#Seroprevalence of Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza A(#H5) Virus #Infections Among Bovine #Veterinary #Practitioners — #USA, September 2024

Summary

-- What is already known about this topic?

- Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) virus infections have been detected in humans exposed to infected dairy cattle.

-- What is added by this report?

- Public health officials conducted a serosurvey among 150 bovine veterinary practitioners. Three practitioners had evidence of recent infection with HPAI A(H5) virus, including two without exposures to animals with known or suspected HPAI A(H5) virus infections and one who did not practice in a U.S. state with known HPAI A(H5) virus–infected cattle.

-- What are the implications for public health practice?

- These findings suggest the possible benefit of systematic surveillance for rapid identification of HPAI A(H5) virus in dairy cattle, milk, and humans who are exposed to cattle to ensure appropriate hazard assessments.

Abstract

The current outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) clade 2.3.4.4.b viruses, genotype B3.13, among dairy cattle was first detected in March 2024 (1), with human cases of HPAI A(H5) among dairy farm workers identified beginning in April (2). Farm workers and bovine veterinary practitioners working with HPAI A(H5) virus–infected cattle are at increased risk for HPAI A(H5) exposure; in the current outbreak, most human infections with HPAI A(H5) have been mild and were detected through enhanced surveillance of persons working with affected animals (2).

Source: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/74/wr/mm7404a2.htm?s_cid=mm7404a2_w

_____

Rapid #Surge of #Reassortant A(#H1N1) #Influenza Viruses in Danish #Swine and their #Zoonotic Potential

Abstract

In 2018, a single detection of a novel reassortant swine influenza A virus (swIAV) was made in Denmark. The hemagglutinin (HA) of the virus was from the H1N1 pandemic 2009 (H1N1pdm09) lineage and the neuraminidase (NA) from the H1N1 Eurasian avian-like swine lineage (H1N1av). By 2022, the novel reassortant virus (H1pdm09N1av) constituted 27% of swIAVs identified through the Danish passive swIAV surveillance program. Sequencing detected two H1pdm09N1av genotypes; Genotype 1 contained an entire internal gene cassette of H1N1pdm09 origin, Genotype 2 differed by carrying an NS gene segment of H1N1av origin. The internal gene cassette of Genotype 2 became increasingly dominant, not only in the H1pdm09N1av population, but also in other Danish enzootic swIAV subtypes. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA genes from H1pdm09N1av viruses revealed a monophyletic source, a higher substitution rate compared to other H1N1pdm09 viruses and genetic differences with human seasonal and other swine adapted H1N1pdm09 viruses. Correspondingly, H1pdm09N1av viruses were antigenically distinct from human H1N1pdm09 vaccine viruses. Both H1pdm09N1av genotypes transmitted between ferrets by direct contact, but only Genotype 1 was capable of efficient aerosol transmission. The rapid spread of H1pdm09N1av viruses in Danish swine herds is concerning for swine and human health. Their zoonotic threat is highlighted by the limited pre-existing immunity observed in the human population, aerosol transmission in ferrets and the finding that the internal gene cassette of Genotype 2 was present in the first two zoonotic infections ever detected in Denmark.

Source: Emerging Microbes and Infections, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22221751.2025.2466686

_____

Unexpected #Pediatric #Cluster of #Enterovirus C105, #Verona, #Italy

Abstract

In an epidemiologic investigation of Enterovirus (EV) infections in a Verona hospital, September 2022–September 2024, we detected EV-C105 in six pediatric patients with upper respiratory symptoms between March and May 2023. The primary objective was to describe the local incidence of EV cases. The secondary objective was to perform Sanger’s genomic characterization and the whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of EV-C105. The proportion of positive EV results was calculated based on routine molecular method testing. An available cohort of 114 underwent Sanger sequencing, and the six EV-C105 were characterized with WGS. Overall, 96% EV results were from the upper respiratory tract. The total proportion of positives in children was 83%. Out of the typed 114, 90% were Rhinoviruses and 9%, EVs. Notably, six pediatric cases were EV-C105, placing together in a unique cluster with 99% of nucleotides belonging to the European lineage with the highest Average Nucleotide Identity, including EV-C104, EV-C109, and EV-C118. Our data describes the first cluster indicating that EV-C105 incidence may be higher than previously estimated. However, a limitation for affirming this hypothesis is the lack of a more in-depth epidemiological investigation on a larger case series with the possibility of including data from coordinated laboratories.

