#Sweden - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

 

A protection zone (3km) and a surveillance zone (10 km) have been put in place around the infected farm and all other restrictions and necessary measures according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 and (EU) 2020/687.

{Tomelilla} Fattening turkeys. The turkeys were reported showing clinical signs of increased mortality 24 October and were euthanasia was finalized 26 October. A protection zone (3 km) and a surveillance zone (10 km) have been put in place around the infected farm and all other restrictions and necessary measures according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 and EU DR 2020/687 are applied.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6939

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#Germany - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

 

{Di Frank Liebig - Archiv Frank Liebig, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56812600}

Wild birds belonging to the Gruidae Species in Berlin Region.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6938

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#Israel - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

 

{By Charles J. Sharp - Own work, from Sharp Photography, sharpphotography.co.uk, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=66151818}

A wild Great Wild Pelican in Ha Zafon Region.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6936

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#Lithuania - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

Wild Mute Swans in Klaipedos, Vilniaus, Panevezio Regions.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6923

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#Germany - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

{Baden-Württemberg] Turkeys for fattening (1200), ducks for fattening (2400), geese for fattening (1200), broilers (6500), laying hens (4000).

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6927

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#Luxembourg - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

{By Andreas Trepte - Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39163967}

Wild Common Cranes.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6918

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Terracotta Head of a Man, Ancient Greek Painting and Sculpture (ca. 600 BC)

 Public Domain.

Source: WikiArt, https://www.wikiart.org/en/ancient-greek-painting/terracotta-head-of-a-man--600

____

History of Mass Transportation: The FS RAL60 Metric Gauge Autorail

 

Di Smiley.toerist - Opera propria, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7690411

Source: Wikipedia, https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotrice_FS_RALn_60

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History of Mass Transportation: The Henschel Steam Locomotive No. 2000

 

By Henschel & Sohn Cassel - https://orka.bibliothek.uni-kassel.de/viewer/fullscreen/02008090546707/1/, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=164392169

Source: Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henschel_%26_Son

____

#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (by AMEDEO, October 25 '25)

 

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    J Virol

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22. DANGI T, Li S, Penaloza-MacMaster P
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24. GRIPPIN AJ, Marconi C, Copling S, Li N, et al
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#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, October 25 '25)

 

Antiviral Res

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   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   BMC Pediatr

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   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
3. MAGGIO ABR, Palomo S, Joye R, Huguet H, et al
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   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Cell

4. HICKMAN HD, Moutsopoulos NM
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   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Epidemiol Infect

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   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Clin Microbiol

6. BACSIK DJ, Mills MG, Monroe LD, Spring C, et al
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   J Gen Virol

7. SHIMOTAI Y, Sugawara K, Matsuzaki Y, Muraki Y, et al
   Cytoplasmic domain of CM2 is involved in the replication of influenza C virus.
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   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect

8. MOORE CM, Secor EA, Fairbanks-Mahnke A, Everman JL, et al
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9. RAJAN A, Nagaraj D, Bomidi C, Aloisio GM, et al
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10. GRANVIK C, Persson IL, Barros GWF, Ahlm C, et al
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11. PRITCHARD E, Vihta KD, Lipworth S, Pouwels KB, et al
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    J Virol

12. JOSEPH R, Marais G, Iranzadeh I, Alisoltani A, et al
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    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

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44. DOMINGUEZ ISLAS CP, Magaret CA, Molitor C, Serebryannyy L, et al
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45. OPHIR Y, Wong JH, Haddad KR, Huuskonen A, et al
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46. WROBLEWSKI M, Meler A
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47. FANG X, Holding AC, Audet EC, Thai H, et al
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48. OGATA T, Hattori S, Kawachi K, Ishikane M, et al
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49. HIRAGA K, Momose H, Kuribayashi W, Uemura M, et al
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50. BLADH O, Aguilera K, Sheikh-Mohamed S, Nardulli J, et al
    Comparing methods collecting mucosal secretions and detecting SARS-CoV-2 spike IgA in three laboratories across three countries.
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    Virology

51. TSUNEKI-TOKUNAGA A, Komatsu M, Perdana WY, Nishiyama S, et al
    Epidemic influenza virus strains with high growth capability induce severe inflammatory response in vivo.
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    PubMed         Abstract available

Joint #FAO / #WHO / #WOAH Rapid #Risk #Assessment of Rift Valley fever (#RVF) in #Senegal and #Mauritania: Implications for Public Health and Animal Health (Oct. 24 '25)

 

{Excerpt}

Risk statement

This risk assessment is based on the current epidemiological and epizootic situation of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in Senegal and Mauritania, from 20 September through 8 October 2025.

