ETIDIOH - NEW

  Am J Respir Crit Care Med NAQVI ZA Residual Scars That Grow: The Hidden Threat of Delayed Pulmonary Fibrosis Post-COVID-19. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2025 Aug 22. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202506-1558. PubMed          BALDWIN MR, Garcia CK Reply to Naqvi: Residual Scars That Grow: The Hidden Threat of Delayed Pulmonary Fibrosis Post-COVID-19. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2025 Aug 22. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202507-1624. PubMed          Antiviral Res TERATAKE Y, Okamura T, Ishizaka Y SMAD5 phosphorylation by ALK1 is modulated by the interaction of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Antiviral Res. 2025;242:106261. PubMed           Abstract available GOLDIN K, Brackney B, Lutterman T, Williamson BN, et al Dexamethasone treatment does not alter mortality but reduces pulmonary pathology in Nipah virus-infected Syrian hamsters. Antiviral Res. 2025;242:106263....

  Antiviral Res GUAN S, Wang Q, Nie J, Yao X, et al Optimization of the monoclonal antibody 3E1 through W32I mutation enhances antiviral efficacy against influenza virus subtypes H1N1 and H3N2. Antiviral Res. 2025;242:106260. PubMed           Abstract available Biochem Biophys Res Commun GABELMANN A, Biesel A, Loretz B, Lehr CM, et al Exploring the future of mRNA delivery: Beyond lipid nanoparticles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2025;778:152347. PubMed           Abstract available Biochemistry SUBRAMANIAM S, Saville JW, Feng F, Freiburger L, et al Therapeutic Antibodies for Infectious Diseases: Recent Past, Present, and Future. Biochemistry. 2025;64:3487-3494. PubMed           Abstract available Epidemiol Infect CHOI H, Hwang M, Coppin JD, Chatterjee P, et al Penetration of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants in the United States. Epidemiol Infect. 2025;1...

  ABSTRACT Influenza A virus (IAV) in swine in the U.S. is surveilled to monitor genetic evolution to inform intervention efforts and aid pandemic preparedness . We describe data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Surveillance Plan for Influenza A Virus in Pigs from 2009 to 2022. Clinical respiratory cases were subtyped, followed by sequencing of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), and a subset of viruses was whole genome sequenced . Phylogenetic analysis identified geographic and temporal IAV reassortment hotspots . Regions acting as IAV genomic diversity sources or sinks were quantified, and dissemination was qualified and modeled. The dominant IAV clades were H1N2 (1B.2.1), H3N2 (1990.4.a), and H1N1 (H1-1A.3.3.3-c3). Internal genes were classified as triple-reassortant (T) or pandemic 2009 (P), and three genome constellations represented 73.5% of detections across the last 2 years. In some years, the distribution of IAV diversity was so narrow that it presen...

  Poultry farms in Plovdiv Region. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6746 ____

  Abstract Background :  Flaviviruses represent a significant worldwide threat to human health and have the potential to emerge and cause outbreaks in non-endemic geographical regions. Ongoing surveillance for these viruses in the United States–Mexican border communities such as El Paso, Texas , is lacking. As a continuing effort to better understand the prevalence and to determine which arboviruses are endemic, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence rate of specific flavivirus antibody among 910 human umbilical cord blood samples obtained from mothers who delivered newborns in El Paso, Texas. Materials and Methods :  The samples were screened for West Nile virus (WNV) and dengue virus (DENV) IgG antibodies with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by a plaque reduction neutralization test for DENV, WNV, Zika virus (ZIKV) and Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV). Results :  Among the 910 samples , 2% were positive for specific IgG antibo...

  Abstract The severity of influenza is often driven by an excessive host immune response rather than the virus itself , yet the key molecular drivers within specific immune cells remain poorly understood. While recent single-cell RNA sequencing studies have successfully identified immune populations involved, they have largely not identified the upstream drivers modulating their pro-inflammatory functions . Here we employed an integrated single-cell co-expression network to address this gap. Our analysis identified myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) as central to pro-inflammatory response during infection. Through a multi-layered key driver analysis, we pinpointed C-type lectin , CLEC4E as a top candidate modulating this pathological inflammatory response . The role of CLEC4E was confirmed in an independent single-cell dataset from influenza-infected patients and further validated in vivo. Pharmacological inhibition of CLEC4E in a murine influenza model significantly reduced disease s...

  Di Christof Hofbauer - http://www.bahnbilder.ch/picture/8345, GFDL,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16838742 Source: Wikipedia,  https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotrici_FS_ALe_801_e_ALe_940 ____

  Public Domain. Source: WikiArt,  https://www.wikiart.org/en/john-martin/the-great-day-of-his-wrath-1853 ____

  Abstract As intrinsic differences in humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 between children and adults remain unclear , we improved characterisation by defining the kinetics, specificity and function of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in children (n = 146, aged 9.4 ± 4.8 years with n = 257 samples) compared to adults (n = 85, aged 39.5 ± 15.2 years with n = 122 samples). We used plasma samples from an infection and vaccination-naive cohort study with RT-PCR confirmed ancestral B.1* SARS-CoV-2 virus infection with asymptomatic or mild disease, collected in Hong Kong between March to December 2020, from acute (0–14 days post infection) to convalescent (15–206 days) timepoints. Children had significantly lower primary antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 proteins overall, leading to a less isotype switched response. While children had lower OC43 Spike and SARS-CoV-2 S2 IgG and avidity than adults, they exhibited higher avidities for SARS-CoV-2 whole Spike and Nucleocapsid , and higher lev...

