#WHO occupied #Palestinian Territory 60 Day #Ceasefire #Plan for #Gaza, October 2025 (edited)

 

PURPOSE AND SCOPE 

-- With the initiation of the first phase of the ceasefire, humanitarian needs remain dire. 

-- In the current situation, it is crucial to scale up humanitarian aid in a coordinated manner while ensuring the start of early recovery and reconstruction. 

-- This document summarizes WHO’s key planning assumptions, strategic priorities and selected activities. 

-- The activities fall within the scope of the overall 2025 WHO operational response and early recovery plan for the occupied Palestinian territory and the One-UN multi-sectoral Gaza Ceasefire Humanitarian Response Plan Summary 60 days (13 October 2025).

ASSUMPTIONS 

-- This plan is developed under the following assumptions:  

- Continuation of ceasefire and improvement of the law-and-order situation.

- Improved access for UN with access/registration issues for INGOs remaining.

- Gradual emergence of a clear and functional governance structure. 

- Improved flexibility of entry of medical supplies and equipment, including dual use items. 

- Free movement in Gaza Strip Zone 1.

- Sustained opening of the Rafah Crossing and other corridors for persons, including medical evacuation and adequate numbers of medical evacuation offers from receiving countries.

- Public health risks largely in line with WHO’s 10th Public Health Situation Analysis for Gaza (Sept 2025 – ceasefire update ongoing). 

STRATEGIC PRIORITIES AND KEY ACTIVITIES 

-- WHO will scale up the provision of humanitarian aid and initiation of early recovery efforts, in collaboration with partners and stakeholders. 

A. Maintain and expand life-saving essential health services

- Provide essential medicines, medical supplies and equipment for primary and secondary health services (including Reproductive Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health; Nutrition; Noncommunicable Disease; Trauma) ensuring appropriate standards in line with the WHO Priority Medicines List for Gaza. 

- Scale up the processing, clearance and entry of medical supplies and equipment to the Gaza Strip safely for WHO and partner organizations who require support.

- Scale-up of medical evacuations up to 50 patients per day plus companions, in line with the previous ceasef ire (currently over 15 000 patients are on the priority list).

- Re-establish and support utilities and support services at hospital level, e.g. oxygen plants, electricity/fuel and generators, mobile storage units. 

- Support the medical referral system, including spare parts for ambulances, ICU units for special transfers,  and coordination between facilities. 

- Scale up of rehabilitation services at all levels of health care, including limb reconstruction services and provision of assistive devices.

- Scale up of mental health and psychosocial support services at all levels of health care, up to specialized clinical care.

- Continue and expand WHO’s existing full support to 3 field hospitals.

- Intensify technical support to health service delivery across the health sector through assessments, monitoring, and capacity building.

- Ensure preparedness and health facility readiness for the possibility of a new escalation. 

B. Public health intelligence, early warning, and prevention and control of communicable disease

- Expansion and strengthening of surveillance for communicable diseases through the provision of surveillance equipment, expansion of Early Warning Alert and Response System, introducing linkages with laboratory and WASH data, and capacity building for Rapid Response Teams.

- Re-establish the Gaza Central Public Health Building, including rehabilitation of laboratory infrastructure, provision of essential equipment, and staffing capacity.

- Provide hospital laboratories with essential diagnostic and antimicrobial resistance equipment and testing supplies.

- Support the availability of safe blood, including entry of blood into the Gaza Strip, restarting local donations, and safety testing.

- Implement the catch-up campaign for immunization to target 40 000 children under the age of 3 that are missing doses or zero-dose for immunizations.

- Provide infection prevention and control support including establishment of isolation capacity, supplies, and capacity building. 

- Continue water quality testing and support to WASH in health facilities.

- Undertake modelling exercises to estimate excess mortality, in collaboration with academic and local partners. 

C. Health emergency coordination

- Health Cluster coordination and support to over 88 health partners to scale up humanitarian support to essential health services for the population of Gaza.

- Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs) scale up from approximately 30 deployed teams to approximately 40 deployed teams to support Gaza’s health system.

- Strengthen the Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus through the establishment and leadership of a dedicated technical working group under the Health Cluster to enable coordination between humanitarian and recovery efforts in health.

- Ensure Prevention of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (PSEA) technical advice and support to partners.

- Coordinate the European Gaza Hospital (EGH) committee under the Health Cluster to operationalize the resumption of services (phase one to restore minimum functionality – two weeks, phase two towards partial functionality – two months). 

D. Early recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction 

-- WHO will focus its early recovery planning around the priorities and activities outlined below. 

-- It is important to note that implementation of these activities will extend beyond the initial 60-day period. However, WHO will require initial resources to prepare, plan and launch the early recovery efforts. 

• Primary health care (PHC) services

- Rehabilitation of 10 primary health care centres (Level III and IV).

- Rehabilitation and restoration/expansion of 3 primary health care services with pre-fabricated structures, equipment and medical supplies, and operational costs. 

• Secondary/tertiary health services

- Two field-hospitals - expand bed capacities for the hospitals (e.g. Al Wafaa Rehabilitation Hospital, Al Shifa Hospital).

- Two pre-fabricated modular clinics - ensure continuity of services during the reconstruction of hospitals.

- Early rehabilitation/expansion of 3 selected general hospitals (e.g. Al Shifa Hospital in Gaza City; Al Aqsa Hospital in Middle Area; EGH Hospital in Khan Younis or Indonesian Hospital in North Gaza). 

