ETIDIOH - NEW

Sunday, July 20, 2025

Glutamic Acid at Position 343 in #PB2 Contributes to the #Virulence of #H1N1 #Swine #Influenza Virus in Mice

Abstract

The H1N1 swine influenza viruses CQ91 and CQ445, isolated from pigs in China, exhibited distinct virulence in mice despite sharing similar genomic constellations. CQ91 demonstrated higher pathogenicity (MLD50: 5.4 log10 EID50) and replication efficiency in mice compared to CQ445 (MLD50: 6.6 log10 EID50). Through reverse genetics, we found that the attenuation of CQ445 was due to a single substitution of glutamic acid (E) with lysine (K) at position 343 in the PB2 protein. Introducing the CQ445-PB2 (343K) into CQ91 significantly reduced viral replication and pathogenicity in mice, while replacing CQ445-PB2 with CQ91-PB2 (343E) restored virulence. In vitro studies showed that the K343E mutation impaired viral replication in MDCK and A549 cells and reduced polymerase activity in minigenome assays. Mechanistically, the amino acid at position 343 in the PB2 affects the transcription stage of the viral replication process. Structural modeling indicated that the charge reversal caused by E343K altered local electrostatic interactions without major conformational changes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PB2-343E is highly conserved (>99.9%) in human and swine H1/H3 influenza viruses, suggesting that PB2-343E confers an adaptive advantage. This study identifies PB2-343E as a critical determinant of influenza virus pathogenicity in mammals, highlighting its role in host adaptation.

Source: Viruses, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/7/1018

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Christ driving the Traders from the Temple (El Greco, 1600)

Public Domain.

Source: WikiArt, https://www.wikiart.org/en/el-greco/christ-driving-the-traders-from-the-temple-1600

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Single-dose avian #influenza #H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin–Matrix-M® nanoparticle #vaccine induces neutralizing responses in nonhuman #primates

Abstract

With the recent rise in cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b infection in humans and animals, there is an associated increase in the risk of human-to-human transmission. In this study, we characterize a recombinant A(H5N1) A/American Wigeon/South Carolina/22/000345-001/2021 (A/AW/SC/2021) clade 2.3.4.4b vaccine. Purified recombinant A/AW/SC/2021 HA trimers formulated with Matrix-M® adjuvant, saponin-cholesterol-phospholipid combination arranged in cage-like particles, are found to non-covalently anchor to the vertices of the Matrix-M and form A(H5N1) HA–Matrix-M nanoparticles (H5-MNPs). In naïve female mice, two intranasal (IN) or intramuscular (IM) doses of A/AW/SC/2021 H5-MNP vaccine induces robust antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses, including neutralizing antibodies against A(H5N1). In non-human primates (NHPs) primed with seasonal influenza vaccine, a single IM or IN dose of the A/AW/SC/2021 H5-MNP vaccine induces geometric mean serum A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b pseudovirus neutralizing titers of 1:1160 and 1:54, respectively; above the generally accepted seroconverting neutralizing titer of 1:40. Immunization with H5-MNP vaccine induces antibody responses against conserved epitopes in the A(H5N1) HA stem, vestigial esterase subdomain, and receptor binding site. This A(H5N1) H5-MNP IN and IM vaccine is immunogenic in female rodents and NHPs as a potential A(H5N1) pandemic single-dose vaccine.

Source: Nature Communications, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-61964-y

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Saturday, July 19, 2025

Local B-cell #immunity and durable memory following live-attenuated #influenza intranasal #vaccination of #humans

