ETIDIOH - NEW

Tuesday, March 25, 2025

#Transmission of #bovine #H5N1 virus in a #hamster #model

LETTER

Transmission among mammals of bovine highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses, which have caused outbreaks in US dairy cattle (1–3), has been demonstrated in ferrets by our group (4, 5) and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (6). These studies showed that these viruses can be transmitted among ferrets via respiratory droplets, albeit with lower efficiency than seasonal human influenza viruses. In contrast, bovine HPAI H5N1 viruses spread easily among ferrets through direct contact (3 of 3 [100%] ferrets) (6). Although ferrets are frequently used for influenza virus transmission (7–9) and vaccine efficacy (10, 11) studies, they demand considerable housing space and personnel and can be difficult to handle. Here, we investigated the transmissibility of the bovine HPAI H5N1 virus A/Texas/37/2024 (TX/37), which was 100% lethal in ferrets inoculated with as little as 10 plaque-forming units (PFUs) (5) by using a hamster model.

(...)

Bovine HPAI H5 virus was thus found to be highly pathogenic and highly transmissible by direct contact in hamsters, although we did not detect respiratory droplet transmission. Therefore, hamsters have potential as a small animal model for analyzing the protective effect of vaccines or antiviral drugs against bovine HPAI H5 virus infection.

(...)

Source: Journal of Virology, https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jvi.00147-25

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Quantifying #viral #pandemic #potential from experimental #transmission #studies

Abstract

In the past two decades, two pandemic respiratory viruses (H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2) have emerged via spillover from animal reservoirs. In an effort to avert future pandemics, surveillance studies aimed at identifying zoonotic viruses at high risk of spilling over into humans act to monitor the `viral chatter' at the animal-human interface. These studies are hampered, however, by the diversity of zoonotic viruses and the limited tools available to assess pandemic risk. Methods currently in use include the characterization of candidate viruses using in vitro laboratory assays and experimental transmission studies in animal models. However, transmission experiments yield relatively low-resolution outputs that are not immediately translatable to projections of viral dynamics at the level of a host population. To address this gap, we present an analytical framework to extend the use of measurements from experimental transmission studies to generate more quantitative risk assessments. Specifically, we develop modeling approaches for estimating transmission parameters and gauging population-level emergence risk using within-host viral titer data from index and contact animals. To illustrate the use of these approaches, we apply them to two recently published influenza A virus (IAV) ferret transmission experiments: one using influenza A/California/07/2009 (H1N1pdm09) and one using influenza A/Hong Kong/1/1968 (H3N2). We find that, when controlling for viral titers, the H3N2 virus tends to be less transmissible than the H1N1 virus. Because of this difference in infectiousness and more robust replication of H1N1 in ferrets, we further find that the H1N1 virus has a higher projected reproduction number than the H3N2 virus and therefore more likely to cause an epidemic following introduction. Incorporating estimates of the generation interval for each virus, we find that the H1N1 virus has a higher projected epidemic growth rate than the H3N2 virus. The methods we present to assess relative pandemic risk across viral isolates can be used to improve quantitative risk assessment of other emerging viruses of pandemic concern.

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.24.645081v1

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Promising effects of #duck #vaccination against highly pathogenic avian #influenza, #France 2023-24

Abstract

The ongoing panzootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 clade 2.3.4.4b has caused widespread poultry mortality and raised concerns about zoonotic pandemics and wildlife conservation. France recently adopted a preventive vaccination strategy, vaccinating domestic ducks with inactivated and mRNA vaccines. This study evaluates the impact of this campaign on reducing HPAI H5 outbreaks. Using predictive modeling based on previous outbreak data, the expected number of outbreaks in 2023-24 without vaccination was significantly higher than the observed cases, indicating a 95.9% reduction attributable to vaccination. These findings suggest that vaccination effectively mitigated the HPAI H5 outbreak in France.