• Support the coordination of health sector recovery and recovery planning

- Engage with emerging governance structure, Interim Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (IRNDA)  up-date and plan/prepare for the implementation of early recovery priorities. 

- Health system design: Support the development of a strategic framework for rebuilding a resilient, equitable, and integrated health facility network across the Gaza Strip (rationalized, health needs-based, and cost-effective reconstruction). 

• Facilitating early recovery

- Strengthen and increase the number of health workforce: with salary/incentive payments and deployment of specialized EMTs with surge and training capacities (physical rehabilitation and noncommunicable diseases advanced services).

- Supply chain management, forecasting, warehousing facilities (2 warehouses for medical supplies, decentralized North/South).

REQUIREMENT 

-- Pillar

{A}. Maintain and expand life-saving essential health services: USD 19,500,000

{B}. Public health intelligence, early warning, and prevention and control of communicable disease:  5,500,000

{C}. Health emergency coordination (including Health Cluster and EMT coordination): 1,000,000

{D}. Early recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction: 19,000,000

{Total} 45,000,000 

Note: Operations costs are integrated in pillars A-D. 

___

Source: World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/60-day-ceasefire-plan-for-gaza

____

The Virgin and Child Reading, Jan van Eyck (1433)

 

Public Domain.

Source: WikiArt, https://www.wikiart.org/en/jan-van-eyck/madonna-from-the-inn-s-hall-1433

____

Host #Immunomodulatory Interventions in Severe #Influenza

 

Abstract

Currently, no immunomodulatory agents have been conclusively shown to benefit severe influenza. The World Health Organization conditionally advises against the use of systemic corticosteroids, macrolides, plasma therapy, mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitors, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for such patients. High-dose systemic corticosteroids may increase mortality and morbidity in severe influenza; the potential of low-dose corticosteroids merits further study given survival benefits in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Passive immunotherapy using convalescent plasma or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) from healthy donors has not proven effective, suggesting that future research should focus on hyperimmune plasma or IVIG from recent infections. An open-label randomized controlled trial (RCT) found that a triple combination of oseltamivir, clarithromycin, and naproxen improved outcomes in severe influenza. One RCT has indicated that sirolimus with corticosteroids can expedite liberation from mechanical ventilation and reduce viral load, warranting larger trials of sirolimus alone. In contrast, adding macrolides or nitazoxanide has not consistently improved clinical outcomes. Promising evidence exists for anti-C5a antibodies in COVID-19, while case reports hint that intravenous N-acetylcysteine may benefit severe influenza pneumonia. Observational data on statins remain conflicting. Further studies on COX-2 inhibitors in combination with antivirals and other immunomodulators are needed. Mycophenolic acid, pamidronate, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists are low priorities due to toxicity concerns. Research into human mesenchymal stromal cells and herbal medicine remains inconclusive. Overall, these findings support large-scale trials to validate promising results and address limitations in small studies. Treatment of severe influenza requires a multidisciplinary approach that integrates antiviral and immunomodulatory strategies. Clarifying these roles may enhance patient outcomes.

Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases, https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/232/Supplement_3/S262/8287912

____

Serological #Evidence of Exposure to Eurasian-Lineage HPAI #H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b in Wild #Mammals in #Ohio, #USA, 2024–2025

 

Abstract

The Goose/Guandong lineage of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus [A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996(H5N1)] is the progenitor of the currently circulating Eurasian-lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b and has been the most consequential highly pathogenic avian influenza lineage globally. Despite increased reports of infections, the extent of exposure and role of wild mammals in the ecology and transmission dynamics of the virus remains poorly understood. We surveyed wild mammals in Ohio, United States to investigate the potential spillover of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b. While no active infections—defined as positive results indicative of viral replication and potential propagation—were detected by swab-based molecular tests, serological assays revealed antibodies against multiple avian influenza virus antigens in raccoons and opossums. Specifically, antibodies to avian influenza virus nucleoprotein were detected in 54.9% (n = 61) of samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; antibodies to Eurasian-lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 clade 2.3.4.4b and North American low pathogenic avian influenza H5 were detected in 43.2% (n = 48) and 22.5% (n = 25) of samples, respectively, using virus neutralization assays; and antibodies to avian influenza virus neuraminidase were detected in 44.1% (n = 49) of samples using enzyme-linked lectin assay. All seropositive animals were sampled at Ohio marshes with previously confirmed highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 detections in waterfowl. These findings suggest prior exposure of wild mammals to these viruses without mortality events. Wild mammals may play an intermediary role in the mammalian adaptation of avian influenza A viruses. Therefore, ongoing surveillance of wild mammals is crucial for assessing the risk to public health.

Source: Viruses, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/10/1388

____

Active #Surveillance for Emerging #Influenza A Viruses – Findings from a #OneHealth Study in #Vietnam’s Live Bird #Markets

 

Highlights

-- We conducted surveillance for influenza A viruses at live bird markets in northern Vietnam.

-- Six different subtypes of influenza A virus were found co-circulating in the markets.

-- Notable genetic mutations were found across many genes.

-- These markets have great potential to generate new pandemic influenza A virus strains.

Abstract

Objectives

Live bird markets (LBMs) in Asia have often been the source of human infections with avian influenza virus (AIV).

Methods

From July 2021 to August 2023, we employed a One Health approach in conducting periodic surveillance for novel influenza A viruses in five LBMs in northern Vietnam. Specimens were studied with egg culture, molecular assays, Sanger sequencing, and next-generation sequencing.