Abstract

Seasonal influenza vaccines are most frequently delivered as intramuscular inactivated vaccines which elicit systemic responses against the immunodominant hemagglutinin (HA) head domain. An intranasally administered, live-attenuated influenza vaccine designed to stimulate mucosal immunity, FluMist, is the sole intranasal vaccine approved in the United States. However, FluMist has lower systemic immunogenicity and efficacy in adults compared to intramuscular formulations. In this study, human mucosal and systemic immunity were examined following seasonal intramuscular or intranasal vaccination. Nasopharyngeal swabs of adenoid tissue were used to longitudinally sample the upper airway. Notably, FluMist induced substantial increases in upper respiratory tract IgG+ and IgA+ HA-specific memory B cells, which displayed an activated CD27+CD21- phenotype. H1, H3, and influenza B virus HA-specific memory B cells were all detected in the upper airway after intranasal immunization and remained elevated at 6-months post-vaccination. Recently activated upper airway memory B cells were not readily detected in intramuscular vaccinees, despite marked elevation of systemic antibody and memory B cells. Thus, despite minimal immune response detected in circulation, live-attenuated influenza vaccine can generate substantial local antigen-specific memory B cell responses in adults. These findings have implications for improving influenza vaccines and for mucosal vaccination against other respiratory pathogens.

Competing Interest Statement

S.C. has no competing interests related to influenza vaccines. The other authors declare no competing interests. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai has filed patent applications relating to SARS-CoV-2 serological assays, NDV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines influenza virus vaccines and influenza virus therapeutics which list FK as co-inventor and FK has received royalty payments from some of these patents. Mount Sinai has spun out a company, Kantaro, to market serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 and another company, Castlevax, to develop SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. FK is co-founder and scientific advisory board member of Castlevax. FK has consulted for Merck, GSK, Sanofi, Curevac, Gritstone, Seqirus and Pfizer and is currently consulting for 3rd Rock Ventures and Avimex. The Krammer laboratory is also collaborating with Dynavax on influenza vaccine development.

Funder Information Declared

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services, AI142742

NIH NIAID CIVIC, 75N93019C00051

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.14.664794v1

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

History of Mass Transportation: The FdS ADe Autorail

Di Gianni Careddu - Opera propria, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38983387

Source: Wikipedia, https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotrice_ARST_ADe

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (by AMEDEO, July 19 '25)

Antiviral Res

LEBEDIN M, Petrovsky N, Tabynov K, Tabynov K, et al
SARS-CoV-2 neutralization and protection of hamsters via nasal administration of a humanized neutralizing antibody.
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PubMed Abstract available

BMJ

ARETOULI E, Malik M, Widmann C, Parker AM, et al
Cognitive and mental health outcomes in long covid.
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PubMed Abstract available

Clin Infect Dis

SIZA C, Plucinski M, Lessa FC, Campelo E, et al
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PubMed Abstract available

SHOHAM S, Dioverti MV
Combination Therapy for Protracted COVID-19: When More is More.
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PubMed

LITTLE JS, Edelstein GE, Swank Z, Choudhary MC, et al
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PubMed Abstract available

Emerg Infect Dis

GURLEY ES, Plowright RK
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PubMed Abstract available

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol

FORD JS, Wang RC, Stephenson B, Degesys NF, et al
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J Infect

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J Med Virol

HUNG CT, Wang LM, Lee YJ, Suk CW, et al
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PubMed Abstract available

KIM DH, Kim KS, Kim JH, Lim KB, et al
Cross-Species Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 From Dogs to Hamsters and Pathological Changes in the Brain.
J Med Virol. 2025;97:e70496.
PubMed Abstract available

J Virol

CARLOCK MA, Pierce SR, Ross TM
Breadth of antibody activity elicited by an influenza B hemagglutinin vaccine is influenced by pre-existing immune responses to influenza B viruses.
J Virol. 2025 Jul 15:e0070525. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00705.
PubMed Abstract available

JAMA

PRASAD V, Makary MA
US FDA Safety Labeling Change for mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines.
JAMA. 2025 Jul 14. doi: 10.1001/jama.2025.12675.
PubMed

Lancet

NEPOGODIEV D, Picciochi M, Ademuyiwa A, Adisa A, et al
Surgical health policy 2025-35: strengthening essential services for tomorrow's needs.
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PubMed Abstract available

