#Estonia - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

 

The outbreak affecting captive birds was in an establishment with 4 laying hens, 1 cock and 1 runner duck located in Harju county, Viimsi parish. The outbreak was confirmed on the 9th of December 2025 based on analysis performed tracheal and brain samples at the National Centre for Laboratory Research and Risk Assessment, and in accordance with the case definition. Measures were only applied in the outbreak establishment. Based on a risk assessment, no restricted zone was established around the affected establishment in accordance with Article 21(3)(g). The establishment concerned kept only 6 captive birds and they had no direct or indirect contact with poultry or other establishments keeping captive birds. In the establishment, all captive birds were already dead. No culling was necessary. Preliminary cleaning and disinfection was applied.

Source: 

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7092

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Foraging #ecology drives viral community structure in #NZ's aquatic #birds

 

Abstract

Wild migratory birds play a major role in the global spread of viruses, yet the diversity, host range and transmission patterns of viruses harboured by migratory species in Aotearoa/New Zealand remain largely unknown. This knowledge gap is critical given New Zealand's position along major migratory flyways spanning Oceania, Antarctica and east Asia, where understanding viral diversity is key to assessing the risk of viral introductions such as highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and viral dispersal across these regions. To address this, we conducted the first large-scale metatranscriptomic survey of wild birds from New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, collecting 1,348 samples from 31 host species spanning four avian orders. We identified 118 avian viruses from 17 families, including 107 novel species, greatly expanding our knowledge of avian viral diversity. Viral communities differed significantly by host order and foraging behaviour, with scavenger birds harbouring more diverse viromes than non-scavengers. Although no HPAI subtypes were detected, we recovered a low-pathogenic avian influenza A/H1N9 virus from red knots (Calidris canutus) and a divergent tobanivirus from Auckland Island teal (Anas aucklandica), the first putative avian member of the Tobaniviridae. Notably, we detected 12 mammalian-associated viruses, primarily in scavenger birds, including Hedgehog hepatovirus, Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2, and sea lion astroviruses, with mammalian host reads confirming their dietary origin. This study establishes the first virome baseline for New Zealand's migratory birds, highlighting the ecological role of foraging in shaping viral communities and improving regional preparedness for HPAI and other emerging avian pathogens.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

Te Niwha, New Zealand's Infectious Disease Research Platform, TN/SWC/24/UoOJG

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.693119v1

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Distinctive viral #genome #signatures are linked to repeated #mammalian #spillovers of #H5N1 in North #America

 

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 rarely infects mammals. In 2024-2025, however, genotypes B3.13 and D1.1 caused two independent spillovers into U.S. dairy cattle. By analysing 26,930 complete H5N1 genomes from global surveillance, we identified 73 major viral groups, most of which show continent-specific distribution in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America. North American viruses exhibit higher genetic diversity in specific viral segments, including variants potentially associated with mammalian adaptation. Both dairy-cattle-associated B3.13 and D1.1 genotypes originate from the same geographic macro-area, suggesting a possible regional hotspot where avian-mammalian interfaces may facilitate viral adaptation. Our findings place the U.S. outbreaks in a global framework and indicate that North American H5N1 may be predisposed to cross-species transmission.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

NextGenerationEU, PRIN PNRR 2022 (Italian Ministry of University and Research), P2022CNN2J

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.09.693147v1

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Evolutionary trajectories and #zoonotic #potential of a #PB2 #mutation triad (I147T, K339T, and A588T) in avian #influenza viruses

 

