#Guatemala - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification [FINAL]

 

Fattening birds suddenly dead. No biosecurity measures or vaccination plan. San Marcos Region.

Source: 

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7064

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#Colombia - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

 

Within the epidemiological surveillance carried out by the Colombian Agricultural Institute (ICA) aimed at the early detection of clinical signs consistent with avian influenza, an outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) was confirmed in the village of Las Mercedes, in the municipality of Guaranda, in the department of Sucre. The event concerns non-poultry in a backyard, where respiratory and neurological signs were observed. The National Veterinary System activated epidemiological tracing and follow-up actions in the area of origin of the affected birds. As a control measure, the stamping out of the birds in the epidemiological unit was carried out and, as a complementary measure, epidemiological surveillance was strengthened in the surrounding area to identify other possible cases and prevent the spread of the disease.

The affected population is composed of birds in a backyard not considered to be poultry which tested positive for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI). The clinical signs observed included respiratory distress and neurological signs. The epidemiological unit is located near wetlands and interacts with wild birds, which is a risk factor for the introduction and spread of the virus.

Source: 

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7073

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#India - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

Farmed and  Backyard poultry in Uttarakhand State.

Source: 

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6804

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#Ecology and #environment predict spatially stratified #risk of #H5 highly pathogenic avian #influenza clade 2.3.4.4b in wild #birds across #Europe

 

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) represents a threat to animal and human health, with the ongoing H5N1 outbreak within the H5 2.3.4.4b clade being one of the largest on record. However, it remains unclear what factors have contributed to its intercontinental spread. We use Bayesian additive regression trees, a machine learning method designed for probabilistic modelling of complex nonlinear phenomena, to construct species distribution models (SDMs) for HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b presence. We identify factors driving geospatial patterns of infection and project risk distributions across Europe. Our models are time-stratified to capture both seasonal changes in risk and shifts in epidemiology associated with the succession of H5N6/H5N8 by H5N1 within the clade. While previous studies aimed to model HPAI presence from physical geography, we explicitly consider wild bird ecology by including estimates of bird species richness, abundance of specific taxa, and “abundance indices” describing total abundance of birds with high-risk behavioural traits. Our projections of HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b indicate a shift in persistent, year-round risk towards cold, low-lying regions of northwest Europe associated with H5N1. Methodologically, we demonstrate that while most variation in risk can be explained by climate and physical geography, adding host ecology is a valuable refinement to SDMs of HPAI.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-30651-9

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The #Netherlands confirms its first #death from avian #influenza #H5N1 in a #cat (Xinhua, Dec. 3 '25)

 

The Hague, December 2 (Xinhua) 

Dutch Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries, Food Safety and Nature, Femke Wilsma, reported on December 1 that the country had confirmed its first death from the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.

In a letter to the House of Representatives that day, Wilsma stated that the Institute of Biological Veterinary Medicine at Wageningen University had recently reported that a kitten at a goat farm tested positive for the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus. 

The kitten was found dead by its owner. 

The remaining seven kittens from the same litter also died after being given to other new owners, suggesting that they may have also been infected with the avian influenza virus, but the specific route of infection is still uncertain.

The letter stated that, according to the cat owner, the mother cat had brought back a dead wild bird, which was suspected to have carried the avian influenza virus, and the kittens were infected after eating the carcass. 

The health expert team also tested the goats and adult cats on the farm, but no avian influenza virus was found.

The letter stated that France and other countries had previously reported cases of cats dying from avian influenza. 

The Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment has raised the risk level for those working with infected animals from "low and moderate" to "moderate," while the risk of the general public in the Netherlands contracting avian influenza remains "very low."

The avian influenza situation in the Netherlands is currently quite serious. In October, the Dutch government announced nationwide measures to confine and isolate poultry, and imposed a transportation ban within a 10-kilometer radius of the outbreak site, prohibiting the transport of poultry, hatching eggs, edible eggs, poultry manure, used bedding, and other animals and animal products from farms within that area.

Source: 

Link: https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1850474963029153898&wfr=spider&for=pc

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#Iraq - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

{Al-Anbar Region}

During routine inspections of poultry houses by veterinarians, several cases were detected by rapid tests. Samples were then sent to the central laboratory for confirmation of infection. All disease control protocols were implemented, including restricting movement, culling both healthy and infected poultry, and disinfecting the premises. A follow-up report will be submitted.

