Using an evolutionary epidemiological #model of #pandemics to estimate the #infection #fatality ratio for #humans infected with avian #influenza viruses

 

Abstract

The risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection to humans is challenging to estimate as many human avian influenza virus (AIV) infections are undetected because infections may be asymptomatic, symptomatic but not tested, and difficult to identify through contact tracing, as human-to-human transmission is rare. We derive equations that consider the evolutionary mechanisms that give rise to pandemics and are parameterized to be consistent with records of past pandemics. We estimate that thousands of human AIV infections occur worldwide in an average year and estimate the infection fatality ratio as 32 deaths per 10,000 infections (95% confidence interval: [9.6, 75]). This estimate is comparable to SARS-CoV-2 during the recent pandemic and higher than seasonal human influenza. We estimate that preventing animal-to-human influenza spillovers would delay pandemic emergence by several years. Preventing human infections with AIV is necessary given the high risk of severe outcomes to individuals and to reduce the risk of pandemics occurring in the future.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funding Statement

AH was supported by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant (RGPIN 023-05905) and a Catalyst Grant: Avian Influenza OneHealth Research, Enhanced tracking of the circulation of and risk from highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses at the human-wildlife interface from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. JM, ML, and AH were support by an Atlantic Canada Research in the Mathematical Sciences Collaborative Research Group award.

Source: 

Link: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.21.26344526v2

____

#Genomic characterisation of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (#CCHFV) in #Tajikistan identifies a novel reassortant virus

 

Abstract

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is an important human tick-borne pathogen, able to cause severe haemorrhagic fever. CCHFV is endemic in Tajikistan, which records between 5–38 cases of CCHF a year from southern regions. Molecular surveillance of CCHFV is crucial to implement effective prevention and control strategies, understand viral evolution, study transmission dynamics, and develop effective diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. While the presence of Asia-1 and Asia-2 genotypes has been previously reported, only two historical samples from Tajikistan have been fully sequenced. In this study we developed and applied a genotype IV-specific tiling PCR enrichment approach recovering 52 CCHFV genome segment sequences from clinical and Hyalomma tick samples collected between 2017–2023. Most sequences belonged to the Asia-2 genotype, but one virus exhibited an Asia-1 S segment combined with Asia-2 M and L segments, representing the first evidence of such viral reassortment event in Tajikistan.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0014204

____

Deep #disadvantage in #mortality on the frontlines of the #COVID19 #pandemic

 

Abstract

This study presents new evidence on the temporal and spatial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality among especially vulnerable New Yorkers. Using burial records from Hart Island—the City’s potter’s field—we study the distribution of unclaimed deaths over time and across boroughs in 2020 compared to pre-pandemic levels. We show that the Hart Island deaths began deviating from their historical pattern in early March 2020 and peaked five weeks later at 22 deaths for every death in the same week in 2019 (20:1 adjusted). COVID-19 excess death rates were more than twice as high in the Bronx compared to other boroughs. Citywide, we estimate that 10% of all COVID-related excess deaths during the initial outbreak (March–August 2020) were unclaimed. These findings suggest the pandemic greatly magnified existing inequalities in the City and, more broadly, illustrate the especially devastating impact of COVID-19 on economically and socially vulnerable populations.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-41219-6

____

#Russia - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification [FINAL]

 

A wild Greylag Goose in Kalmyk Region.

Source: 

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7410

____

MF59-adjuvanted A/Astrakhan #influenza #vaccine induces cross-neutralizing #H5N1 #antibodies in #ferrets against circulating clade 2.3.4.4b viruses

 

Abstract

The continued global spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses, particularly clade 2.3.4.4b, has increased zoonotic spillover risk and underscored the urgency of pandemic preparedness. Human vaccination is a key strategy for mitigating severe disease and limiting transmission, especially in a setting where avian influenza viruses pose a zoonotic threat. We evaluated the immunogenicity of the MF59-adjuvanted, egg-derived A/Astrakhan/3212/2020 (H5N8) influenza vaccine (CBER-RG8A) in ferrets. To assess cross-reactivity, we generated pseudoviruses bearing HA and NA from circulating A(H5N1) 2.3.4.4b viruses, including North American (B1.13 and D1.1) and Eurasian (DI.2) genotypes. Immunogenicity was assessed using hemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization assays. A single dose elicited robust neutralizing titers (GMT ≥ 160), while a second dose increased titers by ≥3.3-fold. Cross-reactivity was maintained across most strains; however, responses were reduced up to 8-fold against strains harboring the A156T HA mutation, which may introduce a glycosylation site at antigenic site B. Limited responses were detected against divergent clades, with modest titers against clade 2.3.2.1a. These findings suggest broad protection induced by the CSL Seqirus pandemic vaccine against contemporary clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) viruses and underscore the value of ferret immunogenicity data in informing strain selection and regulatory preparedness when human clinical data are unavailable.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-026-01438-4

____

#Genomic analysis of high pathogenicity avian #influenza viruses from #Antarctica reveals multiple introductions from South #America

 