Abstract

Efficient replication of influenza A viruses (IAVs) requires balanced activities of hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and the RNA polymerase complex, whose functions are strongly influenced by PB2 mutations. We previously revealed three distinct evolutionary pathways for PB2 mutations, with two pathways leading to the emergence of viral strains responsible for human seasonal infections and the 2009 pandemic, and a third pathway giving rise to H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) defined by a triad of mutations (I147T, K339T, and A588T) that occasionally spill over to humans. Here, we investigated the zoonotic risk posed by this triad and elucidated its evolutionary relationship with HA, NA, and vaccination. Recombinant PR8 and clade 2.3.2.1c H5N1 viruses carrying the triad replicated efficiently in embryonated chicken eggs and had moderate replication efficiency in mammalian cells; moreover, mice infected with these viral strains exhibited milder weight loss and lower lung titers than those infected with the E627K-carrying strain. Sequence analysis of H5Nx viruses revealed early emergence and long-term persistence of the triad across diverse genotypes, which was closely linked to HA glycosylation and NA-stalk truncation. However, the prevalence of these viral strains declined significantly after successive H5 poultry-vaccination campaigns. These data indicate that the triad provides a replication advantage compatible with both poultry and mammalian hosts but confers only moderate mammalian pathogenicity and that sustained vaccination can restrain the spread of viral strains with these mutations. Continuous molecular surveillance of PB2 alongside HA and NA remains essential for preventing H5Nx zoonotic threats. 

Please check and confirm that the authors and their respective affiliations have been correctly identified and amend if necessary. I have checked and modifed the email addresses of the corresponding authors. I confirm the information of other authors are correct.

Source: 

Link: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13567-025-01680-z

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#Korea (Rep. of) - #Influenza A #H5N6 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

 

A Common Teal in Jeollanam-do Region.

Source: 

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7034

____

#UK - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

 

{England, Kent}

Laying flock with around 31K birds. Samples taken were positive for HPAI H5N1. Birds presented clinical signs prior to testing.

{England, Suffolk}

Backyard flock. Samples taken were positive for HPAI H5N1. Birds presented clinical signs of AI prior to testing.

Source: 

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7081

____

#Safety and immunogenicity of a live-attenuated #chikungunya virus #vaccine in #adolescents: final results from a ... phase 3 trial in endemic areas of #Brazil

 

Summary

Background

Chikungunya outbreaks have recurred in Brazil since 2014. Building on earlier 28-day post-vaccination data, we now report 12-month safety and immunogenicity results of the VLA1553 vaccine in Brazilian adolescents.

Methods

In this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, generally healthy adolescents aged 12–17 years were recruited at ten sites across Brazil. Individuals were excluded for immune-mediated or chronic arthritis or arthralgia, who are are immunologically compromised, or any recent live vaccines. Random allocation via simple block randomisation in a 2:1 ratio was stratified by baseline IgG and IgM serostatus by ELISA to receive a single intramuscular dose of VLA1553 or placebo. Assessed in the per-protocol population 28 days after vaccination, the primary endpoint was the proportion of baseline seronegative participants with chikungunya virus neutralising antibody levels assessed by a serum dilution achieving a 50% plaque reduction in a micro plaque reduction neutralisation test with a titre of 150 or more, an accepted surrogate of protection. Safety was assessed in all vaccinated participants and covered by several secondary trial endpoints; immunogenicity formed a prespecified subset for analysis. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04650399) and is complete.

Findings

Between Feb 14, 2022, and Feb 16, 2024, 754 participants were vaccinated (502 [67%] with VLA1553 and 252 [33%] with placebo), with a per-protocol population of 351 participants for immunogenicity analyses (303 in the VLA1553 group and 48 in the placebo group). 406 (54%) of all participants were female and 348 (46%) participants were male; the median age was 15·0 years, and the majority of participants were White (245 [33%]), followed by 214 (28%) other and 192 (26%) multiracial. In baseline seronegative participants, VLA1553 induced seroprotective chikungunya virus neutralising antibody levels in 248 of 251 participants (98·8% [95% CI 96·5–99·8]) 28 days after vaccination, which was sustained in 232 of 236 participants (98·3% [95·7–99·5]) at 12 months post-vaccination. VLA1553 was generally well tolerated, with the vast majority (2082 [97%] of 2155) of adverse events of mild or moderate intensity. When compared with placebo, participants exposed to VLA1553 had a significantly higher frequency of related adverse events (352 [70%] of 502 vs 122 [48%] of 252; p<0·0001), mostly headache, injection site pain, myalgia, fever, and fatigue. One serious adverse event of high-grade fever was classified possibly related to VLA1553. Among 81 adverse events of special interest (ie, symptoms suggesting chikungunya-like disease), 16 were classified as related to trial vaccination (15 in the VLA1553 group and one in the placebo group), mostly early onset events usually starting during the first week after vaccination. Late onset adverse events of special interest showed no medically relevant differences between treatment groups. Nine adolescents had short-lived, usually mild recurring episodes of arthralgia (seven with VLA1553 and two with placebo) with a median duration of 1 day (cumulative range 1–7 days). One further participant with a history of chikungunya virus infection experienced recurring arthralgia followed by long-term polyarthralgia in several joints starting 148 days post-vaccination, classified unrelated to VLA1553. None of the recurring events of arthralgia was medically attended.