Results

We studied a total of 688 human, avian, and bioaerosol specimens. Among these, 118 (17.2%) were found to have molecular evidence of AIVs. Next-generation sequencing of 92 isolates revealed multiple AIV subtypes, including H4N6 (n=1), H5N1 (n=3), H5N8 (n=6), H6N2 (n=3), H6N6 (n=18), and H9N2 (n=61) and mix infections (n=7). Our H5Nx sequences belonged to the Eurasian lineage clade 2.3.4.4b, while our H6N2 sequences were of group III, H6N6 of group II, and H9N2 of the BJ94-lineage clade 4.6.14.

Conclusions

The relatively high prevalence of AIV, particularly highly pathogenic H5N1 and H5N8 viruses, along with the subtype diversity, frequent co-infections and notable mutations, highlights the urgent need for continued monitoring and control of AIV in Vietnam’s poultry farms and LBMs.

Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases, https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(25)00354-6/fulltext

____

Toddler in western #Cambodia becomes 16th #H5N1 bird #flu virus victim in 2025 (Antara)

 

{Excerpt}

Phnom Penh (ANTARA) - A 3-year-old girl from Kampong Speu Province, western Cambodia, has been confirmed to have contracted H5N1 bird flu, bringing the number of cases to 16 so far this year, the Cambodian Ministry of Health said in a statement on Thursday (16/10) evening local time.

Laboratory results from Cambodia's National Institute of Public Health on October 15 showed the girl tested positive for the H5N1 virus, the statement said.

The patient had symptoms of fever, diarrhea, cough, and abdominal pain, and is currently undergoing intensive care with a team of doctors, the statement added.

The girl is a resident of Chek Village, Basedth District.

Investigations found that chickens and ducks had contracted the disease and died at the girl's home and at her neighbor's about a week before she fell ill, the statement said.

(...)

Source: Antara, https://www.antaranews.com/berita/5181569/balita-di-kamboja-barat-jadi-korban-flu-burung-ke-16-pada-2025

____

History of Mass Transportation: The Henschel's Steam Locomotive No. 1 ''Drake'' (1848)

 

By Henschel & Sohn Cassel - https://orka.bibliothek.uni-kassel.de/viewer/image/1583329169073/11/#topDocAnchor, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=164351448

Source: Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henschel_%26_Son

____

#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (by AMEDEO, October 18 '25)

 

AJR Am J Roentgenol

1. LITTLE BP
   Imaging and Reporting of Post-COVID-19 Lung Abnormalities at CT: International Panel of Experts Provides Welcome Guidance.
   AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2025 Oct 15. doi: 10.2214/AJR.25.33999.
   PubMed        
   
   

   
   Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol

2. ELHAISSOUNI N, Arthur A, Prochaska EC, Colantuoni E, et al
   Association of pandemic precautions and Staphylococcus aureus in the NICU.
   Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2025 Oct 13:1-3. doi: 10.1017/ice.2025.10319.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Int J Infect Dis

3. OPPONG AE, Coelewij L, Hutchinson M, Carpenter B, et al
   Simple hyperinflammation scores predict mortality in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 and offer a personalised medicine approach to dexamethasone intervention.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2025 Oct 13:108119. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108119.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect

4. TANG X, Ma T, Yao Z, Zhang L, et al
   The triumvirate of mutation bias, population dynamics, and natural selection in shaping SARS-CoV-2 intra-host variation.
   J Infect. 2025;91:106628.
   PubMed        
   
   

   
   J Med Virol

5. GAKLIK LTA, Carneiro BM
   Assessing Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 Coinfection in Brazil: A Comprehensive Study of Patient Outcomes From 2020 to 2023.
   J Med Virol. 2025;97:e70639.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
6. PARRY RH, Shang Y, Sng JDJ, McMillan CLD, et al
   Vaccine-Induced and Hybrid Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in Two Cohorts in Queensland, Australia (2021-2022).
   J Med Virol. 2025;97:e70642.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
7. CHEN W, Li J, Bai S, Zhang A, et al
   Kinetics of IgA Subtypes and Cytokines in Respiratory Secretions Following Immunization With COVID-19 Mucosal Vaccine.
   J Med Virol. 2025;97:e70638.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Virol

8. DING S, Yang D, Ullah I, Niu L, et al
   Optimization of VE607 to generate analogs with improved neutralization activities against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
   J Virol. 2025 Oct 13:e0103425. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01034.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
9. DADONAITE B, Harari S, Larsen BB, Kampman L, et al
   Spike mutations that affect the function and antigenicity of recent KP.3.1.1-like SARS-CoV-2 variants.
   J Virol. 2025 Oct 13:e0142325. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01423.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
10. YU J, Sun Q, Zhu J, Cui Y, et al
    The integrin protein ITGbeta1 effectively suppresses porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication through facilitating MDA5 oligomerization and subsequent activation of the type I interferon signaling pathway.
    J Virol. 2025 Oct 17:e0155325. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01553.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    JAMA

11. SAUGEL B, Meidert AS, Brunkhorst FM, Bischoff R, et al
    Individualized Perioperative Blood Pressure Management in Patients Undergoing Major Abdominal Surgery: The IMPROVE-multi Randomized Clinical Trial.
    JAMA. 2025 Oct 12:e2517235. doi: 10.1001/jama.2025.17235.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Lancet

12. THE LANCET
    Health progress in a post-COVID-19 world.
    Lancet. 2025 Oct 12:S0140-6736(25)01947-6. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01947.
    PubMed        
    