Abstract

The spread of high pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b into Antarctica poses a major threat to polar wildlife. We report the detection of H5N1 in carcasses of eight species during the 2023-2024 and 2024-2025 austral summers in the South Shetland Islands: Antarctic shag, Antarctic tern, kelp gull, pintado petrel, Antarctic petrel, skuas, Antarctic fur seal, and southern elephant seal. Whole-genome sequencing, mutational profiling, and phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that the viruses detected in these hosts descended from distinct introduction events. One group of strains including complete and partial viral genomes from a gull, skuas, fur seals, an Antarctic tern, and a southern elephant seal clustered with H5N1 strains previously detected in marine mammals in South America and formed a polyphyletic lineage consistent with at least two independent introductions into Antarctica. A second group of strains including complete and partial viral genomes from petrels, shags, and skuas clustered with H5N1 strains previously detected in seabirds and marine mammals in South Georgia and with a previously reported HPAIV detection from Torgersen Island, Antarctic Peninsula. These findings reveal extensive epidemiological connectivity between South America and Antarctica, with South Georgia serving as a “stepping stone” for virus spread in the region.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-71544-3

____

#USA, DOH and #CDC Investigate Invasive Group A Streptococcal (#IGAS) Infections in West #Hawaii (April 7 '26)

 

HONOLULU — The Hawaiʻi Department of Health (DOH) and Hawaiʻi District Health Office are working with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to investigate a report of high rates of a serious bacterial infection called invasive Group A Streptococcus (iGAS) in West Hawaiʻi.

This investigation began after a local physician identified a higher-than-expected number of patients with iGAS over a period of several months and informed DOH. 

While DOH routinely monitors these infections, historically Hawaiʻi has had higher rates than the national average. 

This investigation will help determine whether the number of people with iGAS is increasing in West Hawaiʻi and better understand possible causes and risk factors of this infection.

The goals of this investigation are to confirm whether there is an increase in the number of people with iGAS in West Hawaiʻi, identify risk factors, evaluate disease reporting, and better understand how infections may be occurring in the community. 

Investigators will also compare local trends with other areas of the state and analyze laboratory data to identify any patterns among people with iGAS infections.

Group A Streptococcus bacteria are commonly found on the skin or in the throat and often do not cause an infection. 

When infections do occur, they are usually mild illnesses such as strep throat or skin infection. 

In rare cases, the bacteria can enter the bloodstream or other normally sterile parts of the body. This is called invasive Group A Streptococcus (iGAS), which can be serious. Early treatment with antibiotics is effective, especially when care is given promptly.

Some people are at higher risk for severe illness. These include older adults and individuals with chronic medical conditions such as heart, kidney, or respiratory disease and diabetes. People with weakened immune systems, those with open wounds or skin infections — and people experiencing homelessness or who inject drugs may also be at increased risk. 

In addition, recent viral infections such as influenza or chickenpox can increase one’s risk. The specific causes of the elevated iGAS illnesses in West Hawaiʻi are not yet known, so DOH and CDC are investigating.

DOH encourages the public to take simple steps to reduce the risk of infection. 

- Keep cuts and wounds clean and covered until they heal and 

- wash hands regularly with soap and water. 

- Seek medical care if a wound becomes red, swollen, warm, or produces pus. 

- Anyone experiencing fever, severe pain, or rapidly worsening symptoms should seek medical attention immediately.

DOH and CDC are working closely with healthcare providers and community partners and will continue to provide updates as more information becomes available. At this time, the overall risk to the public is low; however, awareness and early treatment are important to prevent severe iGAS illness.

Source: 

Link: https://health.hawaii.gov/news/newsroom/doh-and-cdc-investigate-invasive-group-a-streptococcal-igas-infections-in-west-hawai%ca%bbi/

____

Q1020R in the #spike proteins of #MERS-CoV from Arabian #camels confers resistance against soluble #human #DPP4

 

ABSTRACT

The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a pre-pandemic coronavirus that is transmitted from camels, the natural reservoir, to humans and can cause severe disease. MERS cases have been documented in Arabia but not Africa, although the virus is circulating in both Arabian and African camels. Further, evidence has been provided that viruses in African camels might have a reduced capacity to cause disease. However, the underlying determinants are incompletely understood. Here, employing pseudotyped particles as model systems for MERS-CoV entry into cells, we compared cell entry of viruses from African and Arabian camels and its inhibition. We show that viruses found in Arabian camels and recent human cases are less susceptible to inhibition by human soluble DPP4 (sDPP4) than viruses from African camels, although both enter human cells efficiently and are comparably sensitive to inhibition by interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins and neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, relative resistance to sDPP4 was linked to mutation Q1020R, present in the spike proteins of recent Arabian but not African viruses. Finally, indirect evidence was obtained that sDPP4 in human plasma can inhibit MERS-CoV cell entry. These results support the concept that soluble DPP4 might constitute a natural barrier against human infection that is more efficiently overcome by viruses currently circulating in Arabian camels than those in African camels.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jvi.00282-26

____

#Online monitoring and early #detection of #influenza #outbreaks using exponentially weighted spatial lasso: a case study in #China during 2014–2020

