#UK [#Scotland] - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (Inf. with) (#poultry) - Immediate notification

 

{Scotland}

A small commercial poultry premise. Samples taken were positive for HPAI H5N1. Birds presented clinical signs prior to testing.

Source: 

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7173

____

#Influenza hemagglutinin subtypes have different #sequence constraints despite sharing extremely similar #structures

 

Abstract

Hemagglutinins (HA) from different influenza A virus subtypes share as little as ~40% amino acid identity, yet their protein structure and cell entry function are highly conserved. Here we examine the extent that sequence constraints on HA differ across three subtypes. To do this, we first use pseudovirus deep mutational scanning to measure how all amino-acid mutations to an H7 HA affect its cell entry function. We then compare these new measurements to previously described measurements of how all mutations to H3 and H5 HAs affect cell entry function. We find that ~50% of HA sites display substantially diverged preferences for different amino acids across the HA subtypes. The sites with the most divergent amino-acid preferences tend to be buried and have biochemically distinct wildtype amino acids in the different HA subtypes. We provide an example of how rewiring the interactions among contacting residues has dramatically shifted which amino acids are tolerated at specific sites. Overall, our results show how proteins with the same structure and function can become subject to very different site-specific evolutionary constraints as their sequences diverge.

Competing Interest Statement

JDB consults for Apriori Bio, Invivyd, Pfizer, GSK, and the Vaccine Company. JDB and BD are inventors on Fred Hutch licensed patents related to the deep mutational scanning of viral proteins.

Funder Information Declared

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, R01AI165821, 75N93021C00015

U.S. National Science Foundation, DGE-2140004

Howard Hughes Medical Institute, https://ror.org/006w34k90

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.05.697808v1

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#Hungary - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (Inf. with) (#poultry) - Immediate notification

 

A fattening turkey holding in Csongrád-Csanád Region.

Source: 

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7172

____

#Adaptation differences and mechanisms of #influenza viruses to ANP32 #proteins across #species

 

ABSTRACT

Avian influenza virus cross-species infection in humans poses a major threat to global public health. Species-specific differences between avian ANP32A and mammalian ANP32 proteins create a natural barrier against viral cross-species infection by directly impairing the functional interaction between the avian-origin viral RNA polymerase and mammalian ANP32 proteins, thereby restricting viral genome replication. The key to overcoming this barrier lies in the adaptation of viral RNA polymerase to host ANP32 family proteins. This mini-review summarizes the mechanisms and variations in influenza virus adaptation to ANP32 proteins across different species. Influenza viruses adapt to species-specific ANP32 proteins through various mutations and display distinct preferences for specific ANP32 family members within the same host. Additionally, alternative splicing variants of ANP32A within a single species further modulate viral RNA polymerase adaptability. Despite this diversity, the underlying interaction mechanism remains conserved: ANP32–polymerase binding is necessary but not sufficient for optimal polymerase activity. This interaction facilitates the formation of asymmetric polymerase dimers and specifically supports viral genome replication, while the step from cRNA to vRNA remains subject to species-specific restrictions. This explains the classic adaptive mechanism of the PB2 E627K mutation, which restores efficient viral genome replication through acid–base pairing with ANP32A. Furthermore, adaptive mutations in emerging strains such as H3N2 canine influenza virus and recent cases of H5N1 in dairy cows underscore the need for continuous viral surveillance and deeper mechanistic studies on virus–ANP32 interactions. Such research is strategically critical for advancing the One Health approach and mitigating future influenza pandemics.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/jvi.01900-25?af=R

____

Case Report: #CJD and #diagnosis #challenges: case report and evidence synthesis

 

Abstract

Introduction

Prion diseases are mortal neurodegenerative disorders, which include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Due to its heterogenous clinical presentation diagnosis uncertainties are common. In this paper we explore CJD diagnostic challenges focusing on differential diagnosis and diagnostic delays.