Interpretation

VLA1553 was generally safe and induced seroprotective titres up to 12 months in nearly all adolescents, with favourable safety data in those who were seropositive. The data support the use of VLA1553 for the prevention of disease caused by the chikungunya virus among adolescents and in endemic regions.

Funding

Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations and EU Horizon 2020.

Translation

For the Portuguese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Source: 

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(25)00631-0/abstract?rss=yes

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Pre-existing cross-reactive #immunity to highly pathogenic avian #influenza 2.3.4.4b #H5N1 virus in the #USA

 

Abstract

The unprecedented 2.3.4.4b. A(H5N1) outbreak in dairy cattle, poultry, and spillover to humans in the United States (US) poses a major public health threat. Population immunity is a critical component of influenza pandemic risk assessment. We assessed the pre-existing cross-reactive immunity to 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) viruses and analyzed 1794 sera from 723 people (0.5–88 yrs) in multiple US geographic regions during 2021–2024. Pre-existing neutralizing and hemagglutinin (HA)-head-binding antibodies to A(H5N1) were low, but there were substantial cross-reactive binding antibodies to N1 neuraminidase (NA) of 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1). Antibodies to group 1 HA stalk were also prevalent and increased with age. A(H1N1)pdm09 infection and influenza vaccination did not induce neutralizing antibodies to A(H5N1) viruses but induced significant rise of functional NA inhibition (NAI) antibodies to N1 of 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1), and group 1 HA stalk antibodies. Moreover, pre-pandemic stockpiled 2.3.4.4c vaccine can elicit cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies to 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) viruses. Understanding population susceptibility is essential for pandemic preparedness.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-66431-2

____

#Ecology of low pathogenicity avian #influenza virus #H7 in wild #birds in south-eastern #Australia prior to emergence of high pathogenicity avian influenza H7 in #poultry

 

Abstract

Adding to the global burden of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, an unprecedented five HPAI H7 outbreaks occurred globally in 2024. Of these, three occurred in southeast Australia, with the independent emergence of HPAI H7N9, H7N8, and H7N3, resulting in the destruction of 2 million poultry. Historical data demonstrates that H7 outbreaks in Australia do not occur randomly, rather, there is a strong association between the timing of the previous H7 outbreaks and rainfall patterns in southeastern Australia. We aimed to address a hypothesis wherein prior to H7 outbreaks in poultry, there was a detectable change in H7 prevalence and/or virus diversity in wild bird populations. We addressed this using virological and serological surveillance data generated from multiple programs. Despite the collection of thousands of samples, there was only weak evidence to support our hypothesis, which provides strong incentive to evaluate current surveillance approaches for the purposes of risk prediction. However, in alignment with a previous analysis, there is strong support for a relationship between H7 outbreak probability and rainfall patterns across southeast Australia. Overall, improved understanding of the ecology and evolution of H5 and H7 viruses in wild bird reservoirs is pivotal to global disease preparedness and response.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

Australian Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry

Australian Department for Health and Aged Care

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.08.693062v1

____

#Mpox - Multi-country external #situation #report no. 60 published 8 December 2025 (#WHO, summary)

 

{Summary}

Highlights   

• All clades of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) continue to circulate. 

- When mpox outbreaks are not rapidly contained and human-to-human transmission is not interrupted, there is a risk of sustained community transmission.  

