data for Avian #Influenza #H5 (US CDC, July 25 '25)

 


{Excerpt}

Time Period: July 13, 2025 - July 19, 2025

-- H5 Detection2 sites (0.5%)

-- No Detection380 sites (99.5%)

-- No samples in last week47 sites




(...)

Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html

____

HKU5 #bat #merbecoviruses engage bat and #mink #ACE2 as entry #receptors

Abstract

Identifying receptors for bat coronaviruses is critical for spillover risk assessment, countermeasure development, and pandemic preparedness. While Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) uses DPP4 for entry, the receptors of many MERS-related betacoronaviruses remain unknown. The bat merbecovirus HKU5 was previously shown to have an entry restriction in human cells. Using both pseudotyped and full-length virus, we show that HKU5 uses Pipistrellus abramus bat ACE2 but not human ACE2 or DPP4 as a receptor. Cryo-electron microscopy analysis of the virus-receptor complex and structure-guided mutagenesis reveal a spike and ACE2 interaction that is distinct from other ACE2-using coronaviruses. MERS-CoV vaccine sera poorly neutralize HKU5 informing pan-merbecovirus vaccine design. Notably, HKU5 can also engage American mink and stoat ACE2, revealing mustelids as potential intermediate hosts. These findings highlight the versatility of merbecovirus receptor use and underscore the need for continued surveillance of bat and mustelid species.

Source: Nature Communications, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-61583-7

____

Controlling avian #influenza #spillover #events: a modelling study

Abstract

Avian influenza is a highly contagious viral disease that affects both domestic and wild birds, with occasional spillover to mammals, including humans. As of June 2025, 117 H5N1 infections in humans have been reported worldwide since 2020. Given the ability of the virus to infect mammals, there is a growing concern about its potential for human-to-human transmission. Currently, contact tracing and self-isolation are used in the UK to manage contacts of confirmed human cases of avian influenza. In this study, we aimed to estimate potential outbreak sizes and evaluate the effectiveness of contact tracing and self-isolation in managing avian influenza spillover events. We used a novel dataset from the Avian Contact Study to analyse contact patterns within an agricultural population at high risk of avian influenza exposure through contact with birds. We modelled outbreak sizes using a stochastic branching process model with measured contact data. Most simulations resulted in small-scale outbreaks, ranging from 0 to 10 cases. When the basic reproduction number was 1.1, contact tracing and self-isolation reduced the average outbreak size from 41 cases (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 37-46 cases) to 7 cases (95% CI: 6-8 cases), preventing, on average, 8 out of every 10 infections. However, they became less effective in reducing the outbreak size when a higher proportion of cases were asymptomatic. Overall, our findings suggest that contact tracing and self-isolation can be effective at preventing zoonotic infections. Increasing awareness, encouraging self-isolation, and detecting asymptomatic cases through routine surveillance are important components of zoonotic infection containment strategies.


Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funding Statement

Funding for the Avian Contact Study was awarded by PolicyBristol from the Research England QR Policy Support Fund (QR PSF) 2022-24 for investigating Zoonotic spillover of avian influenza. AT is funded by the Wellcome Trust, Early Career Award [227041/Z/23/Z]. EBP and IA acknowledge support from the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Evaluation and Behavioural Science at the University of Bristol (NIHR207385).

Source: MedRxIV, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.22.25331905v1

____

Thursday, July 24, 2025

#Rabies - #Timor-Leste (#WHO D.O.N., July 24 '25)

 


{Summary}

Situation at a glance

On 17 May 2025, the Timor-Leste government reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) a fatal human case of rabies from Ermera Municipality. 

Between May and mid-June 2025, Timor-Leste confirmed four human rabies deaths in the municipalities of Bobonaro (n=2), Ermera (n=1) and Oecusse (n=1). 

All cases involved individuals exposed to dogs' bites months prior to symptom onset, with rabies virus confirmed via Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) testing. 

Since March 2024, a total of 106 animal rabies cases—mostly in dogs—have been reported, and over 1400 dog bites or scratches have occurred, with a total of six fatalities

Access to and completion of post-exposure prophylaxis remains limited. 