    
13. 
    Global burden of 292 causes of death in 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.
    Lancet. 2025 Oct 12:S0140-6736(25)01917-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01917.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. 
    Global age-sex-specific all-cause mortality and life expectancy estimates for 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations, 1950-2023: a demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.
    Lancet. 2025 Oct 12:S0140-6736(25)01330-3. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01330.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
15. 
    Burden of 375 diseases and injuries, risk-attributable burden of 88 risk factors, and healthy life expectancy in 204 countries and territories, including 660 subnational locations, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Stud
    Lancet. 2025 Oct 12:S0140-6736(25)01637-X. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01637.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
16. REHM J, Assanangkornchai S, Hendershot CS, Franklin A, et al
    Alcohol use disorders.
    Lancet. 2025 Oct 9:S0140-6736(25)01496-5. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01496.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
17. RANDERATH W, Grote L, Stenlof K, Fietze I, et al
    Sultiame once per day in obstructive sleep apnoea (FLOW): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding, phase 2 trial.
    Lancet. 2025 Oct 9:S0140-6736(25)01196-1. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01196.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
18. NDEMBI N, Mercy K, Folayan MO, Abdool Karim SS, et al
    Analysis of mpox in Angola conflates distinct timelines.
    Lancet. 2025;406:e29.
    PubMed        
    
    

    
    Lancet Infect Dis

19. SCHILLING WHK, Jittamala P, Wongnak P, Watson JA, et al
    Antiviral efficacy of oral ensitrelvir versus oral ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir in COVID-19 (PLATCOV): an open-label, phase 2, randomised, controlled, adaptive trial.
    Lancet Infect Dis. 2025 Oct 10:S1473-3099(25)00482.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
20. HONG CM, Hung IFN
    Beyond ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir: the case for ensitrelvir in COVID-19 treatment.
    Lancet Infect Dis. 2025 Oct 10:S1473-3099(25)00549.
    PubMed        

#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, October 18 '25)

 

Antiviral Res

1. PATEL MC, Nguyen HT, Mishin VP, Pascua PNQ, et al
   Antiviral susceptibility monitoring: testing algorithm, methods, and findings for influenza season, 2023-2024.
   Antiviral Res. 2025 Oct 11:106299. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2025.106299.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
2. ZHU C, Wang Z, Pan Z, Mai X, et al
   DMBT1 promotes SARS-CoV-2 infection and its SRCR-derived peptide inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection.
   Antiviral Res. 2025 Sep 3:106269. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2025.106269.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
3. TASHIMA R, Kuroda T, Nobori H, Miyagawa S, et al
   Ensitrelvir suppresses prolonged olfactory abnormalities derived from SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters.
   Antiviral Res. 2025 Sep 2:106270. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2025.106270.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   BMC Pediatr

4. WU LE, Wei JY, Lin ZH, Li HC, et al
   Clinical characteristics of children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome infected with SARS-CoV-2: a single-center retrospective cohort study.
   BMC Pediatr. 2025;25:803.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect Dis

5. HENAUT M, Carbonneau J, Levade I, Boivin G, et al
   Fitness of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants in Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Cell Lines as Determined by Reverse-Transcription Droplet Digital PCR and Whole-Genome Sequencing.
   J Infect Dis. 2025;232:e656-e660.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
6. KITTIKRAISAK W, Mohanty S, Klungthong C, Macareo L, et al
   Antenatal Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus Illness Rates Among Pregnant Women in Thailand and the Association Between Antenatal Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Perinatal Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study.
   J Infect Dis. 2025;232:e651-e655.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
7. ATMAR RL, Lyke KE, Posavad CM, Deming ME, et al
   Mucosal and Systemic Antibody Responses After Boosting With a Bivalent Messenger RNA Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccine.
   J Infect Dis. 2025 Apr 29:jiaf176. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
8. JIANG D, Hurst JH, Mohamed G, Kelly MS, et al
   Decreased Microbiota-Driven Tyrosine Metabolism Is Associated With Symptomatic COVID-19 in Children.
   J Infect Dis. 2025;232:796-805.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
9. SAMANDARI T, Achola M, Hutter JN, Mboya G, et al
   Plasmodium falciparum Parasitemia Does Not Diminish Neutralizing Antibody Responses After mRNA COVID-19 Booster Vaccination in HIV-infected Adults.
   J Infect Dis. 2025 Aug 2:jiaf398. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
10. BUI VL, Ragonnet R, Hughes AE, Shipman DS, et al
    Impact of Case Detection and Covid-19-Related Disruptions on Tuberculosis In Vietnam: A Modelling Analysis.
    J Infect Dis. 2025 Aug 7:jiaf406. doi: 10.1093.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
11. WAITE AAC, Peto L, Gordon AC, Horby P, et al
    Platform Trials to Assess Therapeutics in Patients Hospitalized With Influenza.
    J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
12. BRIGHT RA
    Optimizing Antiviral Stockpiles for Pandemic Response: A Strategic Framework.
    J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
13. SHINDO N, Huvos A, Nguyen T
    Evolution of WHO Influenza Antiviral Stockpile: Rapid Access and Use in Low- and Middle-Income Countries for Pandemic Preparedness and Response.
    J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. HAYDEN FG, Whitley RJ
    Introduction and Update: Advances in Influenza Therapeutics.
    J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
15. LEE K, Pavia AT, Englund JA
    Improving Access to Influenza Testing and Treatment: Is It Time for Over-the-counter Oseltamivir?
    J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
16. TAKASHITA E, Wolfe CR, Jones JC
    Laboratory Methods for Monitoring Influenza Antiviral Resistance.
    J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
17. DAMHORST GL, Lam WA
    Point-of-care and Home Use Influenza Diagnostics for Advancing Therapeutic and Public Health Strategies.
    J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
18. ZAMBON M, Myles P, Sugaya N
    Use of Influenza Antivirals in Pandemic Response.
    J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
19. BEIGEL JH, Oldach D
    Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies for the Treatment and Prevention of Influenza.
    J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
20. HASTINGS LE, Acosta EP, Kimberlin DW
    Influenza Antiviral Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Relationships in Pregnancy, Infancy, and Early Childhood.
    J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
21. KARAKONSTANTIS S, Lytras T, Keske S, Tsiodras S, et al
    The Care Continuum of Patients With Influenza in the Post-COVID-19 Era: A Position Paper.
    J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
22. HELDMAN MR, Boeckh MJ, Ison MG
    Influenza Antivirals for Prevention and Treatment in Immunocompromised People.
    J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
23. COWLING BJ, Lin Y, Ikematsu H
    Use of Influenza Antivirals to Prevent Transmission.
    J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
24. PASCO R, Hayden FG, Meyers LA
    Modeling Influenza Antiviral Strategies: Reducing Burden and Preventing Resistance.
    J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
25. LI J, Jin Y, Wang Y, Shang L, et al
    New Developments in Influenza Polymerase Inhibitors.
    J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
26. UYEKI TM, Belser JA
    Antivirals for Novel Influenza A Virus Infections.
    J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
27. HUI DSC, Chan KKP
    Host Immunomodulatory Interventions in Severe Influenza.
    J Infect Dis. 2025;232.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS Comput Biol