 

Abstract

Influenza poses a persistent public health threat in China, with substantial impacts on health and the economy, especially during seasonal epidemics and emerging outbreaks. Seasonality, local clustering, and serial correlation inherent in influenza data introduce spatio-temporal complexities that traditional statistical process control (SPC) methods cannot adequately capture. This study introduces a novel nonparametric framework for real-time influenza monitoring across 300+ Chinese cities from 2014 to 2020. Reference periods are selected to establish baseline incidence patterns and fit a nonparametric spatio-temporal model to estimate mean and covariance structures. These estimates enable the setting of dynamic outbreak thresholds. Next, exponentially weighted spatial LASSO (EWSL) charting statistics are computed for the monitoring period, prioritizing recent observations and detecting subtle mean shifts in small, clustered regions - well-suited to influenza's progression dynamics. Charting statistics exceeding control limits trigger timely outbreak warnings. Results demonstrate that our method consistently outperforms alternative methods, and existing literature corroborates that its early signals correspond to actual outbreaks - including those for H7N9 strains, influenza A and B viruses, and the initial spread of COVID-19. These findings highlight the potential of our approach as an effective epidemic monitoring tool, addressing complex spatio-temporal patterns and supporting timely, data-driven public health interventions.

Source: 

Link: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02664763.2025.2534915

____

The #Mengla virus (Filoviridae: #Dianlovirus)

 

Abstract

Introduction. 

Filoviruses associated with various species of pteropodid bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) are traditionally regarded as potential causative agents of hemorrhagic fevers with epidemic potential. The known agents of Ebola and Marburg fevers periodically cause sporadic cases and epidemic outbreaks in African countries. Recent discoveries of novel filoviruses associated with pteropodid bats in South and Southeast Asia highlight the necessity to investigate their genetic diversity and pathogenic potential.

The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity and pathogenic potential of new filoviruses associated with bats, based on literature data.

Materials and methods. 

This review is based on an analysis of published literature describing the detection and molecular characterization of novel filoviruses identified in different geographic regions, with a particular focus on filoviruses associated with pteropodid bats in South and Southeast Asia. The analyzed studies include data on virus discovery, genome organization, taxonomic classification, and experimental assessment of biological properties. 

Results. 

Several novel filoviruses have been identified by metagenomic RNA sequencing of tissues from pteropodid bats captured in South and Southeast Asia. Among them, Mengla virus was detected in tissues of pteropodid bats (Rousettus spp.) captured in Mengla County, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China. Owing to a high level of genetic divergence, Mengla virus was classified as a representative of a new genus, Dianlovirus, within the family Filoviridae. Although a live isolate of Mengla virus has not yet been obtained, experimental studies using chimeric minigenome systems and virus-like particles suggest that the virus may exhibit tropism for tissues of various vertebrate hosts, including humans.

Conclusion. 

Members of the family Filoviridae are widely distributed within the geographic range of their natural reservoir–pteropodid bats–across South and Southeast Asia, including viruses evolutionarily related to Ebola and Marburg viruses. Although human disease caused by Mengla virus and other recently discovered filoviruses has not been documented, the potential for cross-species transmission and the emergence of novel filovirus infections in endemic regions remains.

Source: 

Link: https://virusjour.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16805

____

#Bovine #H5N1 #influenza viruses have adapted to more efficiently use #receptors abundant in #cattle

 

Abstract

Sustained mammal-to-mammal transmission of high pathogenicity H5N1avian influenza viruses is reshaping the host range of these pathogens. One of the longest-running mammalian transmission chains involves the B3.13 genotype circulating in U.S. dairy cattle which was detected early in 2024. Genomic analysis revealed selection and rapid fixation of haemagglutinin mutations D104G and V147M. We demonstate, via glycomic profiling, that bovine tissues, including the mammary gland, are enriched in N- and O-linked glycans capped with N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc), a sialic acid absent in humans and birds, which instead express only N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc). Early cattle H5 viruses poorly recognized NeuGc, but D104G and V147M enabled efficient engagement of both NeuAc- and NeuGc-containing receptors. These mutations enhanced replication in bovine mammary tissue without major attenuation of replication in human lung and primary nasal epithelial cells. NeuGc-driven receptor adaptation therefore promotes viral fitness in cattle while potentially limiting immediate zoonotic risk. Deep mutational scanning further identifies alternative haemagglutinin substitutions that confer NeuGc usage and represent surveillance markers for emerging cattle H5 lineages.

Competing Interest Statement

JDB and BD are inventors on Fred Hutch licensed patents related to deep mutational scanning. JDB consults for Pfizer, GSK, Apriori Bio, and Invivyd.

