#Mpox Multi-country external #situation #report no. 59 published 30 October 2025 (#WHO, summary)

 

Highlights   

• This Situation report will now be published monthly. 

• All clades of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) continue to circulate. When mpox outbreaks are not rapidly contained and human-to-human transmission is not interrupted, there is a risk of sustained community transmission.  

• In September 2025, 42 countries, across all WHO regions, reported a total of 3135 confirmed cases, including 12 deaths (case fatality ratio [CFR] 0.4%). More than 80% of these cases were reported in the African Region. Four regions (African Region, Eastern Mediterranean Region, Region of the Americas, and the Western Pacific) observed a declining trend in confirmed cases reported per month, while the European and South-East Asian regions observed an increase in cases in September 2025.

• Seventeen countries in Africa have experienced ongoing active transmission of mpox in the last six weeks (14 Sep – 19 Oct 2025), with 2862 confirmed cases, including 17 deaths (CFR 0.6%) reported during this period. Countries reporting the highest number of cases in this period are the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Kenya and Ghana; with upward trends in Kenya and Liberia, sustained declining trends in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and very early indications of a downward trend in Ghana. 

• Since the last edition of this report, Malaysia, Namibia, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain have reported detection of clade Ib monkeypox virus (MPXV) for the first time.   

• New imported cases of mpox due to clade Ib MPXV detected among travellers have been reported in Belgium, Canada, Germany, Italy, Qatar and Spain. 

• Six countries outside Central and East Africa have reported clade Ib MPXV cases among individuals without travel links, indicating local circulation of the virus in Italy, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United States of America. In addition to countries in Africa, these countries are now also classified as experiencing community transmission of clade Ib MPXV.  

• Since the last report, at least five cases of mpox due to clade Ib MPXV have been detected among individuals who self-identify as men who have sex with men. These cases provide the first evidence of previously undetected circulation, of this virus strain within this at-risk population, in which only clade IIb MPXV had been reported since 2022, and across different regions.  

• In light of expanding community transmission of clade Ib MPXV and its detection among men who have sex with men, WHO currently assesses the public health risk as moderate for men who have sex with men and low for the general population in contexts outside historically endemic areas. 

(...)

Source: World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/multi-country-outbreak-of-mpox--external-situation-report--59---30-october-2025

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Avian #influenza causes age-related #mortality in a long-lived #seabird

 

Abstract

Recently, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses have caused mass mortality events in seabirds worldwide, raising concern for long-lived species with low reproductive rates. Using individual-level data from the 2022 mass mortality event in northwestern European Sandwich terns (Thalasseus sandvicensis), we show that older individuals were disproportionately more affected, while no sex bias was observed. This age-specific mortality likely removed the most experienced individuals from the population. Our findings highlight a previously underappreciated mechanism through which HPAI outbreaks may impair the resilience of long-lived avian populations.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN)

Federal Ministry for the Environment, Climate Action, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMUKN)

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685500v1

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Post-infection #pig and #ferret antisera show similar #antigenic profiles for #human #influenza #H1N1pdm09 viruses

 

Abstract

Background: 

Monitoring antigenic drift in human influenza A viruses is essential for vaccine strain selection and ensuring protection against circulating strains. Antigenic drift is traditionally assessed using ferret antisera, which provide monospecific responses, and human vaccinee sera, which reflect exposure to multiple antigens. In this study we evaluated the pig as an alternative source of antisera to study antigenic drift compared to immune responses in ferrets and humans. We included seasonal influenza A(H1N1pdm09) human viruses that had shown different antigenic characteristics when using ferret or human antisera. 

Methods: 

Pairs of pigs were inoculated with six human A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses circulating between 2019 and 2023, a period of marked antigenic drift. Pig and ferret antisera were analysed by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) assays. 

Results: 

Pigs were successfully infected with all strains, shedding virus and producing antibody responses, confirming their susceptibility to human influenza A viruses. Antigenic reactivity of pig antisera was qualitatively comparable to ferret antisera in both HI and VN assays, although maximum homologous antibody titres were significantly higher in ferrets. The antisera raised against viruses in circulation in 2019 and before, exempified by A/Guangdong-Maonan/SWL1536/2019, clade 5a.1, were clearly differentiated by both ferret and pig antisera from those in clade 5a.2 and its derivatives that became predominant. 