The spread of rabies into non-border areas like Ermera signals a growing public health concern. 

The public health response is ongoing and includes vaccination of dogs, risk communication, training of healthcare workers on Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) and case management, active surveillance, and ensuring the availability of rabies vaccines and human rabies immunoglobulin. 

Based on the current available information, the WHO assesses the risk posed by this event as high at the national level, moderate at the regional level, and low at the global level.

(...)

Source: World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2025-DON576

____

The role of #ducks in detecting Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza in small-scale #backyard poultry #farms

Abstract

Previous research efforts on highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza (HPAI) suggest that different avian species exhibit a varied severity of clinical signs after infection. Waterfowl, such as ducks or geese, can be asymptomatic and act as silent carriers of H5N1, making detection harder and increasing the risk of further transmission, potentially leading to significant economic losses. For backyard hobby farmers, passive reporting is a common HPAI detection strategy. We aim to quantify the effectiveness of this strategy by simulating the spread of H5N1 in a mixed-species, small-population backyard flock. Quantities such as detection time and undetected burden of infection in various scenarios are compared. Our results indicate that the presence of ducks can lead to a higher risk of an outbreak and a higher burden of infection. If most ducks within a flock are resistant to H5N1, detection can be significantly delayed. We find that within-flock infection dynamics can heavily depend on the species composition in backyard farms. Ducks, in particular, can pose a higher risk of transmission within a flock or between flocks. Our findings can help inform surveillance and intervention strategies at the flock and local levels.

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.23.666292v1

____

#France - #Influenza A #H5 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification


By Bengt Nyman from Vaxholm, Sweden - Larus canus 2203, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49877446


Wild birds {Herring Gulls} found dead through SAGIR network.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6672

____


Hunting-training #dogs & companion dogs in #Netherlands are frequently exposed to highly pathogenic avian #influenza #H5 & human #H1N1 virus, 2021–2023

Highlights

• High seropositivity in dogs to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 virus in the Netherlands during HPAI H5 endemicity in wild birds.

• HPAI H5-seropositivity higher in hunting-training dogs than companion dogs. 

• HPAI H5-seropositivity in hunting-training dogs associated with recent bird contact in/near water.

• High seropositivity in dogs to human H1N1pdm2009 influenza A virus (IAV).

• H1N1pdm2009-seropositivity higher in companion dogs than hunting-training dogs.


Abstract

Dogs are susceptible to the currently circulating highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 and human H1N1pdm2009 (pandemic H1N1) viruses, yet little is known about the extent to which dogs are exposed to both these viruses. Here we investigated HPAI H5 and human H1N1pdm2009 virus exposure in domestic dogs–including dogs that participated in hunting-training–and investigated lifestyle factors associated with HPAI H5 virus exposure. We screened sera from 538 dogs, sampled between 2021 and 2023, for influenza A virus antibodies, using ELISA and hemagglutination inhibition assays (HAIs). We analyzed lung tissue and (naso)pharyngeal swabs for influenza A viruses using RT-qPCR. Seropositivity to HPAI H5 virus was more frequent (13.3 %) in hunting-training dogs than in companion dogs with unknown bird contact (3.7 %). In contrast, seropositivity to H1N1pdm2009 was more frequent in companion dogs (7.1 %) than in hunting-training dogs (0.7 %). Based on owner questionnaires, seropositivity to HPAI H5 by ELISA in hunting-training dogs was significantly associated with recent bird contact in/near water (odds ratio 6.9). No influenza A viruses were detected in 207 necropsy dogs and 180 (hunting) dogs. Our findings suggest that dogs are frequently exposed to zoonotic influenza A viruses, and we recommend dog owners to avoid dog contact with sick/dead birds.