Funder Information Declared

Medical Research Council, MR/Y03368X/1, MR/R010757/1, MC_UU_0034/2, MC_UU_0034/3

BBSRC, BB/Y007298/1, BB/X006123/1, BB/X006166/1, BBS/E/PI/230002A, BBS/E/PI/230002B

BBSRC, BBS/E/PI/23NB0004, BBS/E/PI/23NB0003, UKRI2253, BB/V004697/1

Defra, SE2227

Royal Society, https://ror.org/03wnrjx87, RGS\R2\242118

Houghton Trust, HT/SPRG/23/04

Flanders, G005323N, G051322N, G010326N

CEIRR, 75N93021C00045

The Rockefeller Foundation, PC-2022-POP-005

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.715584v1

____

Next-generation #inhibitors of #SARS-CoV-2 #Mpro overcome the deficiencies of #Paxlovid

 

Abstract

It remains elusive to design peptidomimetic inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) refractory to multiple deficiencies of Paxlovid (ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir), pertaining mainly to E166X mutations-conferred drug resistance and inherent pharmacokinetic limitations to nirmatrelvir. We identify via virtual screening an iso-quinoline P1 moiety in place of the traditional γ-lactam and design iso-quinoline-containing inhibitors with high affinity for Mpro and its nirmatrelvir-resistant E166X mutants. Further optimization at P4 cultivates distinctive peptidomimetic inhibitors with drastically improved pharmacokinetic properties and significantly enhanced antiviral efficacy independent of ritonavir. Two such inhibitors, FD3-32 and FD3-36, also potent against SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV Mpro, are more effective as a monotherapy regimen than Paxlovid in reducing viral loads in vivo and protecting infected male mice from acute lung injury. Here, we report the discovery of next-generation SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors that overcome the deficiencies of Paxlovid, promising efficacious antivirals critical for mitigating the current and future pandemics of coronaviruses.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-71436-6

____

Christ Washing the Disciples' Feet, Giotto (c.1305)

 

Public domain.

Source: 

Link: https://www.wikiart.org/en/giotto/christ-washing-the-disciples-feet

____

Divergent avian #strains drive an off-season #influenza A #peak in municipal #wastewater

 

Abstract

Wastewater sequencing is an increasingly valuable tool in tracking the spread of infectious disease agents across space and time in areas of dense human settlement. Among pathogens that can be readily detected by this approach is influenza A, which follows predictable patterns of prevalence through the winter months in North America. Here, we leverage routine surveillance of a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Northern California to describe an atypical, off-season spike in influenza A concentrations that rivals that of the winter respiratory virus season. Drawing upon metagenomic data generated through hybrid-capture sequencing, we assemble and subsequently characterize fragments of divergent influenza genomes that appear to derive predominantly from the avian H16 clade. These strains exhibit close evolutionary relationships to influenza isolated from migratory shorebirds, hinting at potential host species and mechanisms of geographic spread. Analysis of read abundances suggest that these avian strains dominate the pool of influenza circulating during the summer months, when typical human-infecting strains are essentially absent. Together, our results expand the value of wastewater sequencing to encompass sensitive tracking of outbreaks within animals in interface regions where human settlement abuts wildlands, increasing overall pandemic preparedness.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funding Statement

This project was supported by a gift from the Sergey Brin Family Foundation to A.B.B.

Source: 

Link: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.04.02.26350079v1

____

#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (by AMEDEO, April 4 '26)

 

Ann Intern Med

1. REIS G, Dos Santos Moreira Silva EA, Medeiros Silva DC, Thabane L, et al
   The Effect of Fluvoxamine and Metformin for Fatigue in Patients With Long COVID : An Adaptive Randomized Trial.
   Ann Intern Med. 2026 Mar 31. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-25-03959.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Clin Infect Dis

2. NADIG N, Bhimraj A, Cawcutt K, Chiotos K, et al
   2025 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on the Treatment and Management of COVID-19: Baricitinib vs. Tocilizumab.
   Clin Infect Dis. 2026 Apr 1:ciaf681. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
3. SHUMAKER AH, Bhimraj A, Bedimo R, Cheng VC, et al
   2025 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on the Treatment and Management of COVID-19: Antiviral Treatment for Mild to Moderate COVID-19 in Adults.
   Clin Infect Dis. 2026 Apr 1:ciaf680. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Int J Infect Dis

4. HOSSAIN MS, Goyal R, Martin NK, DeGruttola V, et al
   Machine Learning and Probabilistic Approaches for Forecasting Infectious Disease Transmission and Cases.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Mar 30:108674. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108674.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
5. VESELY D, Capek V, Sanca O, Beran J, et al
   Inosine pranobex was associated with a reduction in mortality in COVID-19 by over 22%, as reported in a retrospective study utilizing complete health data from the Czech national registry.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Dec 31:108519. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108519.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Med Virol

6. GARCIA-VILLALBA J, Hurtado-Navarro L, Angosto-Bazarra D, Baroja-Mazo A, et al
   The Open Reading Frame 7b of the SARS-CoV-2 Disperse Trans-Golgi and Activate the NLRP3 Inflammasome.
   J Med Virol. 2026;98:e70894.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
7. THEO CH, Sam IC, Chan YF
   The Diverse Roles of Heparan Sulfate in RNA Virus Infections: Insights From Enterovirus A71, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, and Chikungunya Virus.
   J Med Virol. 2026;98:e70888.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Virol

