#Poland - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

A wild mute swan.  Last outbreak in wild birds in Podkarpackie region was confirmed in February 2025.

Source: 

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7215

____

Detection of Avian #Influenza #H5–Specific #Antibodies by Chemiluminescent Assays

 

Abstract

We evaluated 2 electrochemiluminescence serologic assays to detect avian influenza H5 antibodies. Both assays identified H5 antibodies from both serum and dried blood spots and had strong specificity and minimal cross-reactivity in human and avian samples. Such assays can support populationwide serologic surveys aimed at assessing population-level immunity.

Source: 

Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/1/25-1117_article

____

Emerging Respiratory #Virus #Threats from #Influenza D and Canine #Coronavirus HuPn-2018

 

Abstract

In 2009 and again in 2019, public health warnings were confirmed by the emergence, rapid widespread transmission, and lethality of novel influenza and coronaviruses. The world continues to suffer disease from these respiratory viruses. Two newly recognized emergent respiratory viruses, influenza D and canine coronavirus HuPn-2018, have been shown to have considerable potential for causing future human epidemics, but diagnostics and surveillance for the viruses are lacking. We reviewed data regarding influenza D virus and coronavirus canine coronavirus HuPn-2018. Those data strongly indicate that these viruses are major newly recognized threats. However, little is being done to respond to or prevent disease associated with these viruses, warranting the question of whether we will learn from previous pandemics.

Source: 

Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/1/25-1764_article

____

#Milk as a #Transmission Vehicle for Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza #H5N1

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) (H5N1 hereafter) is an emerging pathogen in mammals. The recent recognition of H5N1 in dairy cattle increases opportunities for human exposure and infection and may accelerate a trajectory toward sustained human-to-human transmission. Furthermore, the presence of virus at high concentration in unpasteurized milk raises new risks for humans, especially infants and children. Milk has been identified as a vehicle for viral transmission in and between mammalian species, including humans. Sialic acids (SAs) found on cell surfaces are important mediators of species susceptibility to specific influenza strains and play an important role in viral tropism. New data demonstrate that SA receptors with α2,3 linkages capable of binding avian influenza strains are present in human mammary tissue. The presence of SA receptors that can bind avian influenza and a comparative analysis of viral transmission risk of raw and pasteurized milk in several mammalian species have implications for human milk feeding. During this period of sporadic human infections with H5N1, further research and collaboration is warranted to address the potential risk of human milk contamination. Infants and children are particularly vulnerable to emerging infections during pandemics and have unique needs that may be overlooked. Pandemic preparedness must address the needs of all populations at all life stages, including pregnancy and infancy, and must include support for the safety of human milk.

Source: 

Link: https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-abstract/doi/10.1542/peds.2025-072525/206156/Milk-as-a-Transmission-Vehicle-for-Highly?redirectedFrom=fulltext

____

From #pandemic #influenza to novel #coronaviruses: emerging infectious diseases of the 21st century

 

Highlights

• Global mobility, climate pressures, and ecological change drive emerging infections.

• Highly pathogenic influenza strains, including H5N1, pose ongoing spillover risks and pandemic potential.

• SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 illustrate the pandemic potential of novel coronaviruses.

• Nipah, Ebola, Pteropine orthoreovirus and Zika remain high-impact threats for global health security.

• Mass gatherings can amplify transmission risks of emerging high-consequence viruses.

• Strengthened surveillance, diagnostics, and One Health strategies are essential for pandemic preparedness.

Abstract

Emerging infectious diseases have risen significantly in the twenty-first century as ecological disruption, climate change, expanding human–animal interfaces, and global mobility intensify opportunities for pathogen transmission. This review synthesizes historical and contemporary evidence across viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic threats to characterize how diverse pathogens emerge and spread. Foundational events such as the 1918 influenza pandemic, mid-century influenza pandemics, the emergence of HIV/AIDS, and the eradication of smallpox provide context for understanding modern disease dynamics. In recent decades, coronaviruses including SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2, pandemic H1N1, avian influenza subtypes, and major arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, Zika, West Nile virus, and yellow fever have demonstrated the rapidity with which zoonotic pathogens can disseminate globally. Viral hemorrhagic fevers including Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, and Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever remain critical threats, especially in regions with limited health-care capacity. Concurrently, antimicrobial resistance, the emergence of Candida auris, and the climate-driven expansion of endemic mycoses involving Histoplasma, Coccidioides, and Blastomyces highlight the increasing importance of fungal pathogens. Parasitic diseases such as artemisinin-resistant malaria, zoonotic trypanosomiasis, and expanding Leishmania transmission reflect shifting ecological conditions. These patterns are shaped by intersecting drivers including deforestation, wildlife trade, agricultural intensification, urban crowding, conflict, and rapid microbial evolution that enable spillover and sustained transmission. Although advances in genomic surveillance, metagenomic diagnostics, mRNA vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and broad-spectrum antivirals have strengthened global response capacity, substantial gaps persist in equity, surveillance, and access to countermeasures. Strengthening One Health systems and resilient public health infrastructures is essential to anticipate and mitigate emerging infectious threats.