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.28.609837v3

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#Bangladesh - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification [FINAL]

A poultry farm in Khulna Region.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6351

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Jamaican fruit #bats’ competence for #Ebola but not #Marburg virus is driven by intrinsic differences

Abstract

Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV) are zoonotic filoviruses that cause hemorrhagic fever in humans. Correlative data implicate bats as natural EBOV hosts, but neither a full-length genome nor an EBOV isolate has been found in any bats sampled. Here, we model filovirus infection in the Jamaican fruit bat (JFB), Artibeus jamaicensis, by inoculation with either EBOV or MARV through a combination of oral, intranasal, and subcutaneous routes. Infection with EBOV results in systemic virus replication and oral shedding of infectious virus. MARV replication is transient and does not shed. In vitro, JFB cells replicate EBOV more efficiently than MARV, and MARV infection induces innate antiviral responses that EBOV efficiently suppresses. Experiments using VSV pseudoparticles or replicating VSV expressing the EBOV or MARV glycoprotein demonstrate an advantage for EBOV entry and replication early, respectively, in JFB cells. Overall, this study describes filovirus species-specific phenotypes for both JFB and their cells.

Source: Nature Communications, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-58305-4

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Monday, March 24, 2025

#Togo - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification [FINAL]

A poultry farm in Maritime Region.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6361

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#UK, #England: Confirmed findings of #influenza of #avian origin in captive #mammals (as of March 25 '25)

Sheep, March 2025

One domestic sheep (Ovis aries) tested positive for influenza of avian origin (H5N1) in March 2025. The case was identified following routine surveillance of farmed livestock on a premises in Yorkshire where highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) had been confirmed in other captive birds. The single animal was a ewe with signs of mastitis but no other clinical signs. The milk was positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the blood tested positive for H5 antibodies.

All affected birds and the infected ewe were humanely culled to mitigate the risk of further disease spread. Further official testing of the remaining flock of sheep were all negative for the presence of avian influenza virus.

Source: DEFRA, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/bird-flu-avian-influenza-findings-in-captive-mammals/confirmed-findings-of-influenza-of-avian-origin-in-captive-mammals

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Murine #betacoronavirus #spike protein: A major #determinant of #neuropathogenic properties

Highlights

The current review highlights the following major findings from the literature.

1.The genomic control of pathogenic properties of murine β-coronavirus.

2.Plausible mechanism of virus-induced neuroinflammatory demyelination and axonal loss.

3.Spike protein as a major determinant of MHV-induced neuropathogenesis.

4.The minimal essential motif in fusion peptide responsible for neuropathogenesis.

5.mCoV research sheds light on hCoV neuropathogenesis and helps design anti-virals.

Abstract

Coronaviruses have emerged as a significant challenge to human health. While earlier outbreaks of coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV posed serious threats, the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has heightened interest in coronavirus research due to its pulmonary pathology, in addition to its neurological manifestations. In addition, the patients who have recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection show long-term symptoms such as anosmia, brain fog and long COVID. A major hurdle in studying these viruses is the limited availability of specialized research facilities, emphasizing the need for prototype virus-based models to investigate the pathophysiology. The mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a member of the β-coronavirus family, serves as an excellent model to unravel the mechanisms underlying virus-induced pathogenesis. This review highlights two decades of research efforts aimed at understanding the pathophysiological mechanism of coronavirus-induced diseases, focusing on the development of targeted recombinant strains to identify the minimal essential motif of the spike protein responsible for fusogenicity and neuropathogenicity. By synthesizing findings from these studies, the review identifies the most promising therapeutic targets against coronaviruses, paving the way for the development of pan-coronavirus antivirals.

Source: Virology, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0042682225001126?via%3Dihub

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Sunday, March 23, 2025

Still Life with Cheeses, Almonds and Pretzels (Clara Peeters, Date: 1615)

Public Domain.

Source: WikiArt, https://www.wikiart.org/en/clara-peeters/still-life-with-cheeses-almonds-and-pretzels-1615

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Young #boy in #Cambodia contracts #H5N1 #birdflu

PHNOM PENH, March 23 (Xinhua) -- A three-year-and-six-month boy from northeast Cambodia's Kratie province has been confirmed for H5N1 human avian influenza, raising the number of cases to three so far this year, said a Ministry of Health's statement on Sunday.