Source: OneHealth, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352771425001703?via%3Dihub

____

Long-term #efficacy of an inactivated #H5N1 whole-particle #influenza #vaccine in nonhuman #primates

Abstract

Outbreaks of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (HPAIVs) in animals pose a threat to humans immunologically naïve to avian influenza viruses. However, annual vaccination, such as for seasonal influenza is not planned because the number of human patients infected with H5 HPAIVs is small, and the possibility of human-to-human transmission of H5 HPAIVs is low at present. However, various clades of H5 HPAIVs have emerged continuously. Therefore, a vaccine that confers long-term and cross-clade immunity is required. To examine the long-term effectiveness and cross-clade reactivity of an H5 influenza virus vaccine, cynomolgus macaques were infected with an H5N1 HPAIV 5 years after two subcutaneous vaccinations with inactivated H5N1 whole-virus particles (H5 clade classical/outlier), which showed higher immunogenicity than did split vaccines in our previous studies. Neutralization titers against the vaccine strain were maintained for 5 years, and a recall immune response was observed on challenge infection against the challenge strain (clade 1) and other H5N1 HPAIV strains (clades 2.2, 2.3.2.1, and 2.3.4.4b). Compared with unvaccinated macaques, viral titers were low, and the cytokine signaling pathways related to the pathogenesis of an influenza virus infection were not activated in the vaccinated macaques. Thus, a whole-virus particle vaccine induced long-term memory sufficient to prevent severe pneumonia caused by an H5N1 HPAIV in cynomolgus macaques.

Source: npj Vaccines, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-025-01221-x

____

Preexisting #immunity to the 2009 pandemic #H1N1 virus reduces susceptibility to #H5N1 #infection and disease in #ferrets

Editor’s summary

The vast majority of the human population has immunity to influenza A virus (IAV) by prior infection, vaccination, or both. However, protection is generally subtype-specific, and it is not clear whether prior infection against one subtype could confer protection against clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 IAVs, which are currently circulating in birds and dairy cows. Here, Restori et al. demonstrated that prior infection with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 IAV was protective against subsequent direct infection with H5N1 IAV in ferrets. Moreover, prior immunity reduced susceptibility to infection by transmission from an infected donor ferret. These data suggest that prior immunity to IAV, especially to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus, may offer a degree of protection against H5N1 infection. —Courtney Malo


Abstract

Zoonotic infections with emerging influenza viruses occur in the context of population-wide immunity to seasonal strains. Because of the worldwide spread of highly pathogenic clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 influenza viruses in wild birds, there have been numerous spillover events into mammals. This includes a recent spillover into dairy cows that started an ongoing outbreak across the United States. Human infections with avian and bovine origin H5N1 influenza viruses have been documented, raising concern that these viruses may cause a pandemic. Therefore, using a ferret model, we evaluated the impact of preexisting, infection-elicited immunity on susceptibility to H5N1 infection and on severity of disease. Preexisting immunity to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus prevented severe H5N1 disease and reduced susceptibility to infection through direct contact with an infected donor ferret. These studies demonstrate that preexisting immunity to influenza viruses, especially the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus, is a barrier to infection and disease caused by clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses.

Source: Science Translational Medicine, https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.adw4856

____

Chapter One - #Mucosal #Sudan virus #infection results in a lethal disease in #ferrets with previous #Lloviu virus infection not providing cross-protection

Abstract

Sudan virus (SUDV) causes highly lethal outbreaks of hemorrhagic disease throughout Africa, but there has yet to be an approved vaccine or therapeutic to combat this public health threat. The most common route of natural exposure to filoviruses is through mucosal contact which greatly impacts initial viral replication. Historically, SUDV animal models used an intramuscular infection route. Here, we sought to further characterize an animal model using mucosal challenge routes and compared the impact that intramuscular, intranasal, or aerosol exposure had on SUDV pathogenicity in a ferret model. We determined that the route of infection did not significantly impact overall SUDV pathogenicity; only subtle changes were detected in magnitude of viremia and oral viral shedding. Additionally, we sought to determine if preexisting Lloviu virus (LLOV) immunity could protect ferrets from lethal SUDV infection. We found that the previous immunity elicited by LLOV infection was not sufficient to protect ferrets from lethal SUDV disease. In conclusion, our results indicate that the infection route has minimal effect on overall pathogenicity of SUDV in ferrets and that prior LLOV infection does not elicit a cross-protective immune response to SUDV.