28. JOUBBI S, Micheli A, Milazzo P, Ciano G, et al
    Enhancing antibody-antigen interaction prediction with atomic flexibility.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2025;21:e1013576.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
29. ERANTI P, Hegde M, Al Sium SM, Parra RG, et al
    Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on computational biology early career researchers: A global retrospective study.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2025;21:e1013554.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
30. TORRAS-PEREZ M, Yoon IHR, Weeratunga P, Ho LP, et al
    Topology across scales on heterogeneous cell data.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2025;21:e1013460.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS Med

31. KAWAMOTO A, Hashida M, Ishida K, Furihata K, et al
    Immunogenicity and safety of DS-5670d, an omicron XBB.1.5-targeting COVID-19 mRNA vaccine: A phase 3, randomized, active-controlled study.
    PLoS Med. 2025;22:e1004499.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS One

32. RISNER M, Hu L, Stamoulis C
    Pre-pandemic mental health and brain characteristics predict adolescent stress and emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0334028.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
33. HADAYA J, Ebrahimian S, Cho NY, Kim S, et al
    Trends and outcomes of cardiac arrest and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0334896.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
34. MAGBOR P, Wang WZ, Gugan G, Olabode AS, et al
    Spatiotemporal structure of SARS-CoV-2 mutational frequencies in wastewater samples from Ontario.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0333945.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
35. DUBUIS ME, Racine E, Vyskocil JM, Turgeon N, et al
    Correction: Ozone inactivation of airborne influenza and lack of resistance of respiratory syncytial virus to aerosolization and sampling processes.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0334842.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
36. WAGELAAR EM, Hogeveen LS, Jonkman NH, Bakker A, et al
    Healthcare employees' perspectives on organizational communication about preventive mental health interventions: A focus group study.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0334716.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
37. ELLEGAARD KM, Gunalan V, Sieber R, Baig SJ, et al
    SARS-CoV-2 sequencing artifacts associated with targeted PCR enrichment and read mapping.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0334009.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
38. SHAKEEL I, Rashid HB, Ain QU, Inayat A, et al
    Prevalence and risk factors of Influenza Avian Virus in backyard pigeons, ducks, and chickens in Toba Tek Singh District, Pakistan.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0314186.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
39. NAGRA G, Ezeugwu VE, Bostick GP, Branton E, et al
    Return-to-work for people living with long COVID: A scoping review of interventions and recommendations.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0321891.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
40. MEJIA GOMEZ LA, Menendez D, Umscheid V, Gelman SA, et al
    Who gets sicker and why? Parents' perceptions of COVID-19 disparities and how they would explain them to their children.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0332140.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
41. HOSSEN MT, Alam MSB, Islam MS, Montomoli E, et al
    Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the routine immunization system in Bangladesh.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0334503.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
42. WENG PY, Li D, Liao ML, Chiang YC, et al
    Aging in rural communities: Engagement in indoor leisure activities and older adult health.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0334111.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
43. GAO F, Wang D, Zuo L, Sun J, et al
    Alterations in the serum metabolome in patients with the COVID-19 Omicron variant and in recovered cases.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0327297.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
44. CHICOINE N, Griffin J
    The unreliability of estimated release dates in hospital drug shortage management: A case study of hospital pharmacy operations during the COVID-19 pandemic.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0328747.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Vaccine

45. PIRES C
    Influenza vaccine hesitancy in the elderly: Where do we stand?
    Vaccine. 2025;66:127831.
    PubMed         Abstract available

Unexpected #Detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza (HPAI) #H5N1 virus in #bovine #Semen

 

Abstract

Since March 2024, HPAI H5N1 virus has infected dairy cattle in the U.S., prompting concern about novel transmission routes. During an outbreak in California, HPAI H5N1 RNA was detected in an asymptomatic bull's semen. Although infectious virus was not isolated, questions remain about semen-associated transmission risks and biosecurity practices.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682947v1

____

#Iceland - #Influenza A #H5 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

 

{[Common Raven] By Accipiter (R. Altenkamp, Berlin) - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6806927}

___

Note 16/10/2025: The case reported in this event was confirmed to be H5 but was negative for N1 and N5. Therefore, it is assumed that a new serotype has been detected in the country.