Source: Viruses, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/2/255

_____

#UK, Latest #update on cases of Clade Ib #mpox

 {February 13 2025}

Latest update

A new case of clade Ib mpox has been detected in England, the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) can confirm. 

The case was detected in London and the individual is now under specialist care at the Royal Free Hospital High Consequence Infectious Diseases unit. They had recently returned from Uganda, where there is currently community transmission of clade Ib mpox. The UKHSA and NHS will not be disclosing any further details about the individual.

The risk to the UK population remains low. In the context of the outbreak in parts of Africa, we expect to see the occasional imported case of clade Ib mpox in the UK.

This is the eighth case of clade Ib mpox confirmed in England since October 2024. This case has no links to the previous cases identified in England.

Close contacts of the case are being followed up by UKHSA and partner organisations. Contacts will be offered testing and vaccination where needed to prevent further infections and they will be advised on any necessary further care if they have symptoms or test positive.

Dr Merav Kliner, Incident Director at UKHSA, said:

''The risk to the UK population remains low. Close contacts have been identified and offered appropriate advice in order to reduce the chance of further spread.

Clade Ib mpox has been circulating in several countries in Africa in recent months. Imported cases have been detected in a number of countries including Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Sweden and the United States.

There has been extensive planning undertaken to ensure healthcare professionals are equipped and prepared to respond to confirmed cases.

Further updates on clade Ib mpox case numbers will be published on the following page: Confirmed cases of mpox clade Ib in United Kingdom.

(...)

Source: United Kingdom Health Security Agency, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ukhsa-detects-first-case-of-clade-ib-mpox

_____

#India - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

A poultry farm in Chhattisgarh State.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6261

_____

#Germany - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

Wild Anatidae birds in Bremen Region.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6264

_____

#Sudan #Ebola virus disease #outbreak in #Uganda — a role for cryptic transmission?

{Excerpt}

On 30 January 2025, the Ministry of Health of Uganda declared an outbreak of Sudan Ebola virus (SUDV). The outbreak was declared just 3 hours after laboratory confirmation at two national reference laboratories, consistent with International Health Regulations. The index case was detected at Mulago Specialized National Hospital in Kampala, Uganda1.

(...)

Source: Nature Medicine, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41591-025-00012-0

_____

#Genetic #data and #meteorological conditions: unravelling the windborne #transmission of #H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian #influenza between commercial #poultry #outbreaks

Abstract

Understanding the transmission routes of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) is crucial for developing effective control measures to prevent its spread. In this context, windborne transmission, the idea that the virus can travel through the air over considerable distances, is a contentious concept and, documented cases are rare. Here, though, we provide genetic evidence supporting the feasibility of windborne transmission. During the 2023-24 HPAI season, molecular surveillance identified identical H5N1 strains among a cluster of unrelated commercial farms about 8 km apart in the Czech Republic. The episode started with the abrupt mortality of fattening ducks on one farm and was followed by disease outbreaks at two nearby high-biosecurity chicken farms. Using genetic, epizootiological, meteorological and geographical data, we reconstructed a mosaic of events strongly suggesting wind was the mechanism of infection transmission between poultry in at least two independent cases. By aligning the genetic and meteorological data with critical outbreak events, we determined the most likely time window during which the transmission occurred and inferred the sequence of infected houses at the recipient sites. Our results suggest that the contaminated plume emitted from the infected fattening duck farm was the critical medium of HPAI transmission, rather than the dust generated during depopulation. Furthermore, they also strongly implicate the role of confined mechanically-ventilated buildings with high population densities in facilitating windborne transmission and propagating virus concentrations below the minimum infectious dose at the recipient sites. These findings underscore the importance of considering windborne spread in future outbreak mitigation strategies.

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.637829v1

_____

Evolving #Epidemiology of #Mpox in #Africa in 2024

Abstract

Background

For decades after the identification of mpox in humans in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 1970, the disease was largely confined to the rural areas of Central and West Africa and thus did not garner broad attention. On August 13, 2024, mpox was declared a Public Health Emergency of Continental Security (PHECS) by the Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), a notice that was followed the next day by a declaration of a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization.