Source: Advances in Virus Research, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0065352725000077?via%3Dihub

____

The Winners Take It All? Evolutionary #Success of #H5Nx #Reassortants in the 2020–2024 #Panzootic

Abstract

Avian influenza viruses undergo frequent genetic reassortment, which can coincide with phenotypic changes in transmission, pathogenicity, and host species niche. Since 2020, clade 2.3.4.4b H5 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have driven a global panzootic, causing mass mortality in wild birds, poultry, and, for the first time, repeated spillover infections in a variety of mammalian species. This resurgence of H5 HPAIV has coincided with a dramatic increase in the number of circulating reassortant strains; however, the scale, impact and drivers of these reassortants remain unknown. Here, we combined statistical and phylodynamic modelling to reconstruct the global evolutionary dynamics of H5Nx viruses across four epizootic seasons (2020-2024). We identified 209 genetically distinct reassortants, stratified into three transmission categories based on their phylogenetic and epidemiological profiles. Accounting for sampling depth and HPAIV incidence, we estimated that reassortants emerged most frequently in Asia, but `major' reassortants associated with increased host range, inter-seasonal persistence, and long-range dissemination, more frequently emerged from Europe. Altogether, reassortant emergence followed an episodic pattern in which most reassortants were transient, but 3% seeded large clusters of secondary reassortants soon after their own emergence. Statistical modelling revealed that reassortant success was strongly shaped by ecological factors, including circulation in specific wild bird orders and the ability to infect a wider range of host niches. Reassortant dispersal was linked to poultry trade intensity, particularly in North America. Collectively, our findings reveal reassortment dynamics in H5 HPAIVs and identify key virological and ecological drivers underpinning the emergence and global spread of successful reassortants. These insights support the importance of enhanced surveillance to track evolution of H5 HPAIV and identify traits relevant for consideration in pandemic risk assessment.


Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information 

Declared

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, BB/V011286/1, BB/X006204/1, BB/X006166/1, BB/Y007271/1, BB/Y007298/1

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council - Institute Strategic Grants, BBS/E/RL/230002C, BBS/E/RL/230002D

Medical Research Council, MR/Y03368X/1

National Natural Science Foundation of China, https://ror.org/01h0zpd94, 32061123001, 32425053, 32200416

National Key Research and Development Program of China, 2023YFC2307500

European Union, 727922, 874850, 101094685, 101084171, 874735

Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, F.4515.22

Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek - Vlaanderen, G098321N

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.19.665680v1

____

Wednesday, July 23, 2025

Emergence of Clade Ib #Monkeypox Virus—Current State of #Evidence

Abstract

Mpox was first identified against the backdrop of the smallpox eradication campaign. Monkeypox virus (MPXV), the causative agent of mpox, has been maintained in animal reservoirs in the forested regions of West and Central Africa as 2 distinct clades; clade I has historically caused more severe infection in Central Africa than clade II, historically found in West Africa. However, rapid reemergence and spread of both MPXV clades through novel routes of transmission have challenged the known characteristics of mpox. We summarize mpox demographic distribution, clinical severity, and case-fatality rates attributed to genetically distinct MPXV subclades and focus on MPXV clade Ib, the more recently identified subclade. Broad worldwide assistance will be necessary to halt the spread of both MPXV clades within mpox endemic and nonendemic regions to prevent future outbreaks.

Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/8/24-1551_article

____

#Genome #integration of human #DNA #oncoviruses

ABSTRACT

Tumors of infectious origin globally represent 13%. Oncogenic DNA viruses such as human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are responsible for approximately 60% of these tumors. These oncoviruses are extensively studied to understand their role in cancer development, particularly through viral genome integration into the host DNA. Retroviruses require integration mediated by viral integrase for persistence, whereas DNA oncoviruses do not need integration for replication; instead, integration occurs incidentally. This process often targets fragile sites in the human genome, causing structural rearrangements that disrupt genes, activate proto-oncogenes, and increase genomic instability, all contributing to tumorigenesis. Integration near promoter regions and active genes is closely linked to carcinogenesis, highlighting its importance in developing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes viral integration’s role in oncogenesis, mechanisms of integration, and methods to study this process, focusing on DNA tumor viruses such as HBV, EBV, HPV, and Merkel cell polyomavirus.

