Progressive #Adaptation of Subtype #H6N1 Avian #Influenza Virus in #Taiwan Enhances #Mammalian #Infectivity, Pathogenicity, and #Transmissibility

Abstract

The interspecies transmission of avian influenza viruses remains a significant public health concern. H6 viruses have gained attention following the first human infection by a chicken-origin H6N1 virus (A/Taiwan/02/2013, Hu/13), highlighting their zoonotic potential. To understand the evolutionary trajectory and mammalian adaptation of this Taiwan lineage, we compared two avian isolates (A/Chicken/Taiwan/CF19/2009, Ck/09; A/Chicken/Taiwan/2267/2012, Ck/12) and Hu/13 in vitro and in vivo. Hu/13 exhibited enhanced replication in MDCK cells, producing larger plaques and higher viral titers than Ck/09 and Ck/12. In BALB/c mice, Hu/13 demonstrated the highest pathogenicity and mortality, followed by Ck/12, while Ck/09 induced minimal morbidity. Hu/13 and Ck/12 replicated efficiently in respiratory tissues, eliciting robust cytokine responses and severe pulmonary lesions. In ferrets, Hu/13 showed relatively efficient transmission, infecting all direct physical-contact and two out of three airborne-contact ferrets, whereas Ck/09 failed to transmit. Histopathology confirmed escalating lung pathology from Ck/09 to Ck/12 and Hu/13. Whole-genome sequencing identified adaptive mutations in Hu/13 during ferret replication, though no canonical mammalian-adaptive changes (e.g., PB2-E627K or HA-Q226L) were detected. These findings demonstrate progressive mammalian adaptation, replication efficiency, and transmissibility within the Taiwan H6N1 lineage. Enhanced surveillance is crucial to monitor mammalian-adaptive mutations, informing pandemic preparedness and public health strategies.

Source: Viruses, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/5/733

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#Phylogenetic Analysis and Spread of HPAI #H5N1 in Middle Eastern Countries Based on #Hemagglutinin and #Neuraminidase Gene Sequences

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A/H5N1 viruses threaten animal and human health worldwide. The first documented cases in the Middle East were reported in 2005; however, despite extensive phylogenetic studies, there is limited information on the transmission dynamics of the virus within this region. We analyzed HA and NA gene sequences from various hosts to address this gap and to understand the virus’s spread and evolution in the Middle East. We hypothesized that H5N1 transmission exhibits host-specific or geographically influenced clade structures in this region. This study traced transmission pathways of HPAI A/H5N1 through a phylogenetic and amino acid sequence analysis of HA and NA gene segments from isolates across different hosts in Middle Eastern countries, using the MUSCLE algorithm for alignments and MEGA11 software for phylogenetic analysis. Sequences were selected from NCBI’s virus database based on geographic and host diversity, including those from birds, humans, and other mammals, and were collected at different time points, predominantly after the early 2000s. An amino acid phylogenetic tree was also constructed to examine the conservation of key HA and NA protein residues, identifying distinct clades linked to specific countries and host species, suggesting a possible interspecies transmission and cross-border spread distinct between Egypt and neighboring countries. These findings underscore the role of migratory birds in regional transmission and point to the need for more targeted surveillance and biosecurity efforts, offering more genomic insights into the spread of HPAI A/H5N1 and contributing valuable information for future prevention strategies.

Source: Viruses, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/5/734

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Avian #Influenza Virus #Infections in #Felines: A Systematic Review of Two Decades of Literature

Abstract

As an avian influenza virus (AIV) panzootic is underway, the threat of a human pandemic is emerging. Infections among mammalian species in frequent contact with humans should be closely monitored. One mammalian family, the Felidae, is of particular concern. Domestic cats are susceptible to AIV infection and provide a potential pathway for zoonotic spillover to humans. Here, we provide a systematic review of the scientific literature to describe the epidemiology and global distribution of AIV infections in felines reported from 2004 to 2024. We identified 607 AIV infections in felines, including 302 associated deaths, comprising 18 countries and 12 felid species. We observed a drastic flux in the number of AIV infections among domestic cats in 2023 and 2024, commensurate with the emergence of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b. We estimate that this phenomenon is underreported in the scientific literature and argue that increased surveillance among domestic cats is urgently needed.

