#Poland - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

 

By Andrey Gulivanov - Taiga bean goose, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=161227833

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A wild Bean Goose in Łódzkie Region.

Source: 

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7127

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Efficacy of ProC6C-AlOH/Matrix-M against #Plasmodium falciparum #infection and #mosquito #transmission: a phase 2, randomised, controlled human malaria infection study

 

Summary

Background

An investigational multistage malaria vaccine, ProC6C, based on distinct Plasmodium falciparum epitopes from the sporozoite stage (P falciparum circumsporozoite protein [PfCSP]) and the transmission stages (Pfs230 and Pfs48/45), adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide (AlOH) and adjuvanted with Matrix-M adjuvant (ProC6C-AlOH/MM), has previously shown safety and immunogenicity in phase 1 studies. We aimed to study vaccine efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity in African adults with lifelong malaria exposure.

Methods

This randomised controlled double-blind vaccination and controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) study was conducted in Sotuba, a peri-urban setting in Mali. Healthy adults (aged 18–50 years), who were malaria experienced and met eligibility criteria, were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive three intramuscular injections of ProC6C-AlOH/MM (100 μg ProC6C and 50 μg Matrix-M adjuvant) or Verorab rabies vaccine (control) 4 weeks apart. Randomisation was done in randomly permuted blocks (random varying block size of two and four) using R Statistical Software (randomizr and blockrand). The content of syringes was masked to ensure blinding and only those responsible for vaccine preparation were unblinded. 94 days after the last vaccination, all participants still in the study underwent CHMI by intradermal inoculation of 22 500 P falciparum sporozoites (Sanaria PfSPZ Challenge [NF54]). Primary outcomes were time to blood-stage infection (quantitative PCR detection of P falciparum, with vaccine efficacy defined as 1 – Cox hazard ratio in the per-protocol population) and vaccine safety and tolerability (in those who were randomly assigned and received at least one vaccination). The trial was registered in the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (PACTR202404598604620).

Findings

On March 20, April 15, and May 9, 2024, 34 participants (15 males, 19 females) received their vaccinations (n=17 ProC6C-AlOH/MM and n=17 control vaccine). The vaccinations were well tolerated, with 13 (76%) of 17 ProC6C-AlOH/MM recipients experiencing at least one adverse event, almost all of which were mild, compared with three (18%) of 17 control vaccine recipients. On Aug 11, 2024, 94 days after the last dose of vaccine, 32 of 34 participants underwent CHMI, of whom 19 (59%) developed P falciparum parasitaemia by day 28 post-CHMI initiation (13 of 16 in the control group and six of 16 in the ProC6C-AlOH/MM group). In those that became parasitaemic, the median time to positivity was delayed in ProC6C-AlOH/MM recipients by 2 days (14 days ProC6C-AlOH/MM, 12 days control; p=0·049). In the per-protocol time-to-event analysis, vaccine efficacy was 76% (95% CI 36–91, p=0·0022). By proportional analysis (1 – risk ratio) the vaccine efficacy was 54% (95% CI 9–77, p=0·029).

Interpretation

This is the first clinical trial of an anti-PfCSP subunit vaccine that has shown greater than 50% vaccine efficacy against CHMI at 12 weeks after the last vaccine dose, associated with a novel, strong, and mechanistically plausible correlate of protection. Following age de-escalation, future phase 2 studies with ProC6C should therefore assess vaccine efficacy against naturally acquired clinical malaria and onward transmission in the target population, preschool-aged and primary-school-aged children.

Funding

European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP2 programme) and Gates Foundation.

Source: 

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(25)00664-4/abstract?rss=yes

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Immunological and virological #questions for #H5N1 #pandemic emergence

 

Abstract

Zoonotic spillover of influenza A viruses into humans has repeatedly triggered pandemics throughout history. Since their emergence in the 1990s, H5N1 influenza viruses have significantly expanded their geographical range and host species, raising global concern about the potential for sustained human-to-human transmission. In this review, we examine the virological characteristics of currently circulating H5N1 strains, key molecular barriers limiting their spread among humans, and critical areas of future research to mitigate the ongoing H5N1 panzootic and prevent future pandemics.