Source: 

Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0732889326000271?via%3Dihub

____

#Sialic acids are a #barrier to the entry of non-influenza #orthomyxoviruses

 

Abstract

Sialic acids (SAs) are abundantly expressed on vertebrate cell surfaces and are widely recognized as key viral attachment factors, particularly for influenza viruses. However, their role remains understudied in other orthomyxoviruses, such as thogoto and quaranja viruses, which are tick-borne viruses sporadically infecting humans. Enzymatic removal of SAs increased the infectivity of Thogoto and Dhori viruses, as well as pseudotypes carrying the glycoproteins of Oz, Sinu, and Wellfleet Bay viruses. A similar effect on pseudotype infectivity was observed following the binding of specific lectins to SAs. These findings indicate that, in contrast to influenza viruses, SAs act as a barrier to the entry of these orthomyxoviruses. Experimental evolution of the Sinu and Wellfleet Bay virus glycoproteins revealed point mutations that partially overcame this barrier. Given the abundance of sialic acids in mucosal tissues, we speculate that SAs may contribute to the inability of thogoto and quaranjaviruses to transmit directly between vertebrate hosts. Our results also underscore the importance of monitoring the circulation of these viruses for potential changes in their transmission routes.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.15.699645v1

____

#Management of #critical illness in an #adolescent caused by highly pathogenic avian #influenza #H5N1 virus infection in #BC, #Canada

 

Summary

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses have been circulating among wild birds and are enzootic in poultry in some areas of the world with spillover to a wide range of terrestrial and marine mammals. Since 1997, sporadic animal to human, primarily poultry to human, transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses has been reported in 25 countries. More recently there have been locally acquired infections in the Americas due to the 2.3.4.4b clade of the virus. Most of the recently detected human infections in the USA have been relatively mild but there have been cases of critical illness reported in several countries. In this Grand Round we present the first locally acquired highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in Canada, which was in a 13-year-old female, who developed severe disease requiring prolonged critical care. She was infected with a clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype D1.1 virus and developed evidence of cytokine storm and received several modalities of care including combination antiviral therapy, renal replacement therapy, therapeutic plasma exchange, and invasive mechanical ventilation support with veno-venous extracorporeal life support. She recovered and was discharged home without requirement for additional support. This Grand Round describes important clinical and management considerations for critically ill patients infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus.

Source: Lancet Infectious Diseases, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(25)00773-X/abstract?rss=yes

____

Comprehensive evaluation of #therapeutic #effectiveness and #safety profiles of #baloxavir marboxil for managing #influenza virus infection in #pediatric populations: a systematic #review with pooled meta-analytic data

 

Abstract

Objective: 

This systematic review aimed to assess the clinical effectiveness and safety profile of baloxavir marboxil for managing influenza in pediatric populations.

Methods: 

This review has been registered on the INPLASY platform (INPLASY2025110063). Designed in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we searched four major biomedical databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library) covering publications from January 1, 2015, to January 30, 2025. Eligibility criteria encompassed both randomized controlled trials and observational cohort studies evaluating this antiviral agent in children with laboratory-confirmed influenza. Methodological rigor was appraised using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias instrument for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for cohort studies. Statistical synthesis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 software (Version 5.3.5) with metafor package implementation.

Results: 

Our analysis incorporated 12 clinical investigations involving a total of 4,586 patients. A random-effects model meta-analysis demonstrated that, compared to neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir, laninamivir), baloxavir marboxil achieved accelerated resolution of febrile symptoms (MD = −13.16 h, 95% CI: −19.16 to −7.15, P < 0.0001). Subgroup analyses stratified by viral subtype demonstrated consistent therapeutic advantages in influenza A infections (random-effects model, MD = −9.40 h, 95% CI: −18.31 to −0.49, P = 0.04), particularly regarding time to symptom alleviation (fixed-effect model, MD = −8.50 hours, 95% CI: −13.14 to −3.86, P = 0.0003). Safety assessments indicated a 59% reduction in drug-related adverse events relative to oseltamivir (fixed-effect model, OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.31–0.56; P < 0.001), while total adverse event rates showed comparable incidence between treatment arms (fixed-effect model, OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.69–1.05, P = 0.14).

Conclusion: 

These findings suggest baloxavir marboxil demonstrates faster fever resolution and a favorable safety profile in pediatric influenza management. However, continuous monitoring for baloxavir-resistant mutations (such as PA/I38T) in the pediatric population is warranted. Furthermore, confirmation through large-scale multicenter trials with extended follow-up periods remains warranted.