Source: Open Forum Infectious Diseases, https://academic.oup.com/ofid/article/12/5/ofaf261/8123920

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Endemic #coronavirus #infection is associated with #SARS-CoV-2 Fc receptor-binding #antibodies

ABSTRACT

Recent documented infection with an endemic coronavirus (eCoV) is associated with less severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), yet the immune mechanism behind this protection has not been fully explored. We measured both antibody and T-cell responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in SARS-CoV-2-naïve individuals, classified into two groups: those with or without presumed recent eCoV infections. There was no difference in neutralizing antibodies and T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 antigens between the two groups. SARS-CoV-2-naïve individuals with recent presumed eCoV infection, however, had higher and significantly correlated levels of Fc receptor (FcR)-binding antibodies against eCoV spikes (S) and SARS-CoV-2 S2. Recent eCoV infection boosts cross-reactive antibodies that can mediate Fc effector functions, and this may play a role in the observed heterotypic immune protection against severe COVID-19.

IMPORTANCE

With the recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogenic coronaviruses, it is important to understand how the immune system may protect against disease from future coronavirus outbreaks. We investigated the adaptive immune responses elicited from a “common cold” eCoV and measured the cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 in individuals classified as having or not having a recent eCoV infection. Although both groups had similar cross-reactive T-cell and neutralizing antibody responses, individuals with a recent eCoV infection had higher antibody levels capable of Fc receptor binding. Antibodies with enhanced Fc receptor binding could mediate the killing of virally infected cells through mechanisms such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, which may reduce the severity of COVID-19. Antibodies capable of mediating Fc effector functions may be critical for therapies and vaccines against future pathogenic coronavirus outbreaks.

Source: Journal of Virology, https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/jvi.00550-25?af=R

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World #Health #Assembly adopts historic #Pandemic #Agreement to make the world more equitable and safer from future pandemics (#WHO)

Agreement’s adoption follows three years of intensive negotiation launched due to gaps and inequities identified in national and global COVID-19 response.

Agreement boosts global collaboration to ensure stronger, more equitable response to future pandemics.

Next steps include negotiations on Pathogen Access and Benefits Sharing system.

Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO) today formally adopted by consensus the world's first Pandemic Agreement. The landmark decision by the 78th World Health Assembly culminates more than three years of intensive negotiations launched by governments in response to the devastating impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, and driven by the goal of making the world safer from – and more equitable in response to – future pandemics.

“The world is safer today thanks to the leadership, collaboration and commitment of our Member States to adopt the historic WHO Pandemic Agreement,” said Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General. 

“The Agreement is a victory for public health, science and multilateral action. It will ensure we, collectively, can better protect the world from future pandemic threats. It is also a recognition by the international community that our citizens, societies and economies must not be left vulnerable to again suffer losses like those endured during COVID-19.”  

Governments adopted the WHO Pandemic Agreement today in a plenary session of the World Health Assembly, WHO’s peak decision-making body. The adoption followed yesterday’s approval of the Agreement by vote (124 in favour, 0 objections, 11 abstentions) in Committee by Member State delegations.

“Starting during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, governments from all corners of the world acted with great purpose, dedication and urgency, and in doing so exercising their national sovereignty, to negotiate the historic WHO Pandemic Agreement that has been adopted today,” said Dr Teodoro Herbosa, Secretary of the Philippines Department of Health, and President of this year’s World Health Assembly, who presided over the Agreement’s adoption. 

“Now that the Agreement has been brought to life, we must all act with the same urgency to implement its critical elements, including systems to ensure equitable access to life-saving pandemic-related health products. As COVID was a once-in-a-lifetime emergency, the WHO Pandemic Agreement offers a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to build on lessons learned from that crisis and ensure people worldwide are better protected if a future pandemic emerges.”