The boy had been brought to the hospital in a critical condition with fever, cough, and dyspnea, it said, adding that he is receiving medical treatment with the utmost care from a team of doctors.

"According to queries, the patient's family raised chickens and about five chickens had died, as some others were sick, and his family members cooked the dead poultry for food," the statement said.

Health authorities are looking into the source of the infection and are examining any suspected cases or people who have been in contact with the patient in order to prevent an outbreak in the community, it added.

Among the three human cases of H5N1 so far this year, two had died, and all patients reportedly had a history of recent exposure to sick or dead poultry prior to their illness.

H5N1 influenza is a flu that normally spreads between sick poultry, but it can sometimes spread from poultry to humans, and its symptoms include fever, cough, runny nose, and severe respiratory illness.

From 2003 to date, there were 75 cases of human infection with H5N1 influenza, including 45 deaths in the Southeast Asian country, according to the ministry.

Source: Xinhua, https://english.news.cn/asiapacific/20250323/1f0f1f46e5e34791b617f3a738f7fe8c/c.html

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Saturday, March 22, 2025

#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (by AMEDEO, March 22 '25)

Ann Intern Med

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Nature

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Travel Med Infect Dis

RODRIGUEZ-MORALES AJ, Puerta-Arias MC, Husni R, Montenegro-Idrogo JJ, et al
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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, March 22 '25)

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PASCULLI P, Zingaropoli MA, Dominelli F, Solimini AG, et al
Insights into Long COVID: Unraveling Risk Factors, Clinical Features, Radiological Findings, Functional Sequelae and Correlations: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
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XU J, Wu D, Yang J, Zhao Y, et al
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Epidemiol Infect

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J Exp Med

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Assessing the impact of influenza epidemics in Hong Kong.
J Infect Dis. 2025 Mar 19:jiaf140. doi: 10.1093.
PubMed Abstract available

QUACH HQ, Goergen KM, Grill DE, Ovsyannikova IG, et al
IL-8 as a Causal Link Between Aging and Impaired Influenza Antibody Responses in Older Adults.
J Infect Dis. 2025 Mar 17:jiaf148. doi: 10.1093.
PubMed Abstract available

WANG J, Genberg BL, Feder K, Kirk GD, et al
Impact of pandemic-induced service disruptions and behavioral changes on HCV and HIV transmission amongst people who inject drugs: a modeling study.
J Infect Dis. 2024 Dec 6:jiae599. doi: 10.1093.
PubMed Abstract available

MENG Y, Lin Y, Xiong W, Lau EHY, et al
Effective Real-time Transmission Estimations Incorporating Population Viral Load Distributions Amid SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Preexisting Immunity.
J Infect Dis. 2025;231:684-691.
PubMed Abstract available

MADHI SA, Simoes EAF, Acevedo A, Novoa Pizarro JM, et al
A Phase 1b/2a Trial of a Half-life Extended Respiratory Syncytial Virus Neutralizing Antibody, Clesrovimab, in Healthy Preterm and Full-term Infants.
J Infect Dis. 2025;231:e478-e487.
PubMed Abstract available

THAMBI N, Phuah JY, Staupe RP, Tobias LM, et al
Development of High-Titer Antidrug Antibodies in a Phase 1b/2a Infant Clesrovimab Trial Are Associated With RSV Exposure Beyond Day 150.
J Infect Dis. 2025;231:e488-e496.
PubMed Abstract available

PROBOSTE T, Bista D, Clark NJ, Arora S, et al
Ascertainment of Community Exposure Sites to Ross River Virus During the 2020 Outbreak in Brisbane, Australia.
J Infect Dis. 2025;231:e501-e510.
PubMed Abstract available