Methods

In this study we analyzed all mpox cases and deaths, based on clinical or laboratory diagnosis, that were reported to the Africa CDC from January 1, 2022, to October 30, 2024, to identify temporal variations, geographic distributions, and epidemiologic trends.

Results

From January 1, 2022, to August 18, 2024, a total of 45,652 mpox cases were clinically diagnosed and laboratory-confirmed in 12 African countries. These cases resulted in 1492 deaths (case fatality rate, 3.3%). From 2022 to 2024, weekly laboratory-confirmed mpox cases increased by a factor of 2.8 (from 176 to 489 cases), whereas all weekly reported cases (including those with a clinical diagnosis) increased by a factor of 4.3 (from 669 to 2900 cases). The DRC, which had reported approximately 88% of mpox cases in Africa in 2024, had 19,513 cases before the emergency declaration, with a case fatality rate of 3.1% — a weekly average of 591 cases as compared with 281 in 2023. In 2024, six African countries reported their first imported mpox infections, with Burundi also reporting local transmission.

Conclusions

The high mpox disease burden in Africa, especially in the DRC — with a rising number of cases, high case fatality rate, and high degree of spread to other previously mpox-free African countries — is cause for increased international concern. Case detection, contact tracing, public health measures, and affordable vaccines are needed to implement interventions in the DRC to reduce the risk of global spread of the virus.

Source: New England Journal of Medicine, https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2411368?query=TOC

_____

A brief #history of #human #infections with #H5Ny avian #influenza viruses

Abstract

The H5 subtype of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) presents a continued threat to human health, intensifying with the H5N1 outbreak in cattle herds and onward transmission to humans. In this commentary, we offer a brief history of and explore recent advances in H5Ny AIVs and their impact on public health.

Source: Cell Host Microbe, https://www.cell.com/cell-host-microbe/abstract/S1931-3128(25)00028-9?rss=yes

_____

#Risk #Assessment of Spread of the #Influenza А Virus in #Cows in South #Bulgaria

Abstract

In this article, we present an assessment of the risk of the potential introduction and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in cows in Bulgaria. In the spring of 2024, we witnessed an unprecedented spread of the virus in dairy herds in the USA. This crossing of interspecies barriers by the virus creates a real danger of pandemic manifestations in humans. The continued spread of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in dairy populations and other mammalian species and efficient animal-to-animal transmission increases the risk of infection and subsequent spread of the virus in human populations. According to registers, as of 1 November 2022, a total of 559,544 cattle were bred in Bulgaria. The total number of dairy cows decreased by 5.2% year-on-year to 197,996. Farms breeding dairy cows as of 1 November 2022 were 12,439, which is 22.1% less than the previous year. The production of cow’s milk in 2022 amounted to 748,278 thousand liters. Traditionally, the largest share in the total yield of cow’s milk is occupied by the south-central region with 25.9%, followed by the southeastern region with 18.5%. Due to potential risk factors such as the high concentration of dairy cows in high-risk areas for avian influenza A, the possibility of HPAI jumping the interspecies barrier and spreading in dairy herds in Bulgaria is very high. We therefore set out to assess the risk of virus penetration in these herds.

Source: Viruses, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/2/246

_____

#Thermal #inactivation spectrum of #influenza A #H5N1 virus in raw #milk

Abstract

The spillover of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus to dairy cows and shedding of high amounts of infectious virus in milk raised public health concerns. Here, we evaluated the decay and thermal stability spectrum of HPAI H5N1 virus in raw milk. For the decay studies, HPAI H5N1 positive raw milk was incubated at different temperatures and viral titers and the thermal death time D-values were estimated. We then heat treated HPAI H5N1 virus positive milk following different thermal conditions including pasteurization and thermization conditions. Efficient inactivation of the virus was observed in all tested conditions, except for thermization at 50C 10 min. Utilizing a submerged coil system with temperature ramp up times that resemble commercial pasteurizers, we showed that the virus was rapidly inactivated by pasteurization and most thermization conditions. These results provide important insights on the food safety measures utilized in the dairy industry.

