Wednesday, July 23, 2025

#Nipah virus #vaccines evaluated in #pigs as a ‘One Health’ approach to protect public health

Abstract

Nipah virus (NiV) causes a severe neurological disease in humans. The first NiV outbreak, in Malaysia, involved pig-to-human transmission, that resulted in significant economic losses to the local pig industry. Despite the risk NiV poses to pig-dense regions, no licensed vaccines exist. This study therefore assessed three NiV vaccine candidates in pigs: (1) adjuvanted soluble NiV (s)G protein, (2) adjuvanted pre-fusion stabilised NiV (mcs)F protein, and (3) adenoviral vectored NiV G (ChAdOx1 NiV G). NiV sG induced the strongest neutralising antibody response, NiV mcsF induced antibodies best able to neutralise cell-cell fusion, whereas ChAdOx1 NiV G elicited CD8+ T-cell responses. Despite differences in immunogenicity, prime-boost immunisation with all candidates conferred a high degree of protection against NiV infection. Follow-up studies demonstrated longevity of immune responses and broadly comparable immune responses in Bangladeshi pigs under field conditions. These studies provide a platform for developing a NiV vaccine for pigs.

Source: npj Vaccines, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-025-01212-y

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Genotype #B3.13 #influenza #H5N1 viruses isolated from dairy #cattle demonstrate high #virulence in laboratory #models, but retain #avian virus-like properties

Abstract

In March 2024, clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses were first detected in U.S. dairy cattle. Similar viruses have since caused 70 zoonotic human infections. To assess changes to zoonotic potential, we characterized A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses isolated from cows’ milk and birds. Bovine-derived viruses are lethal in mice and ferrets and transmit to direct but not airborne contact ferrets. All viruses replicate in human bronchial epithelial cells despite preferentially binding avian virus-like receptors. The bovine-derived viruses remain susceptible to FDA-approved antivirals, and they are inhibited by sera from ferrets vaccinated with WHO-recommended candidate vaccine viruses (CVV) or human sera from clade 2.3.4.4c vaccinees. While 2.3.4.4b viruses induce severe disease in mammalian models, they retain many avian virus-like characteristics. Combined, we conclude that the risk of contemporary bovine-derived viruses to humans not in contact with affected animals is low. However, heightened vigilance remains essential to promptly detect and respond to any changes.

Source: Nature Communications, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-61757-3

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Tuesday, July 22, 2025

#ACE2-like enzymatic activity in #COVID19 #convalescents with persistent pulmonary symptoms associated with #immunoglobulin

ABSTRACT

Many difficult-to-understand clinical features characterize COVID-19 and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC or long COVID [LC]). These can include blood pressure instability, hyperinflammation, coagulopathies, and neuropsychiatric complaints. The pathogenesis of these features remains unclear. The SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) binds angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the surface of host cells to initiate infection. We hypothesized that some people convalescing from COVID-19 may produce anti-RBD antibodies that resemble ACE2 sufficiently to have ACE2-like catalytic activity, that is, they are ACE2-like proteolytic abzymes that may help mediate the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and LC. In previous work, we showed that some people with acute COVID-19 had immunoglobulin-associated ACE2-like proteolytic activity, suggesting that some people with COVID-19 indeed produced ACE2-like abzymes. However, it remained unknown whether ACE2-like abzymes were seen only in acute COVID-19 or whether ACE2-like abzymes could also be identified in people convalescing from COVID-19. Here, we show that some people convalescing from COVID-19 attending a clinic for people with persistent pulmonary symptoms also have ACE2-like abzymes and that the presence of ACE2-like catalytic activity correlates with alterations in blood pressure in an exercise test.


IMPORTANCE

Patients who have had COVID-19 can sometimes have troublesome symptoms, termed post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or long COVID (LC), which can include problems with blood pressure regulation, gastrointestinal problems, inflammation, blood clotting, and symptoms like “brain fog.” The proximate causes for these problems are not known, which makes these problems difficult to treat definitively. We previously found that some acute COVID-19 patients make antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, that act like an enzyme, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 normally helps regulate blood pressure and serves as the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 in the body. We show that patients convalescing from COVID-19 also make antibodies that act like ACE2 and that the presence of those antibodies correlates with problems in blood pressure regulation. The findings provide a new opening to potentially understanding the causes of LC, and so provide direction for the development of new treatments.