The raven was found sick with a broken wing, emaciated and with diarrhea. It was euthanized.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6868

____

#Italy - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Follow up report 1

 

{[Mallard duck] By This picture was realized by Richard Bartz by using a Canon EF 70-300mm f/4-5.6 IS USM Lens - Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6449086}

{[Common Teal] By Shantanu Kuveskar - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=78923110}

___

A wild mallard in Veneto Region.

A wild common teal in Friuli-Venezia Giulia Region.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6896

____

Burden of 375 #diseases and injuries, #risk-attributable burden of 88 risk factors, and healthy life expectancy in 204 countries and territories...

 

Summary

Background

For more than three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has provided a framework to quantify health loss due to diseases, injuries, and associated risk factors. This paper presents GBD 2023 findings on disease and injury burden and risk-attributable health loss, offering a global audit of the state of world health to inform public health priorities. This work captures the evolving landscape of health metrics across age groups, sexes, and locations, while reflecting on the remaining post-COVID-19 challenges to achieving our collective global health ambitions.

Methods

The GBD 2023 combined analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 375 diseases and injuries, and risk-attributable burden associated with 88 modifiable risk factors. Of the more than 310 000 total data sources used for all GBD 2023 (about 30% of which were new to this estimation round), more than 120 000 sources were used for estimation of disease and injury burden and 59 000 for risk factor estimation, and included vital registration systems, surveys, disease registries, and published scientific literature. Data were analysed using previously established modelling approaches, such as disease modelling meta-regression version 2.1 (DisMod-MR 2.1) and comparative risk assessment methods. Diseases and injuries were categorised into four levels on the basis of the established GBD cause hierarchy, as were risk factors using the GBD risk hierarchy. Estimates stratified by age, sex, location, and year from 1990 to 2023 were focused on disease-specific time trends over the 2010–23 period and presented as counts (to three significant figures) and age-standardised rates per 100 000 person-years (to one decimal place). For each measure, 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs] were calculated with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile ordered values from a 250-draw distribution.

Findings

Total numbers of global DALYs grew 6·1% (95% UI 4·0–8·1), from 2·64 billion (2·46–2·86) in 2010 to 2·80 billion (2·57–3·08) in 2023, but age-standardised DALY rates, which account for population growth and ageing, decreased by 12·6% (11·0–14·1), revealing large long-term health improvements. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) contributed 1·45 billion (1·31–1·61) global DALYs in 2010, increasing to 1·80 billion (1·63–2·03) in 2023, alongside a concurrent 4·1% (1·9–6·3) reduction in age-standardised rates. Based on DALY counts, the leading level 3 NCDs in 2023 were ischaemic heart disease (193 million [176–209] DALYs), stroke (157 million [141–172]), and diabetes (90·2 million [75·2–107]), with the largest increases in age-standardised rates since 2010 occurring for anxiety disorders (62·8% [34·0–107·5]), depressive disorders (26·3% [11·6–42·9]), and diabetes (14·9% [7·5–25·6]). Remarkable health gains were made for communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases, with DALYs falling from 874 million (837–917) in 2010 to 681 million (642–736) in 2023, and a 25·8% (22·6–28·7) reduction in age-standardised DALY rates. During the COVID-19 pandemic, DALYs due to CMNN diseases rose but returned to pre-pandemic levels by 2023. From 2010 to 2023, decreases in age-standardised rates for CMNN diseases were led by rate decreases of 49·1% (32·7–61·0) for diarrhoeal diseases, 42·9% (38·0–48·0) for HIV/AIDS, and 42·2% (23·6–56·6) for tuberculosis. Neonatal disorders and lower respiratory infections remained the leading level 3 CMNN causes globally in 2023, although both showed notable rate decreases from 2010, declining by 16·5% (10·6–22·0) and 24·8% (7·4–36·7), respectively. Injury-related age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 15·6% (10·7–19·8) over the same period. Differences in burden due to NCDs, CMNN diseases, and injuries persisted across age, sex, time, and location. Based on our risk analysis, nearly 50% (1·27 billion [1·18–1·38]) of the roughly 2·80 billion total global DALYs in 2023 were attributable to the 88 risk factors analysed in GBD. Globally, the five level 3 risk factors contributing the highest proportion of risk-attributable DALYs were high systolic blood pressure (SBP), particulate matter pollution, high fasting plasma glucose (FPG), smoking, and low birthweight and short gestation—with high SBP accounting for 8·4% (6·9–10·0) of total DALYs. Of the three overarching level 1 GBD risk factor categories—behavioural, metabolic, and environmental and occupational—risk-attributable DALYs rose between 2010 and 2023 only for metabolic risks, increasing by 30·7% (24·8–37·3); however, age-standardised DALY rates attributable to metabolic risks decreased by 6·7% (2·0–11·0) over the same period. For all but three of the 25 leading level 3 risk factors, age-standardised rates dropped between 2010 and 2023—eg, declining by 54·4% (38·7–65·3) for unsafe sanitation, 50·5% (33·3–63·1) for unsafe water source, and 45·2% (25·6–72·0) for no access to handwashing facility, and by 44·9% (37·3–53·5) for child growth failure. The three leading level 3 risk factors for which age-standardised attributable DALY rates rose were high BMI (10·5% [0·1 to 20·9]), drug use (8·4% [2·6 to 15·3]), and high FPG (6·2% [–2·7 to 15·6]; non-significant).