Conclusions: 

Ferrets and pigs showed comparable responses and both distinguished clade 5a.1 from clade 5a.2. However, neither model recognised antigenically drifted variants from 2019/2022, including subclades 5a.2 C, 5a.2a C.1/C.1.9, and .5a.2a.1 C.1.1/D, which were distinguishable using human post-vaccination antisera.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, https://ror.org/00cwqg982, BB/X511134/1 , BBS/E/PI/230002A, BBS/E/PI/230002B, BBS/E/PI/23NB0004, BBS/E/PI/23NB0003, BB/Y007298/1

Medical Research Council, https://ror.org/03x94j517, CC1114

Cancer Research UK, CC1114

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.30.685573v1

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#Asymptomatic #Human #Infections With Avian #Influenza #H5N1 Virus Confirmed by Molecular and Serologic Testing - A Scoping Review

 

Key Points

-- Question:  Have asymptomatic infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus been reported in humans?

-- Findings: This scoping review of published reports through August 25, 2025, identified 10 reports of 18 cases of asymptomatic infection with A(H5N1) virus, including 2 cases with molecular and serologic confirmation and 16 cases with molecular confirmation alone. Symptom ascertainment methods varied among reported cases.

-- Meaning:  Asymptomatic human avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infections have been infrequently reported, with most lacking serologic confirmation; prospective surveillance studies with serial respiratory and serum sampling and detailed symptom monitoring for persons with high-risk exposures could provide data to inform future public health responses.

Abstract

Importance  

Since 1997, more than 1000 infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus among humans have been reported globally. Given ongoing A(H5N1) outbreaks in animals, understanding the frequency of A(H5N1) virus infections among asymptomatic persons can inform public health risk assessments and infection prevention guidance.

Objective  

To identify and characterize reported cases of asymptomatic A(H5N1) virus infection among humans with confirmation by both molecular testing of 1 or more respiratory specimens and 1 or more serum specimens meeting World Health Organization criteria (molecularly and serologically confirmed [MSC]) or molecular confirmation (MC) alone.

Evidence Review  

MEDLINE, Embase, Global Health, Cochrane, Scopus, Virtual Health Library, and Europe PubMed Central were searched for publication through August 25, 2025. Articles for full-text screening were evaluated by 2 investigators. Studies published through August 25, 2025, were included if they reported a confirmed A(H5N1) virus infection that met MSC or MC criteria and had a full-text report in English. Articles were excluded if they reported results from A(H5N1) serologic testing alone, serosurveys, or other immunologic studies.

Findings  

Of 1567 unique reports that underwent title or abstract screening, 42 were selected for full-text screening, of which 10 met inclusion criteria (3 reports about 2 MSC cases and 7 reports about 16 MC cases). The 2 MSC cases occurred among adults in Pakistan and Vietnam who were identified by investigations of household contacts of index A(H5N1) case patients; 1 case patient also had exposure to A(H5N1) virus–infected chickens as the possible infection source and 1 is thought to have been infected through human-to-human transmission. Neither MSC case patient used personal protective equipment. Of 16 reported MC cases (14 adults, 2 children), 11 were identified by enhanced surveillance of persons exposed to A(H5N1) virus–infected poultry (8 in Bangladesh, 2 in Spain, and 1 in the UK) and the remaining 5 MC cases (3 in Vietnam, 2 in Cambodia) were identified by investigations of household contacts of index A(H5N1) case patients.

Conclusions and Relevance  

Asymptomatic human infections with A(H5N1) virus have been infrequently reported, with most cases identified through enhanced surveillance or household contact investigations of persons with known exposure. Robust data collection is needed from persons with possible asymptomatic A(H5N1) virus infection to inform future public health responses.

Source: JAMA Network Open, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2840680

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Updated #Evidence for #Covid19, #RSV, and #Influenza #Vaccines for 2025–2026

 

Abstract

Background

Changes in the vaccine advisory process in the United States have disrupted immunization guidance, which reinforces the need for independent evidence review to inform decisions regarding immunization for respiratory viruses during the 2025–2026 season.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review of U.S.-licensed immunizations against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza. We searched databases on PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science for updates of the most recent review by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Evidence-to-Recommendations for each disease, which was performed during the 2023–2024 period. Outcomes included vaccine efficacy and effectiveness against hospitalization, other clinical end points, and safety.