Source: 

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7067

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#USA, #Wastewater Data for Avian #Influenza #H5 (#CDC, Dec. 1 '25)

 

{Summary}

Time Period: November 16, 2025 - November 22, 2025

-- H5 Detection: 6 site(s) (1.4%)

-- No Detection: 410 site(s) (98.6%)

-- No samples in last week: 50 site(s)

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html

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#Ebola virus disease - #DRC: End of the Outbreak Declared (#WHO D.O.N., Dec. 1 '25)

 

{Summary}

Situation at a glance

On 1 December 2025, the Ministry of Health (MoH) of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) declared the end of the Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak which had been declared on 4 September 2025. 

The end was declared after two consecutive incubation periods (a total of 42 days) since the last person confirmed with EVD tested negative for the virus and was discharged on 19 October 2025. 

A total of 64 cases (53 confirmed, 11 probable), including 45 deaths (CFR 70.3%), were reported from six health areas in Bulape Health Zone, Kasai Province. 

WHO and partners provided technical, operational and financial support to the government to contain the outbreak. 

This is the country’s 16th outbreak of Ebola. 

Although the outbreak has been declared over, health authorities are maintaining surveillance to rapidly identify and respond to any re-emergence. 

Risk communication and community engagement activities will continue to provide accurate information, monitor and address community feedback and rumours, and support efforts to reduce stigma toward individuals affected by the outbreak.

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/ebola-virus-disease---democratic-republic-of-the-congo

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DREF #Operation: #Ethiopia #Marburg #Outbreak 2025 (MDRET039) (IFRC, Dec. 1 '25)

 

Description of the Event

Date when the trigger was met: 12-11-2025

What happened, where and when?

-- On 14 November 2025, the Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH), in collaboration with the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), issued a press release declaring an outbreak of Marburg virus disease in the South Region of Ethiopia. 

-- As of 26 November 2025, 78 laboratory tests have been conducted, of which twelve confirmed cases, including seven confirmed deaths, have been reported, three cases remain probable. 

-- Of the twelve confirmed cases, five are currently alive, three on treatment, and two discharged. 

-- More than 300 contacts have been identified and are under active follow-up. 

-- Given the high fatality potential and rapid transmissibility of Marburg, (MVD) an immediate and coordinated public health response is essential. 

- Early detection, isolation, contact tracing, and community sensitization are critical to prevent further spread by strengthening infection prevention and control (IPC) in health facilities, ensuring the safety of health workers, mobilizing rapid response teams (RRTs), and effective risk communication are key priorities at this stage.

-- An urgent response is warranted due to the potential for rapid local and cross-regional transmission, and significant public health threat associated with hemorrhagic fevers. 

-- Delayed intervention could result in high morbidity and mortality, community panic and overburdening of the health system. 

-- Immediate action will help contain the outbreak source, interrupt transmission chains, and protect both the affected population and health workers while laboratory confirmation and epidemiological investigations continue.

Source: 

Link: https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/dref-operation-ethiopia-marburg-outbreak-2025-mdret039

____

The Village Bride, Jean-Baptiste Greuze (1761)

 

Public Domain.

Source: 

Link: https://www.wikiart.org/en/jean-baptiste-greuze/the-village-bride-1761

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History of Mass Transportation: The Henschel & Co. Diesel Locomotive on Egyptian National Railways

By Abdelrhman 1990 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=130430126

Henschel locomotive on Egyptian National Railways

Source: 

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henschel_%26_Son

____

Invasive #Pneumococcal Diseases Before and After the #COVID19 #Pandemic in #Italy (2018–2023)

 

Abstract

This study assessed the epidemiological and microbiological invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) changes that occurred before and after the emergence of COVID-19 in Italy. All IPD cases reported through the nationwide surveillance system during 2018–2023 were included. IPD incidence and serotype distributions were analyzed by age group. IPD incidence in 2020–2021 declined in all age groups compared with 2018–2019, especially in children less than 2 years of age and elderly people aged > 64 years. A resurgence of IPD cases was observed from late 2022 onwards, with values in children exceeding those seen before the pandemic. The post COVID-19 increase in children was mainly driven by some PCV13 serotypes, such as 3, 19A, and 19F, but also non-vaccine serotypes, including 10A, 8, and 24F, while in the elderly population, a predominance of serotypes 3 and 8 was observed. In conclusion, a steep drop in IPD incidence was observed during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by a subsequent upsurge of cases, especially in children. Continuous national surveillance is necessary to monitor the dynamics and evolution of IPD and the impact of new higher-valency vaccines in Italy over the next few years.

