{Scotland} Backyard flock with 6 hens, approximately 5 months old. Increased mortality and other clinical signs reported. Official samples were H5N1 HPAI positive.
Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6186
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Tuesday, January 14, 2025
#UK - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification
I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
#China reported two new #human #infections with #H9N2 avian #influenza virus and one with #H10N3 virus
{Excerpt}
-- Avian influenza A(H9N2):
-- 1) Chongqing Municipality: An one-year-old girl with onset on December 13, 2024.
-- 2) Hubei An eight-year-old girl with onset on November 27, 2024.
-- Avian influenza A(H10N3):
-- 1) Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: A 23-year-old woman with onset on December 12, 2024.
Source: Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong PRC SAR, https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/2025_avian_influenza_report_vol21_wk02.pdf
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Monday, January 13, 2025
The #Haemagglutinin #Gene of #Bovine-Origin #H5N1 #Influenza Viruses Currently Retains #Receptor-binding and pH-fusion Characteristics of #Avian #Host Phenotype
Abstract
Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) has caused a panzootic affecting all continents except Australia, expanding its host range to several mammalian species. In March 2024, H5N1 HPAIV was first detected in dairy cattle and goats in the United States. Over 891 dairy farms across 16 states have tested positive until 25th December 2024, with zoonotic infections reported among dairy workers. This raises concerns about the virus undergoing evolutionary changes in cattle that could enhance its zoonotic potential. The Influenza glycoprotein haemagglutinin (HA) facilitates entry into host cells through receptor binding and pH-induced fusion with cellular membranes. Adaptive changes in HA modulate virus-host cell interactions. This study compared the HA genes of cattle and goat H5N1 viruses with the dominant avian-origin clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 in the United Kingdom, focusing on receptor binding, pH fusion, and thermostability. All the tested H5N1 viruses showed binding exclusively to avian-like receptors, with a pH fusion of 5.9, outside the pH range associated with efficient human airborne transmissibility (pH 5.0 to 5.5). We further investigated the impact of emerging HA substitutions seen in the ongoing cattle outbreaks, but saw little phenotypic difference, with continued exclusive binding to avian-like receptor analogues and pHs of fusion above 5.8. This suggests that the HA genes from the cattle and goat outbreaks do not pose an enhanced threat compared to circulating avian viruses. However, given the rapid evolution of H5 viruses, continuous monitoring and updated risk assessments remain essential to understanding virus zoonotic and pandemic risks.
Source: Emerging Microbes and Infections, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22221751.2025.2451052
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
#USA, #California: Presumptive {#Human #H5N1} #Birdflu Case Identified In #SanFrancisco Resident
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: Friday, January 10, 2025
*** PRESS RELEASE ***
Contact: SFDPH Media Desk: DPH.Press@sfdph.org
SAN FRANCISCO – The San Francisco Department of Public Health (SFDPH) announced today that a presumptive case of H5N1 bird flu has been identified in a San Francisco resident.
The individual is a child who experienced symptoms of fever and conjunctivitis but did not need to be hospitalized and has since fully recovered.
The risk to the general public remains low as there is currently no evidence of person-to-person transmission.
SFDPH is encouraging people to avoid direct contact with sick or dead birds, especially wild birds and poultry.
Wild birds can be infected with bird flu even if they do not look sick.
If you have found a dead bird, please contact 311.
In addition, as bird flu continues to spread among U.S. dairy cows, SFDPH strongly recommends that individuals not consume raw milk or raw milk products, including raw cheese.
“I want to assure everyone in our city that the risk to the general public is low, and there is no current evidence that the virus can be transmitted between people,” said Dr. Grant Colfax, Director of Health.
“We will continue to investigate this presumptive case, and I am urging all San Franciscans to avoid direct contact with sick or dead birds, especially wild birds and poultry. Also, please avoid unpasteurized dairy products.”
The presumptive case tested positive for H5N1 at the SFDPH Public Health Laboratory, which performed this testing as part of enhanced surveillance efforts.
Confirmatory testing will be performed at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
The child initially tested for COVID-19, influenza, and RSV based on symptoms and tested positive for influenza A. As part of SFDPH enhanced surveillance, the specimen was subsequently tested for H5N1.