Results

Of 17,263 identified references, 511 studies met the inclusion criteria. Covid-19 mRNA vaccines against the XBB.1.5 subvariant had pooled vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization of 46% (95% confidence interval [CI], 34 to 55; from cohort studies) and 50% (95% CI, 43 to 57; from case–control studies) among adults and 37% (95% CI, 29 to 44) among immunocompromised adults. In a case–control study, vaccines against the KP.2 subvariant showed an effectiveness of 68% (95% CI, 42 to 82). Maternal RSV vaccination (for infant protection), nirsevimab for infants, and RSV vaccines in adults who were 60 years of age or older showed vaccine effectiveness of 68% or more against hospitalization. Influenza vaccination had a pooled vaccine effectiveness of 48% (95% CI, 39 to 55) in adults between the ages of 18 and 64 years and 67% (95% CI, 58 to 75) in children against hospitalization. Safety profiles were consistent with previous evaluations. The diagnosis of myocarditis associated with Covid-19 vaccines occurred at rates of 1.3 to 3.1 per 100,000 doses in male adolescents, with lower risk associated with longer dosing intervals. The RSVpreF vaccine was associated with 18.2 excess cases of Guillain–Barré syndrome per million doses in older adults; a significant association with preterm birth was not observed when the vaccine was administered at 32 to 36 weeks’ gestation.

Conclusions

Ongoing peer-reviewed evidence supports the safety and effectiveness of immunizations against Covid-19, RSV, and influenza during the 2025–2026 season. (Funded by the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy and the Alumbra Innovations Foundation.)

Source: The New England Journal of Medicine, https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa2514268?query=TOC

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#Influenza A Virus detection in Bulk Tank and Pen Level #Milk from #Dairies Affected by Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza #H5N1

 

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 has been infecting dairy herds in the U.S. since its initial incursion into cows in early 2024. Although national strategies have aimed to detect affected herds, the best way to surveil herds for the H5N1 virus has not been formally studied and we also do not understand herd-level patterns of infection. To understand infection patterns of H5N1 in dairy herds over time, we conducted early surveillance of non-affected farms in California in the Fall of 2024 in an observational study. Daily bulk tank milk (BTM) samples were submitted from each herd and tested for influenza A (IAV) via rRt-PCR. In a subset of herds, IAV testing of multiple excretion types from cattle of different classes and pen-level daily milk was also completed soon after BTM detection. Daily detections of IAV occurred in BTM for a minimum of 33 days, with some herds continuing to have detection beyond a 75-day window. BTM Ct nadirs were seen between 1-3 weeks of detection. In herds that were tested, virus was detected in the milk from all pens of cattle within a very short time frame after BTM detection, or prior to the initiation of pen level sampling. A very low percentage (2.8%) of individual cow samples tested positive for IAV when collected soon after BTM detection, and although the virus was found in all excretion types, a majority of positive samples were from milk. This suggests that BTM may be the best early indicator of herd infection, and that movement of the virus to all lactating pens of cattle after herd incursion is relatively quick. These results also suggest that surveillance strategies with a long interval between BTM testing days may miss herds with short infection windows. Because most herds experienced test days where some submitted BTM samples had virus detected while others did not, and virus was detected in pen level milk samples when the BTM from the herd had become test negative, this work also highlights the necessity of studying the test sensitivity of IAV rRt-PCR detection in aggregate milk samples.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funding Statement

This project was completed using Federal funds provided through the United States Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Agreement 25-9419-0731 and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, under Contract No. 75N93021C00016.

Source: MedRxIV, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.26.25338833v1

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#UK - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

 

{England, Suffolk} Turkey fattening unit. 

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6954

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Evaluation of #therapeutic effect of #baloxavir marboxil against high pathogenicity avian #influenza virus infection in #duck model

 

Abstract

Since 2020, high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infections in wild birds have been frequently reported. Because HPAIV infection has occasionally caused outbreaks in captive rare birds, application of antiviral drugs for treatment purposes against them has been considered from the perspective of conservation medicine. In this study, the therapeutic efficacy of baloxavir marboxil (BXM) was evaluated using a duck model to help establish the post-infection treatment for rare birds. Sixteen four-week-old ducks were divided into four groups and intranasally inoculated with the HPAIV strain A/crow/Hokkaido/0103B065/2022 (H5N1). BXM was orally administered once daily at doses of 12.5, 2.5, 0.5, and 0 mg/kg to each of the four groups from 2 to 6 days post-infection. Blood samples were collected at 2, 8, and 24 hours after the initial BXM administration to measure the plasma concentrations of its active form, baloxavir acid (BXA). All ducks were monitored until 14 days post-infection, and their oral and cloacal swabs were collected for virus recovery. All eight ducks administered with 12.5 or 2.5 mg/kg of BXM survived, demonstrating a significant reduction in virus recovery compared to the 0 mg/kg group. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis of BXA suggested that parameters such as Cmax and AUC0–24hr were correlated with the suppression of virus shedding. These findings demonstrated that BXM administration within 48 hours post-HPAIV infection in ducks effectively reduced mortality and virus shedding. The comparison of PK parameters may help estimate efficient BXM dosing strategies in rare birds.