Methods

We report a case of a patient who was misclassified and evaluated by several medical specialties before the CJD suspicion. A systematic review of the literature of the CJD case reports focused on the timely and differential diagnosis was carried out in Medline and Embase until May 2023.

Results

Patient with diagnosis was made due to the form of presentation and clinical evolution, neuroimaging and the presence of protein 14-3-3. In systematic review, fifteen articles were selected, who reported 31 cases of CJD with problems in the timely diagnosis and incorrect initial diagnosis, the main initial differential diagnoses were psychiatry exacerbation, myelopathy, epilepsy, stroke, parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia and autoimmune encephalitis. The most common clinical onset was psychobehavioral disturbances (apathy, confusion and sleep disturbance), extrapyramidal signs and cognitive impairment. The diagnosis delay was from one to eighteen months.

Conclusion

A discussion of the case report and the diagnostic challenges reported in the literature was made. Patients can present a wide range of symptoms. It is recommended to consider CJD for the differential diagnosis in patients with behavioral symptoms, and cognitive impairment.

Source: 

Link: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-425

____

#Israel - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (Inf. with) (#poultry) - Immediate notification

 

Reproductive ducks. 41 months old. Drop in lay and reduction of water consumption. Gastrointestinal symptoms. HaZafon Region.

Source: 

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7168

____

#Lithuania - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

 

A wild mute swan in Kauno Region.

Source: 

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7166

____

Development of a multi-species #luciferase-based double #antigen #ELISA for the detection of #antibodies against #Influenza A virus #H5 clade 2.3.4.4b

 

Abstract

The highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) of subtype H5N1 represent a major threat to animal and public health. The current panzootic with H5 clade 2.3.4.4b has caused numerous, widespread outbreaks in various domestic and wild avian species with high mortalities, massive losses and a high frequency of spillover events to unexpected novel mammalian hosts such as dairy cows. The global H5N1 situation raises serious concerns about zoonotic risks due to effective mammal-to-mammal transmission. Therefore, it is critical to increase surveillance intensity of a broadened species range, particularly at the human-animal interface. For this purpose, reliable and cost-effective serological tools that are easy to perform and suitable for high-throughput screenings are critically needed. The newly developed double antigen ELISA format employing a luminescence-based detection technology has demonstrated to comply with such prerequisites. The assay allowed the detection of H5-specific antibodies even early after infection or vaccination in a wide range of birds and mammals including humans. It further demonstrated superior analytical sensitivity and high specificity for antibodies directed against H5 hemagglutinin of clade 2.3.4.4b as no cross-reactivity with other hemagglutinin subtypes was observed. Thus, the assay represents a valuable contribution to existing serological diagnostic tests for a clade-optimized detection of influenza A virus antibodies in a broad range of species.

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.05.697617v1

____

T cell #immunity to seasonal #Influenza A and #H5N1 viruses in #laboratory #workers receiving annual seasonal Influenza #vaccines

 

{Abstract}

Background: 

Emerging threats such as highly pathogenic influenza strains like H5N1 emphasize the need for vaccines that induce cross-reactive immunity against conserved epitopes. Existing influenza vaccines primarily elicit strain-specific responses, leaving gaps in protection against pandemic subtypes. This study aimed to evaluate T cell responses to seasonal influenza A and H5N1 and compare them to SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses to understand differences shaped by distinct exposure histories and vaccination strategies.

Methods: 

T cell responses were assessed in 41 laboratory workers who received annual seasonal influenza vaccines using ELISpot to quantify responses to peptide pools derived from influenza (H1N1 hemagglutinin [HA], H3N2 HA, H5N1 HA, matrix protein 1 [MP1], nucleoprotein [NP]) and SARS-CoV-2 (spike [S2S], nucleocapsid [S2N]). Ten-day expansion assays were used to evaluate functional cross-reactivity between H1, H3, and H5 HA. Intracellular cytokine staining was performed to assess antigen-specific T cell functionality. We used the IFN-γ ELISpot assay and intracellular cytokine staining to evaluate T cell responses to H5N1 HA peptides and assessed cross-reactivity and functional similarity in H1N1 HA-expanded cells.