Source: Frontiers in Pediatrics, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pediatrics/articles/10.3389/fped.2025.1733111/full

____

An #mRNA #vaccine encoding the #Ebola virus glycoprotein induces high neutralizing #antibody titers and provides strong protection against lethal infections in mouse models

 

Abstract

Ebola virus (EBOV) is the causative agent of Ebola disease (EBOD), a viral hemorrhagic fever with a notably high case fatality rate. Current treatments for EBOD are limited to monoclonal antibodies or two licensed viral vector vaccines, a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-vectored vaccine or an adenovirus and modified vaccinia Ankara regimen. However, comparisons of protection, efficacy, and durability with alternative nucleotide platforms remain understudied. Here, we evaluated the immunogenicity of an mRNA vaccine expressing the EBOV glycoprotein (GP) in parallel with rVSV- and DNA-based vaccine platforms. The mRNA EBOV-GP vaccine, formulated in lipid nanoparticles, elicited significantly higher levels of total IgG and neutralizing antibody titers compared to the rVSV-EBOV-GP vaccine. Linear antibody epitope analysis indicated a preference for targeting the mucin-like domain in EBOV-GP1 following rVSV-based vaccination, while the mRNA platform distinctly targeted the internal fusion loop of EBOV-GP2. After characterizing the immunogenicity of the mRNA vaccine, two models of EBOD were used to demonstrate its protective efficacy: a surrogate rVSV-based challenge model of EBOD using type-I interferon deficient C57BL/6 mice and infection of BALB/c mice with authentic mouse-adapted EBOV. In both studies, the EBOV mRNA vaccine fully protected the mouse cohorts against morbidity and mortality. Additionally, the EBOV mRNA vaccine produced greater neutralizing antibody titers compared to the DNA EBOV-GP vaccine. These results suggest that an mRNA vaccine expressing EBOV-GP can induce robust, functional humoral responses that are protective against EBOD, warranting further development as an alternative to, or as part of a vaccine strategy including, viral vectored vaccines.

Source: Frontiers in Immunology, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1682418/full

____

The #receptor #binding properties of #H5Ny #influenza A viruses have evolved to bind to avian-type mucin-like O-glycans

 

Abstract

Highly pathogenic H5Ny influenza A viruses are causing unprecedented, season-independent outbreaks across avian and mammalian species, including dairy cattle, a novel reservoir. The sialoside-binding properties of influenza A hemagglutinin (HA) are strongly related to its ability to infect and transmit between hosts. Mucin-like O-glycans, omnipresent in respiratory tracts, have been understudied as viral receptors due to their complexity. To address this, we synthesized 25 O-linked glycans with diverse sialosides, including modifications by fucosides and sulfates. Our findings reveal that H5Ny 2.3.4.4b viruses bind core 3 sialyl-Lewisx and Sia-Gal-β3GalNAc, O-linked glycans not recognized by classical H5 or other avian viruses. By determining crystal structures, we resolved the structural features of four glycans in an H5 hemagglutinin (HA) from a 2016 2.3.4.4b virus. While these viruses do not bind human-type receptors, their broad receptor specificity enhances binding to human tracheal tissues, suggesting that O-glycan recognition could contribute to the continues spillover of this clade.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1013812

____

#Infection and #transmission dynamics of #bovine and #human #influenza A #H5N1 viruses in mouse and hamster #models

 

Abstract

Here we investigated the pathogenesis and contact transmission of bovine- and human-derived highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b genotype B3.13 viruses in mammalian models. Using reverse genetics, we rescued three naturally occurring viruses: rTX2/24 (bovine-derived), rTexas/37 and rMichigan/90 (both human-derived), and compared their infection dynamics, replication and pathogenicity with the wild-type bovine TX2/24 strain in vitro and in vivo. All four viruses demonstrated comparable replication kinetics in four mammalian cell lines. However, the rMichigan/90 strain exhibited significantly smaller plaques in bovine and human cells. In vivo studies showed that mice infected with any of the viruses succumbed to infection within 4-5 days; however, mice infected with the rMichigan/90 virus exhibited slightly lower viral replication and shedding compared to the other strains. Similarly, as in the mouse experiments, in hamsters, all viruses induced body weight loss and oral shedding, with robust virus replication observed in tissues, but the rMichigan/90 virus presented reduced replication and shedding. Contact transmission studies in hamsters revealed limited transmissibility for these viruses, with only one out of four animals inoculated with the rMichigan/90 virus transmitting it to a naive contact. These findings indicate that both bovine- and human-derived H5N1 genotype B3.13 viruses present high pathogenicity in mammals, though the overall transmissibility remains low.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

College of Veterinary Medicine Research Office and the Office of the Vice Provost for Research, NIH/NIAID, 109022

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.17.700113v1

____

Association between #COVID19 #vaccine efficacy and #epidemic force of #infection

 