Lancet Infect Dis

BROSH-NISSIMOV T
Refining COVID-19 care for immunocompromised patients.
Lancet Infect Dis. 2025 Jul 14:S1473-3099(25)00316.
PubMed

WEINSTEIN E, Paredes R, Gardner A, Almas M, et al
Extended nirmatrelvir-ritonavir treatment durations for immunocompromised patients with COVID-19 (EPIC-IC): a placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind, phase 2 trial.
Lancet Infect Dis. 2025 Jul 14:S1473-3099(25)00221.
PubMed Abstract available

OGBUAGU O, Goldman JD, Gottlieb RL, Singh U, et al
Efficacy and safety of obeldesivir in low-risk, non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19 (OAKTREE): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Lancet Infect Dis. 2025 Jul 14:S1473-3099(25)00238.
PubMed Abstract available

FLAMANT A, Demirjian A, Lamagni T, Toubiana J, et al
Invasive group A streptococcal infections: lessons learned from the 2022-23 upsurge.
Lancet Infect Dis. 2025 Jul 9:S1473-3099(25)00343.
PubMed Abstract available

Science

COHEN J, Kaiser J
NIH suspends alleged 'gain-of-function' studies.
Science. 2025;389:223-224.
PubMed Abstract available

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, July 19 '25)

Ann Intern Med

CROSLEY E, Martin GS
In COVID-19 acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, awake prone positioning vs. supine positioning increases survival without intubation.
Ann Intern Med. 2025 Jul 1. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-25-02004.
PubMed Abstract available

JACOBS JW, Booth GS, Lewis-Newby M, Saifee NH, et al
Medical, Societal, and Ethical Considerations for Directed Blood Donation in 2025.
Ann Intern Med. 2025 May 13. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-25-00815.
PubMed Abstract available

Arch Virol

NEMOTO M, Kawanishi N, Kambayashi Y, Bannai H, et al
Growth properties of recombinant equine influenza viruses with different backbones generated by reverse genetics in embryonated chicken eggs.
Arch Virol. 2025;170:181.
PubMed Abstract available

BMC Pediatr

SOMERS J, Hansen B, Burger J, Aronoff S, et al
Newborn RSV immunization rates and reasons compared to family COVID-19 and influenza immunization status.
BMC Pediatr. 2025;25:555.
PubMed Abstract available

RUPP N, Schobi N, Duppenthaler A, Casaulta C, et al
Pediatric respiratory syncytial virus rehospitalization rate - a retrospective observational study from Switzerland.
BMC Pediatr. 2025;25:550.
PubMed Abstract available

BMJ

ARETOULI E, Malik M, Widmann C, Parker AM, et al
Cognitive and mental health outcomes in long covid.
BMJ. 2025;390:e081349.
PubMed Abstract available

Drug Saf

SANKAR C, Evans S, Meyer JC, Gunter HM, et al
Signal Monitoring for Adverse Events Following Immunisation with COVID-19 Vaccines During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: An Evaluation of the South African Surveillance System.
Drug Saf. 2025;48:909-922.
PubMed Abstract available

Eur J Epidemiol

HOOGENDIJK EO, van Schoor NM, Qi Y, Visser M, et al
The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam: design and cohort update 2025.
Eur J Epidemiol. 2025;40:705-720.
PubMed Abstract available

J Exp Med

NAIR U, Feng Z, Akauliya M, Esposito AG, et al
In vivo antibody diversification targeting a conserved coronavirus epitope.
J Exp Med. 2025;222:e20241563.
PubMed Abstract available