Source: 

Link: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/12/2734

____

#Influenza #mRNA #vaccine reduces #pathogenicity and transmission of #H5N1 virus in a #ferret model

 

Abstract

The global spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses poses a serious pandemic threat. While sustained human-to-human transmission has not occurred, widespread circulation in birds, increased detection in mammals, and occasional human spillovers underscore the need for safe and effective vaccines. We evaluated an H5 mRNA vaccine candidate in ferrets using recent clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) human isolates. Vaccination elicited strong neutralizing antibodies, conferred robust protection against lethal challenge, and significantly reduced viral titers. In a direct contact transmission model, mRNA vaccination decreased virus shedding in inoculated ferrets and reduced onward transmission; it also protected vaccinated contact ferrets from infection following exposure to virus-shedding, unvaccinated ferrets. Additionally, sera from vaccinated animals cross-neutralized clade 2.3.2.1e human viruses to varying degrees, depending on the strain. These findings demonstrate that H5 mRNA vaccination not only protects against disease but also reduces transmission, supporting its potential as a key tool for pandemic preparedness.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-025-01318-3

____

Dominant #substitutions underlying the #antigenic #evolution of #H5 #influenza virus

 

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses have recently been documented in mammals including humans, posing a major threat to global public health. To prevent a potential H5 pandemic, it is critical to elucidate the antigenic evolutionary pattern and identify key drivers underlying its evolution. In this work, we construct a comprehensive antigenic map of H5 influenza viruses spanning their evolutionary history and classified three antigenic clusters with no cross-neutralization. The first corresponds to ancestral clades, the second to 2.3.4.4* clades being predominant since 2010, and the third to 2.3.4.4 h clade. Despite the gradually increasing genetic distances from ancestral to 2.3.4.4* to 2.3.4.4 h, their antigenic evolution does not follow the same progressive pattern: the antigenic distance between 2.3.4.4 h and ancestral is smaller than that between 2.3.4.4* and ancestral. This divergence is associated with two distinct mutation patterns at six key amino acid positions: (1) persistent mutations at positions 88 (N > R > S), 199 (D > N > S), and 205 (K > N > D), and (2) reversible mutations at positions 131 (Q > L > Q), 139 (S > P > S), and 289 (N > H > N). These findings not only reveal the antigenic evolution mechanism of H5 influenza, but also provide important guidance for vaccine strain selection and broad-spectrum vaccine development.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-65730-y

____

Detection and isolation of #H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b high pathogenicity avian #influenza virus from #ticks (Ornithodoros maritimus) recovered from a naturally infected slender-billed #gull (Chroicocephalus genei)

 

Abstract

Laridae birds, such as gulls, are known reservoirs of H13 and H16 low pathogenic avian influenza subtypes. However, during the recent outbreaks linked to the reemergence of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b of the Goose/Guangdong lineage, European populations of those birds suffered significant losses. HPAI cases were registered not only along the coastlines but also inland areas, particularly in France and Central Europe. During a diagnostic investigation of a group of Laridae birds, part of a HPAIV outbreak registered in the South of France in 2023, larval stages of Ornithodoros maritimus, a nidicolous soft tick parasitizing seabirds, were recovered from a slender-billed gull (Chroicocephalus genei). Affected birds exhibited gross and histopathological lesions consistent with systemic HPAI infection. Immunohistochemistry revealed marked neurotropism, oculotropism and multicentric epitheliotropism. Viral isolation and sequencing analysis confirmed the presence of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in both the gull and ectoparasites, showing from 98.505% to 99.989% nucleotide identity across six out of eight RNA segments. While additional research is needed to properly assess the vector competence of O. maritimus, ticks may represent an interesting non-invasive surveillance tool for HPAIV surveillance. This is the first time a HPAIV is successfully isolated from ticks larvae. These findings represent a first step toward understanding the potential role played by ticks in the diffusion of avian influenza viruses within marine bird colonies and among other ecosystems, considering the occurrence of specific behavioral traits, such as kleptoparasitim and the position of gulls at the interface between wild and domestic species.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