Source: mBio, https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/mbio.01735-25?af=R

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#China, two additional #human cases of #infections with #influenza A #H9N2 reported (#HK CHP, July 22 '25)

 


{Excerpt}

Avian influenza A(H9N2)

-- Guangdong Province:

- 1) An individual with onset on May 28, 2025. 

-- Hubei Province

- 2) An individual with onset on June 21, 2025. 

(...)

Source: Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong PRC SAR, https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/resources/29/332.html

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#WHO #operations compromised following #attacks on warehouse and #facility sheltering #staff and #families in Deir al Balah, #Gaza

 


WHO condemns in the strongest terms the attacks on a building housing WHO staff in Deir al Balah in Gaza, the mistreatment of those sheltering there, and the destruction of its main warehouse.

Following intensified hostilities in Deir al Balah after the latest evacuation order issued by Israeli military, the WHO staff residence was attacked three times today. 

Staff and their families, including children, were exposed to grave danger and traumatized after airstrikes caused a fire and significant damage. 

Israeli military entered the premises, forcing women and children to evacuate on foot toward Al-Mawasi amid active conflict

Male staff and family members were handcuffed, stripped, interrogated on the spot, and screened at gunpoint

Two WHO staff and two family members were detained

Three were later released, while one staff member remains in detention. 

Thirty-two people, including women and children, were collected and evacuated to the WHO office in a high-risk mission, once access became possible. 

The office itself is close to the evacuation zone and active conflict.

WHO demands continuous protection of its staff and the immediate release of the remaining detained staff member.

The latest evacuation order has affected several WHO premises. As the United Nations’s (UN) lead health agency, WHO’s operational presence in Gaza is now compromised, crippling efforts to sustain a collapsing health system and pushing survival further out of reach for more than two million people. 

Most of WHO’s staff housing is now inaccessible. Last night, due to intensified hostilities, 43 staff and their families were already relocated from several staff residences to the WHO office, under darkness and at significant risk.

WHO’s main warehouse located in Deir al Balah is within the evacuation zone, and was damaged yesterday after an attack caused explosions and fire inside - part of a pattern of systematic destruction of health facilities. It was later looted by desperate crowds.

With the main warehouse nonfunctional and the majority of medical supplies in Gaza depleted, WHO is severely constrained in adequately supporting hospitals, emergency medical teams and health partners, already critically short on medicines, fuel, and equipment. WHO urgently calls on Member States to help ensure a sustained and regular flow of medical supplies into Gaza.

The geographical coordinates of all WHO premises, including offices, warehouses, and staff housing, are shared with the relevant parties. These facilities are the backbone of WHO’s operations in Gaza and must always be protected, regardless of evacuation or displacement orders. Any threat to these premises is a threat to the entire humanitarian health response in Gaza.  

In line with the UN’s decision, WHO will remain in Deir al Balah, deliver and expand its operations.

With 88% of Gaza now under evacuation orders or within Israeli-militarized zones, there is no safe place to go.

WHO is appalled by the dangerous conditions under which humanitarians and health workers are forced to operate. As the security situation and access continue to deteriorate, red lines are repeatedly crossed, and humanitarian operations pushed into an ever-shrinking space to respond. 

WHO calls for the immediate release of the WHO staff member detained today, and the protection of all our staff and its premises. We reiterate our call for the active protection of civilians, health care and its premises and for rapid and unimpeded flow of aid, including food, fuel and health supplies, at scale into and across Gaza. WHO also calls for the unconditional release of hostages. 

Life in Gaza is being relentlessly squeezed, and the chance to prevent loss of lives and reverse immense damage to the health system slips further out of reach each day. A ceasefire is not just necessary, it is overdue. 