MAK J, Khan S, Britton A, Rose S, et al
Association of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination and reductions in Post-COVID Conditions following SARS-CoV-2 infection in a US prospective cohort of essential workers.
J Infect Dis. 2024 Nov 13:jiae556. doi: 10.1093.
PubMed Abstract available

WINKEL AMAM, Kozanli E, Haverkort ME, Euser SM, et al
Lower Levels of Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant of Concern vs Wild Type: An Interplay Between Transmissibility and Immune Status.
J Infect Dis. 2025;231:653-664.
PubMed Abstract available

REILLY C, Mylonakis E, Dewar R, Young B, et al
Evaluation of the Feasibility and Efficacy of Point-of-Care Antibody Tests for Biomarker-Guided Management of Coronavirus Disease 2019.
J Infect Dis. 2025;231:677-683.
PubMed Abstract available

MONTO AS, Foster-Tucker JE, Callear AP, Leis AM, et al
Respiratory Viral Infections From 2015 to 2022 in the HIVE Cohort of American Households: Incidence, Illness Characteristics, and Seasonality.
J Infect Dis. 2025;231:795-804.
PubMed Abstract available

J Virol

FURUSAWA Y, Kiso M, Uraki R, Sakai-Tagawa Y, et al
Amino acid substitutions in NSP6 and NSP13 of SARS-CoV-2 contribute to superior virus growth at low temperatures.
J Virol. 2025 Feb 12:e0221724. doi: 10.1128/jvi.02217.
PubMed Abstract available

KUHN AJ, Outlaw VK, Marcink TC, Yu Z, et al
Enhancing the solubility of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors to increase future prospects for clinical development.
J Virol. 2025 Feb 4:e0215924. doi: 10.1128/jvi.02159.
PubMed Abstract available

PHAN T, Ribeiro RM, Edelstein GE, Boucau J, et al
Modeling suggests SARS-CoV-2 rebound after nirmatrelvir-ritonavir treatment is driven by target cell preservation coupled with incomplete viral clearance.
J Virol. 2025 Feb 4:e0162324. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01623.
PubMed Abstract available

SAMAAN P, Korosec CS, Budylowski P, Chau SLL, et al
mRNA vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IFN-gamma and IL-2 T-cell responses are predictive of serological neutralization and are transiently enhanced by pre-existing cross-reactive immunity.
J Virol. 2025 Jan 31:e0168524. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01685.
PubMed Abstract available

WANG X, Dong M, Wu X, Schnepf D, et al
Single-cell transcriptomics reveals a compartmentalized antiviral interferon response in the nasal epithelium of mice.
J Virol. 2025 Feb 4:e0141324. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01413.
PubMed Abstract available

MA R, Zhang X, Li R, Dong X, et al
PLSCR1 suppresses SARS-CoV-2 infection by downregulating cell surface ACE2.
J Virol. 2025 Feb 13:e0208524. doi: 10.1128/jvi.02085.
PubMed Abstract available

BEAVIS AC, Li Z, Briggs K, Gingerich MC, et al
Efficacy of parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5)-vectored intranasal COVID-19 vaccine as a single dose primer and booster against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
J Virol. 2025 Mar 21:e0198924. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01989.
PubMed Abstract available

BEAVIS AC, Xiao P, Gingerich MC, Briggs K, et al
A parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5)-vectored intranasal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CVXGA1) elicits protective and long-lasting immunity in nonhuman primates.
J Virol. 2025 Mar 21:e0199024. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01990.
PubMed Abstract available

PLoS Comput Biol

EALES O, Shearer FM, McCaw JM
How immunity shapes the long-term dynamics of influenza H3N2.
PLoS Comput Biol. 2025;21:e1012893.
PubMed Abstract available

PLoS One

BAAKLINY M, Ghosn N, Saleh N, Maison P, et al
Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) vaccine against the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 among adults aged 50 and above: A case-control study in Lebanon, June 2022.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0318344.
PubMed Abstract available

VICENCIO VV, Viengkham C, Grange N, Norton S, et al
COVID-19 outbreak management in Western Sydney residential aged care homes: A mixed-methods Donabedian evaluation.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0318490.
PubMed Abstract available