8. MOU C, Liu M, Xiang Y, Lin C, et al
   SADS-CoV NS3 induces apoptosis by blocking the formation of Bcl-xL-BAK complex.
   J Virol. 2026 Mar 31:e0021626. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00216.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
9. KONG W, Zhang J, Song Y, Song J, et al
   Disruption of spike protein N-glycosylation induces its endoplasmic reticulum retention and attenuates SARS-CoV-2 infectivity.
   J Virol. 2026 Mar 30:e0027026. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00270.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
10. GUO X, Zhao X, He J, Lu Y, et al
    E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 inhibits PEDV infection through ubiquitination and degradation of the viral primase NSP8.
    J Virol. 2026 Mar 30:e0215625. doi: 10.1128/jvi.02156.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
11. XIU R, Wang Y, Cai W, Wang Q, et al
    Potent in vitro synergistic antiviral effects of the pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor EK1 in combination with RBD-specific antibodies or M(pro) inhibitors.
    J Virol. 2026 Mar 30:e0007626. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00076.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
12. CHENG D, Luo Z, Ning W, Heath SL, et al
    Systemic translocation of Staphylococcus aureus promotes autoimmunity: implications in autoantibody-mediated poor immune reconstitution from antiretroviral therapy in HIV.
    J Virol. 2026 Apr 3:e0196525. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01965.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
13. POZHIDAEVA A, Hoch JC, Pustovalova Y
    The DMV pore-forming TM2-Y region of SARS-CoV-2 nsp3 exhibits structural conservation beyond the coronavirus family.
    J Virol. 2026 Apr 3:e0203825. doi: 10.1128/jvi.02038.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    JAMA

14. ANDERER S
    US COVID-19 Deaths May Have Been Underreported, Study Finds.
    JAMA. 2026 Apr 3. doi: 10.1001/jama.2026.1032.
    PubMed        
    
    

    
    Lancet Infect Dis

15. CAMICI M, Piano Mortari E, Del Duca G, Cimini E, et al
    Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for long COVID: a case report of clinical and immunological findings.
    Lancet Infect Dis. 2026 Mar 31:S1473-3099(26)00063.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
16. WALKER MK, Yek C, Sarzynski S, Warner S, et al
    Survival trends in patients with difficult-to-treat, antibiotic-resistant, Gram-negative infections in the era of next-generation antibiotics in the USA: a retrospective cohort study.
    Lancet Infect Dis. 2026 Mar 25:S1473-3099(26)00020.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep

17. MEGHANI M, Garacci Z, Razzaghi H, de Perio MA, et al
    Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage Among Health Care Personnel - United States, 2024-25 Respiratory Virus Season.
    MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2026;75:164-171.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Science

18. STONE R
    U.S. blockade hits Cuba's health care and science.
    Science. 2026;392:8-9.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
19. FAN Q, Mei J, Li T, Zang C, et al
    A high-throughput selection system for fast-acting covalent protein drugs.
    Science. 2026 Apr 2:eadv3081. doi: 10.1126/science.adv3081.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    

#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, April 4 '26)

 

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

1. VETTER P, Cabecinhas ARG, Schibler M, Kaiser L, et al
   Use of baloxavir as adjunctive antiviral therapy to neuraminidase inhibitors in severely immunocompromised individuals infected with influenza.
   Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2026 Mar 27:e0165925. doi: 10.1128/aac.01659.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect Dis

2. HUNT JH, Damhorst GL, Parsons R, Frediani JK, et al
   Peak Nasal SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Viral Loads Relative to Symptom Onset, 2022-2025: Impact of Vaccination and Implications for Multiplexed Testing.
   J Infect Dis. 2026 Apr 1:jiag169. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Virol

3. KIM K-H, Hwang HS, Pal SS, Tien Le CT, et al
   Type I interferon signaling is required for resistance to primary influenza virus infection and vaccine-induced long-term immunity.
   J Virol. 2026 Mar 27:e0022926. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00229.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
4. CIACCI ZANELLA G, Cardenas MI, Hutter CR, Snyder CA, et al
   Impact of maternal antibodies and weaning stress on the replication and transmission of human H3N2 influenza A in piglets.
   J Virol. 2026 Mar 27:e0197525. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01975.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep

5. MEGHANI M, Garacci Z, Razzaghi H, de Perio MA, et al
   Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage Among Health Care Personnel - United States, 2024-25 Respiratory Virus Season.
   MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2026;75:164-171.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   PLoS Biol

6. MULLOY RP, Evseev D, Sharlin N, Bui-Marinos MP, et al
   Evolution of a truncated nucleocapsid protein enhances SARS-CoV-2 fitness by suppressing antiviral responses.
   PLoS Biol. 2026;24:e3003646.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   PLoS Comput Biol

7. GANGWAR P, Katte P, Bhat M, Turakhia Y, et al
   WEPP: Phylogenetic placement achieves near-haplotype resolution in wastewater-based epidemiology.
   PLoS Comput Biol. 2026;22:e1014124.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
8. ORSINELLI-RIVERS S, Beaglehole D, Einav T
   CAPYBARA: A generalizable framework for predicting serological measurements across human cohorts.
   PLoS Comput Biol. 2026;22:e1014129.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   PLoS Med