An initial investigation by SFDPH has not revealed how the child may have contracted H5N1 bird flu.
The Department is continuing to investigate, including assessing all close contacts.
Again, the risk to the general public remains low as there is currently no evidence of person-to-person transmission.
(...) Human infections with bird flu viruses are rare, and no person-to-person transmission has been detected to date in the United States. Symptoms of bird flu in humans include eye redness, coughing, fatigue, fever, and headaches. If you are experiencing these symptoms, please contact your health care provider.
At this time, bird flu cases in California have been mild without any hospitalizations.
Additional case information can be found at the California Department of Public Health and CDC websites.
Source: San Francisco Department of Health, https://www.sf.gov/news/presumptive-bird-flu-case-identified-san-francisco-resident
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Molecular #diagnosis and phylogenetic #analysis of a #MERS #coronavirus #human case in #Jordan
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an important zoonotic pathogen. The aim of this paper is to report one polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive case of MERS-CoV in a 27-year-old man who was involved in a nationwide longitudinal surveillance study of certain zoonotic diseases in Jordan including MERS-CoV. Whole-blood and nasal swab samples were collected from the man and five camels in the vicinity of his living area. The samples were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) to detect MERS-CoV-specific antibodies and MERS-CoV genetic material, respectively. Genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were also performed to detect similarities with known strains of the virus in the region. In January 2021, an ongoing surveillance study detected a MERS-CoV-positive nasal swab sample from an asymptomatic male and camels using RT-PCR. Phylogenetically, the MERS-CoV isolated in this case belonged to clade B and is clustered with other strains originating in the Arabian Peninsula. The case report represents the first PCR-positive case of MERS-CoV in an asymptomatic individual in Jordan, indicating active circulation of the virus within the population.
Source: European Journal of Public Health, https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/35/Supplement_1/i55/7951904
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
#USA, #Monitoring for Avian #Influenza A(#H5) Virus In #Wastewater {Week 52/24, 01/25}
{Excerpt}
Time Period: December 29, 2024 - January 04, 2025
H5 Detection: 51 sites (17.0%)
No Detection: 249 sites (83.0%)
No samples in last week: 93 sites
Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/h5-monitoring/index.html
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
#Safety and #immunogenicity of ascending doses of #influenza A(#H7N9) inactivated #vaccine with or without MF59®
Abstract
Introduction
While it remains impossible to predict the timing of the next influenza pandemic, novel avian influenza A viruses continue to be considered a significant threat.
Methods
A Phase II study was conducted in healthy adults aged 18–64 years to assess the safety and immunogenicity of two intramuscular doses of pre-pandemic 2017 influenza A(H7N9) inactivated vaccine administered 21 days apart. Participants were randomized (n = 105 in each of Arms 1–3) to receive 3.75 μg, 7.5 μg or 15 μg of hemagglutinin (HA) with MF59® adjuvant, or 15 μg of HA unadjuvanted vaccine (n = 57, Arm 4).
Results
The three MF59 adjuvanted vaccines and the 15 μg unadjuvanted vaccine were safe and well-tolerated.
Little antibody activity was detected against the A(H7N9) vaccine antigen after the first vaccination across study Arms. After second vaccination, the three adjuvanted Arms showed increases in hemagglutination inhibition (HAI), neutralizing (Neut), and neuraminidase inhibition (NAI) geometric mean titers (GMT), peaking at 21 days post second vaccination. The percentage of participants with titer ≥1:40 and seroconversion rates for HAI were 30–43 % and 0 for the adjuvanted Arms and the unadjuvanted Arm, respectively. Antibody responses against antigenically drifted A(H7N9) strains A/Shanghai/2/2013 and A/Guangdong/17SF003/2016 showed similar trends.
Exploratory linear modeling of HAI and Neut responses post second vaccination revealed significantly lower log antibody titers among older participants (aged 35–49 and 50–64 years) compared to participants aged 18–34 years after adjusting for study vaccination, BMI, sex, and prior seasonal influenza vaccination. Post second vaccination, participants who received seasonal influenza vaccination in at least one of the two previous seasons had significantly lower log antibody titers than participants who did not.