PHIRI MM, Dunkley Y, Di Giacomo E, Lora W, et al
Factors influencing uptake of COVID-19 diagnostics in Sub-Saharan Africa: a rapid scoping review.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0305512.
PubMed Abstract available

STRINGER WS, Labar AS, Geleris JD, Sholle EV, et al
Three hospitalized non-critical COVID-19 subphenotypes and change in intubation or death over time: A latent class analysis with external and longitudinal validation.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0316434.
PubMed Abstract available

SUWANAI H, Kanda M, Harada K, Ishii K, et al
Diabetes with COVID-19 was a significant risk factor for mortality, mechanical ventilation, and renal replacement therapies: A multicenter retrospective study in Japan.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0319801.
PubMed Abstract available

MIRANDA AR, Scotta AV, Cortez MV, Soria EA, et al
Two-years mothering into the pandemic: Impact of the three COVID-19 waves in the Argentinian postpartum women's mental health.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0294220.
PubMed Abstract available

PADILLA S, Andreo M, Marco P, Marco-Rico A, et al
Enhanced prediction of thrombotic events in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with soluble thrombomodulin.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0319666.
PubMed Abstract available

HO T, Lailo JM, Ramoran E, Mutreja K, et al
Leveraging a digital network of pharmacy professionals to test a technology-assisted model to improve pharmacy access to quality-assured COVID-19 rapid antigen tests approved for self-use in Vietnam.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0318331.
PubMed Abstract available

CARDOSO CO, Rodrigues Sandoval ES, de Oliveira Chagas LBM, Badra SJ, et al
Neurologic manifestations of COVID-19 and viral test in cerebrospinal fluid.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0312621.
PubMed Abstract available

TAYLOR-ABDULAI HB, Dzantor EK, Mensah NK, Asumah MN, et al
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine acceptability in Ghana: An urban-based population study.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0319798.
PubMed Abstract available

MALTESE C, Gandhi CK, Ramirez SI, Sznajder KK, et al
Access to lactation consult services during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact on breastfeeding outcome variables.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0318749.
PubMed Abstract available

HAMADANI JD, Bhuiyan SA, Hasan MI, Grantham-McGregor S, et al
The effect of exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic on nutritional status and cognitive, motor, and behavioural development among children aged 20 months in rural Bangladesh: A repeated cross-section study between 2020 and 2022.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0309836.
PubMed Abstract available

MUHAMAD NA, Ma'amor NH, Jamalluddin NH, Rosli IA, et al
Technostress and its associated factors: Burnout and fatigue among Malaysian healthcare workers (HCWs) in state hospitals.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0319506.
PubMed Abstract available

PEREIRA AMM, Esperidiao MA, Andrade SKAV, Silva JFM, et al
Governance and responses of health and surveillance systems to COVID-19 in BRICS countries: A scoping review protocol.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0319572.
PubMed Abstract available

GU Z, Luo X, Sun R, Xi T, et al
Long-term effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on the structural and functional outcomes of neovascular AMD patients in Suzhou, China.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0319677.
PubMed Abstract available

AGHA S, Nazir S, Kaleem M, Najeeb F, et al
Performance evaluation of reduced complexity deep neural networks.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0319859.
PubMed Abstract available

HARUN SNF, Jasman N, Mustapha F, Jaafar N, et al
Noteworthy trends in maladaptive coping strategies and hindrances to help-seeking behaviour among adolescents living in Malaysia's People's Housing Project (PPR) during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0318381.
PubMed Abstract available

GRANADOS SAMAYOA JA, Moore CA, Ruisch BC, Ladanyi JT, et al
Is there anything good about conspiracy beliefs? Belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories is associated with benefits to well-being.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0319896.
PubMed Abstract available

OUAKOUAK ML, Ouedraogo N, Hewapathirana GI, Zaitouni M, et al
Role of leaders' positive mindset in mitigating the effects of crises on organizations: The case of Canadian organizations.
PLoS One. 2025;20:e0319931.
PubMed Abstract available