Competing Interest Statement

This study was supported by a collaborative research project between Hokkaido University and Shionogi & Co., Ltd. M.S., R.D.O, H.O., and T.S. are employees of Shionogi & Co., Ltd. M.M. is a former employee of Shionogi & Co., Ltd. These affiliations did not influence the study design, data collection, analysis, or interpretation. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.

Funder Information Declared

Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency, JPMEERF20254004

Japan Science and Technology Agency, JPMJSP2119

Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, https://ror.org/004rtk039, JP223fa627005, JP24wm000125008

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.24.684283v1

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Latest #update on Clade Ib #mpox - #UKHSA reminds eligible groups to come forward for mpox #vaccination.

 

Last updated 27 October 2025

Latest update

UKHSA is aware of small numbers of locally-acquired cases of clade Ib mpox in the USA, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands and Portugal which have no connection to countries with known clade Ib mpox transmission.  

This suggests there is now community transmission of clade Ib mpox globally. Most of the new cases identified in Europe and the USA have been in gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men, a population in which clade Ib mpox transmission has not previously been observed.  

Mpox is usually a mild infection, and clade Ia and Ib mpox are no longer classified as a high-consequence infectious disease (HCID). However, it can be severe in some cases. 

The UK has a routine mpox vaccination programme in place for eligible groups, including those who:  

-- have multiple sexual partners  

-- have group sex  

-- visit sex-on-premises venues  

Studies show that the vaccine is around 75 to 80% effective in protecting people against clade II mpox. Although there are no studies on vaccine effectiveness against clade Ib mpox, vaccine protection is expected. A high proportion of people in eligible groups in the UK have already had the vaccine.  

To check if you are eligible or to book an appointment, visit Mpox vaccine - NHS.   

Common symptoms of mpox include: 

-- a skin rash or 

-- pus-filled lesions which can last 2 to 4 weeks. 

-- It can also cause fever, headaches, muscle aches, back pain, low energy and swollen lymph nodes.  

Dr Katy Sinka, Head of Sexually Transmitted Infections at UKHSA:  

''The ways in which we are seeing mpox continue to spread globally is a reminder to come forward for the vaccine, if you are eligible.  

''Although mpox infection is mild for many, it can be severe.  

''Getting vaccinated is a proven effective way to protect yourself against severe disease, so please make sure to get the jab if you are eligible.  

''It is important to remain alert to the risks from this unpleasant illness. Anyone who thinks they may have mpox should contact NHS 111 for advice on what to do.

UKHSA has robust mechanisms in place to investigate suspected cases of mpox of all clade types, irrespective of travel history, with regular updates on confirmed UK cases of mpox.  

UKHSA has today published a technical assessment on mpox to reflect the latest epidemiology. 

Further information about symptoms is available on the NHS website.  

Dr Will Nutland, Director at The Love Tank said:  

''Mpox hasn’t been making headlines for more than a year but these cases show that mpox has not gone away. Routine availability of mpox vaccination, through NHS sexual health clinics, provides an effective way of protecting against mpox. The Love Tank continues to work alongside NHS colleagues to ensure that vaccination programmes continue to reach those who most need them, including in community settings.

Prof. Matt Phillips, President of the British Association for Sexual Health and HIV said:  

''We encourage anyone who is eligible for the vaccine against mpox to talk to their local sexual health clinic and arrange to be vaccinated.   

''These cases are a reminder both that mpox has not gone away, and of the importance of vaccine programmes in reducing the impact of mpox infection.

Richard Angell OBE, Chief Executive, Terrence Higgins Trust said: 

''The last outbreak of mpox hit the gay, bi and other men who have sex with men community disproportionately hard. While it is described as ‘mild’, those who have the mpox rash around their face and body, including in intimate and sensitive areas, will tell you how unpleasant and painful it is.  