Abstract

The association between vaccine efficacy (VE) and force of infection (FoI) remains incompletely understood. Previous analyses have been primarily based on trial-level summary data—not accounting for the effect of time and constrained by the number of trials. Here, we leverage individual-level data from three phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled COVID-19 vaccine trials—the COVE trial (Moderna, CoVPN3001), the AZD1222 trial (AstraZeneca, CoVPN3002), and the ENSEMBLE trial (Janssen/Johnson & Johnson, CoVPN3003)—and contemporaneous geographic-location-specific SARS-CoV-2 surveillance data from the start of the pandemic through November 14, 2021 (including the blinded follow-up periods of the trials) to conduct five cohort- and vaccine-specific analyses: COVE (U.S.), AZD1222 overall (U.S. + non-U.S.), AZD1222 U.S., ENSEMBLE overall (U.S. + non-U.S.), and ENSEMBLE U.S. In AZD1222 U.S., higher VE was associated with higher FoI (p = 0.01). In ENSEMBLE overall, lower VE was marginally associated with higher FoI (p = 0.21), further supported by a region-specific analysis. In COVE, AZD1222 overall, and ENSEMBLE U.S., no VE-FoI association was found. These findings highlighted a new perspective: the VE–FoI association appears complex, potentially influenced by FoI levels, with patterns suggesting an inverted U-shaped relationship, showing a positive association at low FoI levels and a negative association at high levels.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-026-01374-3

____

Iustitia, Maerten van Heemskerck (1556)

 

Public Domain.

Source: 

Link: https://www.wikiart.org/en/maerten-van-heemskerck/iustitia

____

Modeling of #H5N1 #influenza virus #kinetics during dairy #cattle #infection suggests the timing of infectiousness

 

Abstract

Since early-2024 unprecedented outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b have been ongoing in dairy cattle in the United States with significant consequences for the dairy industry and public health. Estimation of key epidemiological parameters is required to support outbreak response, including predicting the likely effectiveness of interventions and testing strategies. Here, we pool limited publicly available data from four studies of naturally and experimentally infected dairy cattle. We quantify Ct value trajectories of infected dairy cattle and the relationship between Ct value and the log-titer of infectious virus, a proxy for infectiousness. We estimate that following infection minimum Ct values are rapidly reached within 1–2 days with a population mean Ct value of 15.7 (12.9, 18.4). We identify a threshold Ct value of 21.8 (19.9, 24.6), with values of Ct value above this threshold representing little-to-no infectious viral load. Finally, assuming a direct relationship between Ct value and infectiousness, we estimate the distribution of the duration of infectiousness for dairy cattle (i.e., the duration their Ct value remains below the critical threshold) with a population median of 7.8 (4.1, 13.9) days. Our estimates will be critical inputs to the development of outbreak management guidelines and modeling analyses informing response strategies.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3003586

____

#Bovine-derived #influenza A virus #H5N1 shows efficient #replication in well-differentiated #human #nasal epithelial cells without requiring genetic #adaptation

 

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b have caused widespread avian mortality and sporadic mammalian infections, raising concerns about their potential for efficient replication in the human population. Efficient replication in the human upper respiratory tract is considered a key barrier to transmission. Here, we demonstrate that an H5N1 virus isolated from bovine milk in Texas in 2024 (H5N1Tex/24) replicates as efficiently as the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus (H1N1HH4/09) in well-differentiated human nasal epithelial cells. These cells express both avian- and human-type influenza receptors, indicating receptor adaptation is unnecessary for entry. H5N1Tex/24 replicates effectively at 33 degrees Celsius, reflecting nasal cavity temperature, whereas earlier avian H5N1 strains require 37 degrees Celsius, suggesting that H5N1Tex/24 has acquired another key adaptive feature to the human upper respiratory tract. H5N1Tex/24 remains sensitive to interferon-λ (IFN-λ) despite inducing low cytokine levels. Notably, no known mammalian-adaptive mutations such as PB2-E627K were detected. These findings suggest that H5N1Tex/24 possesses intrinsic traits enabling efficient replication in the human upper airways, a critical step toward potential airborne transmission, underscoring the need for vigilant surveillance.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, https://ror.org/01hwpsz06, 1.24.m

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.01.16.699876v1

____

#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (by AMEDEO, Jan. 18 '26)

 

BMJ

1. MARTIN DS, Doidge JC, Gould D, Shahid T, et al
   The impact of skin tone on performance of pulse oximeters used by NHS England COVID Oximetry @home scheme: measurement and diagnostic accuracy study.
   BMJ. 2026;392:e085535.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Int J Infect Dis

2. AMODIO E, Aiello R, Battisti M, Casuccio A, et al
   Past Behavior Predicts Future Protection: Uncovering Key Drivers of Influenza Vaccine Acceptance in Italy in the Post-Pandemic Era.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Jan 8:108379. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108379.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
3. SEO G, Joo H, Song K, Kim M, et al
   Static and Dynamic Scoring Systems for Post-acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 in a Korean Cohort.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Jan 9:108378. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108378.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
4. PIOVESAN C, Fabiani M, Pezzotti P, Ramigni M, et al
   Mortality for causes unrelated to COVID-19 by number of doses and by time since administration of COVID-19 vaccines: a retrospective cohort analysis in the Treviso province, Italy (2021-2025).
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Jan 11:108392. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108392.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
5. ZHANG C, Zeng J, Yin L, Han W, et al
   Spatio-temporal dispersal patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in the Chinese mainland following the COVID-19 response adjustment.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Jan 12:108391. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108391.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect

6. GEERS D, Aguilar-Bretones M, Zaeck LM, Gill PA, et al
   Preferential boosting of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage-specific immune responses by monovalent XBB.1.5 vaccination.
   J Infect. 2026;92:106681.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
7. JABOYEDOFF M, Crisinel PA, Valtuille Z, Fafi I, et al
   Infection-related mortality in children in two European countries, 2015 - 2023: an interrupted time-series analysis.
   J Infect. 2026 Jan 9:106688. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2026.106688.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
8. BAIN V, Silva-Avelar I, Correa-Silva S, Matsuo OM, et al
   Immune profile of T-lymphocytes in pediatric patients recovered of COVID-19: A longitudinal report.
   J Infect. 2026 Jan 14:106691. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2026.106691.
   PubMed        
   
   

   
   J Med Virol

9. MERROUCHE NEH, Aboudharam G, Thiol S, Terrer E, et al
   IgE Anti-Beta Coronaviruses Serology in Napoleon Soldiers, France.
   J Med Virol. 2026;98:e70800.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
10. YE J, Xu T, Xu C, Liu X, et al
    Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Assay at the Crossroad: Urgent Reexamination of Assay Design for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Main Protease Inhibitors.
    J Med Virol. 2026;98:e70801.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
11. SANCHEZ-GARCIA M, Tresguerres JAF, Alvarez-Gonzalez M, Hera B, et al
    Oral Melatonin in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Quasi-Experimental Pragmatic Trial.
    J Med Virol. 2026;98:e70807.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
12. PISIL Y, Shida H, Ruiz SM, Cho K, et al
    Structural Adaptability of IgA and IgM Supports Broad SARS-CoV-2 Variant Neutralization.
    J Med Virol. 2026;98:e70790.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
13. FRATTY IS, Kriger O, Weiss L, Vasserman R, et al
    Epidemiology of Enteroviruses Among Hospitalized Patients in Israel (2016-2024): CNS Involvement, Subtype Variability, and Seasonality.
    J Med Virol. 2026;98:e70810.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Virol

14. ALVARADO RE, Lokugamage KG, Garvanska D, Estes LK, et al
    Key residues in SARS-CoV-2 NSP3 hypervariable region are necessary to modulate early stress granule activity.
    J Virol. 2026 Jan 14:e0200625. doi: 10.1128/jvi.02006.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    JAMA

15. DILEK S, Rosen J, Levashkevich A, Sharfstein JM, et al
    The US Food and Drug Administration's Regulation of Mifepristone.
    JAMA. 2026 Jan 12. doi: 10.1001/jama.2025.23091.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
16. FATTAH M, Stoffel LA, Bubar KM, Bents SJ, et al
    Trends in County-Level Childhood Vaccination Exemptions in the US.
    JAMA. 2026 Jan 14:e2524407. doi: 10.1001/jama.2025.24407.
    PubMed        
    
    

    
    Lancet

17. WHITAKER M, Elliott J, Gerard-Ursin I, Cooke GS, et al
    Profiling vaccine attitudes and subsequent uptake in 1.1 million people in England: a nationwide cohort study.
    Lancet. 2026 Jan 12:S0140-6736(25)01912-9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01912.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Lancet Infect Dis

18. KAKU Y, Fujiwara M, Uriu K, Yo MS, et al
    Humoral immunity after LP.8.1 monovalent vaccines against a broad range of SARS-CoV-2 variants including XEC, LP.8.1, NB.1.8.1, XFG, and BA.3.2.
    Lancet Infect Dis. 2026 Jan 12:S1473-3099(25)00772.
    PubMed        
    
    
19. LEITNER DR, Walsh SR, Suzuki M, Desjardins M, et al
    Safety and immunogenicity of PanChol, a single-dose live-attenuated oral cholera vaccine: results from a phase 1a, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.
    Lancet Infect Dis. 2026 Jan 7:S1473-3099(25)00682.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    N Engl J Med

20. CAI M, Xie Y, Al-Aly Z
    2024-2025 Covid-19 Vaccine Outcomes in U.S. Veterans. Reply.
    N Engl J Med. 2026;394:307.
    PubMed        
    
    
21. YANG C, Tebbutt SJ
    2024-2025 Covid-19 Vaccine Outcomes in U.S. Veterans.
    N Engl J Med. 2026;394:306-307.
    PubMed        
    
    
22. LAMPERT R, Harmon KG
    Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Athletes.
    N Engl J Med. 2026;394:268-280.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Nature

23. ROZMAN B, Broennimann K, Rajan KS, Nachshon A, et al
    N(1)-Methylpseudouridine directly modulates translation dynamics.
    Nature. 2026 Jan 14. doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09945.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Science

24. COHEN J
    Scientists reject call to retest childhood vaccines.
    Science. 2026;391:220-221.
    PubMed         Abstract available