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

DOS S P ANDRADE AC, Lacasse E, Dubuc I, Gudimard L, et al
Deficiency in platelet 12-lipoxygenase exacerbates inflammation and disease severity during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025;122:e2420441122.
PubMed Abstract available

EILERSEN A, Bjornstad ON, Li R, Schreiber SJ, et al
Epidemic evolutionarily stable strategies within an age-structured host population.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025;122:e2418170122.
PubMed Abstract available

GAILLETON R, Mathew NR, Reusch L, Schon K, et al
Ectopic germinal centers in the nasal turbinates contribute to B cell immunity to intranasal viral infection and vaccination.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025;122:e2421724122.
PubMed Abstract available

Vaccine

PATTHAMMAVONG C, Wodniak N, Phounphenghack K, Tengbriacheu C, et al
Factors associated with influenza and COVID-19 vaccination among health workers in Lao PDR, 2023.
Vaccine. 2025;54:127006.
PubMed Abstract available

HEGMANN TE, Walter EB, Smith MJ, Campbell J, et al
A phase I study of the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of two quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccines (Fluzone(R) or Flublok(R)) with or without one of two adjuvants (AF03 or Advax-CpG55.2) in healthy adults 18-45 years of age.
Vaccine. 2025;54:126991.
PubMed Abstract available

THORS V, Vias RD, Bjornsdottir K, Palsdottir EB, et al
Influenza vaccine effectiveness in Iceland 2014-2022: A test-negative design.
Vaccine. 2025;55:126981.
PubMed Abstract available

Virologie (Montrouge)

CAVARELLI M
Ghosts of the virus : unmasking the persistent threat of SARS-CoV-2 in Long COVID.
Virologie (Montrouge). 2025;29:57-68.
PubMed Abstract available

CAVARELLI M
[Ghosts of the virus : unmasking the persistent threat of SARS-CoV-2 in Long COVID].
Virologie (Montrouge). 2025;29:41-53.
PubMed Abstract available

Virology

BENLARBI M, Kenfack DD, Dionne K, Cote-Chenette M, et al
Longitudinal humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Spike following infection in individuals from Cameroon.
Virology. 2025;605:110467.
PubMed Abstract available

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Impact of #pH and #temperature in dairy #processing on the infectivity of #H5N1 avian #influenza viruses

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) of subtype H5N1 (clade 2.3.4.4b) have crossed the species barrier and caused a mastitis-like infection in dairy cows. The high levels of infectious virus found in the milk raised considerable concerns about the safety of raw milk products. This study examined the effect of temperature and pH on the stability of HPAIV and low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV). We found that H5N1 HPAIV remained infectious in milk at 4 degrees Celsius for four weeks, with slow decreases at 21 degrees Celsius, and complete inactivation at 37 degrees Celsius after four weeks. H5N1 LPAIV was stable at 50 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes but inactivated at higher temperatures (55 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes, 60 degrees Celsius for 1 minute, or 72 degrees Celsius for 30 seconds). At pH levels between 6 and 10, the virus remained stable but was partially inactivated at pH 5.0 and completely inactivated at pH 4.0. During yogurt production, H5N1 LPAIV was completely inactivated when the pH reached 4.3. In cheese production, the lowest pH reached was between 5.0 and 5.3. When H5N1 LPAIV was incubated with soft and semi-hard cheese for one day at 4 degrees Celsius, infectious virus titers decreased by 5.1 and 3.9 log10, respectively. When H5N1 LPAIV was incubated with buffer adjusted to pH 5.0, infectious virus titer dropped by only 3.3 log10, suggesting that, alongside pH, other processes of cheese ripening likely influence virus stability. In conclusion, H5N1 avian influenza viruses are largely inactivated during lactic acid fermentation of raw milk. Future studies will assess the required cheese ripening time for complete inactivation.