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.21.614205v2

_____

#India - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

Four backyard poultry outbreaks in Maharashtra State.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6250

_____

#UK - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification {Cornwall}

480 mixed free-range commercial broiler and layer unit. HPAI clinical signs reported, including depression and reduced food and water intake. Samples taken were positive for H5N1. Region: England, Cornwall.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6255

_____

#Bosnia and Herzegovina - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

 A poultry farm in Repuplika Srpska. 

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6258

_____

#Influenza A virus rapidly adapts #particle #shape to #environmental pressures

Abstract

Enveloped viruses such as influenza A virus (IAV) often produce a mixture of virion shapes, ranging from 100 nm spheres to micron-long filaments. Spherical virions use fewer resources, while filamentous virions resist cell-entry pressures such as antibodies. While shape changes are believed to require genetic adaptation, the mechanisms of how viral mutations alter shape remain unclear. Here we find that IAV dynamically adjusts its shape distribution in response to environmental pressures. We developed a quantitative flow virometry assay to measure the shape of viral particles under various infection conditions (such as multiplicity, replication inhibition and antibody treatment) while using different combinations of IAV strains and cell lines. We show that IAV rapidly tunes its shape distribution towards spheres under optimal conditions but favours filaments under attenuation. Our work demonstrates that this phenotypic flexibility allows IAV to rapidly respond to environmental pressures in a way that provides dynamic adaptation potential in changing surroundings.

Source: Nature Microbiology, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-025-01925-9

_____

#China reported two additional #human infection with avian #influenza virus A #H9N2 (HK CHP, Feb. 11 '25)

 {Excerpt}

Avian Influenza Report - VOLUME 21, NUMBER 6 - Reporting period: Feb 2, 2025 – Feb 8, 2025 (Week 6), (Published on February 11, 2025) 

-- Mainland China: 2 new cases (0 death cases): 

- Avian influenza A(H9N2): 

- Hunan Province: 

- 1) A two-year-old boy with onset on December 27, 2024.  

- 2) A 15-year-old boy with onset on January 8, 2025. 

(...)

Source: Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong PRC SAR, https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/2025_avian_influenza_report_vol21_wk06.pdf

_____

#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (by AMEDEO, February 11 '25)

 

Ann Intern Med

1. IOANNOU GN, Berry K, Rajeevan N, Li Y, et al
   Effectiveness of the 2023-to-2024 XBB.1.5 COVID-19 Vaccines Over Long-Term Follow-up : A Target Trial Emulation.
   Ann Intern Med. 2025 Feb 4. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-24-01015.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Antiviral Res

2. UEHARA T, Yotsuyanagi H, Ohmagari N, Doi Y, et al
   Ensitrelvir treatment-emergent amino acid substitutions in SARS-CoV-2 3CL(pro) detected in the SCORPIO-SR phase 3 trial.
   Antiviral Res. 2025 Jan 30:106097. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2025.106097.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Clin Infect Dis

3. SMITH EA, Javier GM, Multani A, Beaird OE, et al
   Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibody Titers in Cotemporary lots of Intravenous Immune Globulin and Fresh Frozen Plasma Compared to COVID Convalescent Plasma.
   Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Feb 3:ciaf045. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
4. REGAN AK, Rowe SL, Sullivan SG, Coates MM, et al
   Coronavirus Disease 2019 Antiviral Medication Use Among Pregnant and Recently Pregnant US Outpatients.
   Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Feb 5:ciae580. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
5. MANDEL H, Yoo YJ, Allen AJ, Abedian S, et al
   Long-COVID incidence proportion in adults and children between 2020 and 2024.
   Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Feb 5:ciaf046. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect

6. QUINT JK, Dube S, Carty L, Yokota R, et al
   Immunocompromised individuals remain at risk of COVID-19: 2023 results from the observational INFORM study.
   J Infect. 2025 Jan 29:106432. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2025.106432.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Med Virol