J Infect Dis

BASSIOUNI SS, Foster-Tucker JE, Callear AP, Godonou ET, et al
A Comparative Profile of the Burden of Human Metapneumovirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and Influenza in the HIVE Cohort, 2010-2022.
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SIMOES EAF, Suss RJ, Raje D
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J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
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LOUBET P, Guitton S, Rolland S, Lefrancois LH, et al
Characteristics of Human Metapneumovirus Infection Compared to Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza Infections in Adults Hospitalized for Influenza-Like Illness in France, 2012-2022.
J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
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BHASKAR N, Abul Y, DeVone F, McConeghy KW, et al
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J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
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SAMORISKI C, Chu CY, Falsey AR, Peterson D, et al
Clinical Features and Gene Expression Patterns in Adults Hospitalized With Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus Infection.
J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
PubMed Abstract available

AMINISANI N, Fanslow B, Wood T, Jelley L, et al
The Burden of HMPV- and Influenza-Associated Hospitalizations in Adults in New Zealand Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2012-2023.
J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
PubMed Abstract available

BILLARD MN, Wildenbeest JG, Kole R, Rodgers-Gray B, et al
Post-Pandemic Dynamics of the Global Circulation of Human Metapneumovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus.
J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
PubMed Abstract available

J Virol

LEONARD RA, Spurrier MA, Skavicus S, Luo Z, et al
Development of DNA and mRNA-LNP vaccines against an H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b influenza virus.
J Virol. 2025 Jul 16:e0079525. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00795.
PubMed Abstract available

CARLOCK MA, Pierce SR, Ross TM
Breadth of antibody activity elicited by an influenza B hemagglutinin vaccine is influenced by pre-existing immune responses to influenza B viruses.
J Virol. 2025 Jul 15:e0070525. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00705.
PubMed Abstract available

PLoS Biol

ALEMANY C, Da Graca J, Giai Gianetto Q, Dupont M, et al
Influenza A virus induces PI4P production at the endoplasmic reticulum in an ATG16L1-dependent manner to promote the egress of viral ribonucleoproteins.
PLoS Biol. 2025;23:e3002958.
PubMed Abstract available

PLoS Comput Biol

LI Y, Gozzi N, Perra N
Estimating behavioural relaxation induced by COVID-19 vaccines in the first months of their rollout.
PLoS Comput Biol. 2025;21:e1013266.
PubMed Abstract available

ABER R, Di Y, Dalziel BD
Time-series modeling of epidemics in complex populations: Detecting changes in incidence volatility over time.
PLoS Comput Biol. 2025;21:e1012882.
PubMed Abstract available

NGUYEN QD, Chang SL, Suster CJE, Rockett RJ, et al
Multi-scale phylodynamic modelling of rapid punctuated pathogen evolution.
PLoS Comput Biol. 2025;21:e1013295.
PubMed Abstract available

PLoS One

ATIM P, Gidudu S, Bagaya BS, Kambugu A, et al
Spatial distribution of pathogenic fungal isolates from clinical samples in Uganda: Diagnostic gaps and trends, January 2020 - May 2024.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0327968.
PubMed Abstract available

JUREK K, Niewiadomska I, Chwaszcz J, Dobrogowska M, et al
The mediating functions of coping strategies for the relationship between the loss of personal resources during COVID-19 and the providing support to students: The differences between believing and non-believing teachers in Poland.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0327434.
PubMed Abstract available

JEFFS L, Limoges J, DasGupta T, Di Prospero L, et al
Elucidating insights on how care was prioritized, adapted, and missed during and post pandemic.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0327464.
PubMed Abstract available

QIANG Q, Wang K, Lai J
Does the perception of red tape affect the emotional labor of frontline retail staff in China? A post-COVID-19 era.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0327359.
PubMed Abstract available

SCOTT J, Money V, Ellis C, Hughes-Halbert C, et al
Characterizing the influence of racism-related stress and pandemic-related changes in social connections on cardiovascular health: Study protocol and theoretical framework.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0324839.
PubMed Abstract available

AGUSTO FB, Fabris-Rotelli I, Edholm CJ, Maposa I, et al
An agent-based model for household COVID-19 transmission in Gauteng, South Africa.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0325619.
PubMed Abstract available