The risk assessment was conducted separately for each country. However, the findings indicate that the level of risk is the same for both countries across all levels, for both human and animal health.  

During this period, Senegal reported 119 confirmed human RVF cases, including 16 deaths, resulting in a case fatality rate (CFR) of 13.4%. Cases were recorded across eight health districts in three regions of Senegal, with the majority in Saint-Louis Region with 110 cases (92%) followed by Louga (four cases) and Matam (one case). 

The affected districts in Saint-Louis Region: Podor, Richard-Toll, Dagana, and Saint-Louis are located along the northern border with Mauritania along the Senegal River.  

The most affected age groups were 15- 35 years, accounting for 69 cases (58%), and 35-60 years with 34 cases (29%), with 77 % of cases occurring in males. 

Hemorrhagic symptoms were reported in 22 cases (18%) of which 13 resulted in death.  

Animal infections resulting in abortions and livestock mortality were also reported. 

On 23 September, 1122 blood samples and four abortion samples were collected from small ruminant herds in villages where human cases were reported. 

Of these, 36 samples tested positive across six herds. 

By 30 September, a total of 27 confirmed animal cases, two deaths have been reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) through the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS). 

As of that date, five animal outbreaks have been confirmed in Saint-Louis Region, with four additional outbreaks expected to be included in a forthcoming follow-up report currently in draft.  

RVF is endemic in Senegal, with previous outbreaks affecting both humans and animals. 

The last confirmed human case before this outbreak occurred in January 2025 in Touba, located in the Diourbel region, while the last recorded human case in Saint-Louis region occurred in 2022.   

Between 27 September and 5 October 2025, Mauritania reported 17 confirmed human RVF cases, including eight deaths, resulting in a CFR of 47%. 

Cases were recorded across seven districts in five regions (wilayas), three of which have international borders: Assaba which borders Mali to the south, Brakna and Trarza both bordering Senegal along the Senegal River. 

Of 66 samples tested, the positivity rate was 25.7%.  

Multiple active outbreaks in animals have also been reported. According to the Ministry of Animal Resources of Mauritania, as of 6 October, 17 outbreaks across eight regions, with 86 out of 307 samples testing positive. 

The first animal cases, involving goats and camels, were reported in August 2025. A total of 39 clinical animal cases (including 16 deaths in two dromedaries and 14 goats) were reported in Aioun, Hodh-Gharbi region and Timbedra, Hodh-Charghi region, both are located in southeastern Mauritania near the Mali border, and in Maghta Lahjar, Brakna region, in central Mauritania.  

In Brakna region alone, 233 animal cases and 55 deaths have been reported to WOAH by 3 October 2025. 

Affected animals include sheep, goats, camels and cattle.  

RVF is endemic in Mauritania. The last major outbreak occurred in 2022, with 47 confirmed human cases, including 23 deaths (CFR 49%), mostly among animal breeders in nine of 15 regions. 

The virus also affected animals such as cattle, camels, and small ruminants, with sample positivity rates of around 24% tested during that outbreak period.  

The current outbreak in Senegal and Mauritania is unusual in both its magnitude and severity. It involves multiple districts in border regions, particularly along the Senegal River, increasing the risk of cross-border transmission between Senegal and Mauritania. 

In Mauritania, the outbreak also extends to eastern regions bordering Mali, raising concerns about potential regional spread beyond the Senegal River basin.  

A notably high proportion of severe and haemorrhagic cases has been reported. In Senegal, 18% of confirmed human cases presented with haemorrhagic symptoms, with 13 cases resulting in death.  

The situation is particularly concerning in Mauritania, where the CFR has reached 47%, reflecting both the severity of illness and potential gaps in early detection and clinical management. 

Further information is needed to better understand the factors contributing to this high fatality rate. 

Possible contributing factors include delayed access to adequate care, shortage of essential medical products and supplies and underreporting of mild cases, which may result in disproportionate detection of severe cases. However, additional factors should also be investigated.  

(...)