7. ZODDA E, Pons M, DeMoya-Valenzuela N, Calvo-Gonzalez C, et al
   Induction of the Inflammasome by the SARS-CoV-2 Accessory Protein ORF9b, Abrogated by Small-Molecule ORF9b Homodimerization Inhibitors.
   J Med Virol. 2025;97:e70145.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
8. CHANG S, Shin J, Park S, Park H, et al
   Continuous Tracking for Effective Tackling: Ad5/35 Platform-Based JN1 Lineage Vaccines Development in Response to Evolving SARS-CoV-2 Variants.
   J Med Virol. 2025;97:e70206.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
9. SUN J, Cheng J, Shi D, Xu X, et al
   Genetic Epidemiology of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Circulating in China From 2010 to 2024: Characterization of Phylogenetic and Genetic Diversity of S1-Based Genes.
   J Med Virol. 2025;97:e70198.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
10. PENG Y, Zhang Y, Zeng S, Cai C, et al
    A Comprehensive Pan-Cancer Analysis of COVID-19 Booster Vaccination Efficacy and Safety.
    J Med Virol. 2025;97:e70211.
    PubMed        
    
    

    
    J Virol

11. KUHN AJ, Outlaw VK, Marcink TC, Yu Z, et al
    Enhancing the solubility of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors to increase future prospects for clinical development.
    J Virol. 2025 Feb 4:e0215924. doi: 10.1128/jvi.02159.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
12. PARK H, Kingstad-Bakke B, Cleven T, Jung M, et al
    Diversifying T-cell responses: safeguarding against pandemic influenza with mosaic nucleoprotein.
    J Virol. 2025 Feb 3:e0086724. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00867.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
13. WANG X, Dong M, Wu X, Schnepf D, et al
    Single-cell transcriptomics reveals a compartmentalized antiviral interferon response in the nasal epithelium of mice.
    J Virol. 2025 Feb 4:e0141324. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01413.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. PHAN T, Ribeiro RM, Edelstein GE, Boucau J, et al
    Modeling suggests SARS-CoV-2 rebound after nirmatrelvir-ritonavir treatment is driven by target cell preservation coupled with incomplete viral clearance.
    J Virol. 2025 Feb 4:e0162324. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01623.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Lancet Infect Dis

15. WANG Q, Mellis IA, Wu M, Bowen A, et al
    KP.2-based monovalent mRNA vaccines robustly boost antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2.
    Lancet Infect Dis. 2025 Feb 4:S1473-3099(25)00058.
    PubMed        
    
    
16. SUTHAR MS, Manning KE, Ellis ML, Jain S, et al
    The KP.2-adapted COVID-19 vaccine improves neutralising activity against the XEC variant.
    Lancet Infect Dis. 2025 Jan 31:S1473-3099(25)00007.
    PubMed        
    
    
17. XIE Y
    COVID-19 versus influenza: the need to align policies with COVID-19 realities.
    Lancet Infect Dis. 2025 Jan 29:S1473-3099(25)00001.
    PubMed        
    
    
18. BAGER P, Svalgaard IB, Lomholt FK, Emborg HD, et al
    The hospital and mortality burden of COVID-19 compared with influenza in Denmark: a national observational cohort study, 2022-24.
    Lancet Infect Dis. 2025 Jan 29:S1473-3099(24)00806.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
19. LIU J, Yu Y, Yang S, Jian F, et al
    Virological and antigenic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 variants LF.7.2.1, NP.1, and LP.8.1.
    Lancet Infect Dis. 2025 Jan 28:S1473-3099(25)00015.
    PubMed        
    
    

    
    Nature

20. LEDFORD H
    Four lessons COVID taught us about the immune system.
    Nature. 2025;638:19-20.
    PubMed        
    
    
21. LEE S, Yu Y, Trimpert J, Benthani F, et al
    Author Correction: Virus-induced senescence is a driver and therapeutic target in COVID-19.
    Nature. 2025 Feb 4. doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-08718.
    PubMed        
    
    
22. CHEMAITELLY H, Ayoub HH, Coyle P, Tang P, et al
    Differential protection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection pre- and post-Omicron.
    Nature. 2025 Feb 5. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-08511.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Radiology

23. WEIR-MCCALL JR, Bell JS
    COVID-19 Infection and Coronary Plaque Progression: An Early Warning of a Potential Public Health Crisis.
    Radiology. 2025;314:e243767.
    PubMed        
    
    
24. DAI N, Tang X, Hu Y, Lu H, et al
    SARS-CoV-2 Infection Association with Atherosclerotic Plaque Progression at Coronary CT Angiography and Adverse Cardiovascular Events.
    Radiology. 2025;314:e240876.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Science

25. GOSTIN LO, Meier BM
    A world less safe and secure.
    Science. 2025;387:559.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Travel Med Infect Dis