Source: Journal of Virology, https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/jvi.00562-25?af=R

____

#Nipah virus #vaccines evaluated in #pigs as a ‘One Health’ approach to protect public health

Abstract

Nipah virus (NiV) causes a severe neurological disease in humans. The first NiV outbreak, in Malaysia, involved pig-to-human transmission, that resulted in significant economic losses to the local pig industry. Despite the risk NiV poses to pig-dense regions, no licensed vaccines exist. This study therefore assessed three NiV vaccine candidates in pigs: (1) adjuvanted soluble NiV (s)G protein, (2) adjuvanted pre-fusion stabilised NiV (mcs)F protein, and (3) adenoviral vectored NiV G (ChAdOx1 NiV G). NiV sG induced the strongest neutralising antibody response, NiV mcsF induced antibodies best able to neutralise cell-cell fusion, whereas ChAdOx1 NiV G elicited CD8+ T-cell responses. Despite differences in immunogenicity, prime-boost immunisation with all candidates conferred a high degree of protection against NiV infection. Follow-up studies demonstrated longevity of immune responses and broadly comparable immune responses in Bangladeshi pigs under field conditions. These studies provide a platform for developing a NiV vaccine for pigs.

Source: npj Vaccines, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-025-01212-y

____

Genotype #B3.13 #influenza #H5N1 viruses isolated from dairy #cattle demonstrate high #virulence in laboratory #models, but retain #avian virus-like properties

Abstract

In March 2024, clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses were first detected in U.S. dairy cattle. Similar viruses have since caused 70 zoonotic human infections. To assess changes to zoonotic potential, we characterized A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses isolated from cows’ milk and birds. Bovine-derived viruses are lethal in mice and ferrets and transmit to direct but not airborne contact ferrets. All viruses replicate in human bronchial epithelial cells despite preferentially binding avian virus-like receptors. The bovine-derived viruses remain susceptible to FDA-approved antivirals, and they are inhibited by sera from ferrets vaccinated with WHO-recommended candidate vaccine viruses (CVV) or human sera from clade 2.3.4.4c vaccinees. While 2.3.4.4b viruses induce severe disease in mammalian models, they retain many avian virus-like characteristics. Combined, we conclude that the risk of contemporary bovine-derived viruses to humans not in contact with affected animals is low. However, heightened vigilance remains essential to promptly detect and respond to any changes.

Source: Nature Communications, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-61757-3

____

Tuesday, July 22, 2025

#ACE2-like enzymatic activity in #COVID19 #convalescents with persistent pulmonary symptoms associated with #immunoglobulin

ABSTRACT

Many difficult-to-understand clinical features characterize COVID-19 and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC or long COVID [LC]). These can include blood pressure instability, hyperinflammation, coagulopathies, and neuropsychiatric complaints. The pathogenesis of these features remains unclear. The SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) binds angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the surface of host cells to initiate infection. We hypothesized that some people convalescing from COVID-19 may produce anti-RBD antibodies that resemble ACE2 sufficiently to have ACE2-like catalytic activity, that is, they are ACE2-like proteolytic abzymes that may help mediate the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and LC. In previous work, we showed that some people with acute COVID-19 had immunoglobulin-associated ACE2-like proteolytic activity, suggesting that some people with COVID-19 indeed produced ACE2-like abzymes. However, it remained unknown whether ACE2-like abzymes were seen only in acute COVID-19 or whether ACE2-like abzymes could also be identified in people convalescing from COVID-19. Here, we show that some people convalescing from COVID-19 attending a clinic for people with persistent pulmonary symptoms also have ACE2-like abzymes and that the presence of ACE2-like catalytic activity correlates with alterations in blood pressure in an exercise test.