SHAFIZADEH Z, Akbarian-Rad Z, Nasiri-Amiri F, Javanian M, et al
The relationship between maternal COVID-19 with fetal and neonatal complications and intrauterine vertical transmission: A cohort study on pregnant women.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0326450.
PubMed Abstract available

SHAH MS, Lee J, Pomeroy LW
Quantifying transmission and immunity dynamics of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants using models and epidemic data from a highly populated area.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0327817.
PubMed Abstract available

MIM MA, Tuhin MKH, Nobi A
Analyzing crises in global financial indices using Recurrent Neural Network based Autoencoder.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0326947.
PubMed Abstract available

BROWN DR, Cyr DD, Wruck L, Stefano TA, et al
COVID-19 prevention is shaped by polysocial risk: A cross-sectional study of vaccination and testing disparities in underserved populations.
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PubMed Abstract available

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

KOREN O, Weidmann NB
Infectious disease outbreaks drive political mistrust.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025;122:e2506093122.
PubMed Abstract available

Vaccine

ODZIEMCZYK-STAWARZ I, Perek-Bialas J
What may influence older Europeans' decision about the seasonal influenza vaccine? A literature review of socio-cultural and psycho-social factors related to seasonal influenza vaccination uptake.
Vaccine. 2025;61:127265.
PubMed Abstract available

DE MATHIA F, Kargl T, Muller M, Erdem I, et al
Purification and characterization of recombinant neuraminidase as a potentially broadly protective influenza virus vaccine candidate.
Vaccine. 2025;62:127471.
PubMed Abstract available

VERA R, Isabella R, Di Chiara C, Anna C, et al
Sociodemographic and socioeconomic disparities in pediatric influenza vaccination: A cohort study from the pedianet network.
Vaccine. 2025;62:127494.
PubMed Abstract available

REEVES EL, Dascomb K, Irving SA, Klein NP, et al
Effectiveness of 2023-2024 seasonal influenza vaccine against influenza-associated emergency department and urgent care encounters among pregnant and non-pregnant women of reproductive age.
Vaccine. 2025;62:127483.
PubMed Abstract available

FEDERICI C, Silva SS, Koh M, Malvolti S, et al
Priority setting for improved influenza vaccines: a multi-criteria decision analysis.
Vaccine. 2025;60 Suppl 2:127470.
PubMed Abstract available

MALTEZOU HC, Gamaletsou MN, Giannouchos TV, Koukou DM, et al
Influenza vaccine effectiveness against absenteeism among healthcare personnel during the 2022-2023 season in Greece.
Vaccine. 2025;62:127468.
PubMed Abstract available

Virology

HU X, Gao M, Ren X, An L, et al
Effects of synonymous codons with optimization / deoptimization in nucleoprotein (NP) gene of influenza A virus on interaction between NP and tripartite motif protein 25 (TRIM25).
Virology. 2025;610:110626.
PubMed Abstract available

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Friday, July 18, 2025

The intracellular #virus-host #interface of #henipaviruses

ABSTRACT

The Henipavirus genus comprises five viral species, of which the prototype members, Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), are reported to infect humans. In humans and other spill-over hosts, HeV/NiV can cause severe respiratory and/or encephalitic disease, with mortality rates exceeding 50%; currently, there are no approved human vaccines and only limited therapeutic options. As members of the family Paramyxoviridae, henipaviruses have six “core” structural proteins and typically three additional accessory proteins that are expressed from the P gene. Several of these proteins are multifunctional, with roles in forming intracellular interfaces with the host (in particular, M, P, V, W, and C proteins), to modulate processes including antiviral responses, supporting viral replication. Understanding the molecular basis of these interfaces and their functions is critical to delineate the mechanisms of pathogenesis and may inform new strategies to combat infection and disease. Recent research has significantly advanced the understanding of the functions and interactions of multifunctional intracellular henipavirus proteins, including revealing novel roles in subverting the nucleolar DNA damage response (DDR) and modulating the functions of 14-3-3 proteins. This review will discuss the intracellular virus-host interface, focusing on the M, P, V, W, and C proteins of HeV/NiV, with a focus on recently identified functions and interactions.