Source: 

Link: https://academic.oup.com/immunohorizons/article/9/SI/vlaf062/8381786

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Mass #mortality at #penguin mega-colonies due to avian cholera confounds #H5N1 HPAIV #surveillance in #Antarctica

 

Abstract

In the austral summer 2023/2024, H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) was reported for the first time in Antarctica. Concerns of HPAIV causing high mortality of seabirds and mammals prompted immediate efforts to track its spread and impact on endemic wildlife. In March 2024, we visited the Danger Islands archipelago, that hosts two mega-colonies of Adélie penguins, and observed an unusual mortality estimated in thousands of Adélie penguins and other species. Swabs and tissues were collected for molecular detection of infectious agents from 49 carcasses, and additional tissues for histology from a selection of 9 carcasses. We unexpectedly detected Pasteurella multocida DNA in 46 of 49 individuals, and diagnosed avian cholera, and not HPAI, as the cause of death of most of these animals. By metagenomics, we retrieved the genomic sequences of the Pasteurella multocida strain which caused the epizootic, and the phylogenetic analysis showed a close relation with strains previously reported in the Southern Ocean area. This study confirms avian cholera as a relevant cause of mortality in the Antarctic region, and overall highlights the importance of considering avian cholera in the differential diagnoses during mortality events in Antarctica, even with the concurrent circulation of HPAIV.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

Kappa-Flu, 101084171

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.16.694678v1?rss=1

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New {seasonal} #influenza {#H3N2} #variant is surging, but #vaccination still our best bet: #WHO (#UN, Dec. 17 '25)

 

16 December 2025 

Amid an early start to the Northern Hemisphere influenza season a new variant of the virus is rapidly gaining ground - but vaccination remains the “most effective defence”, the UN health agency said on Tuesday.

Influenza and other respiratory viruses are surging, Dr Wenqing Zhang, Unit Head for Global Respiratory Threats at the Department of Epidemic and Pandemic Threats Management of the World Health Organization (WHO) told reporters in Geneva, and this year is marked by “the emergence and the rapid expansion of a new AH3N2 virus subclade”.

The new variant - called J.2.4.1 or subclade K - was first noted in August in Australia and New Zealand and has since been detected in over 30 countries, she said.

“Current epidemiological data do not indicate an increase in disease severity, although this genetic shift makes a notable evolution in the virus,” Dr Zhang said.

Influenza viruses are constantly evolving, she explained, which is why the influenza vaccine composition is regularly updated.

“WHO tracks these changes, assesses associated risks to public health and makes vaccine composition recommendations twice a year, through a longstanding global system – the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS), in collaboration with other global experts,” Dr. Zhang said.

The new variant is not part of the composition of the latest vaccines produced for the Northern Hemisphere influenza season, the WHO expert explained.

Still, “early evidence suggests that current seasonal vaccines continue to offer protection against severe diseases and reduce the risk of hospital hospitalization,” she said.

WHO estimates that there are around one billion cases of seasonal influenza annually, including up to five million cases of severe respiratory illness. Up to 650 000 deaths each year are owing to seasonal influenza-related respiratory disease.

“Vaccination remains our most effective defence, including against drifted strains, particularly for high-risk populations and those taking care of them,” Dr Zhang insisted.

The WHO expert shared the results of an early estimation of the vaccine’s effectiveness against the new variant, published in the United Kingdom some weeks ago.

“It's quite promising,” she said, pointing to the data which showed that the vaccine is around 75 per cent effective against severe disease and hospitalization in children and around 35 per cent among adults.

Dr Zhang warned that the upcoming holiday season may bring a further surge in respiratory illnesses. “Advanced planning and preparedness efforts, including encouraging vaccination uptake and strengthening health system readiness, are strongly recommended,” she said.

The WHO expert advised countries to strengthen lab diagnostics and year‑round disease surveillance and to participate in the WHO GISRS surveillance network.

The network comprises influenza centres in 130 countries as well as a dozen reference laboratories.

Asked about whether the United States will remain a member of the network next year despite the country’s decision to leave WHO, effective 22 January 2026, Dr Zhang said that “from the flu perspective, from the respiratory surveillance and preparedness perspective, certainly we would need all the countries in the world to participate in the surveillance, preparedness and a response for influenza and other respiratory viruses because we don't know the next pandemic strain, when and where it would emerge”.

“And that time between the emergence and being picked up and characterized and put into vaccines…it would make a lot of difference with regards to the number of lives that could be saved,” she concluded.

Source: 

Link: https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/12/1166604

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Dynamics of B-cell response in #MERS-CoV #patients and survivors with hybrid #immunity

 

ABSTRACT

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes a highly lethal respiratory infection for which no vaccines or antiviral therapeutics are currently available. Understanding the immune response is critical for designing effective therapeutics. Here, we comprehensively characterized the dynamics of B-cell responses in severely infected MERS-CoV patients and survivors with SARS-CoV-2 exposure history. Infected patients developed robust neutralizing antibody responses within 1 month of illness, with moderate-to-high cross-neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2. The enhanced neutralization activity coincided with an increased abundance of specific mutated, class-switched IgG clones. Notably, one such clone was detected at moderate prevalence in both patients, and its expansion was accompanied by high neutralization activity against both viruses. Conversely, MERS-CoV survivors demonstrated higher neutralization activity against MERS-CoV after vaccination, despite minimal changes in antibody titers and limited alterations in B-cell repertoire properties. This suggests that the enhanced neutralization activity may be mediated by the reactivation and expansion of cross-reactive memory B cells targeting conserved epitopes, originally generated in response to the virus that triggered the primary immune response. These findings provide valuable insights into the B-cell repertoire landscape during natural MERS-CoV infection and highlight the potential for identifying broadly neutralizing antibodies in individuals with hybrid immunity.