IMPORTANCE

Patients who have had COVID-19 can sometimes have troublesome symptoms, termed post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or long COVID (LC), which can include problems with blood pressure regulation, gastrointestinal problems, inflammation, blood clotting, and symptoms like “brain fog.” The proximate causes for these problems are not known, which makes these problems difficult to treat definitively. We previously found that some acute COVID-19 patients make antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, that act like an enzyme, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 normally helps regulate blood pressure and serves as the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 in the body. We show that patients convalescing from COVID-19 also make antibodies that act like ACE2 and that the presence of those antibodies correlates with problems in blood pressure regulation. The findings provide a new opening to potentially understanding the causes of LC, and so provide direction for the development of new treatments.

Source: mBio, https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/mbio.01735-25?af=R

____

#China, two additional #human cases of #infections with #influenza A #H9N2 reported (#HK CHP, July 22 '25)

 


{Excerpt}

Avian influenza A(H9N2)

-- Guangdong Province:

- 1) An individual with onset on May 28, 2025. 

-- Hubei Province

- 2) An individual with onset on June 21, 2025. 

(...)

Source: Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong PRC SAR, https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/resources/29/332.html

____

#WHO #operations compromised following #attacks on warehouse and #facility sheltering #staff and #families in Deir al Balah, #Gaza

 


WHO condemns in the strongest terms the attacks on a building housing WHO staff in Deir al Balah in Gaza, the mistreatment of those sheltering there, and the destruction of its main warehouse.

Following intensified hostilities in Deir al Balah after the latest evacuation order issued by Israeli military, the WHO staff residence was attacked three times today. 

Staff and their families, including children, were exposed to grave danger and traumatized after airstrikes caused a fire and significant damage. 

Israeli military entered the premises, forcing women and children to evacuate on foot toward Al-Mawasi amid active conflict

Male staff and family members were handcuffed, stripped, interrogated on the spot, and screened at gunpoint

Two WHO staff and two family members were detained

Three were later released, while one staff member remains in detention. 

Thirty-two people, including women and children, were collected and evacuated to the WHO office in a high-risk mission, once access became possible. 

The office itself is close to the evacuation zone and active conflict.

WHO demands continuous protection of its staff and the immediate release of the remaining detained staff member.

The latest evacuation order has affected several WHO premises. As the United Nations’s (UN) lead health agency, WHO’s operational presence in Gaza is now compromised, crippling efforts to sustain a collapsing health system and pushing survival further out of reach for more than two million people. 

Most of WHO’s staff housing is now inaccessible. Last night, due to intensified hostilities, 43 staff and their families were already relocated from several staff residences to the WHO office, under darkness and at significant risk.

WHO’s main warehouse located in Deir al Balah is within the evacuation zone, and was damaged yesterday after an attack caused explosions and fire inside - part of a pattern of systematic destruction of health facilities. It was later looted by desperate crowds.

With the main warehouse nonfunctional and the majority of medical supplies in Gaza depleted, WHO is severely constrained in adequately supporting hospitals, emergency medical teams and health partners, already critically short on medicines, fuel, and equipment. WHO urgently calls on Member States to help ensure a sustained and regular flow of medical supplies into Gaza.

The geographical coordinates of all WHO premises, including offices, warehouses, and staff housing, are shared with the relevant parties. These facilities are the backbone of WHO’s operations in Gaza and must always be protected, regardless of evacuation or displacement orders. Any threat to these premises is a threat to the entire humanitarian health response in Gaza.  

In line with the UN’s decision, WHO will remain in Deir al Balah, deliver and expand its operations.

With 88% of Gaza now under evacuation orders or within Israeli-militarized zones, there is no safe place to go.

WHO is appalled by the dangerous conditions under which humanitarians and health workers are forced to operate. As the security situation and access continue to deteriorate, red lines are repeatedly crossed, and humanitarian operations pushed into an ever-shrinking space to respond. 

WHO calls for the immediate release of the WHO staff member detained today, and the protection of all our staff and its premises. We reiterate our call for the active protection of civilians, health care and its premises and for rapid and unimpeded flow of aid, including food, fuel and health supplies, at scale into and across Gaza. WHO also calls for the unconditional release of hostages. 

Life in Gaza is being relentlessly squeezed, and the chance to prevent loss of lives and reverse immense damage to the health system slips further out of reach each day. A ceasefire is not just necessary, it is overdue. 