• In October 2025, 44 countries, across all WHO regions, reported a total of 2501 new confirmed mpox cases, including 12 deaths (case fatality ratio [CFR] 0.5%). 

- About 75% of these cases were reported in the African Region. 

- All regions, apart from the South-East Asia Region observed a decline in confirmed cases in October, compared to September 2025.     

• Twenty-one countries in Africa have reported active transmission of mpox in the last six weeks (12 October – 23 November 2025), with 1734 confirmed cases, including 10 deaths (CFR 0.6%) reported during this period. 

- Countries reporting the highest number of cases in this period are the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Ghana, Kenya and Uganda; with all of them showing a downward trend in cases in recent weeks. 

• One country, Mali, has reported mpox for the first time. 

- The case reported a recent history of travel to Guinea. 

- Genomic sequencing analysis is ongoing to determine the MPXV clade.  

• Greece has reported detection of clade Ib MPXV for the first time.   

• New imported cases of mpox due to clade Ib MPXV detected among travellers have been reported in Belgium, Germany, Greece, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 

• Since the last report, at least 15 cases of mpox due to clade Ib MPXV have been detected among individuals who self-identify as men who have sex with men.   

• Outside Africa, local transmission of clade Ib MPXV has been occurring in Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain, the United States of America and Malaysia. 

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/multi-country-outbreak-of-mpox--external-situation-report--60---8-december-2025

____

#Nomenclature for #tracking of genetic #variation of seasonal #influenza viruses

 

Abstract

Background: 

Genomic surveillance of human seasonal influenza viruses is an essential component of the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response system (GISRS) and informs the recommendations for the seasonal influenza vaccine composition. Phylogenetic analysis of viral genome sequences is used to identify groups of viruses sharing potential antigenic change and computational models are used to predict which viral variants are likely to circulate at high levels in upcoming seasons. To facilitate discussion and reporting of genetic diversity, as well as to communicate antigen recommendations, up-to-date and sufficiently granular definitions of genetic clades are important. 

Methods: 

A nomenclature system for segments 4 (haemagglutinin) and 6 (neuraminidase) of human A(H3N2), A(H1N1)pdm09, and influenza B. 

Results: 

We devised a clade suggestion algorithm that proposes new subclades based on criteria including (i) the number of sequences in the group, (ii) the divergence from the directly ancestral clade, and (iii) the number and quality of amino acid substitutions on the branch leading to the common ancestor of the subclade. Algorithmic clade proposals were reviewed and assigned a systematic hierarchical label consisting of a leading letter, followed by numbers (e.g., G.1.3). Names are kept short by aliasing, that is collapsing prefixes into unique letters. Subclade definitions are shared openly to promote adoption and tool development. Nextclade is supporting this new nomenclature and it is being used routinely by the GISRS network. 

Conclusions: 

With increasing genomic surveillance, the need for up-to-date classification schemes is growing and we hope that the current dynamic proposal will adapt to growing data volumes and aid in simplifying the interpretation of these data.

Competing Interest Statement

RAN has received consulting fees from Moderna TX and BioNTech. DEW is currently employed by GSK.

Funding Statement

This work was supported by core funding from the Francis Crick Institute from Cancer Research UK, the UK Medical Research Council, and the Wellcome Trust.

Source: 

Link: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.06.25341755v1

____

#UK: New #mpox #strain identified in #England (#UKHSA, Dec. 8 '25)

 

Latest update

The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) has identified a new recombinant mpox virus in England in an individual who had recently travelled to Asia.  

-- Genomic sequencing showed that the mpox genome contained elements of clade Ib and IIb mpox. 

-- This is not unexpected as both clades are circulating, but highlights the continued potential for mpox virus to evolve and the importance of continued genomic surveillance.    

-- UKHSA continues to assess the significance of the strain.  

Dr Katy Sinka, Head of Sexually Transmitted Infections at UKHSA, said:   

''Our genomic testing has enabled us to detect this new mpox strain. It’s normal for viruses to evolve, and further analysis will help us understand more about how mpox is changing.  