Source: World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/news/item/21-07-2025-who-operations-compromised-following-attacks-on-warehouse-and-facility-sheltering-staff-and-families-in-deir-al-balah

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Monday, July 21, 2025

#H1N1-associated acute #leukoencephalopathy: An unusual presentation in a young adult indian male

Abstract

The H1N1 virus commonly causes symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, which have a self-limited course in most cases. Neurological complications are rare, especially in adults. This case illustrates H1N1-associated acute leukoencephalopathy in a young adult with a favorable outcome and no lasting neurological deficits. The initial presentation included fever, sore throat, and myalgia, evolving into neurological symptoms, including dysarthria, nystagmus, and left-sided motor weakness. Comprehensive laboratory tests ruled out common bacterial, viral, or autoimmune causes, while MRI findings suggested acute leukoencephalopathy of infectious or toxic etiology. Although the urine toxicology screen showed traces of phenol, clinical evidence did not correlate with toxic exposure and pointed towards an infectious origin. A throat swab for Influenza/H1N1 PCR confirmed the diagnosis. Treatment with oseltamivir and methylprednisolone led to symptomatic improvement with no sequelae.

Source: IDCases, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214250925001684?via%3Dihub

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Study of the 16S #microbiome of #swans died during the #H5N1 #outbreak in the #Caspian seashore

Abstract

Introduction

In 2023 and 2024, mass mortalities of swans occurred on the Caspian coast of Kazakhstan, which affected more than seven hundred birds of a local population of 10–15 thousand. It is widely known that viral infections significantly affect the microbiome content of various organisms, but the influence of H5N1 infection in the gut microbiota of wild birds remains little studied. Almost no information is available on postmortem microbial changes after the devastating impact of H5N1 influenza.

Methods

In addition to standard routine virological studies, we were interested in investigating the microbiological changes resulting from infection with the highly pathogenic H5N1 using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

Results

Virological studies of samples taken from the dead swans identified the highly pathogenic influenza virus H5N1 subtype as the primary cause of mortality. 16S analysis of samples from freshly dead swans revealed patterns of microbial dysbiosis caused by the overwhelming dominance of Campylobacter and Fusobacterium genera in the microbiome.

iscussion

Unlike previous fecal microbiome studies in live H5N1-infected birds, this is the first post-mortem analysis revealing systemic dysbiosis across respiratory and digestive tracts in swans, dominated by Campylobacter (mean 74.7% ± 19.3) and Fusobacterium (mean 15.9% ± 12.2).

Source: Frontiers in Veterinary Sciences, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2025.1597890/full

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Sunday, July 20, 2025

Glutamic Acid at Position 343 in #PB2 Contributes to the #Virulence of #H1N1 #Swine #Influenza Virus in Mice

Abstract

The H1N1 swine influenza viruses CQ91 and CQ445, isolated from pigs in China, exhibited distinct virulence in mice despite sharing similar genomic constellations. CQ91 demonstrated higher pathogenicity (MLD50: 5.4 log10 EID50) and replication efficiency in mice compared to CQ445 (MLD50: 6.6 log10 EID50). Through reverse genetics, we found that the attenuation of CQ445 was due to a single substitution of glutamic acid (E) with lysine (K) at position 343 in the PB2 protein. Introducing the CQ445-PB2 (343K) into CQ91 significantly reduced viral replication and pathogenicity in mice, while replacing CQ445-PB2 with CQ91-PB2 (343E) restored virulence. In vitro studies showed that the K343E mutation impaired viral replication in MDCK and A549 cells and reduced polymerase activity in minigenome assays. Mechanistically, the amino acid at position 343 in the PB2 affects the transcription stage of the viral replication process. Structural modeling indicated that the charge reversal caused by E343K altered local electrostatic interactions without major conformational changes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PB2-343E is highly conserved (>99.9%) in human and swine H1/H3 influenza viruses, suggesting that PB2-343E confers an adaptive advantage. This study identifies PB2-343E as a critical determinant of influenza virus pathogenicity in mammals, highlighting its role in host adaptation.

Source: Viruses, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/7/1018

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Christ driving the Traders from the Temple (El Greco, 1600)

 


Public Domain.