26. PLAZA PI, Lambertucci SA
    Differences between Influenza H5N1, A/H1N1 2009, and SARS-CoV-2 in a pandemic risk scenario.
    Travel Med Infect Dis. 2025 Jan 31:102811. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2025.102811.
    PubMed        
    
    

    
    Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi

27. WANG T, Chen X, Shi XP, He YX, et al
    [COVID-19 infection with tracheobronchomalacia: a case report].
    Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2025;48:138-141.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    

#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, February 11 '25)

 

BMC Pediatr

1. KUDLACEK M, Fromel K, Groffik D, Mitas J, et al
   Individual physical activity preferences of adolescents in the Czech Republic and Poland: a 14-year comparative study reflecting the gender trends and prospective responses to global lifestyle challenges.
   BMC Pediatr. 2025;25:98.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect Dis

2. GOYA S, Wendm ST, Xie H, Nguyen TV, et al
   Genomic Epidemiology and Evolution of Rhinovirus in Western Washington State, 2021-2022.
   J Infect Dis. 2025;231:e154-e164.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
3. CHIME N, Anspach B, Jain V, Laajalahti O, et al
   Phase 3 Study Assessing Lot-to-lot Consistency of RSVPreF3 Vaccine and its Immune Response, Safety, and Reactogenicity When Co-administered with FLU-D-QIV.
   J Infect Dis. 2024 Jul 5:jiae342. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
4. BARZAGHI F, Visconti C, Pipitone GB, Bondesan S, et al
   Severe West Nile Virus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections in a Patient With Thymoma and Anti-Type I Interferon Antibodies.
   J Infect Dis. 2025;231:e206-e212.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
5. NAIR MS, Luck MI, Huang Y, Sabo Y, et al
   Persistence of an Infectious Form of SARS-CoV-2 After Protease Inhibitor Treatment of Permissive Cells In Vitro.
   J Infect Dis. 2025;231:e68-e76.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
6. PISANIC N, Antar AAR, Hetrich MK, Demko ZO, et al
   Early, Robust Mucosal Secretory Immunoglobulin A but not Immunoglobulin G Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Spike in Oral Fluid Is Associated With Faster Viral Clearance and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Symptom Resolution.
   J Infect Dis. 2025;231:121-130.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
7. LIN LY, Gantner P, Li S, Su B, et al
   Unpredicted protective function of Fc-mediated inhibitory antibodies for HIV and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
   J Infect Dis. 2024 Sep 20:jiae464. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
8. BONOMO EJ, Shah M
   Rights-Based Legal Considerations for Tuberculosis Isolation Practices in Community Settings in the Postpandemic Era.
   J Infect Dis. 2025;231:31-36.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
9. BUTT AA, Yan P, Abou-Samra AB, Shaikh OS, et al
   COVID-19 Disease Incidence and Severity in Previously Infected Unvaccinated Compared with Previously Uninfected Vaccinated Persons.
   J Infect Dis. 2024 Oct 8:jiae484. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
10. CHEW KW, McGinley B, Moser C, Li JZ, et al
    Viral and Symptom Rebound Following Anti-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Monoclonal Antibody Therapy in a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.
    J Infect Dis. 2025;231:131-136.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
11. BABU TM, Jackson LA, El Sahly HM
    Next-Generation SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Formulations and Alternative Routes of Administration.
    J Infect Dis. 2024 Oct 16:jiae504. doi: 10.1093.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
12. LORENZ N, James A, Van Rooyen T, Paterson A, et al
    Decline of Antibodies to Major Viral and Bacterial Respiratory Pathogens During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
    J Infect Dis. 2025;231:e77-e81.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
13. DESCALZO MA, de Paula Junior FJ, Mallegas NV, Penayo E, et al
    Annual estimation of seasonal influenza burden in six South American countries: a retrospective analysis of SARInet surveillance data to inform policies.
    J Infect Dis. 2025 Feb 1:jiaf037. doi: 10.1093.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. JARA JH, Loayza S, Nogareda F, Couto P, et al
    Influenza vaccine averted illnesses in Chile, Guyana, and Paraguay during 2013-2018: a standardized approach to assess value of vaccination.
    J Infect Dis. 2025 Feb 1:jiaf038. doi: 10.1093.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Neurosurg Pediatr