''Although mpox infection is mild for many, it can be severe. Getting vaccinated is a proven effective way to protect yourself against severe disease, so please make sure to get the jab if you are eligible.  

''It is important to remain alert to the risks from this unpleasant illness. Anyone who thinks they may have mpox should contact NHS 111 for advice on what to do.

-- The UK has a routine mpox vaccination programme in place for eligible groups, including those who have multiple sexual partners, participate in group sex, or visit sex-on-premises venues. Studies show the vaccine is around 75% to 80% effective in protecting against mpox.  

UKHSA has shared its findings with relevant international partners, including the World Health Organization (WHO), to support global monitoring efforts.

Source: 

 Link: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ukhsa-detects-first-case-of-clade-ib-mpox

____

Comparison of efficacy, #safety, immune response of dNS1 #LAIV and cold-adapted LAIV in a mouse #model

 

Abstract

Influenza remains a significant global public health concern. Live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) are recognized as effective interventions for influenza prevention. Currently, two types of LAIVs are licensed for human use: one developed through cold-adapted viral gene mutation and the other through the deletion of the viral NS1 gene. However, the similarities and differences in these two LAIVs’ efficacy, safety, and immune responses have not been thoroughly studied. This study constructed a gene-deficient live-attenuated vaccine strain, CA4-dNS1, and a gene locus-mutated attenuated vaccine strain, CA4-cold, to compare their in vivo and in vitro replication capacity, broad-spectrum protective efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity. The results showed that both LAIVs provide comparable broad-spectrum protection against lethal H1N1 and H5N1 influenza challenges in mice and induce similar humoral and mucosal immune responses. Notably, the CA4-cold vaccine strain induces superior influenza memory T-cell responses, while the CA4-dNS1 vaccine strain demonstrates greater safety. These findings underscore the importance of gene modification in LAIVs in striking a balance between their safety and efficacy. The NS1 gene-deficient CA4-dNS1 strain may offer a more advantageous approach for developing next-generation LAIVs and other intranasal influenza virus vectored vaccines due to enhanced safety.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-025-01320-9

____

Cumulative number of confirmed #human cases for avian #influenza #H5N1 reportedto #WHO, 2024-2025 (excerpt)

{Excerpt}

Country 2024 (cases - deaths) - 2025 (cases - deaths) - Total (cases - deaths)

1) Australia - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 - 0 

2) Azerbaijan - ... - ... - 0 - 0 - 8 - 5 

3) Bangladesh - ... - ... -  3 - 0 - 11 - 1 

4) Cambodia - 10 - 2 - 17 - 8 - 89 - 51 

5) Canada - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 2 - 1 

6) Chile - ... - ... - 0 - 0 - 1 - 0 

7) China - 1 - 0 - 1 - 0 - 57 - 32 

8) Djibouti - ... - ... - 0 - 0 - 1 - 0 

9) Ecuador - ... - ... - 0 - 0 - 1 - 0 

10) Egypt - ... - ... - 0 - 0 - 359 - 120 

11) India - ... - ... - 2 - 2 - 3 - 3 

12) Indonesia - ... - ... - 0 - 0 - 200 - 168 

13) Iraq - ... - ... - 0 - 0 - 3 - 2 

14) Lao People's Democratic Republic - ... - ... - 0 - 0 - 3 - 2 

15) Mexico - ... - ... - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 

16) Myanmar - ... - ... - 0 - 0 - 1 - 0 

17) Nepal - ... - ... - 0 - 0 - 1 - 1 

18) Nigeria - ... - ... - 0 - 0 - 1 - 1 

19) Pakistan - ... - ... - 0 - 0 - 3 - 1 

20) Spain - ... - ... - 0 - 0 - 2 - 0 

21) Thailand - ... - ... - 0 - 0 - 25 - 17 

22) Turkey - ... - ... - 0 - 0 - 12 - 4 

23) UK - ... - ... - 1 - 0 - 6 - 0 

24) USA - 67 - 1 - 3 - 0 - 71 - 1 

25) Viet Nam - 1 - 1 - 1 - 0 - 130 - 65 

Total - 81 - 4 - 29 - 11 - 992 - 476

Source: WHO/GIP, data in HQ as of5 November 2025.