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.21.644501v1

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Friday, March 21, 2025

Crucial role for #iron #metabolism in mediating #influenza A virus #infection and associated disease

Abstract

Rationale and Objectives:

Iron availability and metabolism are important in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections. More recently, links have been reported between iron and the severity of viral infections. In this study, we characterize a crucial relationship between iron metabolism and IAV infection and disease.

Methods:

Iron-related gene expression was assessed in human airway epithelial cells (AEC) infected with IAV. AECs were cultured with ferric iron, iron-loaded transferrin, or iron chelator, deferoxamine (DFO), prior to infection with IAV. Mice were placed on a high iron diet for 8 weeks prior to infection with IAV or treated with anti-transferrin receptor-1 (TFR1) antibody during IAV infection. The effects of iron modulation and depletion of TFR1-mediated responses on IAV infection were assessed.

Measurements and main results:

Iron-related gene expression and metabolism are altered systemically and in lung tissues and AECs during IAV infections. Increasing iron availability increases viral titer in AECs, while DFO protects against iron-induced increased susceptibility to infection. Increasing systemic iron loading, which increases iron levels in the lung, increases viral titer, proinflammatory responses, airway inflammation, and worsens IAV-induced disease in terms of lung function and weight loss in vivo. Inhibition of TFR1 protects against IAV-induced disease in vivo.

Conclusion:

IAV infections remain a major threat to human health and global economies. Strategies that boost protective, or reduce pathogenic, host responses may provide broadly effective, long-term therapeutic options. We have identified a key role for iron metabolism in modifying host responses to IAV that can be harnessed to protect against disease.

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.20.644262v1

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#USA, Monitoring for Avian #Influenza #H5 Virus In #Wastewater {week 11-25}

{Excerpt}

Time Period: March 09 - March 15, 2025

-- H5 Detection: 12 sites (2.7%)

-- No Detection: 431 sites (97.3%)

-- No samples in last week: 177 sites

(...)

Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/h5-monitoring/index.html

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#UK - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

{Highland Scotland} Flock of 23 chickens and 4 goose. Increased mortality reported. Samples taken were found positive for HPAI H5N1.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6357

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Analysis on #epidemiological characteristics of #influenza and #genetic characteristics of influenza virus in 2023-2024 surveillance year in #Shandong Province

Abstract

Objective:

To analyze the epidemiological, etiological and genetic characteristics of influenza virus in Shandong Province during 2023-2024.

Methods:

The surveillance data of influenza-like illness (ILI) in sentinel hospitals in Shandong from 2023 to 2024 were collected and analyzed. The isolated influenza strains with hemagglutination titers ≥8 were selected for antigenicity analysis, drug susceptibility test, gene sequencing and evolutionary analysis.

Results:

From 2023 to 2024, the positive rate of influenza virus in Shandong was 8.51% (23 663/277 995), the highest positive rate was in the age group of 5-14 years (15.78%, 6 073/38 478), and the highest positive rate was in the 49th week (35.86%, 2 264/6 313). Both antigenicity analysis and evolutionary analysis showed that the A(H1N1)pdm09 subtype and B(Victoria) strain had good matching effect and close evolutionary distance with the 2023-2024 surveillance year vaccine strain. The A(H3N2) subtype strain did not have a high matching effect with the 2023-2024 vaccine strain and had a long evolutionary distance, but had a close evolutionary distance with the 2024-2025 vaccine strain. Drug susceptibility test showed that oseltamivir sensitivity of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 strain decreased greatly, and the amino acid site mutation of neuraminidase was H275Y.

Conclusions:

In the 2023-2024 surveillance year, the peak of influenza virus epidemic in Shandong was mainly occurred in winter and spring, and the age group of 5-14 years was the focus of prevention and control. The dominant strain was subtype A(H3N2), which had poor matching effect with the vaccine strain in the 2023-2024 surveillance year. One A(H1N1)pdm09 resistant strain was found in the drug resistance monitoring work. Follow-up prevention and control work should be strengthen the surveillance for the epidemiological characteristics, genetic variation and drug resistance of influenza viruses, timely understand the epidemic trend and mutation of influenza viruses, timely discover drug-resistant strains of influenza viruses, promote influenza vaccination, and improve of influenza prevention and control.