#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, Jan. 18 '26)

 

Antiviral Res

1. LEEKHA A, Reichel K, Hurst B, Varadarajan N, et al
   Therapeutic intranasal delivery of NanoSTING provides broad protection against seasonal and highly pathogenic influenza strains.
   Antiviral Res. 2026 Jan 14:106342. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2026.106342.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   BMJ

2. MARTIN DS, Doidge JC, Gould D, Shahid T, et al
   The impact of skin tone on performance of pulse oximeters used by NHS England COVID Oximetry @home scheme: measurement and diagnostic accuracy study.
   BMJ. 2026;392:e085535.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Drug Saf

3. PALMER M, Seekins D, Avigan M, Marcinak J, et al
   The Impact of COVID-19 and COVID-19 Vaccination on Detection, Assessment, and Management of Suspected Acute Drug-Induced Liver Injury Occurring during Clinical Trials: Consensus Recommendations from the IQ DILI Initiative.
   Drug Saf. 2026;49:9-25.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Epidemiol Infect

4. WOLMUTH-GORDON HS, Elgohari S, Dabrera G, Green RE, et al
   Estimating influenza A subtype ratios among critical care admissions in England.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2026 Jan 12:1-8. doi: 10.1017/S0950268825100812.
   PubMed        
   
   
5. KOKAVECZ L, Sohajda Z, David P, Stagel A, et al
   Incidence of parvovirus B19 among Hungarian blood donor population during COVID-19 restrictions and the subsequent B19 epidemic of 2024.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2026;154:e11.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
6. BEJKO D, Vergison A, Stranges S, Mossong J, et al
   Protection from second booster vaccines and natural immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infections, 2022-2023.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2025;154:e10.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
7. CAREY C, O'Moore E, Huyton R, Willner S, et al
   COVID-19 outbreaks in care homes: How does size influence transmission dynamics? A cross-sectional study with implications for outbreak management in small care homes.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2025;154:e8.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Clin Microbiol

8. BIGAUD B, Marjanovic N, Deroche L, Drugeon B, et al
   Impact of multiplex PCR point-of-care platform implementation for respiratory pathogen detection in an emergency department with high daily patient volume.
   J Clin Microbiol. 2026;64:e0131325.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Gen Virol

9. GERODEZ A, Dufrasne FE, Denis O, Steensels M, et al
   The cellular activating protein-1 cFos regulates influenza A virus replication.
   J Gen Virol. 2026;107:002194.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect Dis

10. SKOWRONSKI DM, Ranadheera C, Kaweski SE, Sabaiduc S, et al
    Cross-reactive H5N1 neuraminidase antibodies by age and influenza A imprinting cohorts of the past century: population-based serosurvey, British Columbia, Canada.
    J Infect Dis. 2026 Jan 16:jiag030. doi: 10.1093.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Virol

11. CONG G, Li H, Li L, Chen J, et al
    The newly developed porcine-origin parainfluenza virus PIV5-JS17 serves as an exogenous gene delivery system for swine.
    J Virol. 2026 Jan 13:e0185825. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01858.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Virol Methods

12. ZHANG W, Chen XY, Lin SX
    Search and prove of efficient inhibitors against papain-like protease from SARS-CoV-2.
    J Virol Methods. 2026;341:115329.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
13. EPTAMINITAKI GC, Zafiropoulos A, Sourvinos G
    Evaluation of summation operator-MM molecular medium for the SARS-CoV-2 RNA stability over 90 days under different temperature conditions.
    J Virol Methods. 2026;341:115322.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    JAMA

14. MCCLYMONT E, Blitz S, Forward L, Cole S, et al
    The Role of Vaccination in Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes Associated With COVID-19 in Pregnancy.
    JAMA. 2025 Dec 15:e2521001. doi: 10.1001/jama.2025.21001.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    N Engl J Med

15. LAMPERT R, Harmon KG
    Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Athletes.
    N Engl J Med. 2026;394:268-280.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Pediatrics

16. HAMDAN O, Amarin JZ, Antoon JW, Stopczynski T, et al
    Influenza Antiviral Use in Hospitalized Children Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
    Pediatrics. 2026 Jan 14:e2025071898. doi: 10.1542/peds.2025-071898.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS Comput Biol

17. WANG Z, Zhou Z, Wang J, Yang L, et al
    Characterization of the heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 fitness dynamics via graph representation learning.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2026;22:e1013582.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
18. MAYER-BLACKWELL K, Minervina A, Pogorelyy M, Rawat P, et al
    TCR2HLA: Calibrated inference of HLA genotypes from TCR repertoires enables identification of immunologically relevant metaclonotypes.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2026;22:e1013767.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS One