IMPORTANCE

This study examines the immune responses of MERS-CoV patients and survivors who have had confirmed exposure to SARS-CoV-2. It offers a unique opportunity to characterize cross-reactive B-cell responses in individuals possessing hybrid immunity to both pathogenic coronaviruses. To our knowledge, no previous studies have examined longitudinal changes in the B-cell repertoire in MERS-CoV patients or survivors before and after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Our findings reveal enhanced neutralization activity against both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 following infection or vaccination, which appears to be associated with distinct patterns of B-cell repertoire dynamics. Notably, the data strongly suggest the presence of potent cross-neutralizing antibody responses, particularly in MERS-CoV patients, driven by dominant B-cell clones. These results underscore the potential for identifying broadly neutralizing antibodies in individuals with hybrid immunity.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/mbio.03356-25?af=R

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#Poland - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

 

A mute swan in Mazowieckie Region.

Source: 

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7123

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Chinese #Taipei - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

Samples from Qieding District, Kaohsiung City and Annan District, Tainan City were sent to the National Laboratory, Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), for diagnosis. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 subtype were confirmed by VRI. The sampling spots were disinfected. Surrounding poultry farms within 3 km radius of the sampling spot are under intensified surveillance for 28 days.

By Cp9asngf - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27358997

A dead black-faced spoonbill (Platalea minor) was found in Sicao, Annan District, Tainan City. The specimen was sent to National Reference Laboratory for testing. It was confirmed as Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) on December 7.

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By Photo by Laitche, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=46904763

A dead Eurasian Wigeon (Anas penelope) was found in Qieding District, Kaohsiung City. The specimen was sent to National Reference Laboratory for testing. It was confirmed as Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) on December 3.

Source: 

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7098

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#Global burden of lower respiratory #infections and aetiologies, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023

 

Summary

Background

Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) remain the world's leading infectious cause of death. This analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 provides global, regional, and national estimates of LRI incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with attribution to 26 pathogens, including 11 newly modelled pathogens, across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023. With new data and revised modelling techniques, these estimates serve as an update and expansion to GBD 2021. Through these estimates, we also aimed to assess progress towards the 2025 Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD) target for pneumonia mortality in children younger than 5 years.

Methods

Mortality from LRIs, defined as physician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis, was estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model with data from vital registration, verbal autopsy, surveillance, and minimally invasive tissue sampling. The Bayesian meta-regression tool DisMod-MR 2.1 was used to model overall morbidity due to LRIs. DALYs were calculated as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for all locations, years, age groups, and sexes. We modelled pathogen-specific case-fatality ratios (CFRs) for each age group and location using splined binomial regression to create internally consistent estimates of incidence and mortality proportions attributable to viral, fungal, parasitic, and bacterial pathogens. Progress was assessed towards the GAPPD target of less than three deaths from pneumonia per 1000 livebirths, which is roughly equivalent to a mortality rate of less than 60 deaths per 100 000 children younger than 5 years.

Findings

In 2023, LRIs were responsible for 2·50 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·24–2·81) deaths and 98·7 million (87·7–112) DALYs, with children younger than 5 years and adults aged 70 years and older carrying the highest burden. LRI mortality in children younger than 5 years fell by 33·4% (10·4–47·4) since 2010, with a global mortality rate of 94·8 (75·6–116·4) per 100 000 person-years in 2023. Among adults aged 70 years and older, the burden remained substantial with only marginal declines since 2010. A mortality rate of less than 60 deaths per 100 000 for children younger than 5 years was met by 129 of the 204 modelled countries in 2023. At a super-regional level, sub-Saharan Africa had an aggregate mortality rate in children younger than 5 years (hereafter referred to as under-5 mortality rate) furthest from the GAPPD target. Streptococcus pneumoniae continued to account for the largest number of LRI deaths globally (634 000 [95% UI 565 000–721 000] deaths or 25·3% [24·5–26·1] of all LRI deaths), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (271 000 [243 000–298 000] deaths or 10·9% [10·3–11·3]), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (228 000 [204 000–261 000] deaths or 9·1% [8·8–9·5]). Among pathogens newly modelled in this study, non-tuberculous mycobacteria (responsible for 177 000 [95% UI 155 000–201 000] deaths) and Aspergillus spp (responsible for 67 800 [59 900–75 900] deaths) emerged as important contributors. Altogether, the 11 newly modelled pathogens accounted for approximately 22% of LRI deaths.