Source: WikiArt, https://www.wikiart.org/en/el-greco/christ-driving-the-traders-from-the-temple-1600

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Single-dose avian #influenza #H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin–Matrix-M® nanoparticle #vaccine induces neutralizing responses in nonhuman #primates

Abstract

With the recent rise in cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b infection in humans and animals, there is an associated increase in the risk of human-to-human transmission. In this study, we characterize a recombinant A(H5N1) A/American Wigeon/South Carolina/22/000345-001/2021 (A/AW/SC/2021) clade 2.3.4.4b vaccine. Purified recombinant A/AW/SC/2021 HA trimers formulated with Matrix-M® adjuvant, saponin-cholesterol-phospholipid combination arranged in cage-like particles, are found to non-covalently anchor to the vertices of the Matrix-M and form A(H5N1) HA–Matrix-M nanoparticles (H5-MNPs). In naĂ¯ve female mice, two intranasal (IN) or intramuscular (IM) doses of A/AW/SC/2021 H5-MNP vaccine induces robust antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses, including neutralizing antibodies against A(H5N1). In non-human primates (NHPs) primed with seasonal influenza vaccine, a single IM or IN dose of the A/AW/SC/2021 H5-MNP vaccine induces geometric mean serum A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b pseudovirus neutralizing titers of 1:1160 and 1:54, respectively; above the generally accepted seroconverting neutralizing titer of 1:40. Immunization with H5-MNP vaccine induces antibody responses against conserved epitopes in the A(H5N1) HA stem, vestigial esterase subdomain, and receptor binding site. This A(H5N1) H5-MNP IN and IM vaccine is immunogenic in female rodents and NHPs as a potential A(H5N1) pandemic single-dose vaccine.

Source: Nature Communications, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-61964-y

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Saturday, July 19, 2025

Local B-cell #immunity and durable memory following live-attenuated #influenza intranasal #vaccination of #humans

Abstract

Seasonal influenza vaccines are most frequently delivered as intramuscular inactivated vaccines which elicit systemic responses against the immunodominant hemagglutinin (HA) head domain. An intranasally administered, live-attenuated influenza vaccine designed to stimulate mucosal immunity, FluMist, is the sole intranasal vaccine approved in the United States. However, FluMist has lower systemic immunogenicity and efficacy in adults compared to intramuscular formulations. In this study, human mucosal and systemic immunity were examined following seasonal intramuscular or intranasal vaccination. Nasopharyngeal swabs of adenoid tissue were used to longitudinally sample the upper airway. Notably, FluMist induced substantial increases in upper respiratory tract IgG+ and IgA+ HA-specific memory B cells, which displayed an activated CD27+CD21- phenotype. H1, H3, and influenza B virus HA-specific memory B cells were all detected in the upper airway after intranasal immunization and remained elevated at 6-months post-vaccination. Recently activated upper airway memory B cells were not readily detected in intramuscular vaccinees, despite marked elevation of systemic antibody and memory B cells. Thus, despite minimal immune response detected in circulation, live-attenuated influenza vaccine can generate substantial local antigen-specific memory B cell responses in adults. These findings have implications for improving influenza vaccines and for mucosal vaccination against other respiratory pathogens.


Competing Interest Statement

S.C. has no competing interests related to influenza vaccines. The other authors declare no competing interests. The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai has filed patent applications relating to SARS-CoV-2 serological assays, NDV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines influenza virus vaccines and influenza virus therapeutics which list FK as co-inventor and FK has received royalty payments from some of these patents. Mount Sinai has spun out a company, Kantaro, to market serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 and another company, Castlevax, to develop SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. FK is co-founder and scientific advisory board member of Castlevax. FK has consulted for Merck, GSK, Sanofi, Curevac, Gritstone, Seqirus and Pfizer and is currently consulting for 3rd Rock Ventures and Avimex. The Krammer laboratory is also collaborating with Dynavax on influenza vaccine development.


Funder Information Declared

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services, AI142742

NIH NIAID CIVIC, 75N93019C00051

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History of Mass Transportation: The FdS ADe Autorail

 


Di Gianni Careddu - Opera propria, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38983387

Source: Wikipedia, https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotrice_ARST_ADe

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#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (by AMEDEO, July 19 '25)

 


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    PubMed         Abstract available


    BMJ

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    Breadth of antibody activity elicited by an influenza B hemagglutinin vaccine is influenced by pre-existing immune responses to influenza B viruses.
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    Lancet

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#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, July 19 '25)

 


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    Medical, Societal, and Ethical Considerations for Directed Blood Donation in 2025.
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    BMJ