Interpretation

Our findings underscore the complex and dynamic nature of global health challenges. Since 2010, there have been large decreases in burden due to CMNN diseases and many environmental and behavioural risk factors, juxtaposed with sizeable increases in DALYs attributable to metabolic risk factors and NCDs in growing and ageing populations. This long-observed consequence of the global epidemiological transition was only temporarily interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The substantially decreasing CMNN disease burden, despite the 2008 global financial crisis and pandemic-related disruptions, is one of the greatest collective public health successes known. However, these achievements are at risk of being reversed due to major cuts to development assistance for health globally, the effects of which will hit low-income countries with high burden the hardest. Without sustained investment in evidence-based interventions and policies, progress could stall or reverse, leading to widespread human costs and geopolitical instability. Moreover, the rising NCD burden necessitates intensified efforts to mitigate exposure to leading risk factors—eg, air pollution, smoking, and metabolic risks, such as high SBP, BMI, and FPG—including policies that promote food security, healthier diets, physical activity, and equitable and expanded access to potential treatments, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists. Decisive, coordinated action is needed to address long-standing yet growing health challenges, including depressive and anxiety disorders. Yet this can be only part of the solution. Our response to the NCD syndemic—the complex interaction of multiple health risks, social determinants, and systemic challenges—will define the future landscape of global health. To ensure human wellbeing, economic stability, and social equity, global action to sustain and advance health gains must prioritise reducing disparities by addressing socioeconomic and demographic determinants, ensuring equitable health-care access, tackling malnutrition, strengthening health systems, and improving vaccination coverage. We live in times of great opportunity.

Funding

Gates Foundation and Bloomberg Philanthropies.

Source: The Lancet, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(25)01637-X/fulltext?rss=yes

____

#Evolution of #WHO #Influenza #Antiviral #Stockpile: Rapid Access and Use in Low- and Middle-Income Countries for Pandemic Preparedness and Response

 

Abstract

The SARS outbreak and influenza A(H5N1) infections (2003–2004) prompted WHO to establish a global influenza antiviral stockpile, enabling rapid distribution to 72 countries during the 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic. To improve access in low- and middle-income countries, WHO added antivirals to the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and included them in the Prequalification Programme. The 2011 Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework refined strategies for equitable access and rapid response. Lessons from COVID-19 led to a new WHO-led mechanism—the Interim Medical Countermeasures Network (i-MCM-net)—which supports integrated supply chains, real-time data sharing, research and development, and equitable access. WHO continues to emphasise equity and global solidarity, highlighting the need for accessible, effective, and affordable antivirals alongside vaccines to protect vulnerable populations and mitigate the impact of future pandemics.

Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases, https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/232/Supplement_3/S210/8287898?login=false

____

Introduction and Update: #Advances in #Influenza #Therapeutics

 

Abstract

This supplement contains 17 articles addressing various aspects of advances in influenza therapeutics and related strategies (e.g., diagnostics, rapid access strategies, and resistance monitoring) for preventing and treating seasonal, zoonotic, and pandemic influenza. In addition to briefly introducing each article, we highlight shortcomings in current use, knowledge gaps requiring further study, and therapeutics of interest entering or advancing in clinical development.

Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases, https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/232/Supplement_3/S169/8287899?login=false

____

Use of #Influenza #Antivirals to Prevent #Transmission

 

Abstract

Influenza antivirals play an important role in the prevention and control of influenza. We reviewed data on the effectiveness of influenza antivirals for reducing influenza transmission. We found that antiviral prophylaxis, whether given pre- or postexposure, has been shown to reduce the risk of symptomatic influenza in a variety of settings and populations. During pandemic responses, antiviral prophylaxis could play an important role, as demonstrated by the use of amantadine in the 1968–1969 influenza A(H3N2) pandemic and oseltamivir during the 2009–2010 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic. Antiviral treatment reduces symptom severity, prevents complications, and can reduce onward transmission of infection. However, resistance, accessibility, and timing pose challenges. Future research directions include innovative therapies and combination treatments. Continued research and stewardship are crucial to optimize antiviral impact.

Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases, https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/232/Supplement_3/S215/8287908

____

#Bat #sarbecovirus WIV1-CoV bears an adaptive #mutation that alters #spike dynamics and enhances #ACE2 binding

 

Abstract

SARS-like betacoronaviruses (sarbecoviruses) endemic in bats pose a significant zoonotic threat to humans. Genetic pathways associated with spillover of bat sarbecoviruses into humans are incompletely understood. We previously showed that the wild-type spike of the rhinolophid bat coronavirus SHC014-CoV has poor entry activity and uncovered two distinct genetic pathways outside the receptor-binding domain (RBD) that increased spike opening, ACE2 binding, and cell entry. Herein, we show that the widely studied bat sarbecovirus WIV1-CoV is likely a cell culture-adapted variant whose progenitor bears a spike resembling that of Rs3367-CoV, which was sequenced from the same population of rhinolophid bats as SHC014-CoV. Our findings suggest that the acquisition of a single amino-acid substitution in the ‘630-loop’ of the S1 subunit was the key spike adaptation event during the successful isolation of WIV1-CoV, and that it enhances spike opening, virus-receptor recognition, and cell entry in much the same manner as the substitutions we previously identified in SHC014-CoV using a pseudotype system. The conformational constraints on both the SHC014-CoV and Rs3367-CoV spikes could be alleviated by pre-cleaving them with trypsin, suggesting that the spike-opening substitutions arose to circumvent the lack of S1–S2 cleavage. We propose that the ‘locked-down’ nature of these spikes and their requirement for S1–S2 cleavage to engage ACE2 represent viral optimizations for a fecal-oral lifestyle and immune evasion in their natural hosts. These adaptations may be a broader property of bat sarbecoviruses than currently recognized. The acquisition of a polybasic furin cleavage site at the S1–S2 boundary is accepted as a key viral adaptation for SARS-CoV-2 emergence that overcame a host protease barrier to viral entry in the mammalian respiratory tract. Our results suggest alternative spillover scenarios in which spike-opening substitutions that promote virus-receptor binding and entry could precede, or even initially replace, substitutions that enhance spike cleavage in the zoonotic host.