''In 2022, we were not prepared for the MPOX outbreak and the tools available were hard to mobilise – this time we have a government-funded vaccine programme available to gay and bi men and it is strongly encouraged for those who have multiple partners, take part in sex parties or visit sex on premises venues.  

''With Winter Pride season soon upon us across Europe, those travelling to these events would be wise to get vaccinated, at least once, if not twice. Those who have had 2 mpox jabs should have protection. Anyone experiencing a rash after sex should seek out a sexual health clinic or call THT Direct on 0808 802 1221.

(...)

Source: United Kingdom Health Security Agency, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ukhsa-detects-first-case-of-clade-ib-mpox

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#Germany - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

A wild bird from Gruidae Spp. in Saarland Region.

Source WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6940

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An evolutionary approach to identify #mammalian adaptive #mutations in the avian #influenza #polymerase complex

 

Abstract

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are a global public health risk; human infection is typically associated with high mortality. While the relationship between several mammalian adaptive mutations and host factors have been described, it is unknown whether additional uncharacterised mutations lead to adaptation. Here, we combine phylogenetic analysis and complementary experimental methods to quantify the impact of novel mutations that emerge at the avian-mammal interface. We constructed phylogenetic trees of mammalian and avian influenza sequences for the polymerase (PA, PB1, PB2) and nucleoprotein (NP) segments and identified potential avian to mammal spillover events. We found >6500 mutations across the polymerase and NP, including known signatures of mammalian adaptation such as PB2 E627K and D701N which occurred independently in mammals 143 and 56 times respectively. We selected 95 mutations which were mostly undescribed and emerged independently multiple times in a range of species and subtypes. Using a minigenome assay in an avian H5N1 backbone to measure the effect of these mutations in human cells we identified PA P28S, NP I425V and G485R as novel mutations leading to polymerase adaptation. In addition, to determine the mechanism of adaptive mutations, we measured polymerase activity in cells lacking a key host factor, ANP32, and cells overexpressing host restriction factors MxA and BTN3A3. Our combined approach revealed novel mammalian adaptive mutations and demonstrated the benefit of combining phylogenetic and molecular approaches in validating novel adaptive mutations.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

Royal Society, https://ror.org/03wnrjx87, 231225

Academy of Medical Sciences, https://ror.org/00c489v88, Springboard Grant 1049

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.27.684835v1

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#Sweden - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

 

A protection zone (3km) and a surveillance zone (10 km) have been put in place around the infected farm and all other restrictions and necessary measures according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 and (EU) 2020/687.

{Tomelilla} Fattening turkeys. The turkeys were reported showing clinical signs of increased mortality 24 October and were euthanasia was finalized 26 October. A protection zone (3 km) and a surveillance zone (10 km) have been put in place around the infected farm and all other restrictions and necessary measures according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 and EU DR 2020/687 are applied.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6939

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#Germany - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

 

{Di Frank Liebig - Archiv Frank Liebig, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56812600}

Wild birds belonging to the Gruidae Species in Berlin Region.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6938

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#Israel - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

 

{By Charles J. Sharp - Own work, from Sharp Photography, sharpphotography.co.uk, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=66151818}

A wild Great Wild Pelican in Ha Zafon Region.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6936

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#Lithuania - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

Wild Mute Swans in Klaipedos, Vilniaus, Panevezio Regions.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6923

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#Germany - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

{Baden-Württemberg] Turkeys for fattening (1200), ducks for fattening (2400), geese for fattening (1200), broilers (6500), laying hens (4000).

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6927

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#Luxembourg - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

{By Andreas Trepte - Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39163967}

Wild Common Cranes.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6918

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Terracotta Head of a Man, Ancient Greek Painting and Sculpture (ca. 600 BC)

 Public Domain.

Source: WikiArt, https://www.wikiart.org/en/ancient-greek-painting/terracotta-head-of-a-man--600

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History of Mass Transportation: The FS RAL60 Metric Gauge Autorail

 

Di Smiley.toerist - Opera propria, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7690411

Source: Wikipedia, https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotrice_FS_RALn_60

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History of Mass Transportation: The Henschel Steam Locomotive No. 2000

 

By Henschel & Sohn Cassel - https://orka.bibliothek.uni-kassel.de/viewer/fullscreen/02008090546707/1/, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=164392169

Source: Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henschel_%26_Son

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