Source: World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/news/item/21-07-2025-who-operations-compromised-following-attacks-on-warehouse-and-facility-sheltering-staff-and-families-in-deir-al-balah

____

Monday, July 21, 2025

#H1N1-associated acute #leukoencephalopathy: An unusual presentation in a young adult indian male

Abstract

The H1N1 virus commonly causes symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, which have a self-limited course in most cases. Neurological complications are rare, especially in adults. This case illustrates H1N1-associated acute leukoencephalopathy in a young adult with a favorable outcome and no lasting neurological deficits. The initial presentation included fever, sore throat, and myalgia, evolving into neurological symptoms, including dysarthria, nystagmus, and left-sided motor weakness. Comprehensive laboratory tests ruled out common bacterial, viral, or autoimmune causes, while MRI findings suggested acute leukoencephalopathy of infectious or toxic etiology. Although the urine toxicology screen showed traces of phenol, clinical evidence did not correlate with toxic exposure and pointed towards an infectious origin. A throat swab for Influenza/H1N1 PCR confirmed the diagnosis. Treatment with oseltamivir and methylprednisolone led to symptomatic improvement with no sequelae.

Source: IDCases, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214250925001684?via%3Dihub

____

Study of the 16S #microbiome of #swans died during the #H5N1 #outbreak in the #Caspian seashore

Abstract

Introduction

In 2023 and 2024, mass mortalities of swans occurred on the Caspian coast of Kazakhstan, which affected more than seven hundred birds of a local population of 10–15 thousand. It is widely known that viral infections significantly affect the microbiome content of various organisms, but the influence of H5N1 infection in the gut microbiota of wild birds remains little studied. Almost no information is available on postmortem microbial changes after the devastating impact of H5N1 influenza.

Methods

In addition to standard routine virological studies, we were interested in investigating the microbiological changes resulting from infection with the highly pathogenic H5N1 using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

Results

Virological studies of samples taken from the dead swans identified the highly pathogenic influenza virus H5N1 subtype as the primary cause of mortality. 16S analysis of samples from freshly dead swans revealed patterns of microbial dysbiosis caused by the overwhelming dominance of Campylobacter and Fusobacterium genera in the microbiome.

iscussion

Unlike previous fecal microbiome studies in live H5N1-infected birds, this is the first post-mortem analysis revealing systemic dysbiosis across respiratory and digestive tracts in swans, dominated by Campylobacter (mean 74.7% ± 19.3) and Fusobacterium (mean 15.9% ± 12.2).

Source: Frontiers in Veterinary Sciences, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2025.1597890/full

____

Sunday, July 20, 2025

Glutamic Acid at Position 343 in #PB2 Contributes to the #Virulence of #H1N1 #Swine #Influenza Virus in Mice

Abstract

The H1N1 swine influenza viruses CQ91 and CQ445, isolated from pigs in China, exhibited distinct virulence in mice despite sharing similar genomic constellations. CQ91 demonstrated higher pathogenicity (MLD50: 5.4 log10 EID50) and replication efficiency in mice compared to CQ445 (MLD50: 6.6 log10 EID50). Through reverse genetics, we found that the attenuation of CQ445 was due to a single substitution of glutamic acid (E) with lysine (K) at position 343 in the PB2 protein. Introducing the CQ445-PB2 (343K) into CQ91 significantly reduced viral replication and pathogenicity in mice, while replacing CQ445-PB2 with CQ91-PB2 (343E) restored virulence. In vitro studies showed that the K343E mutation impaired viral replication in MDCK and A549 cells and reduced polymerase activity in minigenome assays. Mechanistically, the amino acid at position 343 in the PB2 affects the transcription stage of the viral replication process. Structural modeling indicated that the charge reversal caused by E343K altered local electrostatic interactions without major conformational changes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PB2-343E is highly conserved (>99.9%) in human and swine H1/H3 influenza viruses, suggesting that PB2-343E confers an adaptive advantage. This study identifies PB2-343E as a critical determinant of influenza virus pathogenicity in mammals, highlighting its role in host adaptation.

Source: Viruses, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/7/1018

____

My New Space

Most Popular Posts