19. ORSOLIC BESLIC A, Caljkusic K, Matana A, Tomelic Ercegovic K, et al
    Evaluation of cerebrovascular reactivity using transcranial Doppler in patients with influenza.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0340768.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
20. SCHNEIDER JL, Rivelli JS, Escaron AL, Crocker R, et al
    Impact of COVID-19 on colorectal cancer screening in a federally qualified health center: Provider and staff perspectives.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0340184.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
21. VINER RM, Pearce A, Hope S
    The impact of school absence on mental health in children and young people: Analysis of an English national birth cohort.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0336137.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
22. MANN H, Dimon E, Zhang Y, Arroyo N, et al
    Impact of COVID-19 restrictions on thyroid cancer diagnoses in a comprehensive cancer center (2017-2023).
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0340347.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
23. ZENG Z, Sathasivam S, Xin J, Zhao H, et al
    Public participation in healthcare safety: A tripartite evolutionary game model with evidence from diverse international cases.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0339304.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
24. RIBEIRO HS, Mondini DR, Santa-Catharina GP, Marcal L, et al
    Skeletal muscle-kidney crosstalk in a cohort of critical illness survivors.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0339795.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
25. BAI Y, Cao P, Kim C, Ienciu K, et al
    Longitudinal trends in vaping, smoking, and harmful alcohol use across sexual orientations in the UK (2014-2021).
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0339847.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
26. AKTER N, Zerin FF, Banu B, Kanta FA, et al
    Quality of life in hypertensive patients using the WHOQOL-BREF instrument in the post-pandemic Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0340897.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Vaccine

27. DE WALS P, Papenburg J, Gilca R, Brousseau N, et al
    Are hemagglutinin-only influenza vaccines as effective as conventional influenza vaccines against severe infection?
    Vaccine. 2026;74:128234.
    PubMed        
    
    
28. CHENG K, Pullenayegum E, Singh P, Loeb M, et al
    Use of composite outcomes in cluster randomized control trials of influenza vaccines.
    Vaccine. 2026;74:128224.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
29. PAGE CL, Holbrook BC, Miller LD, Grayson JM, et al
    TLR5 versus TLR7/8 agonist-dependent modulation of the early gene expression response to inactivated influenza virus vaccine in newborn nonhuman primates.
    Vaccine. 2026;74:128163.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
30. HARKER EJ, Lewis NM, Johnson CA, Zhu Y, et al
    Differences in influenza vaccine effectiveness by sex among adults hospitalized with acute respiratory illness-IVY network, January 24, 2022-September 1, 2024.
    Vaccine. 2026;74:128192.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
31. DE BRABANDERE L, Herzog SA, Desombere I, Arien KK, et al
    Enhanced immune responses to mRNA compared with adenoviral vector COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy: implications for pandemic preparedness.
    Vaccine. 2026;73:128153.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
32. ORELLANA-MANZANO A, Garcia-Angulo A, Quinto F, Munizaga MG, et al
    COVID-19 vaccination campaign, knowledge, and trust in Duran, Ecuador: a cross-sectional study.
    Vaccine. 2026;72:127867.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
33. YE G, Qu C, Liao Z, Wu R, et al
    Engineered flagellin-based adjuvant boosts mucosal immunity in recombinant RSV vaccine.
    Vaccine. 2026;73:128190.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
34. ZHU Z, Chen Z, Gao Y, Xie Z, et al
    Genetic distance predicts neutralizing antibody titers for monovalent and bivalent SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
    Vaccine. 2026;73:128185.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
35. BREZNIK JA, Ang JC, Bhakta H, Liu LM, et al
    Humoral and cellular immunogenicity of sequential heterogeneous bivalent SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations in long-term care and retirement home residents.
    Vaccine. 2025;73:128160.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
36. OKABE H, Hashimoto K, Asano Y, Sato M, et al
    Adverse events post-BNT162b2 vaccination in Japanese children.
    Vaccine. 2025;73:128167.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
37. DANIEL N, Smith C, Miah N, Akroyd C, et al
    Enablers and barriers to participation in vaccine trials: a narrative synthesis.
    Vaccine. 2025;73:128183.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
38. REITER PL, Katz ML
    Vaccine hesitancy among midlife and older adults in the United States.
    Vaccine. 2025;72:128054.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
39. BALLOUT S, Darwish SA, Kelly PJ, Keller T, et al
    The use of storytelling in COVID-19 vaccine promotion: A scoping review of interventions and campaigns.
    Vaccine. 2025;72:128098.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
40. PARIDANS M, Gillain N, Husson E, Darcis G, et al
    COVID-19 vaccination: Does knowledge of higher immunity influence first and second COVID-19 booster uptake? A study carried out in a university population.
    Vaccine. 2025;72:128057.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
41. PAL SS, Kim KH, Bhatnagar N, Grovenstein P, et al
    A combination of new prefusion mRNA and protein vaccines enhances neutralizing antibodies and protection against respiratory syncytial virus.
    Vaccine. 2025;73:128154.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
42. ALVES K, Kouassi A, Nelson J, Plested JS, et al
    Safety and immunogenicity of a single dose of a JN.1 variant COVID-19 vaccine in previously vaccinated adults: Primary analysis report of a phase 3 open-label trial.
    Vaccine. 2025;73:128164.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
43. MIRON E, Sauvageau C, Dube E, Vivion M, et al
    Vaccine hesitancy among older adults, urban indigenous and newcomers in Canada: A qualitative comparative study.
    Vaccine. 2025;73:128143.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
44. STRENG BMM, Hensen LCM, Delemarre EM, Binnendijk RS, et al
    Antibody concentration and function following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination decrease with age in adults and children with Down syndrome.
    Vaccine. 2025;73:128079.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
45. LARSEN FD, Juhl AK, Dietz LL, Nielsen H, et al
    Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 primary vaccination and boosters in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: Impact of immunosuppressive therapy.
    Vaccine. 2025;73:128155.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
46. SEESKIN ZH, Steffan M, Geistwhite B, Yarbrough M, et al
    Using latent class analysis of survey data to explore parent behaviors and attitudes regarding children's COVID vaccinations.
    Vaccine. 2025;73:128149.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
47. TIPTON T, Laidlaw S, Nguyen D, Longet S, et al
    ACE2 inhibition ELISA is an effective surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 live virus neutralisation.
    Vaccine. 2026;72:128123.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
48. KOVACS D, Brar G, Anthony SJ, Wang LF, et al
    Initiation of a coronavirus vaccine library.
    Vaccine. 2025;72:128140.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
49. HARO SLY MJ, Zubeldia L
    COVID-19 vaccine production and the technological gap in the Global South: The cases of Argentina and Brazil.
    Vaccine. 2025;72:128141.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
50. JABBAR F, Kadhim KA, Alhilfi RA, Al Khafaji IS, et al
    Advancements in monitoring adverse events following immunization in Iraq: Insights from the CIVIE project 2022-2023.
    Vaccine. 2026;72:128121.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
51. SINCLAIR JE, Mayfield HJ, Lu H, Brown SJ, et al
    Estimating risk of long COVID using a Bayesian network-based decision support tool.
    Vaccine. 2026;72:128127.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
52. DRISLANE S, Moore H, Attwell K
    Understanding parental decisions to decline or delay infant RSV immunisation, nirsevimab, in Western Australia in 2024.
    Vaccine. 2026;72:128133.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
53. MADIA JE, Nicodemo C, Petrou S, de Lusignan S, et al
    Primary healthcare costs associated with the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine in England.
    Vaccine. 2025;72:128067.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
54. HAYASHI K, Hashimoto N, Hashimoto C, Takeuchi Y, et al
    Effect of completed COVID-19 vaccination on serum interferon lambda3: a single-center retrospective study.
    Vaccine. 2025;72:128108.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Virology