15. SALEH M, Lesha E, Nichols CS, Shimony N, et al
    A prospective observational study of operating room traffic during shunt surgery: who comes in and why?
    J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2024;35:167-173.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Virol

16. PARK H, Kingstad-Bakke B, Cleven T, Jung M, et al
    Diversifying T-cell responses: safeguarding against pandemic influenza with mosaic nucleoprotein.
    J Virol. 2025 Feb 3:e0086724. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00867.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Pediatrics

17. MUKHOPADHYAY S, Kaufman DA, Saha S, Puopolo KM, et al
    Late-Onset Sepsis Among Extremely Preterm Infants During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
    Pediatrics. 2025 Jan 23:e2024067675. doi: 10.1542/peds.2024-067675.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
18. HE S, Esteban McCabe S, Conti RM, Volerman A, et al
    Prescription Stimulant Dispensing to US Children: 2017-2023.
    Pediatrics. 2025;155:e2024068558.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS Comput Biol

19. LOMBARD B, Moultrie H, Pulliam JRC, van Schalkwyk C, et al
    Simulation-based validation of a method to detect changes in SARS-CoV-2 reinfection risk.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2025;21:e1012792.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS Med

20. BHATIA A, Preiss AJ, Xiao X, Brannock MD, et al
    Effect of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid) on hospitalization among adults with COVID-19: An electronic health record-based target trial emulation from N3C.
    PLoS Med. 2025;22:e1004493.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
21. RAGONNET R, Hughes AE, Shipman DS, Meehan MT, et al
    Estimating the impact of school closures on the COVID-19 dynamics in 74 countries: A modelling analysis.
    PLoS Med. 2025;22:e1004512.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS One

22. GOYAL A, Saeed H, Sultan W, Singh A, et al
    Mortality trends and disparities for coexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular disease: A retrospective analysis of deaths in the United States from 1999-2020.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0317592.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
23. BIBI N, Shah M, Khan S, Chohan MS, et al
    Insilico targeting of virus entry facilitator NRP1 to block SARS-CoV2 entry.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0310855.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
24. WARNER BM, Vendramelli R, Boese AS, Audet J, et al
    Treatment with the CCR5 antagonist OB-002 reduces lung pathology, but does not prevent disease in a Syrian hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0316952.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
25. SCHUITEMA G, Lacchia A
    From anxiety to coping: Understanding psychological distance and coping skills for climate change and COVID-19 in 10-12-year-old children.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0317725.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
26. SYKES BL, Chavez EK, Strong JD
    Death and disappearance: Measuring racial disparities in mortality and life expectancy among people in state prisons, United States 2000-2014.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0314197.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
27. ZHANG C, Liu S, Qin M, Gao B, et al
    The dependency structure of international commodity and stock markets after the Russia-Ukraine war.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0316288.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
28. FISCHER B, Farr M, Gummert J, Knabbe C, et al
    High-frequency PCR-testing as a powerful approach for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in the field of critical infrastructure: A longitudinal, retrospective study in a German tertiary care hospital.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0317009.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
29. COROCHER T, Edwards K, Hersusianto Y, Campbell D, et al
    Over-the-counter carrageenan-based sprays may interfere with PCR testing of nasopharyngeal swabs to detect SARS-CoV-2.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0316700.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
30. ALUSTA P, Paredes A, Azevedo M, Mullis L, et al
    Direct detection and identification of viruses in saliva using a SpecID ionization modified mass spectrometer.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0316368.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
31. KOSTIC K, Kostic A, Petrovic A, Vasilijevic A, et al
    The Serbian version of the Pandemic-Related Pregnancy Stress Scale (PREPS-SRB)-A validation study.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0317909.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
32. SAFDARI A, Keshav CS, Mody D, Verma K, et al
    The external validity of machine learning-based prediction scores from hematological parameters of COVID-19: A study using hospital records from Brazil, Italy, and Western Europe.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0316467.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
33. ARTOIS J, Vergne T, Fourtune L, Dellicour S, et al
    Spatial risk modelling of highly pathogenic avian influenza in France: Fattening duck farm activity matters.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0316248.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
34. FUNK M, Reinke M, Lowe B, Engelmann P, et al
    Development of an expectation management intervention for patients with Long COVID: A focus group study with affected patients.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0317905.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
35. SPITERI S, Salamon I, Girolamini L, Pascale MR, et al
    Surfaces environmental monitoring of SARS-CoV-2: Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) in comparison with standard Reverse-Transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) techniques.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0317228.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
36. GANDJOUR A
    Health-economic evaluation of the outpatient, inpatient, and public health sector in Germany: Insights from the first three COVID-19 waves.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0314164.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