Source: World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/joint-fao-who-woah-rapid-risk-assessment-of-rift-valley-fever-(rvf)-in-senegal-and-mauritania--implications-for-public-health-and-animal-health

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#Assessment of #malnutrition in preschool-aged #children by mid-upper arm circumference in the #Gaza Strip (January, 2024–August, 2025): a longitudinal, cross-sectional, surveillance study

 

Summary

Background

Since October, 2023, Palestinian children in the Gaza Strip have suffered war-induced displacement, food insecurity, malnutrition, and elevated risks of famine and mortality. In this study, we aimed to document the extent of, and patterns in, wasting malnutrition in children aged 6–59 months across the Gaza Strip between January, 2024, and August, 2025.

Methods

This longitudinal, cross-sectional, surveillance study was conducted across a total of 16 UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East health centres and 78 medical points established within school shelters and tent encampments across the five governorates of Gaza. Children aged 6–59 months were screened for wasting malnutrition by mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) measurement. Children with a MUAC of less than 125 mm were enrolled into therapeutic feeding regimens. MUAC Z scores were derived from published WHO age-specific and sex-specific arm circumferential growth curves. Monthly prevalence of acute wasting (MUAC Z scores less than –2) and severe wasting (MUAC Z scores less than –3) were described by age, sex, type of screening facility, and governorate.

Findings

Between Jan 1, 2024, and Aug 15, 2025, 265 974 measurements were obtained from 219 783 uniquely identified children, with two-thirds of children screened in Khan Younis and Middle Governorates. The monthly prevalence of acute wasting ranged from 5% (34 of 722 children) to 7% (794 of 10 907) between January and June, 2024. After approximately 4 months of severe aid restrictions between September, 2024, and mid-January, 2025, the prevalence of wasting increased from 8·8% (1601 of 18 225 children) to 14·3% (1661 of 11 619), with the highest prevalence observed in Rafah (32·2%; 95 of 295) and among children aged 24–59 months (21·0%; 1366 of 6518). After a 6-week ceasefire, marked by a substantial increase in the number of aid trucks entering through territory borders, by March, 2025, the prevalence of wasting had declined to 5·5% (831 of 15 165). However, after an 11-week blockade from March to May, 2025, and continued severely restricted entry of food, water, medicines, fuel, and other essentials thereafter, by early August, 2025, 15·8% (1213 of 7668) of screened children were acutely wasted, including 3·7% (280 of 7668) severely wasted, equating to more than 54 600 children in need of therapeutic care.

Interpretation

After nearly 2 years of war and severe restrictions in humanitarian aid, tens of thousands of preschool-aged children in the Gaza Strip are suffering from preventable acute malnutrition and facing an increased risk of mortality.

Funding

UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East.

Source: The Lancet, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(25)01820-3/abstract?rss=yes

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Detection of #WNV, #USUV and #Insect-Specific #Bunyaviruses in #Culex spp. Mosquitoes, #Greece, 2024

 

Abstract

Greece is one of the countries in Europe most affected by West Nile virus (WNV), and since 2010, when the virus caused a large outbreak with 197 human neuroinvasive cases, outbreaks occur almost every year. Mosquito surveillance is an indirect sign of virus circulation; therefore, the purpose of the study was the molecular detection of WNV in 45,988 C. pipiens s.l. mosquitoes collected during 2024 in four Regions of Greece and the genetic characterization of the virus strains. WNV was detected in 41 of 1316 (3.12%) Culex spp. mosquito pools. Next-generation sequencing was applied to the WNV-positive samples that had a high viral load. All WNV sequences belong to Cluster B of the sub-lineage Europe WNV-2A presenting a temporal clustering. The WNV infection rates varied highly across the Regions, regional units and months, being higher in Thessaly and Central Macedonia Regions, especially in July and September. All mosquito pools were also tested for Usutu virus (USUV), and one pool was found positive, with sequence clustering into the EU-2 lineage. A subset of mosquitoes (737 pools) was tested for additional viruses, and bunya-like viruses were detected in 6 pools with sequences clustering into four distinct subclades. The prompt detection of pathogenic viruses is helpful for the design of control measures, while the detection of insect-specific viruses provides insights into viral diversity and evolution.