9. XIAO H, Bai G, Liu F, Cui Y, et al
   Policy stringency during the COVID-19 pandemic and healthcare services utilization in China: An interrupted time-series analysis.
   PLoS Med. 2026;23:e1004672.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   PLoS One

10. BRAUN J, Hill ED, Contreras E, Yasuda M, et al
    Contrasting effects of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination vs. infection on antibody and TCR repertoires.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0343939.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
11. ADYNSKI GI, Dictus C, Adynski H, Killela MK, et al
    Experiences of registered nurses and nursing assistants during COVID-19: Work stress, stress appraisal, and workplace resources; A qualitative descriptive study.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0345525.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
12. BORBOR-CORDOVA MJ, Searles M, Roa-Lopez H, Cornejo-Rodriguez MDP, et al
    Integrating psychosocial health into disaster risk management: Insights from COVID-19 in Duran, Ecuador.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0343239.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
13. HASSAN M, Iqbal MS, Yasir M, Chun W, et al
    Assessment of miRNAs as transcriptional regulators in respiratory syncytial virus infection through computational analysis and molecular docking studies.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0345571.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. NAKAZATO T, Romani-Romani F, Gutierrez C
    Screen time and chronic neck pain in Peru: A comparative population-based cross-sectional study in the COVID-19 post-pandemic period.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0344257.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
15. PARK H, Miyano S
    Network-constrained Random Lasso for biologically interpretable gene network inference across unequal sample sizes.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0344198.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
16. USAMA M, Azeem M, Mustafa G
    Computational prediction of binding affinity and structural impact of three Pakistani SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD variants on human ACE2 interaction.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0346242.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
17. KIM SY, Kim G, Park S, Kim C, et al
    Voting intentions during the later stage of the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of risk perception and performance evaluations in South Korea.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0345621.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
18. CHUEMCHIT M, Linn N, Han CPP, Lynn Z, et al
    Violence against women migrant workers in Thailand: A cross-sectional study on experiences, impact, and help seeking.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0345790.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
19. WONG KH, Pandya N, McCollum S, Shabanova V, et al
    Language barriers in pediatric food allergy care: A single-center study on healthcare disparities.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0346248.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
20. VELTHUIJS ELM, Ismail I, de Leeuw RA, Hehenkamp WJK, et al
    Evaluating patient harm minimization during the COVID-19-driven reduction in benign gynecological care: a nationwide claims-based longitudinal study in the Netherlands.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0345619.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
21. RODRIGUEZ LIMA DR, Molano-Gonzalez N, Vargas Villanueva A, Pinilla Rojas DI, et al
    Mechanical ventilation as an independent risk factor for mortality in COVID-19-related ARDS: A secondary analysis using propensity score weighting.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0344866.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
22. LESTARI BW, Alifia A, Karnawati PWW, Ramadhani NS, et al
    Assessment of post-pandemic NAAT-based diagnostic capacity among laboratories with COVID-19 testing resource investments in Indonesia.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0343628.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
23. BECK WELLS M
    Disciplinary removal patterns among students with other health impairments and emotional disturbance: A three-year descriptive analysis of IDEA Part B data.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0346338.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
24. HASEEB MW, Toutounji M
    Non-markovian electron tunneling in SARS-CoV-2 virus infection in structured environments.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0344447.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
25. IUNES FM, Aranha Rossi T, Soares F, Torres TS, et al
    Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination schedule completion among adults in high-social-vulnerability neighborhoods in two Brazilian state capitals: A cross-sectional study.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0346091.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
26. RIBEIRO NM, Alexandre d'Auria de Lima MCR, Monroe AA, Vinci ALT, et al
    Health and social policies to advance Brazil's End TB agenda during and after COVID-19: An analysis from tripartite governance and normative innovation perspectives.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0345867.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
27. STANDEN C, Tordjmann E, Wood J, Haigh F, et al
    Associations between area-level socioeconomic disadvantage and COVID-19 disease consequences in Sydney, Australia: A retrospective cohort analysis.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0334206.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

28. CORELL-ESCUIN P, Belmonte-Ballester S, Adhav A, Marina A, et al
    Dermcidin has antiviral activity and protects against influenza.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2026;123:e2424461123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Vaccine