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/cumulative-number-of-confirmed-human-cases-for-avian-influenza-a(h5n1)-reported-to-who--2003-2025--5-november-2025

____

The Blessed Damozel, Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1875 - 1878)

 

Public Domain.

Source: 

Link: https://www.wikiart.org/en/dante-gabriel-rossetti/the-blessed-damozel-1878

____

From #Surfaces to #Spillover: Environmental #Persistence and Indirect #Transmission of #Influenza #H3N8 Virus

 

Abstract

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose a significant zoonotic threat, with the emerging H3N8 subtype raising increasing concern due to sporadic human infections. Current strategies for risk assessment of novel AIVs primarily rely on genetic surveillance and isolated case reports, which provide limited insight into their cross-species transmission potential. However, these approaches may overlook critical phenotypic determinants, such as pathogenicity, transmissibility, and environmental persistence, that directly influence zoonotic risk. This study investigates the evolutionary relationships, receptor-binding properties, replication dynamics, pathogenicity in mice, transmission efficiency in guinea pigs, and environmental persistence of three H3N8 strains isolated from a live poultry market. All three H3N8 strains bound exclusively to α-2,3 sialic acid receptor and achieved 100% transmissibility among guinea pigs through direct contact. Notably, the environment-origin strain A09 exhibited an indirect contact transmission efficiency of 33.3%. The findings reveal strain-specific differences, with A09 displaying enhanced pathogenicity, broader transmission routes, and greater environmental persistence compared with A05 and A01. This perspective underscores the value of integrated profiling from genotype to phenotype combined with multi-route transmission and environmental persistence analyses to delineate the adaptive roadmap of H3N8 from avian to mammalian hosts and to assess its emerging infection risk. Future directions for surveillance and intervention were also discussed, highlighting their potential to strengthen preparedness against zoonotic influenza threats.

Source: 

Link: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/12/2782

____

History of Mass Transportation: The ABH8 No. 204 Autorail decommisioned in Bastia, 2014

 

Par Didier Duforest — Travail personnel, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=52411713

Source: 

Link: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorail_Renault#1959_X_4200

____

#Influenza #H5N8 #vaccine induces humoral and cell-mediated #immunity against highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b #H5N1 viruses in at-risk individuals

 

Abstract

Finland faced an outbreak of highly pathogenic clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) avian influenza in 2023, which spread from wild birds to fur farms. Vaccinations of at-risk individuals began in June 2024 using the MF59-adjuvanted inactivated A(H5N8) vaccine (Seqirus; A/Astrakhan/3212/2020, clade 2.3.4.4b). Here, in an observational study, we assessed vaccine-induced immune responses in occupational at-risk individuals participating in the phase IV trial, including virus-specific antibody (n = 39 individuals) and T-cell (n = 18 individuals) responses. Vaccination elicited functional antibodies against the vaccine virus and two heterologous clade 2.3.4.4b strains associated with outbreaks on Finnish fur farms and dairy cattle in the United States. Among previously unvaccinated individuals, seroprotection rates against the vaccine virus were 83% (95% CI 70–97%) by microneutralization assay (titre ≥20) and 97% (90–100%) by haemagglutination inhibition assay (titre ≥40). In those previously vaccinated against avian influenza, a single dose induced seroprotection. A(H5N8)-specific memory CD4+ T-cell responses were detectable, with ~5-fold increase in IFNγ secretion after two doses. These results demonstrate that the vaccine probably provides cross-protection against circulating H5 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses. EU Clinical Trial Number 2023-509178-44-00.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-025-02183-5

____

History of Mass Transportation: The BB 67544 Diesel Locomotive (1981) in St. Malo

 

By Anidaat - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=130774110

Source: 

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:SNCF_Class_BB_67400,_Livr%C3%A9e_Bleue_Diesel

____

#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (by AMEDEO, Dec. 6 '25)

 

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