Interpretation

This comprehensive analysis underscores both the gains achieved through vaccination and the challenges that remain in controlling the LRI burden globally. Furthermore, it demonstrates persistent disparities in disease burden, with the highest mortality rates concentrated in countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, as well as in these high-burden locations, the under-5 LRI mortality rate remains well above the GAPPD target. Progress towards this target requires equitable access to vaccines and preventive therapies—including newer interventions such as respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibodies—and health systems capable of early diagnosis and treatment. Expanding surveillance of emerging pathogens, strengthening adult immunisation programmes, and combating vaccine hesitancy are also crucial. As the global population ages, the dual challenge of sustaining gains in child survival while addressing the rising vulnerability in older adults will shape future pneumonia control strategies.

Funding

Gates Foundation.

Source: 

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(25)00689-9/abstract?rss=yes

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#Poland - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

A wild Greylag Goose in Podlaskie Region.

Source: 

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7096

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#Namibia - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

 

By MPF - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102468449

Approximately 30 wild birds on an island near Lüderitz were observed exhibiting clinical signs consistent with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Enhanced and continuous surveillance activities are ongoing to assess the extent of infection and monitor potential spread.

Source: 

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7120

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The #potential of #H5N1 viruses to adapt to #bovine cells varies throughout #evolution

 

Abstract

Avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses caused a global panzootic and, unexpectedly, widespread outbreaks in dairy cattle, therefore representing a pandemic threat. To inform control strategies, it is critical to determine whether the potential to adapt to bovine cells is a general feature of H5N1 viruses, is specific to viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b, or narrowly restricted to some genotypes within this clade. Using a large panel of recombinant viruses representing >60 years of H5N1 history and other IAVs for comparison, we demonstrate replicative fitness in bovine cells is: (i) highly variable across 2.3.4.4b genotypes, (ii) limited in viruses predating the global expansion of this clade, (iii) determined by the internal gene cassette, and (iv) not restricted to udder epithelial cells. Mutations in the PB2 polymerase subunit emerge as key determinants of adaptation, although their phenotypic effects are context dependent. Bovine B3.13 and some avian genotypes exhibit enhanced modulation of bovine interferon-induced antiviral responses, determined by at least PB2, nucleoprotein, and the non-structural protein NS1. Our results highlight the polygenic nature of IAV host range, and reveal that the replication fitness in bovine cells, and likely their potential to adapt to cattle, varies greatly during the evolutionary trajectory of H5N1 viruses.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-67234-1

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Maize Deity (Chicomecoatl), Aztec Art (c.1450 - c.1521)

 

Public Domain.

Source: 

Link: https://www.wikiart.org/en/aztec-art/maize-deity-chicomecoatl

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History of Mass Transportation: A Stadler DMU, ''the Yellow Train'' during a trial service

 

Par fr:User:Cargocap — fr:Fichier:DSC00218.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4114677

Source: 

Link: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadler_Rail

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#Human monoclonal #antibodies that target clade 2.3.4.4b #H5N1 hemagglutinin

 

Abstract

The highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus clade 2.3.4.4b has been spreading globally since 2022, causing mortality and morbidity in domestic and wild birds, as well as in mammals, which underscores its potential to cause a pandemic. Here, we generate a panel of anti-hemagglutinin (HA) human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the H5 protein of clade 2.3.4.4b. To develop human chimeric antibodies, H2L2 Harbor Mice®, which express human immunoglobulin germline genes, were immunized with H5 and N1 recombinant proteins from A/mallard/New York/22-008760-007- original/2022 H5N1 virus. Through hybridoma technology, sixteen fully human mAbs are generated, most of which show cross-reactivity against H5 proteins from different clade 2.3.4.4 virus variants. Fourteen out of the sixteen mAbs neutralize the virus in vitro. The mAbs with the strongest hemagglutination inhibition activity also demonstrate greater neutralizing capacity and show increased protective effects in vivo when administered prophylactically or therapeutically in a murine H5N1 challenge model. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we identify a cross-clonotype conserved motif that bound a hydrophobic groove on the head domain of H5 HA. Akin to mAbs against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 during the coronavirus 2019 pandemic, these mAbs could serve as treatments in case of a widespread H5N1 epidemic or pandemic.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-66829-y

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