29. CHAN CP, Wong NS, Lee SS
    Normalising enhanced influenza vaccines as a strategy to promote vaccination uptake in healthcare workers: Insights from a discrete choice experiment.
    Vaccine. 2026;80:128539.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
30. PODER A, Trinidad-Aseron M, Van Twuijver E, Versage E, et al
    Immunogenicity and safety of MF59-adjuvanted H5N1 pandemic influenza vaccine in healthy infants and children: a phase 2 randomized, observer-blind, multicenter study.
    Vaccine. 2026;80:128504.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
31. TSCHERNE A, Krammer F
    Seven decades after the Asian influenza pandemic: A historical review about immunity and vaccines against H2N2.
    Vaccine. 2026;79:128467.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
32. VAN TRUONG L, Van Nguyen T, Trang VTT, Le TTT, et al
    Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy across 186 countries: a multifaceted analysis using structural equation modeling.
    Vaccine. 2026;78:128196.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
33. PHIJFFER EWEM, Sivakumar C, van den Hoogen A, Crombag NMTH, et al
    Preferences of Dutch pregnant women for RSV immunisation - a mixed method study.
    Vaccine. 2026;78:128409.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
34. WANG X, Patel C, Sharma K, Giles ML, et al
    Immunisation against vaccine-preventable diseases in individuals receiving immunosuppressive targeted therapies.
    Vaccine. 2026;78:128399.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
35. RUIZ-PALACIOS GM, Cahn PE, Halperin SA, Wang R, et al
    Adenovirus type 5 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine does not increase the likelihood of HIV infection.
    Vaccine. 2026;78:128378.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
36. LYONS AJ, Mhatre MM, Argenio K, Day S, et al
    Does human papillomavirus vaccination status differ by disability status in New York city public schools?
    Vaccine. 2026;78:128404.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
37. SABATE M, Riera-Arnau J, Ballarin E, Pares-Badell O, et al
    Validation of Guillain-Barre syndrome case identification in three heterogeneous VAC4EU real-world data sources in Spain using the Brighton Collaboration criteria.
    Vaccine. 2026;78:128397.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Virology

38. RAMUTH M, Sonoo J, Pyndiah N, Rughooputh S, et al
    Epidemiology of influenza A and B viruses in Mauritius over an 8-year period, 2009-2016.
    Virology. 2026;619:110892.
    PubMed         Abstract available

History of Mass Transportation: The CD/CZ ''Hydra'' Diesel Autorail (1968–70) by Vagónka Studénka

 

By Vít Javůrek - http://www.mujweb.cz/www/mhd_jama/vlaky3/Krasa8/libun18.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6584716

Source: 

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Czech_locomotive_classes

____

#Surveillance and cross-species #transmission #assessment of #H3NX avian #influenza viruses isolated in #Guangdong province, #China from 2023 to 2025

 

Abstract

Continued influenza surveillance remains important, especially given that the emergence of novel subtypes or reassorted influenza viruses with pandemic potential continues to be a worldwide threat. In particular, virus circulating in birds can facilitate interspecies transmission to humans. In this study, we conducted systematic surveillance of H3 subtype avian influenza virus (AIVs) in domestic poultry and wild birds throughout Guangdong Province from 2023 to 2025. A total of 21 strains of H3 subtype AIVs were isolated, and phylogenetic analyses and risk assessment of their internal gene segments revealed genetic evidence of reassortment events, indicating a close genetic relationship with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). ZJ1722, ZJ1542 and SZ837 showed dual-receptor binding ability and robust replication in mammalian cells, which coincided with amino acid mutations in the HA protein associated with human receptor binding. Although the H3NX viruses isolated in this study failed to cause lethality in mice, they efficiently replicated in the nasal turbinate and lungs of mice without prior adaptation. This study highlights the paramount importance of sustained, subtype-specific surveillance targeting H3NX avian influenza viruses coupled with timely risk characterization and assessment. Proactive containment of H3NX avian influenza virus (AIV) transmission has vital implications for safeguarding the sustainability of the poultry industry and protecting global human public health, given the inherent zoonotic potential and evolutionary plasticity of this H3 subtype, which could drive future spillover events.

Source: 

Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579126004918?via%3Dihub

____

#Chikungunya fever: #Brazil is intensifying its response to address health emergency in Dourados (MoH, April 4 '26)

 

{Edited}

The Brazilian government has intensified its response to the emergency situation in Dourados (MS), given the increase in cases of chikungunya, with the mobilization of an interministerial task force that integrates actions in health, assistance, civil defense, and logistical support in the territory. The emergency affects the population of the municipality, with a greater impact on indigenous communities.

As a reinforcement to the response already underway, the Federal Government has guaranteed more than R$ 3.1 million in emergency resources for the municipality. 

Of this total, R$ 1.3 million , authorized by the Ministry of Integration and Regional Development (MIDR) in a decree published this Thursday (2), will be allocated to relief and humanitarian assistance actions, such as direct support to the population and local response structures. 

Also this Thursday, the National Secretariat for Civil Protection and Defense approved a work plan worth R$ 974,100 for restoration actions, including urban cleaning, waste removal and disposal in a licensed sanitary landfill, with resources to be transferred directly to the municipality.

The Ministry of Health has already transferred R$ 855,300 to the municipality to cover the costs of surveillance, assistance, and control actions related to chikungunya in the region.

The federal response has been underway since mid-March, coordinated by the Ministry of Health, which mobilized the National Health System (SUS) Task Force , reinforced healthcare teams, and intensified vector surveillance and control actions across the territory. 

The operation includes actively searching for cases, conducting home visits, eliminating [mosquitoes] breeding sites, and expanding services to the population, with special attention to the most vulnerable areas, including indigenous territories.

The National Health System Task Force has 40 mobilized professionals , with 26 currently working directly, and has already carried out 1,288 clinical consultations , 81 transfers for medium and high complexity care, and 225 home visits . 

