{Excerpt}
The evolutionary trajectory of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has fundamentally shifted from a sporadic agricultural pathogen to an enduring global panzootic. Since the emergence of the 2.3.4.4b clade in late 2020, the virus has transcended its traditional localized agricultural disruptions to establish endemic circulation within wild bird reservoirs across all inhabited continents, including recent, unprecedented incursions into the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic regions as well as Oceania. This dramatic expansion in host plasticity has enabled the virus to infect over seventy distinct mammalian species, triggering catastrophic mortality events in marine mammals across South America and widespread, unprecedented outbreaks within commercial dairy cattle herds in the United States.
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Source:
Link: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18/7/757
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