Agence Nationale de la Recherche, https://ror.org/00rbzpz17

INRAe Animal Health Department

Source: 

Link, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.11.28.689408v1

____

History of Mass Transportation: The Brissonneau et Lotz Diesel Locomotive D-7122 (1962)

 

By CARLOS TEIXIDOR CADENAS - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=54482587

At the Llolleo train station, very close to the port of San Antonio in the Valparaíso Region, we see the Train of Memories, pulled by two diesel locomotives (D-7122 and D-16012). The first, D-7122, is French, from Brissonneau et Lotz, built in 1962. LLO-LLEO = Llolleo. San Antonio Conurbation.

Source: 

Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brissonneau_et_Lotz_locomotives

____

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Unprecedented high level of highly pathogenic avian #influenza in wild #birds in #Europe during the 2025 autumn #migration

 

Abstract

Between 6 September and 14 November 2025, 1,443 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) virus detections were reported in wild birds across 26 countries in Europe. This number was four times higher than in the same period in 2024 and the highest overall for those weeks since at least 2016. Almost all the detections (99%) were due to HPAI A(H5N1) viruses, and most of them belonged to EA-2024-DI.2.1, a new sub-lineage of the EA-2024-DI.2 genotype. These HPAI virus detections in wild birds involved increasing numbers of waterfowl species (ducks, geese and swans) that were found positive in large parts of Europe. In addition, high numbers of common cranes were affected across a wide band stretching from northeast to southwest Europe. Given the unprecedented high circulation of HPAI virus in the wild bird population compared to previous years, and the associated high environmental contamination, strict biosecurity measures and early detection of infected poultry establishments are urgently needed to prevent introductions from wild to domestic birds and further spread among poultry establishments. Prompt removal of wild bird carcasses is indicated to reduce the risk of infection for other wild and domestic birds and mammals.

Source: 

Link: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9811

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The #epidemiology of #chikungunya virus in #Brazil and the potential #impact of #vaccines: a mathematical modelling study

 

Summary

Background

The first chikungunya virus (CHIKV) vaccine is now licensed in Brazil, the country that reports the most cases of CHIKV globally; however, the optimal use of the vaccine remains unclear owing to a poor understanding of CHIKV epidemiology and population immunity. We aimed to combine the distribution of cases and deaths reported since 2014 with seroprevalence studies to inform mathematical models that estimate the underlying rates of infection by state and year, and the underlying patterns of disease and death by age and sex.

Methods

We quantified the annual CHIKV infection and disease burden between 2014 and 2024 in each of the 27 federative units of Brazil using a mathematical model in a Bayesian framework that integrated serological surveys (n=12) and confirmed CHIKV disease cases (n=488 234) and CHIKV deaths (n=1719) reported between January, 2014, and September, 2024. Using this base, we estimated the potential impact of a vaccine over the period 2025–29 had the population been vaccinated before the 2025 season, evaluating different roll-out strategies.

Findings

We found that 18·3% (95% credible interval 16·5–20·3) of the Brazilian population has been infected since 2014, with the highest risk concentrated in the northeast and southeast. Overall, 1·13% (1·07–1·19) of infections were detected by surveillance systems, with an increasing probability of symptoms with age and greater risk of symptoms in females. Vaccinating 40% of the population older than 12 years (73 million doses), and assuming a vaccine efficacy of 70% against infection and 95% against disease, would avert up to 1·6 million (0·5–3) cases and 198 (61–359) deaths over the next 5 years.

Interpretation

Despite widespread circulation, most of Brazil remains susceptible to infection. CHIKV vaccination has the potential to substantially reduce disease burden.

Funding

CEPI.

Source: 

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(25)00605-X/fulltext?rss=yes

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