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    Cognitive and mental health outcomes in long covid.
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  18. CARLOCK MA, Pierce SR, Ross TM
    Breadth of antibody activity elicited by an influenza B hemagglutinin vaccine is influenced by pre-existing immune responses to influenza B viruses.
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    PLoS Biol

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Friday, July 18, 2025

The intracellular #virus-host #interface of #henipaviruses

ABSTRACT

The Henipavirus genus comprises five viral species, of which the prototype members, Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), are reported to infect humans. In humans and other spill-over hosts, HeV/NiV can cause severe respiratory and/or encephalitic disease, with mortality rates exceeding 50%; currently, there are no approved human vaccines and only limited therapeutic options. As members of the family Paramyxoviridae, henipaviruses have six “core” structural proteins and typically three additional accessory proteins that are expressed from the P gene. Several of these proteins are multifunctional, with roles in forming intracellular interfaces with the host (in particular, M, P, V, W, and C proteins), to modulate processes including antiviral responses, supporting viral replication. Understanding the molecular basis of these interfaces and their functions is critical to delineate the mechanisms of pathogenesis and may inform new strategies to combat infection and disease. Recent research has significantly advanced the understanding of the functions and interactions of multifunctional intracellular henipavirus proteins, including revealing novel roles in subverting the nucleolar DNA damage response (DDR) and modulating the functions of 14-3-3 proteins. This review will discuss the intracellular virus-host interface, focusing on the M, P, V, W, and C proteins of HeV/NiV, with a focus on recently identified functions and interactions.

Source: Journal of Virology, https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/jvi.00770-25?af=R

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#USA, #Wastewater Data for Avian #Influenza #H5 (CDC, July 18 '25)

 


{Excerpt}

Time Period: July 06, 2025 - July 12, 2025

-- H5 Detection2 sites (0.5%)

-- No Detection395 sites (99.5%)

-- No samples in last week51 sites




(...)

Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html

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#Spain - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

 


A poultry farm in Extremadura Region.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6639

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Thursday, July 17, 2025

#Influenza D Virus in Domestic and Stray #Cats, Northern #China, 2024

Abstract

Influenza D virus infects primarily cattle, but infrequent reports of infections in cats occur. We detected influenza D virus antibodies in 8 of 360 cats in northern China. Domestic cats showed higher susceptibility than strays. Our results suggest a previously overlooked aspect of epidemiology of this virus in companion animals.

Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/8/25-0042_article

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Notes from the Field: Early-Season #Human #Plague Transmitted from an Infected #Cat — #Oregon, January 2024

 


Summary

-- What is known about this topic?

Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which is transmitted primarily through fleas from rodents. This case highlights an off-season transmission of plague. Plague is most often identified during May–August.

-- What is added by this report?

- An Oregon man sought care at an emergency department for signs and symptoms of plague on January 30, 2024, the earliest calendar date of plague recorded in the state’s history, possibly indicating a shift in the seasonality of plague incidence. The patient did not have direct contact with rodents, but did have contact with his infected cat after cutting his finger.

-- What are the implications for public health practice?

Public health messaging and diagnostic efforts regarding plague are warranted year-round in areas with endemic disease.


Abstract

Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Y. pestis is transmitted primarily through the bite of an infected rodent flea or handling of infected animals. Plague is a rare but potentially life-threatening illness in the western United States, occurring in bubonic, septicemic, or pneumonic forms, primarily affecting rural populations, and is treatable with antibiotics if diagnosed early.

Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MMWR, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/74/wr/mm7426a2.htm?s_cid=mm7426a2_e&ACSTrackingID=USCDC_921-DM148456&ACSTrackingLabel=Week%20in%20MMWR%3A%20Vol.%2074%2C%20July%2017%2C%202025&deliveryName=USCDC_921-DM148456

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Genomic #Surveillance Detection of #SARS-CoV-1–Like Viruses in Rhinolophidae #Bats, Bandarban Region, #Bangladesh

Abstract

We sequenced sarbecovirus from Rhinolophus spp. bats in Bandarban District, Bangladesh, in a genomic surveillance campaign during 2022–2023. Sequences shared identity with SARS-CoV-1 Tor2, which caused an outbreak of human illnesses in 2003. Describing the genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of reservoir pathogens can aid in identifying sources of future spillovers.

Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/8/25-0071_article

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