Conclusion
Adjuvanted doses of vaccine provided higher antibody responses, on average, than the 15 μg unadjuvanted vaccine. Proportion of participants achieving seroconversion and antibody titers ≥40 remained below 50 % in all study Arm.
Source: Vaccine, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264410X24013847?via%3Dihub
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Sunday, January 12, 2025
#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (by AMEDEO, January 12 '25)
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[Clinical update in critical care of pulmonary medicine 2024].
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PubMed Abstract available
BMJ
I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, January 12 '25)
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Long-term immune responses induced by low-dose infection with high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses can protect mallards from reinfection with a heterologous strain.
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PLoS One. 2025;20:e0314042.
PubMed Abstract available - GRASSI M, Tarantino B
SEMdag: Fast learning of Directed Acyclic Graphs via node or layer ordering.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0317283.
PubMed Abstract available - DOMNICH A, Trombetta CS, Fallani E, Salvatore M, et al
Immunogenicity and safety of the MF59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine in non-elderly adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0310677.
PubMed Abstract available - LENIZ J, Hernandez-Jana S, Soto M, Arenas E, et al
Association between demographic, clinical characteristics and severe complications by SARS-CoV-2 infection in a community-based healthcare network in Chile.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0314376.
PubMed Abstract available - BARRETO TO, Farias FLO, Veras NVR, Cardoso PH, et al
Artificial intelligence applied to bed regulation in Rio Grande do Norte: Data analysis and application of machine learning on the "RegulaRN Leitos Gerais" platform.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0315379.
PubMed Abstract available - BARNES SJ, Na Y, Drainoni ML, Linas BA, et al
Barriers and facilitators to conducting human subjects research at a safety net institution from the perspective of researchers.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0313530.
PubMed Abstract available - SCHULZ S, Tan TJC, Wu NC, Wang S, et al
Epistatic hotspots organize antibody fitness landscape and boost evolvability.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025;122:e2413884122.
PubMed Abstract available - SINGH R, Im C, Qiu Y, Mackness B, et al
Learning the language of antibody hypervariability.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025;122:e2418918121.
PubMed Abstract available - EL SAHLY HM, Anderson EJ, Jackson LA, Neuzil KM, et al
Anti-neuraminidase and anti-hemagglutinin stalk responses to different influenza a(H7N9) vaccine regimens.
Vaccine. 2025;47:126689.
PubMed Abstract available - DEZORDI FZ, Junior JVJS, Ruoso TF, Batista AG, et al
Higher frequency of interstate over international transmission chains of SARS-CoV-2 virus at the Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil state borders.
Virus Res. 2025;351:199500.
PubMed Abstract available - EL HOUDI M, Skhoun H, El Fessikh M, Benmansour R, et al
Association study of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway with susceptibility to COVID-19 in moroccan patient and in-silico analysis of rare variants.
Virus Res. 2025;351:199509.
PubMed Abstract available
Arch Virol
I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Development of avian #influenza A(#H5) virus #datasets for #Nextclade enables rapid and accurate #clade assignment
Abstract
The ongoing panzootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) viruses is the largest in history, with unprecedented transmission to multiple mammalian species. Avian influenza A viruses of the H5 subtype circulate globally among birds and are classified into distinct clades based on their hemagglutinin (HA) genetic sequences. Thus, the ability to accurately and rapidly assign clades to newly sequenced isolates is key to surveillance and outbreak response. Co-circulation of endemic, low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A(H5) lineages in North American and European wild birds necessitates the ability to rapidly and accurately distinguish between infections arising from these lineages and epizootic HPAI A(H5) viruses. However, currently available clade assignment tools are limited and often require command line expertise, hindering their utility for public health surveillance labs. To address this gap, we have developed datasets to enable A(H5) clade assignments with Nextclade, a drag-and-drop tool originally developed for SARS-CoV-2 genetic clade classification. Using annotated reference datasets for all historical A(H5) clades, clade 2.3.2.1 descendants, and clade 2.3.4.4 descendants provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/World Organisation for Animal Health (FAO/WHO/WOAH) H5 Working Group, we identified clade-defining mutations for every established clade to enable tree-based clade assignment. We then created three Nextclade datasets which can be used to assign clades to A(H5) HA sequences and call mutations relative to reference strains through a drag-and-drop interface. Nextclade assignments were benchmarked with 19,834 unique sequences not in the reference set using a pre-released version of LABEL, a well-validated and widely used command line software. Prospective assignment of new sequences with Nextclade and LABEL produced very well-matched assignments (match rates of 97.8% and 99.1% for the 2.3.2.1 and 2.3.4.4 datasets, respectively). The all-clades dataset also performed well (94.8% match rate) and correctly distinguished between all HPAI and LPAI strains. This tool additionally allows for the identification of polybasic cleavage site sequences and potential N-linked glycosylation sites. These datasets therefore provide an alternative, rapid method to accurately assign clades to new A(H5) HA sequences, with the benefit of an easy-to-use browser interface.
Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.07.631789v1
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Comprehensive #Infectome #Analysis Reveals Diverse Infectious Agents with #Zoonotic #Potential in #Wildlife
Abstract
Understanding wildlife-pathogen interactions is crucial for mitigating zoonotic risk. Through meta-transcriptomic sequencing we profiled the infectomes of 1,922 samples from 67 mammalian species across China, uncovering a remarkable diversity of viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic pathogens. Of the 195 pathogens identified, 62 were novel, including a bi- segmented coronavirus in diseased lesser pandas, which we propose represents a new genus – Zetacoronavirus. The orders Carnivora and Rodentia exhibited the highest pathogen diversity and were implicated in numerous host-jumping events. Comparative analysis of diseased versus healthy animals revealed a trend of higher pathogen loads in the former, with possible differences in tissue tropisms. In total, 48 zoonotic and 17 epizootic pathogens were identified, with frequent cross-species transmission, emphasizing the potential for emerging public health threats. This study highlights the urgent need for wildlife pathogen surveillance to inform proactive disease management strategies.
Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.09.632079v1
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
The Channel of Gravelines, Petit Fort - Philippe Georges Seurat (1890)
Source: WikiArt, https://www.wikiart.org/en/georges-seurat/the-channel-of-gravelines-petit-fort-philippe-1890
Public Domain.
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Saturday, January 11, 2025
Respiratory #Shedding of Infectious #SARS-CoV-2 #Omicron #XBB.1.41.1 Lineage among Captive White-Tailed #Deer, #Texas, #USA
Abstract
White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have high value for research, conservation, agriculture, and recreation and might be key SARS-CoV-2 reservoirs. In November 2023, we sampled 15 female deer in a captive facility in Texas, USA. All deer had neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2; respiratory swab samples from 11 deer were SARS-CoV-2–positive by quantitative reverse transcription PCR, and 1 deer also had a positive rectal swab sample. Six of the 11 respiratory swab samples yielded infectious virus; replication kinetics of most samples displayed lower growth 24–48 hours postinfection in vitro than Omicron lineages isolated from humans in Texas in the same period. Virus growth was similar between groups by 72 hours, suggesting no strong attenuation of deer-derived virus. All deer viruses clustered in XBB Omicron clade and demonstrated more mutations than expected compared with contemporaneous viruses in humans, suggesting that crossing the species barrier was accompanied by a high substitution rate.
Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/31/2/24-1458_article
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
An intranasal, NLC-delivered self-amplifying #RNA #vaccine establishes protective #immunity against pre-pandemic #H5N1 and #H7N9 #influenza
Abstract
Seasonal and pandemic influenzas are continuous threats to human health, requiring rapid development of vaccines to multiple evolving viral strains. New RNA vaccine technologies have the adaptability and manufacturability to facilitate pandemic preparedness but have limited flexibility in their route of administration, reducing the ability to establish local protective immune responses such as respiratory mucosal immunity. Here, we describe monovalent and bivalent self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccines against A/Vietnam/1203/2004 H5N1 and A/Anhui/2013 H7N9. These saRNA vaccines express either H5 or H7 hemagglutinin and are formulated with a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) that permits both intramuscular (IM) and intranasal (IN) dosing. In mice, IM vaccination established systemic humoral and cellular responses but no detectable mucosal response, while IN administration induced robust systemic and mucosal immunity. The saRNA-NLC vaccines provided complete protection against morbidity and mortality in ferret challenge models, establishing this intranasally-administered saRNA-NLC vaccine platform as a potential pandemic response tool.
Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.07.631792v1?rss=1
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
The Q226L #mutation can convert a highly pathogenic #H5 2.3.4.4e virus to #bind #human-type #receptors
Abstract
H5Nx viruses continue to wreak havoc in avian and mammalian species worldwide. The virus distinguishes itself by the ability to replicate to high titers and transmit efficiently in a wide variety of hosts in diverse climatic environments. Fortunately, transmission to and between humans is scarce. Yet, if such an event were to occur, it could spark a pandemic as humans are immunologically naive to H5 viruses. A significant determinant of transmission to and between humans is the ability of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA) protein to shift from an avian-type to a human-type receptor specificity. Here, we demonstrate that a 2016 2.3.4.4e virus HA can convert to human-type receptor binding via a single Q226L mutation, in contrast to a cleavage-modified 2016 2.3.4.4b virus HA. Using glycan arrays, x-ray structural analyses, tissue- and direct glycan binding, we show that L133adelta and 227Q are vital for this phenotype. Thus, whereas the 2.3.4.4e virus HA only needs a single amino acid mutation, the modified 2.3.4.4b HA was not easily converted to human-type receptor specificity.
Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.10.632119v1?rss=1
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
#USA, #Michigan: {Oakland County} Health Division: 11 people under health #surveillance after contact with #H5N1 #birdflu infected #poultry
Waterford Township, Mich. – The Oakland County Health Division is monitoring a situation involving highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), commonly known as bird flu, identified in animals at the farm at Hess-Hathaway Park in Waterford Township.
|-- Eleven individuals who had direct contact with the animals are being monitored for 10 days, beginning yesterday. --|
Initially, it was reported that two of the 11 are experiencing flu-like symptoms. Since then, the Health Division has learned that only one individual has symptoms. That person’s influenza test has been collected and results from the state lab are pending.
“The risk of contracting bird flu is very low for the general public, but it’s important to be aware of the disease in the community,” said Oakland County Director of Health and Human Services Leigh-Anne Stafford. “Protect yourself and prevent bird flu by avoiding direct contact with sick or dead birds and wash your hands thoroughly if you come into contact with them.
In response to the discovery of HPAI at the farm at Hess-Hathaway Park, Waterford Township has taken proactive measures. Supervisor Anthony Bartolotta emphasized the township’s commitment to safety.
“Until further notice, portions of the farm will be closed to protect our animals, staff and visitors. However, the rest of Hess-Hathaway Park remains open for community enjoyment,” Bartolotta said. “We appreciate the community’s cooperation, patience and understanding as we work to return our farm to regular operations. We look forward to reopening in the Spring of 2025.”
Residents are encouraged to follow these prevention tips:
-- Avoid direct contact with sick or dead birds and animals.
-- Use recommended personal protective equipment (PPE) if contact is necessary.
-- Refrain from touching surfaces contaminated by bird droppings or bodily fluids.
-- Avoid consuming raw milk or raw milk products.
-- If bird flu is suspected in a domestic flock, contact Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (MDARD) immediately at 800-292-3939 (daytime) or 517-373-0440 (after hours). Additionally, report cases of unusual or unexplained deaths among wild bird populations by contacting the Michigan Department of Natural Resources at 517-336-5030.
MDARD is closely monitoring and responding to reports of sick domestic birds and HPAI throughout the state.
Contact your health care provider if you’ve had close contact with domestic fowl or wild bird and have bird flu symptoms.
Bird flu symptoms range from no symptoms to severe disease. Signs and symptoms of bird flu in people may include:
-- Eye redness and irritation (conjunctivitis)
-- Mild fever (100 degrees Fahrenheit or greater) or feeling feverish (fever may not always be present)
-- Cough
-- Sore throat
-- Runny or stuffy nose
-- Muscle or body aches
-- Headaches
-- Fatigue
-- Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
-- Less common symptoms include diarrhea, nausea or vomiting.