The WHO Pandemic Agreement sets out the principles, approaches and tools for better international coordination across a range of areas, in order to strengthen the global health architecture for pandemic prevention, preparedness and response. This includes through the equitable and timely access to vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics.

Regarding national sovereignty, the Agreement states that: 

“Nothing in the WHO Pandemic Agreement shall be interpreted as providing the Secretariat of the World Health Organization, including the Director-General of the World Health Organization, any authority to direct, order, alter or otherwise prescribe the national and/or domestic law, as appropriate, or policies of any Party, or to mandate or otherwise impose any requirements that Parties take specific actions, such as ban or accept travellers, impose vaccination mandates or therapeutic or diagnostic measures or implement lockdowns.”

Notes for editors

The resolution on the WHO Pandemic Agreement adopted by the World Health Assembly sets out steps to prepare for the accord’s implementation. It includes launching a process to draft and negotiate a Pathogen Access and Benefit Sharing system (PABS) through an Intergovernmental Working Group (IGWG). The result of this process will be considered at next year’s World Health Assembly.

Once the Assembly adopts the PABS annex, the WHO Pandemic Agreement will then be open for signature and consideration of ratification, including by national legislative bodies. 

After 60 ratifications, the Agreement will enter into force.

In addition, Member States also directed the IGWG to initiate steps to enable setting up of the Coordinating Financial Mechanism for pandemic prevention, preparedness and response, and the Global Supply Chain and Logistics Network (GSCL) to “enhance, facilitate, and work to remove barriers and ensure equitable, timely, rapid, safe, and affordable access to pandemic-related health products for countries in need during public health emergencies of international concern, including pandemic emergencies, and for prevention of such emergencies.”

According to the Agreement, pharmaceutical manufacturers participating in the PABS system will play a key role in equitable and timely access to pandemic-related health products by making available to WHO “rapid access targeting 20% of their real time production of safe, quality and effective vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics for the pathogen causing the pandemic emergency.”  The distribution of these products to countries will be carried out on the basis of public health risk and need, with particular attention to the needs of developing countries.

The WHO Pandemic Agreement is the second international legal agreement negotiated under Article 19 of the WHO Constitution, the first being the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which was adopted in 2003 and entered into force in 2005.

Source: World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/news/item/20-05-2025-world-health-assembly-adopts-historic-pandemic-agreement-to-make-the-world-more-equitable-and-safer-from-future-pandemics

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Circulating vaccine-derived #poliovirus type 2 (#cVDPV2) - #Papua New Guinea (#WHO D.O.N., May 20 '25)

{Summary}

Situation at a glance

On 9 May 2025, the International Health Regulations (IHR) National Focal Point (NFP) for Papua New Guinea (PNG) notified WHO of the detection of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) from stool specimens of two healthy children from Morobe province, Papua New Guinea (PNG). 

The detection of wild poliovirus (WPV) or vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV), including from samples taken from healthy children, is considered a serious public health event. 

Given the country's suboptimal routine immunization coverage, especially at the subnational level, the risk of potential spread locally is considered high. 

WHO advises all countries—especially those with frequent travel and connections to polio-affected areas—should strengthen acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and environmental surveillance while maintaining high level of immunization coverage to quickly detect and respond to virus importation and prevent further spread by closing immunity gaps.

(...)

Source: World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2025-DON571

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Temperature-dependent #modulation of aberrant #influenza A virus #RNA #synthesis affects innate immune signaling

Abstract

Fever during influenza A virus (IAV) infection is triggered by the innate immune response. Various factors contribute to this response, including IAV mini viral RNAs (mvRNA), which trigger RIG-I signaling when their replication and transcription are dysregulated by template loops (t-loop). It is presently not well understood whether the fever response to IAV infection impacts subsequent viral replication and innate immune activation. Here we show that IAV infection at temperatures that simulate fever leads to increased mvRNA synthesis and antiviral signaling. Mathematical modeling and experimental analyses reveal that differential IAV nucleoprotein and RNA polymerase production underlies the increased mvRNA level. Moreover, at the higher infection temperature mvRNAs with dysregulating t-loops contribute most to the innate immune activation. We propose that fever during IAV infection can establish a positive feedback loop in which elevated aberrant RNA synthesis and innate immune activation may contribute to the dysregulation of cytokine production.