The teams operate both in indigenous territories and in the municipalities of Dourados and Itaporã, supporting local management, together with the Mato Grosso do Sul State Health Secretariat, reorganizing care flows, expanding active case finding, and guaranteeing assistance, health education, and psychosocial care.

Fiocruz mobilized the shipment of pain medication, reinforcing its ability to meet local demand due to the epidemic.

To expand response capacity, the Ministry of Health authorized the emergency hiring of 50 Endemic Disease Control Agents (ACEs). Of these, 20 have already been trained and will enter the field this Friday (3), while another 30 will begin training to work from Monday (6).

In the field of vector control, actions were intensified with the mobilization of approximately 95 professionals , including Community Health Agents and Indigenous Sanitation Agents (AISAN). Between March 9 and 16, 4,319 properties were inspected , of which 2,173 received treatment , identifying 1,004 breeding sites of the Aedes aegypti mosquito , mainly in water storage containers, solid waste, and tires.

Actions were also taken to control the spread of insecticide using ultra-low volume (ULV) methods, including three cycles of vehicle-mounted ULV application and backpack spraying in 43 high-traffic areas, such as schools and health units. The volunteer effort to remove breeding sites mobilized approximately 100 people and resulted in the collection of four dump truckloads of waste.

Vector control will be reinforced with support from the Ministry of Defense. Currently, 40 Brazilian Army soldiers and five vehicles are already in the area , expanding the operational capacity of the mosquito control efforts.

The Ministry of Health also sent 1,000 Larvicide Dissemination Stations (LDSs). Of the first 300 units, 150 have already been installed in priority neighborhoods, with expansion planned for other regions of the municipality.

Through Funai (National Indian Foundation), actions are also underway to provide direct support to indigenous communities in Dourados, focusing on food security and access to water. 

The distribution of 6,000 food baskets is planned , in three stages between April and June, in coordination with the Ministry of Social Development (MDS), the National Supply Company (Conab), the Special Secretariat for Indigenous Health (Sesai), and Civil Defense. The expansion of the water supply system in the Jaguapiru and Bororó villages has also been authorized to guarantee access to potable water and improve the sanitary conditions of the indigenous communities.

Epidemiological scenario

The most recent epidemiological surveillance data, referring to April 2nd, indicates that the region has registered 2,812 notifications of chikungunya, with 1,198 confirmed, 430 discarded, and 1,184 still under investigation. The highest concentration of cases is in indigenous villages, where 822 cases were confirmed—68.6% of the total confirmations in the region. 

So far, five deaths have been confirmed in Dourados, all among the indigenous population of the municipality.

To strengthen the coordination of actions, the Ministry of Health established a Situation Room in Brasília on March 25th, with permanent meetings to monitor the situation and integrate decisions between technical teams and managers.

Within the indigenous territory, the work is carried out in a coordinated manner between the Ministries of Health, Indigenous Peoples, Integration and Regional Development, Defense, Social Development, Funai (National Indian Foundation), and the Special Indigenous Health District of Mato Grosso do Sul (DSEI-MS), which has 210 Indigenous Health Agents (AIS) and 150 Indigenous Sanitation Agents (Aisan), in addition to logistical support with 91 pickup trucks, 6 vans, and 1 truck.

The actions also include training for health professionals in the municipal and indigenous networks, aligning clinical protocols for diagnosis and proper management of the disease, as well as health education activities in schools and communities. There are also plans to send prevention messages via WhatsApp to more than 234,000 residents , in Portuguese and with translation into indigenous languages.

The response also includes improving the quality of care, with the implementation of the national chikungunya protocol and training of teams for early identification of severe cases and appropriate clinical management.

Source: 

Link: https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2026/abril/governo-do-brasil-intensifica-resposta-integrada-e-mobiliza-forca-tarefa-para-enfrentar-emergencia-sanitaria-em-dourados-ms-2

____

#Evidence of #SARS-CoV-2 #Exposure in #Rodents from Rural Localities in the #Yucatan Peninsula, #Mexico

 

Abstract

Zoonotic diseases involve pathogen transmission between humans and animals, with most research focused on animal-to-human spillover. However, reverse zoonosis—the transmission of pathogens from humans to animals—remains understudied despite its potential ecological and epidemiological consequences. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic highlights this risk, as human-associated viruses may sporadically infect wildlife species and generate novel exposure pathways. To assess evidence of SARS-CoV-2 exposure in wildlife, we analyzed serum and rectal swab samples from rodents collected in rural localities of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, between 2021 and 2022. An indirect ELISA detected antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in 23.1% of sampled rodents. Molecular analysis detected one positive sample with a pan-coronavirus RT-PCR, though all were negative for SARS-CoV-2–specific assays. This study provides serological evidence of SARS-CoV-2 exposure in rodent communities from rural areas of Mexico and is consistent with sporadic wildlife spillback events rather than sustained transmission. The observed exposure patterns may be influenced by human activities and frequent human–wildlife interactions in heterogeneous rural landscapes. Our results underscore the need for integrated serological and genomic surveillance to better understand the ecological context of reverse zoonosis and its implications for public health.

Source: 

Link: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18/4/435

____