Source: Journal of Virology, https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/jvi.00770-25?af=R

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#USA, #Wastewater Data for Avian #Influenza #H5 (CDC, July 18 '25)

{Excerpt}

Time Period: July 06, 2025 - July 12, 2025

-- H5 Detection: 2 sites (0.5%)

-- No Detection: 395 sites (99.5%)

-- No samples in last week: 51 sites

(...)

Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#Spain - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

A poultry farm in Extremadura Region.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6639

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Thursday, July 17, 2025

#Influenza D Virus in Domestic and Stray #Cats, Northern #China, 2024

Abstract

Influenza D virus infects primarily cattle, but infrequent reports of infections in cats occur. We detected influenza D virus antibodies in 8 of 360 cats in northern China. Domestic cats showed higher susceptibility than strays. Our results suggest a previously overlooked aspect of epidemiology of this virus in companion animals.

Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/8/25-0042_article

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Notes from the Field: Early-Season #Human #Plague Transmitted from an Infected #Cat — #Oregon, January 2024

Summary

-- What is known about this topic?

- Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which is transmitted primarily through fleas from rodents. This case highlights an off-season transmission of plague. Plague is most often identified during May–August.

-- What is added by this report?

- An Oregon man sought care at an emergency department for signs and symptoms of plague on January 30, 2024, the earliest calendar date of plague recorded in the state’s history, possibly indicating a shift in the seasonality of plague incidence. The patient did not have direct contact with rodents, but did have contact with his infected cat after cutting his finger.

-- What are the implications for public health practice?

- Public health messaging and diagnostic efforts regarding plague are warranted year-round in areas with endemic disease.

Abstract

Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Y. pestis is transmitted primarily through the bite of an infected rodent flea or handling of infected animals. Plague is a rare but potentially life-threatening illness in the western United States, occurring in bubonic, septicemic, or pneumonic forms, primarily affecting rural populations, and is treatable with antibiotics if diagnosed early.

Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MMWR, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/74/wr/mm7426a2.htm?s_cid=mm7426a2_e&ACSTrackingID=USCDC_921-DM148456&ACSTrackingLabel=Week%20in%20MMWR%3A%20Vol.%2074%2C%20July%2017%2C%202025&deliveryName=USCDC_921-DM148456

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Genomic #Surveillance Detection of #SARS-CoV-1–Like Viruses in Rhinolophidae #Bats, Bandarban Region, #Bangladesh

Abstract

We sequenced sarbecovirus from Rhinolophus spp. bats in Bandarban District, Bangladesh, in a genomic surveillance campaign during 2022–2023. Sequences shared identity with SARS-CoV-1 Tor2, which caused an outbreak of human illnesses in 2003. Describing the genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of reservoir pathogens can aid in identifying sources of future spillovers.

Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/8/25-0071_article

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#Antiviral #therapy for #HPAI and reported #oseltamivir #resistance in #Canada

{Excerpt}

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5Nx) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses have been circulating in North America since late 2021. Since their initial incursion, they have been associated with unprecedented mortality in wild birds, domestic poultry, and marine mammals throughout the Americas, and are now seen across all global regions except Oceania. Furthermore, transmission among dairy cattle and poultry in the United States has led to growing numbers of human cases, and there was a severe human case in Canada with no known infected animal exposure (1,2).

(...)