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.19.654939v1

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#Czech Republic - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

 

Increased mortality of poultry, clinical signs, commercial holding of pheasants, hens, ducks, geese, peacocks.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6486

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Pharmacodynamic Effect of Different Dosage Regimes of #Oseltamivir in Severe #Influenza Patients Requiring Mechanical #Ventilation: A Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial

ABSTRACT

Background and Objectives

This randomised controlled trial evaluated whether higher doses of oseltamivir would improve virological and clinical outcomes in severe influenza patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation.

Methods

Forty intubated adult patients with severe influenza A or B from four intensive care units in Hong Kong were enrolled and randomised to receive either a double dose (300 mg/day) or a triple dose (450 mg/day) of oseltamivir for 10 days. Baseline data were collected, and outcomes were assessed daily using SOFA and Murray scores. Viral RNA was quantified from nasopharyngeal and tracheal aspirates. The primary outcome was the viral clearance rate after 5 days of treatment; secondary outcomes included 28-day and hospital mortality rates, changes in viral load, and serial SOFA and Murray scores.

Results

Viral clearance rates after 5 days of treatment were low and similar between the double (3/20, 15%) and triple-dose groups (2/20, 10%). No significant differences were observed in 28-day mortality, hospital mortality, ICU length of stay or duration of mechanical ventilation between the double and triple-dose groups. However, patients receiving triple doses exhibited a faster decline in influenza A viral load but had a longer hospital length of stay.

Conclusions

Triple doses of oseltamivir did not significantly improve virological or clinical outcomes compared with double doses in severe influenza.

Source: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/irv.70109

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#Brazil - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

 The Official Veterinary Services (OVS) received a notification of acute mortality and neurological signs in swans in a zoo. Laboratory analysis identified H5N1 virus clade 2.3.4.4b. OVS is conducting an epidemiological investigation of the event.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6485

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#Korea (Rep. of) - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

 A wild leopard cat in Gwangju Region.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6461

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Modeling Effects of Routine #Screening for Accidental #Lab-Acquired #Infections on #Risk of Potential #Pandemic Pathogen #Escape from High-Biosafety Research Facilities

Abstract

Accidental lab–acquired infections (LAIs) risk releasing potential pandemic pathogens (PPPs) from BSL–3/4 facilities. We constructed a stochastic network infectious disease model to simulate how the probability of an outbreak of a pathogen resembling wild–type SARS–COV–2, following an initial LAI would be influenced by test–and–isolate interventions over a 100–day horizon. We varied test frequency (0–7 tests/week), peak sensitivity (50–100%), and isolation delay (0–3 days). For each of 192 parameter combinations, we conducted 1,000 simulations and used logistic regression to quantify how each parameter influenced the likelihood of an outbreak of 50 or more infections. Results indicated that even relatively infrequent routine testing significantly reduced the risk of outbreaks under diverse plausible scenarios, with greater reductions achieved at higher test frequencies. Once-weekly testing reduced outbreak risk by 52% under optimistic assumptions (80% sensitivity, 1–day delay) and by 29% under pessimistic assumptions (50% sensitivity, 2–day delay). Testing two and five times weekly yielded risk reductions of up to 62% and 71%, respectively, under optimistic assumptions, and 43% and 55%, respectively, under pessimistic assumptions. Logistic regression showed each additional weekly test decreased outbreak odds by 20%, each 10–point increase in test sensitivity reduced odds by 10%, and each additional isolation delay day increased odds by 15.5%. Interaction analyses revealed that longer isolation delays attenuated the protective effects of higher testing frequency and sensitivity. Routine lab worker screening with prompt isolation substantially mitigates PPP escape risks. High–frequency testing has the greatest impact, and policymakers should consider implementing regular screening protocols.

Source: MedRxIV, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.16.25327796v1

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Baptism of St Zenobius and His Appointment as Bishop (Sandro Botticelli, 1500 - 05)

 Public Domain.