Source: PLoS Pathogens, https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1013123

____

Citywide indoor #air #sampling mirrors #wastewater and clinical case #surveillance of respiratory viruses

 

Abstract

Wastewater surveillance of respiratory pathogens can provide timely estimates of viral activity and disease trends in a population. Indoor air surveillance could be used similarly with some advantages but remains largely unvalidated at the community-scale. Here, an indoor air surveillance program was employed as part of public health environmental surveillance in Chicago, Illinois, USA. Ten air samplers were placed in healthcare and congregate living settings across the city. Weekly air samples were evaluated for influenza A, influenza B, respiratory syncytial virus, and SARS-CoV-2 over two respiratory virus seasons. Citywide, aggregated air sample positivity and viral load were closely correlated with local clinical case and wastewater surveillance data across all respiratory viruses. Virus trends in air data often preceded clinical and wastewater, although this varied across pathogens and respiratory virus seasons. Further, whole-genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 showed close correlation of variant proportions across all datasets. At the building-scale, air samples obtained from a single sampling device provided efficient respiratory virus surveillance, with well-correlated estimates of respiratory pathogens. These data demonstrate that air surveillance can provide accurate estimates of respiratory virus infections and variants at a building or community-scale, serving as an alternative or complementary tool for public health environmental surveillance.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funding Statement

This project was supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of a financial assistance award totaling $800,000 with 100% funded by CDC/HHS. The contents are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement, by CDC/HHS, or the U.S. Government. The project described was supported in part by cooperative agreement NU50CK000556 from CDC. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of CDC. This work was also supported through a Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases at Rush University Medical Center award (1 GE1HS45832-01-00).

Source: MedRxIV, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.25337283v1

____

#USA, New York State Department of Health Confirms First Locally Acquired Case of #Chikungunya in #NewYork State (DoH)

 

ALBANY, N.Y. (October 14, 2025) — The New York State Department of Health today announced that a case of locally acquired chikungunya has been confirmed in New York State. Laboratory testing at the Department's Wadsworth Center confirmed the case in Nassau County on Long Island. This marks the first locally acquired case of chikungunya reported in New York State. No locally acquired cases have been reported in the U.S. states and territories since 2019.

An investigation suggests that the individual likely contracted the virus following a bite from an infected mosquito. While the case is classified as locally acquired based on current information, the precise source of exposure is not known. The Aedes albopictus mosquito, known to transmit chikungunya, is present in parts of downstate New York. Local transmission can occur when an A. albopictus mosquito bites an infected traveler, becomes infected and bites another person. The disease cannot be spread directly from one person to another.

"Our Wadsworth Center has confirmed this test result, which is the first known case of locally acquired Chikungunya in New York State. Given the much colder nighttime temperatures, the current risk in New York is very low." State Health Commissioner Dr. James McDonald said. "We urge everyone to take simple precautions to protect themselves and their families from mosquito bites."

Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne disease most common in tropical and subtropical regions. Symptoms include fever and joint pain, headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, or rash. The illness is rarely fatal and most patients recover within a week, though some may experience persistent joint pain. People at higher risk for severe disease include newborns infected around the time of birth, adults aged 65 and older, and individuals with chronic conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes or heart disease.

In 2025, there have been three additional chikungunya cases outside New York City that were all linked to international travel to regions with active chikungunya infections. Routine mosquito testing conducted by the Department's Wadsworth Center and the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) has not detected chikungunya virus in any New York mosquito samples to date.

Mosquito activity in New York is declining as cooler fall temperatures begin. The Department reminds all New Yorkers to take precautions to reduce the risk of mosquito bites:

-- Use EPA-registered insect repellents

-- Wear long sleeves, long pants and socks outdoors when possible

-- Remove standing water around homes, such as in flowerpots, buckets and gutters

-- Repair or patch holes in window and door screens to keep mosquitoes out

(...)

Source: Department of Health, https://www.health.ny.gov/press/releases/2025/2025-10-14_chikungunya.htm

____

A #vaccine central in #H5 #influenza antigenic space confers broad #immunity

 

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) viruses globally impact wild and domestic birds, and have caused severe infections in mammals, including humans, underscoring their pandemic potential. The antigenic evolution of the A(H5) haemagglutinin (HA) poses challenges for pandemic preparedness and vaccine design. Here the global antigenic evolution of the A(H5) HA was captured in a high-resolution antigenic map. The map was used to design immunogenic and antigenically central vaccine HA antigens, eliciting antibody responses that broadly cover the A(H5) antigenic space. In ferrets, a central antigen protected as well as homologous vaccines against heterologous infection with two antigenically distinct viruses. This work showcases the rational design of subtype-wide influenza A(H5) pre-pandemic vaccines and demonstrates the value of antigenic maps for the evaluation of vaccine-induced immune responses through antibody profiles.

Source: Nature, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09626-3

____