37. LIAO Y, Ma H, Wang Z, Wang S, et al
    Rapid restoration of potent neutralization activity against the latest Omicron variant JN.1 via AI rational design and antibody engineering.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025;122:e2406659122.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Vaccine

38. HASHIMOTO M, Tsujii K, Nakajima-Yoshida H, Akiyama N, et al
    A-910823, a squalene-based emulsion adjuvant, enhances robust and broad immune responses of quadrivalent influenza vaccine in ferrets.
    Vaccine. 2025;49:126780.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
39. GE Y, Handel A, Giabbanelli PJ, Lemacks J, et al
    Exploring bias due to below-limit-of-detection values in influenza vaccine antibody modeling: A case study and instructional guide for the CIVIC study.
    Vaccine. 2025;49:126802.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
40. POWELL A, Jones A, Van Hout MC, Montgomery C, et al
    Influenza vaccine uptake in socially deprived areas: A multilevel retrospective population-based cross-sectional study using electronic health records in Liverpool, United Kingdom.
    Vaccine. 2025;50:126837.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
41. SOENS M, Ananworanich J, Hicks B, Lucas KJ, et al
    A phase 3 randomized safety and immunogenicity trial of mRNA-1010 seasonal influenza vaccine in adults.
    Vaccine. 2025;50:126847.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Virology

42. POPOVIC ME, Tadic V, Popovic M
    (R)evolution of Viruses: Introduction to biothermodynamics of viruses.
    Virology. 2025;603:110319.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
43. YANG S, Yang X, Zhu W, Luo C, et al
    The novel COVID-19 treatment VV116 is a potential inhibitor of Zika virus.
    Virology. 2024;603:110334.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
44. ROY K, Saikia BK, Konwar R
    Exploring the role of carbon quantum dots as countermeasure for SARS-CoV-2 virus.
    Virology. 2025;603:110339.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
45. JONES LR
    Intra-host variability of SARS-CoV-2: Patterns, causes and impact on COVID-19.
    Virology. 2025;603:110366.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
46. CALDERON-PEREZ B, Nunez-Munoz LA, Trejo-Ayala LL, Rosales-Garcia VH, et al
    Immunogenicity of a multivalent protein subunit vaccine based on non-glycosylated RBD antigens of SARS-cov-2 and its variants.
    Virology. 2024;603:110380.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
47. ZHAO Y, Li W, Xu L, Tao Z, et al
    Antibody responses in omicron BF.7-infected patients vaccinated with inactivated SARS-CoV-2.
    Virology. 2025;603:110404.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
48. MILLER JL, Niewiesk S
    Review of impaired immune parameters in RSV infections in the elderly.
    Virology. 2025;603:110395.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
49. ZHIRNOV OP, Chernyshova AI
    The uncleaved viral hemagglutinin HA0 increases influenza A virus resistance to thermal pasteurization.
    Virology. 2025;604:110389.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Virus Res

50. CHA RM, Park MJ, Baek YG, Lee YN, et al
    Genetic characteristics and pathogenesis of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus isolated from poultry in South Korea, 2022-2023.
    Virus Res. 2025 Jan 31:199541. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199541.
    PubMed         Abstract available

#Australia - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H7N8 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

This is a confirmed case of H7N8 HPAI in a free-range commercial egg layer poultry farm. H7N8 virus is genetically related to strains detected in wild birds in Australia but different from the strains detected and eradicated in Australia in 2024. Biosecurity controls (quarantine) have been implemented on the farm. A detailed surveillance plan is being developed and epidemiological investigation and tracing is underway. Operational activities have commenced immediately. A Control Area (CA) and Restricted Area (RA) have been declared around the premises. Movement controls are being implemented in the CA and RA. A public information strategy has been employed. All coordinates provided are approximate to the nearest town location. Outbreak location: Victoria State.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6249

_____