Source: US National Library of Medicine, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40113394/

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Thursday, March 20, 2025

St. Helena - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

On 12th September 2024, a dead Tristan (Brown) Skua (Stercorarius antarcticus hamiltoni) was found at the Gough Island helipad. The following day, a live skua was observed showing suspicious signs of HPAI, including head drooping, lethargy and weakness, and was later reported dead. Between the 12th and 15th September, a total of four skuas were found dead from suspicious causes. Three carcasses were swabbed on the 20th of September and all were confirmed POSITIVE for H5N1 HPAIV by the Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge laboratory) in the UK on the 24th of October 2024. On the day of sampling, the fourth carcass could not be found and was probably taken away by a scavenging skua. Since then, no further signs of HPAI among skuas or in other seabirds breeding on Gough Island, have been observed.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6354

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Post-pandemic #changes in #population #immunity have reduced the likelihood of emergence of #zoonotic #coronaviruses

Abstract

Infections caused by endemic viruses, and the vaccines used to control them, often provide cross-protection against related viruses. This cross-protection has the potential to alter the transmission dynamics and likelihood of emergence of novel zoonotic viruses with pandemic potential. Here, we investigate how changes in population immunity after the COVID-19 pandemic have impacted the likelihood of emergence of a novel sarbecovirus, termed SARS-CoV-X. We show that sera from patients with different COVID-19 immunological histories possess cross-neutralising antibodies against the spike (S) protein of multiple zoonotic sarbecoviruses. Mathematical simulations using these viruses show a significant reduction in their likelihood of emergence in populations with current levels of SARS-CoV-2 natural and vaccine-derived immunity, with the outcome determined by the extent of cross-protection and the R_0 of the novel virus. We also show that preventative vaccination programs against SARS-CoV-X using currently available COVID-19 vaccines can help resist emergence even in the presence of co-circulating SARS-CoV-2. However, it was possible for a theoretical vaccine with very high specificity to SARS-CoV-2 (i.e., one which elicits very low cross-protection against SARS-CoV-X) to increase the likelihood of SARS-CoV-X emergence, due to its effects on SARS-CoV-2 prevalence and, by extension, the levels of naturally-derived cross-protection in the human population. Overall, our findings show that SARS-CoV-2 circulation and COVID-19 vaccination have generated widespread population immunity against antigenically related sarbecoviruses, and this new immunological barrier is likely to be a strong determinant of the ability of novel sarbecoviruses to emerge in humans.

Source: MedRxIV, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.17.25323820v1

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#Validation of #H5 #influenza virus subtyping #RTqPCR #assay and low prevalence of H5 #detection in 2024-2025 influenza virus season

Abstract

A sustained outbreak of H5N1 influenza virus among wild fowl and domestic livestock has caused more than 70 zoonotic infections in humans in the United States, including one death. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recommended rapid H5 subtyping for all hospitalized cases with influenza A virus infection to enable prompt initiation of antiviral treatment, as well as infection prevention and implementation of public health measures to control spread. To address these needs, we developed a multiplex RT-qPCR assay to subtype H5 influenza virus in nasal, nasopharyngeal, and conjunctival specimens with a limit of detection of 230 copies/mL. No cross-reactivity was observed with other common respiratory viruses, including seasonal H3N2 and H1N1 influenza A viruses. We retrospectively subtyped 590 influenza A-positive clinical specimens processed by University of Washington labs between March 2024 and February 2025, including 512 specimens collected during the 2024-2025 influenza season, and detected no H5 positives. After clinical implementation, we performed 85 clinically ordered H5 subtyping tests in February 2025 and again detected no positives. This work enhances clinical pandemic preparedness activities and highlights the exceedingly low prevalence of H5N1 influenza virus during the 2024-2025 respiratory season.

Source: MedRxIV, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.17.25324122v1

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

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