Source: Viruses, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/11/1414

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#UK - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

 

{England} Premises of 32,000 free range laying hens. Samples taken were positive for HPAI H5N1. Birds presented clinical signs prior to testing.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6914

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#Resurgence of Zoonotic Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza #H5N1 Virus in #Cambodia

 

{Excerpts}

To the Editor:

After a decade of no reported human cases, Cambodia faces a resurgence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus infections, with an overall mortality of 38%. Cases have occurred primarily in children and adolescents who were exposed to infected poultry (...). From February 2023 through August 2024, a total of 16 infections were detected through the long-standing national influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infection surveillance systems, both of which were strengthened by expanded laboratory-testing capacity that was developed during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. All 16 patients reported exposure to sick or dead poultry, and outbreak investigations identified contemporary, genetically similar viruses in poultry collected in or around case households or from active, longitudinal surveillance of live-bird markets. Genomic sequencing revealed an avian origin for all the human infections, and sequences have been publicly shared through the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (also known as GISAID).

(...)

Of note, this virus carries genomic signatures (e.g., PB2:E627K) that are linked to enhanced polymerase activity, virulence, and replication capacity in birds and mammals,3 which poses an increased potential risk to the poultry industry as well as an increased potential risk of zoonotic transmission (...)

Source: The New England Journal of Medicine, https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2504302?query=TOC&cid=DM2422812_NEJM_Non_Subscriber&bid=-1106918107

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Development of a cross-protective common #cold #coronavirus #vaccine

 

ABSTRACT

Common cold coronaviruses, such as OC43 and HKU1, typically cause mild respiratory infections in healthy people. However, they can lead to severe illness in high-risk groups, including immunocompromised individuals and older adults. Currently, there is no clinically approved vaccine to prevent infection by common cold coronaviruses. Here, we developed an mRNA vaccine expressing a stabilized spike protein derived from OC43 coronavirus and tested its efficacy in different challenge models in C57BL/6 mice. This novel OC43 vaccine elicited OC43-specific immune responses, as well as cross-reactive immune response against other embecoviruses, including HKU1 and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-A59). Interestingly, this OC43 vaccine protected mice not only against a lethal OC43 infection but also against a distant embecovirus, MHV-A59. These findings provide insights for the development of common cold coronavirus vaccines, demonstrating their potential to protect against various coronaviruses.

Source: Journal of Virology, https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/jvi.01526-25?af=R

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#Clinical Characteristics of #Paediatric #RSV, #Influenza, and #SARS-CoV-2 Infections: Insights from Three Consecutive Seasons

 

Abstract

Background: 

The purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyse the clinical presentation of RSV, Influenza, and SARS-CoV-2 infections in children across three consecutive seasons (2022/2023; 2023/2024; and 2024/2025). 

Methods: 

Of the 321 hospitalised patients, 129 (36%) tested positive for RSV, 110 (38%) for Influenza, and 82 (26%) for SARS-CoV-2. Children were aged ≤ 17 years (median: 15 months). The data were statistically analysed using the χ2 test, multinomial multivariable logistic regression, OR (odds ratio), and 95% CI (confidence interval). 

Results: 

Significant independent predictors of RSV infection were auscultatory abnormalities (OR: 15.9 [1.49–169]) and hospital admission ≥ 4 days after symptom onset (OR: 32.5 [1.19–907]). Among RSV-positive patients, compared with those aged < 6 months, those aged 7–24 months were more likely to present with higher CRP levels (OR 1.06 [1.003–1.13]), reduced appetite (OR 6.7 [1.62–27.67]), and longer duration of fever (OR 7.22 [1.47–35.59]), while in children > 24 months, only a longer duration of fever remained significant (OR 16.82 [2.14–162.4]). In Influenza, reduced appetite was the only characteristic feature in the 7–24-month age group (OR 13.55 [1.79–102.81]). In COVID-19, children aged 7–24 months more frequently had higher CRP levels (OR 1.108 [1.001–1.226]) and chronic diseases (OR 7.59 [1.115–51.64]), whereas in those >24 months, only CRP was significant (OR 1.16 [1.047–1.31]). 

Conclusions: 

RSV was associated with severe respiratory manifestations and later hospital admission, whereas Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 were characterised by milder courses with predominant upper respiratory symptoms. Observed age- and virus-specific patterns highlight the importance of continued surveillance and comparative research on major respiratory viruses in children.

Source: WOAH, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17/11/1403

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#Belgium - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

 

{Di Riki7 - Opera propria, Pubblico dominio, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6957499}

A farm with Meleagris gallopavo species birds in Vlaanderen Region. 

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6921

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#Belgium - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

Non-poultry birds at a hobbyist's premise in Wallonie Region.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6908

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