HPAI virus is widespread in wild birds worldwide and detected in domestic poultry and other animals. It can spread in various ways from flock to flock, including by wild birds, through contact with infected animals, by equipment, and on the clothing and shoes of caretakers.
More information about bird flu can be found on the Health Division’s website at oakgov.com/health or by contacting Nurse on Call at 800-848-5533 or noc@oakgov.com. Nurse on Call is available 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday. For up-to-date public health information, follow @publichealthOC on Facebook and X.
Read the initial alert from MDARD here. For additional bird flu information from the state, click on michigan.gov/birdflu.
Source: Oakland County Department of Health, https://www.oakgov.com/Home/Components/News/News/1751/591
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Friday, January 10, 2025
National #ONEHEALTH #Framework to Address #Zoonotic #Diseases and Advance Public Health #Preparedness in the #USA
Executive Summary
The first ever National One Health Framework to Address Zoonotic Diseases and Advance Public Health Preparedness in the United States (NOHF-Zoonoses), 2025-2029, establishes a structure to facilitate multisectoral and transdisciplinary coordination, collaboration, and communication across the federal government.
Using the One Health approach, the framework addresses zoonotic diseases and other priority One Health issues in the United States (U.S.).
The One Health approach recognizes the interdependence of the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants, and the wider environment (including ecosystems).
This approach mobilizes multiple diverse sectors, disciplines, and communities to work together to promote well-being and address health and ecosystem threats.
Previous multisectoral work in the U.S. identified the critical need to formalize federal One Health coordination to address zoonotic diseases and other One Health related issues across the U.S. Government.
Therefore, in the 2023 Consolidated Appropriations Act and the 2021 House Appropriations Committee Report, Congress directed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in coordination with other federal agencies, to develop a framework based on the One Health approach to address zoonotic diseases and advance public health preparedness.
The Act also directed CDC to coordinate with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Department of the Interior (DOI) to develop a mechanism to support coordination at the federal level related to prevention, detection, control, and response for zoonotic diseases and related One Health activities.
The One Health approach applies to zoonotic diseases as well as many other health threats at the interconnection between people, animals, plants, and the environment.
While the primary focus of the NOHF-Zoonoses is addressing zoonotic diseases and advancing public health preparedness, the U.S. OHCU has also incorporated other components of One Health into this framework.
To meet these directives CDC partnered with DOI, USDA and other federal agencies beginning in November 2021, to plan the establishment of the United States One Health Coordination Unit (U.S. OHCU) and to draft the NOHFZoonoses.
The U.S. OHCU was launched in January 2024, with joint leadership from CDC (Chair 2024-2026), DOI, and USDA.
The U.S. OHCU is coordinated by a Chair that will rotate between CDC, USDA, and DOI on a biennial calendar year basis.
U.S. OHCU membership includes 24 agencies related to health, agriculture, interior, wildlife, environment, development, state, commerce, defense, security, and other fields.
The draft NOHF-Zoonoses was published in September 2023 via the Federal Register Notice process, to engage and obtain input from state, Tribe, local, and territorial (STLT), non-governmental partners, and the public.
The NOHF-Zoonoses presents goals and objectives for application of the One Health approach to protect people, animals, and our shared environment in the U.S. from zoonotic diseases and advance public health preparedness to optimize health, food safety and security, and sustainability while also promoting biodiversity and conservation outcomes.
The NOHF-Zoonoses was designed to align with and complement existing U.S. initiatives that incorporate the One Health approach.
The seven goals outlined in the NOHF-Zoonoses include the following areas:
-- (1) Coordination, Collaboration and Communication;
-- (2) Prevention;
-- (3) Preparedness;
-- (4) Coordinated Outbreak Investigation, Response, and Recovery;
-- (5) Surveillance;
-- (6) Laboratory; and
-- (7) Workforce.
While this framework focuses on One Health coordination at the federal level, its success depends on robust partnerships with STLT, non-governmental organizations, academia, and private sector partners as well as collaboration with relevant international partners.