Source: Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada, https://utppublishing.com/doi/10.3138/jammi-2025-0307

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#Clinical features of a #fatal case of acute #encephalitis associated with a novel influenza #H3N2 #recombinant virus possessing human-origin #H7N9 internal genes: a descriptive study

ABSTRACT

Newly emerging or “re-emerging” influenza viruses have been regarded as a huge global threat to human public health. However, there are few reports of human deaths caused by newly emerging influenza viruses derived from pigs and poultry. Here, we described the clinical and virological features of a fatal encephalitis caused by a novel H3N2 reassortant virus generated from swine H3N2 and human H7N9 viruses. A 7-year-old boy was diagnosed with acute encephalitis in Yixing, China, in August 2022. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed mild pneumonia. Brain CT indicated acute encephalitis companied brain parenchyma swelling. Haematological examinations revealed a markedly elevation of lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and cytokines. Pathogenic analysis confirmed that a novel H3N2 virus (A/Yixing/805/2022, YX805) was responsible for this case. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the surface protein-coding genes were originated from swine-origin H3N2 viruses, whereas the internal protein-coding genes were derived from human-origin H7N9 viruses. This virus triggers stronger cytokines storm than these genetically related H7N9 viruses and has a natural resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors. The YX805 virus is highly pathogenic to mice. Our study highlights the urgent need to enhance epidemiological surveys for reassortment events between swine and avian influenza virus by full genome sequencing.

Source: Emerging Microbes and Infections, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22221751.2025.2528536

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#Argentina - #Influenza A #H5 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

The Official Veterinary Services received a notification concerning bird mortality and signs consistent with high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) in a backyard in the Buenos Aires province. On the same day, the suspicion was addressed and samples were taken for analysis. The samples were analysed by the Official Laboratory and came back positive for HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4. The affected premises are adjacent to bodies of water, so contact with wild birds is presumed

On 14/07/2025, the Official Veterinary Services received a notification concerning bird mortality and signs consistent with high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) in a backyard in the town of Lezama, in the Buenos Aires province. On the same day, the suspicion was addressed and samples were taken for analysis. On 15/07/2025 the samples were analysed by the Official Laboratory and came back positive for HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4. The species involved are chickens, peacocks, pheasants and guinea fowl. The affected premises are adjacent to bodies of water, so contact with wild birds is presumed. Stamping out and disposal of all the birds will be carried out, as well as cleaning and disinfection of the premises. We will update the population information in subsequent follow-up reports.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6630

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#Henipavirus in Northern Short-Tailed #Shrew, #Alabama, #USA

{Excerpt}

To the Editor: The article “Henipavirus in northern short-tailed shrew, Alabama, USA,” (1), describing the discovery of Camp Hill virus (family Paramyxoviridae) in the northern short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda), sparked major media attention and raised concerns about zoonotic transmission and potential pandemic risk. However, it would be advisable to reevaluate this virus discovery within the broader context of related viruses. The increase in identified henipa-like viruses in various shrew species (2–4) led the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses to classify these henipa-like viruses into a distinct genus, Parahenipavirus (5), acknowledging their genetic difference from the highly pathogenic Hendra and Nipah virus.

(...)

Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/8/25-0401_article

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#Nipah Virus #Antibodies in #Bats, the #Philippines, 2013–2022

Abstract

In 2014, an outbreak of zoonotic Nipah virus (NiV) occurred on Mindanao Island, the Philippines. We investigated the prevalence of NiV in Philippine bats. Because neutralizing antibodies were detected in insectivorous bats on Siargao Island, public health officials should consider that the distribution range of NiV is not limited to Mindanao Island.

Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/8/25-0210_article

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Isolation of Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza #H5N1 Virus from #Cat #Urine after Raw #Milk Ingestion, #USA

Abstract

In 2024, 3 domestic cats in California, USA consumed raw milk contaminated with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus. Fever and neurologic signs developed; 2 cats died. The surviving cat’s urine tested positive for H5N1 virus by reverse transcription PCR. Raw dairy products pose a risk to both animal and human health.

Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/8/25-0309_article

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Community-Scale Surveillance of #SARS-CoV-2 and #Influenza A Viruses in Wild #Mammals, #USA, 2022–2023

Abstract

Sampling of mammal communities across the United States during 2022–2023 detected evidence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in 3 new species and 2 previously described species and evidence of influenza A antibodies in 2 previously described species. Our analysis provides surveillance and sampling guidance for detection of rare exposure events.

Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/8/24-1671_article

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

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