55. THOMAS MH, Carlock MA, Ross TM
    Adjuvants enhance protective antibodies against seasonal influenza viruses following a single vaccination of Fluzone.
    Virology. 2026;616:110787.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
56. IINO Y, Sato K, Furuse Y, Isogai E, et al
    Human parainfluenza virus type 3 viruses with the furin-susceptible motif at the cleavage site of the fusion protein arose from original wild strains during their propagation in vitro.
    Virology. 2026;617:110797.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Virus Res

57. CAI H, Hou L, Chang J, Yang Q, et al
    Venenum bufonis and its active constituents alleviate RSV-induced pneumonia in mice by suppressing macrophage infiltration and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
    Virus Res. 2026;363:199672.
    PubMed         Abstract available

History of Mass Transportation: The FIAT Autorail TER RENFE, Madrid Atocha (1981)

 

Di Smiley.toerist - File:Madrid Atocha 1981.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19532692

Source: 

Link: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_Ferroviaria

____

#Polymerase #mutations underlie early #adaptation of #H5N1 #influenza virus to dairy #cattle and other #mammals

 

Abstract

In 2024, an unprecedented outbreak of H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza was detected in dairy cattle in the USA resulting in spillbacks into poultry, wild birds and other mammals including humans. Here, we present molecular and virological evidence that the cattle B3.13 genotype H5N1 viruses rapidly accumulated adaptations in polymerase genes that enabled better replication in bovine cells and tissues, as well as cells of other mammals including humans. We find evidence of several mammalian adaptations in cattle including PB2 M631L, which is found in all cattle sequences, and PA K497R, which is found in the majority. Structurally, PB2 M631L maps to the polymerase-ANP32 interface, an essential host factor for viral genome replication. We show that this mutation adapts the polymerase to better interact with bovine ANP32 proteins, particularly ANP32A, and thereby enhances virus replication in bovine mammary systems and primary human airway cultures. We show that ongoing evolution in the PB2 gene, including E627K and a convergently arising D740N substitution, further increase polymerase activity and virus replication in a range of mammalian cells. Thus, circulation of H5N1 in dairy cattle allows virus adaption improving replicative ability in cattle and poses a continued risk of zoonotic spillover.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-68306-6

____

History of Mass Transportation: The FS ATR 100 Diesel Autorail in Turin (1959)

 

Di Brooksbank - Opera propria, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38676394

Source: 

Link: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_Ferroviaria

____