Knowledge and best practices from the implementation of the NOHF-Zoonoses will inform future One Health priorities and strengthen the nation’s ability to address One Health threats and promote health, safety, security, and resilience at the human-animal-plant-environment interface.
Advancing One Health collaboration in the U.S. through the U.S. OHCU and the NOHF-Zoonoses will enhance our ability to jointly prevent, detect, and respond to zoonotic disease threats and related One Health issues. This initiative will improve efficiency across the U.S. government by enhancing collaboration across all relevant sectors with governmental and non-governmental partners while optimizing resource use in order to protect the health, safety, and security of people, animals, plants, and our shared environment.
(...)
Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/one-health/media/pdfs/2025/01/354391-A-NOHF-ZOONOSES-508_FINAL.pdf
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Modulation of #cytokeratin and #cytokine/chemokine expression following #influenza virus infection of differentiated #human #tonsillar epithelial cells
ABSTRACT
The tonsils have been identified as a site of replication for Epstein–Barr virus, adenovirus, human papillomavirus, and other respiratory viruses. Human tonsil epithelial cells (HTECs) are a heterogeneous group of actively differentiating cells. Here, we investigated the cellular features and susceptibility of differentiated HTECs to specific influenza viruses, including expression of avian-type and mammalian-type sialic acid (SA) receptors, viral replication dynamics, and the associated cytokine secretion profiles. We found that differentiated HTECs possess more abundant α2,3-linked SA (preferentially bound by avian influenza viruses) than α2,6-linked SA (preferentially bound by mammalian strains). This dual receptor expression suggests a role in influenza virus adaptation and tropism within the tonsils by facilitating the binding and entry of multiple influenza virus strains. Our results indicated the susceptibility of differentiated HTECs to a wide range of influenza viruses from human, swine, and avian hosts. Virus production for most strains was detected as early as 1 day post-infection (dpi), and typically peaked by 3 dpi. However, pandemic H1N1 virus showed remarkably delayed replication kinetics that did not peak until at least 7 dpi. Notably, influenza virus infection impacted the expression of cytokeratins in HTEC cultures, which correlated with altered cytokine secretion patterns. These patterns varied within the strains but were most distinct in swine H3N2 infection. In conclusion, differentiated HTECs exhibited a strain-specific pattern of influenza virus replication and innate immune responses that included changes in cytokeratin and cytokine expression. These studies shed light on the complex interplay between influenza viruses and host cells in the tonsils.
Source: Journal of Virology, https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/jvi.01460-24?af=R
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
#Cambodia records 1st #human #death from #H5N1 in 2025
PHNOM PENH, Jan. 10 (Xinhua) -- A 28-year-old man from southeast Cambodia's Kampong Cham province died of H5N1 human avian influenza on Friday, becoming the first death in 2025, the Ministry of Health said in a press statement.
"Laboratory results from the National Institute of Public Health showed on Jan. 9, 2025 that the man was positive for H5N1 virus," the statement said.
"Although our team of doctors had provided him intensive care, the patient died on Jan. 10, 2025 due to his severe condition, with the symptoms of fever, cough, and dyspnea," it added.
The patient lived in village 22 in Chamkar Leu district's Chamkar Andoung commune.
"According to queries, the patient raised and fed chicken, and he cooked sick chicken for food," the statement said.
Health authorities are looking into the source of the infection and are examining any suspected cases or people who have been in contact with the victim in order to prevent an outbreak in the community, it added.
H5N1 influenza is a flu that normally spreads between sick poultry, but it can sometimes spread from poultry to humans, and its symptoms include fever, cough, runny nose, and severe respiratory illness.
The Ministry of Health called on people to be extra vigilant and not to eat ill or dead poultry, saying that bird flu still poses a threat to people's health.
From 2003 to date, there were 73 cases of human infection with H5N1 influenza, including 44 deaths in the Southeast Asian country, according to the ministry.
Source: Xinhua, https://english.news.cn/asiapacific/20250110/b1035982821244e2828ae53394c1129f/c.html
_____
I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
#Belgium - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification
I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
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