Results: 

The percentage of individuals with effector T cell responses to influenza peptide pools, was markedly lower than the percentage of individuals with S2S-specific T cells. However, HA-specific memory cells that cross-recognized H1, H3, and H5 HA were present in many individuals. T cells expanded with H1 or H5 HA proteins cross-recognized homologous epitopes in the 2 proteins and cytokine production profiles were comparable between H1- and H5-expanded T cells.

Conclusion: 

These results highlight the potential for influenza vaccines to elicit cross-reactive immunity against H5N1 viruses. These findings also demonstrate differences between T cell responses to influenza and SARS-CoV-2, highlighting distinct immune profiles that could inform future vaccine strategies.

Source: 

Link: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1718805/full

____

#USA, #Wastewater Data for Avian #Influenza #H5 (#CDC, Jan. 5 '26)

 

{Excerpt}

Time Period: December 21, 2025 - December 27, 2025

-- H5 Detection: 4 site(s) (1.1%)

-- No Detection: 359 site(s) (98.9%)

-- No samples in last week: 168 site(s)

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html

____

High pathogenicity avian #influenza virus #H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in #Antarctica: Multiple Introductions and the First Confirmed Infection of Ice-Dependent #Seals

 

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has expanded rapidly across the Southern Ocean since 2023, causing extensive mortality in sub-Antarctic wildlife. Yet its penetration into Antarctica and impacts on ice-dependent species remain poorly resolved primarily due to surveillance constraints. We report the first confirmed H5N1 infection in an Antarctic ice-dependent seal (crabeater seal; Lobodon carcinophaga) and document mortality of crabeater seals across the northern Weddell Sea during November-December 2024. Combining genomic, serological and observational data across nine species, we detected H5N1 RNA in a crabeater seal and a kelp gull (Larus dominicanus), and recovered complete HA, NA and M2 gene sequences from both. Phylogenetic analyses allowed us to identify at least two independent introductions of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b into the northern Antarctic Peninsula region. Serology provided strong evidence of prior exposure in scavenging birds, but no detectable H5 immunity in penguins or pinnipeds. Together, the results demonstrate ongoing novel viral incursions into Antarctica, likely facilitated by at-sea processes e.g. animal interactions on ice floes, that remain invisible to land-based surveillance. These findings highlight the vulnerability of ice-dependent pinnipeds to HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b and the urgent need for expanded integrated Antarctic monitoring frameworks that pair serology, opportunistic carcass sampling and genomic sequencing.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

Rolex-National Geographic Perpetual Planet Expeditions

Schmidt Oceans Institute

Geoffrey Evans Trust

Kenneth C. Griffin

Griffin Catalyst

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.04.697571v1

____

#Poland - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (Inf. with) (#poultry) - Immediate notification

 

A poultry farm in Lubelskie Region.

Source: 

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7162

____

#India - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (Inf. with) (#poultry) - Immediate notification

 

{Kerala}

1) The outbreak was detected in ducks within an integrated rice–duck farming system.

2) The outbreak was detected in ducks within an integrated rice–duck farming system.

3) The outbreak was detected in ducks within an integrated rice–duck farming system.

4) The outbreak was detected in ducks within an integrated rice–duck farming system.

5) The outbreak was detected in ducks within an integrated rice–duck farming system.

6) The outbreak was detected in ducks within an integrated rice–duck farming system.

7) The outbreak was detected in ducks within an integrated rice–duck farming system.

8, 9 & 10) Poultry farms.

Source: 

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7161

____

History of Mass Transportation: Four Motor tram 497 at Milton in 1949, Brisbane, Australia

 

By Unknown author - Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Sreejithk2000 using CommonsHelper. Original uploader was Paddington62 at en.wikipedia, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10541855

Source: 

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Brisbane

____

Red Friend, Lan Ying (Ming Dynasty)

 

Public Domain.