Source: WikiArt, https://www.wikiart.org/en/sandro-botticelli/baptism-of-st-zenobius-and-his-appointment-as-bishop-1505

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#Evolution of #Antiviral Drug #Resistance in #SARS-CoV-2

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact and continues to alarm the entire world due to the rapid emergence of new variants, even after mass vaccinations. There is still an urgent need for new antivirals or strategies to combat the SARS-CoV-2 infections; however, we have success stories with nirmatrelvir. Drug repurposing and drug discovery may lead to a successful SARS-CoV-2 antiviral; however, rapid drug use may cause unexpected mutations and antiviral drug resistance. Conversely, novel variants of the SARS-CoV-2 can diminish the neutralizing efficacy of vaccines, thereby enhancing viral fitness and increasing the likelihood of drug resistance emergence. Additionally, the disposal of antivirals in wastewater also contributes to drug resistance. Overall, the present review summarizes the strategies and mechanisms involved in the development of drug resistance in SARS-CoV-2. Understanding the mechanism of antiviral resistance is crucial to mitigate the significant healthcare threat and to develop effective therapeutics against drug resistance.

Source: Viruses, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/5/722

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#WHO #clinical practice #guidelines for #influenza: an #update

Abstract

Background

Every year, more than one billion people around the world are infected with influenza, an acute infection of the respiratory tract. Influenza spreads from person to person through air, contaminated hands or objects. Antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs are available for treatment of patients and prophylaxis of exposed persons. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) and rapid tests are available for the diagnosis of influenza. 

Objective 

The aim of this World Health Organization (WHO) guideline is to provide recommendations for the diagnosis, drug treatment and prophylaxis of influenza.

Method

This updated guideline has been developed in accordance with standards for trustworthy guidelines. The recommendations are based on systematic reviews on safety and effectiveness. They take into account the magnitude of benefits and harms of treatments, the reliability of the evidence, and the needs of patients and healthcare professionals.

Results

For non-severe influenza, there is a conditional recommendation to use baloxavir if the risk of severe illness is high. Antivirals are not recommended if the risk is low. There is also a strong recommendation against the use of antibiotics if bacterial co-infection is unlikely. Oseltamivir is conditionally recommended for severe influenza. Not recommended are peramivir and zanamivir, as well as macrolide antibiotics (in the absence of co-infection), mTOR inhibitors and plasma therapy, and corticosteroids. Baloxavir and oseltamivir are conditionally recommended for prophylaxis in asymptomatic persons who have been exposed to seasonal influenza viruses and would be at very high risk of becoming hospitalised. For zoonotic influenza, laninamivir and zanamivir are also conditionally recommended in addition to baloxavir and oseltamivir, regardless of individual risk. For diagnosis, the use of NAAT or digital immunoassay (DIA) for suspected non-severe influenza and nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) for suspected severe influenza is recommended.

Source: Gesundheitswesen, https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/a-2571-3357#info

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#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, May 17 '25)

 

Biochem Biophys Res Commun

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   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Gen Virol

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   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Immunol

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   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect Dis

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   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Virol

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   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
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   PLoS One

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32. WANG H, Lu L, Liu Z, Sun Y, et al
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33. LUKASCHEK K, Hentschel H, Rottenkolber M, Alberer M, et al
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35. GIERTHMUEHLEN M, Gierthmuehlen PC
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    Vaccine