  By Matthew Black - originally posted to Flickr as DPP_0612, CC BY-SA 2.0,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7171062 Source: Wikipedia,  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Class_V_200 ____

  Abstract COVID-19 and long COVID are characterized by a dysregulated immune response. However, the role of macrophages during viral infection is poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 infection results in increased macrophage numbers and extensive formation of enlarged lipid-laden macrophages or foam cells using humanized mice , rhesus macaques and post-mortem human lung tissue . Notably, infection by other coronaviruses tested, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and two bat coronaviruses (SHC014-CoV or WIV1-CoV), did not result in macrophage proliferation or foam cell formation. Foam cells in SARS-CoV-2-infected human lung tissue display a pro-fibrotic and pro-thrombotic phenotype as they are enriched for genes associated with platelet activation and aggregation , as well as extracellular matrix organization and collagen synthesis . After viral clearance, macrophage numbers remain elevated, and lung fibrosis and thrombi persist . Importantly, we show that pre-exposure prophylaxis...

  More than half a million people in Gaza are trapped in famine, marked by widespread starvation, destitution and preventable deaths, according to a new Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) analysis released today .  Famine conditions are projected to spread from Gaza Governorate to Deir Al Balah and Khan Younis Governorates in the coming weeks . The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), UNICEF, the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have collectively and consistently highlighted the extreme urgency for an immediate and full-scale humanitarian response given the escalating hunger-related deaths, rapidly worsening levels of acute malnutrition and plummeting levels of food consumption, with hundreds of thousands of people going days without anything to eat. The agencies reinforced that famine must be stopped at all costs . An immediate ceasefire and end to the conflict is critical to allow uni...

  {Summary} Time Period: August 10, 2025 - August 16, 2025 -- H5 Detection :  1 site ( 0.2% ) -- No Detection :  422 sites ( 99.8% ) -- No samples in last week :  37 sites (...) Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html ____

  By Gonioul - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3584482 Source: Wikipedia,  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekarski_system ____

The event occurred in a laying hen farm in the province of Buenos Aires . The birds involved showed mortality and clinical signs consistent with high pathogenicity avian influenza. The suspicion is officially addressed and samples were taken. The samples tested positive for HPAI H5. The event occurred in a laying hen farm. On 17/08/25 National Service of Agri-Food Health and Quality (SENASA) received a notification concerning mortality and clinical signs consistent with high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) (drooping and diarrhea). The suspicion is officially addressed, with restriction of the establishment and taking of samples for diagnosis. On 19/08/2025, samples tested positive for HPAI H5. The stamping out of all the birds in the establishment will be carried out. We will update the population data in the following follow-up reports. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6737 ____

{Summary} -- During current surveillance week (14 to 20 August), seventy-six new human confirmed cases of West Nile Virus infection have been reported; -- So far this year, 351 human cases of WNV infection were confirmed (they were 275 last week); of these: - 158 were WNND (West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease): 6 in Piedmont, 8 Lombardy, 10 Veneto, 1 Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 8 Emilia-Romagna, 59 Latium, 54 Campania, 2 Basilicata, 5 Calabria, 5 Sardinia; - 27 were asymptomatic cases in blood donors ,   - 162 were West Nile Fever cases,  - 2 asymptomatic and  - 2 symptomatic (unspecified).  -- Among confirmed cases, there were 22 fatalities : 1 in Piedmont, 1 Lombardy, 10 Latium, 9 Campania, 1 Calabria).  - The Case-Fatality Rate in WNND cases is thus far at 13.9% (in 2018 it was 20%, and in 2024, 14%).  -- No confirmed cases of Usutu Virus infection have been confirmed this week. (...) Source: High Institute of Health,  https://www.epicentro.iss.it/westnile/b...

  Abstract The circulation of highly pathogenic H5 influenza A viruses in cattle , other mammals, and wildlife threatens animal and human health. To address this, we vaccinated heifer-calves with a deactivated rabies-virus-based H5 vaccine , which was well-tolerated and elicited neutralizing antibodies against both clade-1 and clade-2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses, comparable to naturally H5-infected and convalescing cows. The immune responses to the vaccine platform were durable for at least 200 days and unaffected by preexisting RABV immunity. Source: npj Vaccines,  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-025-01238-2 ____

  Abstract Since 2021, subclade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have undergone changes in ecology and epidemiology, causing a panzootic of unprecedented scale in wild and domestic birds with spill-over infections and perceptible transmission in a range of mammalian species , raising concern over zoonotic potential . HPAI viruses readily exchange gene segments with low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses via reassortment , a mechanism that facilitates pronounced phenotypic change . Observations suggest changes in the seasonality and host range of panzootic viruses, however, data on the role of reassortment in determining such features are limited. Using phylodynamic approaches, we describe the emergence of the panzootic lineage and using a novel global genotype classification system we describe the subsequent emergence and global structuring of genotypes generated by reassortment. Focusing on evolutionary dynamics in Europe , we show reassortment...

  Situation at a glance On 4 August 2025, Israel notified WHO of a circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 1 (cVDPV1) outbreak .  Between February and July 2025, nine genetically linked virus isolates were found in environmental samples from seven sites, mainly in Jerusalem and the Central Region .  No human cases of paralytic polio have been reported.  Israel discontinued routine use of the bivalent oral polio vaccine in March 2025 but continues using inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) as part of the country’s routine immunization schedule.  WHO and partners of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative are supporting national and subnational authorities.  WHO assesses the risk of international spread of this cVDPV1 outbreak in Israel as low, due to strong overall immunity, surveillance, and response systems.  However, the virus is circulating in under-vaccinated, vaccine-sceptic communities with ties to similar groups abroad, posing a potential risk fo...