Source: 

Link: https://www.wikiart.org/en/lan-ying/red-friend

____

#Enterovirus D68 #Sequence #Variations and #Pathogenicity: A Review

Abstract

Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68), a neurotropic respiratory pathogen, poses a considerable clinical threat through its link to pediatric acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) and severe respiratory illness. The possibility of recurrent epidemics, evidenced since the 2014 outbreak, remains a major concern. Genomic determinants of virulence are central to this threat. Sequence variations that affect host–receptor interactions, immune evasion, and replication efficiency serve as critical modifiers of pathogenicity. This article systematically reviews the evidence for specific genomic sites that enhance EV-D68 virulence, focusing on three critical regions: the VP1 receptor-binding site, the 2Apro/TRAF3 cleavage site, and the 3Cpro immunoregulatory region. Mutations in the VP1 receptor-binding site can alter affinity for host receptors such as sialic acid, heparan sulfate, and MFSD6, thereby shaping viral entry and tissue tropism. Alterations in the 2Apro/TRAF3 cleavage site may impair proteolytic cleavage of host TRAF3, attenuating immune evasion and reducing viral pathogenicity. Variations in the 3Cpro region affect its efficiency in cleaving host proteins involved in translation and autophagy, ultimately modulating viral replication and antiviral responses. Finally, we propose that monitoring for mutations in these key virulence determinants, particularly within the surface-exposed VP1, is essential for effective outbreak preparedness.

Source: 

Link: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18/1/73

____

#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (by AMEDEO, Jan. 3 '26)

 

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    JAMA

17. ANDERER S
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#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, Jan. 3 '26)

 

BMC Pediatr

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2. OSTERGREN OM, Counil E, Karimi A, Fall T, et al
   Who got tested and who got sick? Sociodemographic inequalities in COVID-19 testing and hospitalization among 1.48 million individuals in Sweden.
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   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Immunol

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4. OSUAGWU AE, Payne M, Bosch J, Mbonye U, et al
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5. CHEN Y, Szelinski F, Ferreira-Gomes M, Durek P, et al
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS One

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27. DESLIPPE AL, Lavoie KL, Bacon SL, Cohen TR, et al
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
28. JIE-YING Z, Jun L, Xue-Ya W, Rui-Xue F, et al
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
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History of Mass Transportation: The Stadler Rail CFF Ee 922 Electric Shunter in Brig

 

Par Milleuros — Travail personnel, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21899269

Source: 

Link: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFF_Ee_922

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The Emerging #Threat of #Monkeypox: An Updated #Overview

Abstract

Monkeypox (MPOX) is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), an orthopoxvirus closely related to smallpox. Initially confined to endemic regions in Central and West Africa, MPOX has recently gained global significance with outbreaks reported across multiple continents. MPXV is maintained in animal reservoirs but is increasingly transmitted from person to person, facilitated by close contact, respiratory droplets, and, in some cases, sexual transmission. Clinically, MPOX presents with fever, lymphadenopathy, and a characteristic vesiculopustular rash, though atypical manifestations have been observed in recent outbreaks, complicating diagnosis. Laboratory confirmation relies on molecular testing, while differential diagnosis must consider varicella, herpes, and other vesicular illnesses. Therapeutic options remain limited; supportive care is the cornerstone of management, but antivirals such as tecovirimat and brincidofovir, as well as smallpox vaccines, have shown efficacy in mitigating disease severity and preventing infection. The unprecedented global outbreak has underscored the importance of surveillance, rapid diagnostics, and coordinated public health responses to contain transmission. This review provides an overview of epidemiology, virology, clinical manifestations, modes of transmission, available diagnostics, and prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against MPOX. We also discuss the role of animal reservoirs, viral evolution, and human-to-human transmission in shaping the dynamics of recent MPOX outbreaks. By summarizing the latest evidence, this review aims to inform clinicians, researchers, and policymakers about key aspects of MPOX biology, clinical management, and prevention, while identifying gaps that warrant future investigation for the control of this and potentially other emerging zoonotic-related pathogens with an impact on human health.

Source: 

Link: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18/1/69

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