36. FRANCIS MJ
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37. BLACKWELL CK, Bekelman T, Bakre S, Jacobson LP, et al
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38. FRIVOLD C, Giersing B, Amorij JP, Mvundura M, et al
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42. TILMANNE A, Pirson M, Leclercq P, Van Den Bulcke J, et al
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43. CENAT JM, Moshirian Farahi SMM, Dalexis RD, Xu Y, et al
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44. JIANG J, Lam KF, Lau EHY, Yin G, et al
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45. PEREZ MARC G, Coria LM, Ceballos A, Rodriguez JM, et al
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46. ALVES K, Kouassi A, Plested JS, Kalkeri R, et al
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47. PAYNE AB, Novosad S, Sung HM, Zhang Y, et al
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48. PRALL S, Lopes A
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49. LA EM, Sweeney C, Davenport E, Bunniran S, et al
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50. LEYNS C, McClenaghan E, Rodriguez P, Nguipdop-Djomo P, et al
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51. ENTRICAN G, Bredell H, Charlier J, Cunningham AF, et al
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52. WEETS CM, Wilson R, Swadley H, Katz R, et al
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53. STONER MCD, Michaels J, Stocks JB, Mancuso N, et al
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54. TAKEUCHI N, Chang B, Ishiwada N, Cho Y, et al
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55. CARTER DM, Bloom CE, Kirchenbaum GA, Tsvetnitsky V, et al
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57. XU J, Davoudpour S, Phillips G 2nd
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58. MYBURGH L, Karsjens H, Blanas A, de Ligt A, et al
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60. SKOCZYNSKA A, Golebiewska A, Wrobel-Pawelczyk I, Ronkiewicz P, et al
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61. VEDEL JO, Furtado O, Almeida LL, Nehal KR, et al
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62. DI CHIARA C, Karimi-Shahrbabak E, Peresin J, Farrar DS, et al
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63. FUJI N, Gonzalez E, Salamone FN, Bajorski P, et al
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64. DE SOUZA RA, Barreto FR, de Jesus Lima CCO, da Natividade MS, et al
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66. DOWGIER G, Hobbs A, Greenwood D, Shawe-Taylor M, et al
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67. LEE DW, Nasir A, Elbashir S, Jani H, et al
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71. RASKIN N, Hiligsmann M, Luyten J, Tubeuf S, et al
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    Virology

77. LIU R, Song F, Sun L, Yan F, et al
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History of Mass Transportation: The FS E.444.001 Italian Electric Locomotive

 

Source: Wikipedia, https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotiva_FS_E.444

By Manfred Kopka - Opera propria, CC BY-SA 4.0

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Assessment of cross-reactive neutralizing #antibodies induction against #H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b by prior seasonal influenza #immunization in retail #workers

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has been a global concern since its emergence in 1997, causing widespread outbreaks in birds and sporadic human infections. The clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus has rapidly expanded across continents, infecting numerous mammalian species. In 2024, it was detected in dairy cattle for the first time in the U.S., along with human cases following exposure. In Canada, the first human case of this avian influenza was reported in a critically ill adolescent in late 2024. No human-to-human transmission has been documented, but concerns persist regarding mutations associated with enhanced virulence and human adaptation. Although seasonal influenza vaccines are not directed against H5N1, studies suggest that pre-existing immunity from prior infections or vaccinations may provide partial protection against severe H5N1 infections through cross-reactive immune response. Given the ongoing circulation of avian influenza and the rise in human infections, this study evaluated the effectiveness of neutralizing antibodies developed against seasonal influenza viruses and their cross-reactivity with recent H5N1 strains. Serum samples from 194 retail sector workers in Quebec, collected between late 2021 and 2022, were analyzed using a microneutralization assay. While strong neutralizing activity was found against seasonal influenza viruses, no neutralizing antibodies were detected against H5N1 strains in either vaccinated or unvaccinated individuals. These findings emphasize the need to evaluate cross-reactive antibodies against the neuraminidase protein of H5N1, assess cellular immune responses potentially linked to protection against severe HPAI H5N1 infections and targeted vaccine strategies against recently emerged H5N1 influenza viruses. Keywords: influenza, highly pathogenic avian influenza, H5N1, immunity, cross-reactivity, neutralization.

Source: MedRxIV, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.15.25327718v1

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#Brazil - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

 

The Official Veterinary Services (OVS) received a notification of acute mortality, neurological and digestive signs in a breeder farm. From the start of the OVS investigation, the premise was quarantined, including suspension of the movement of birds and products. Laboratory analysis identified H5N1 virus clade 2.3.4.4b. OVS is conducting an epidemiological investigation of the event and implementing the restrictions and measures in accordance with the National Contingency Plan for high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI).

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6484

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