A slaughter turkeys farm in Zachodniopomorskie Region.
Source:
Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7254
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Monday, February 9, 2026
#Poland - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (Inf. with) (#poultry) - Immediate notification
I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
#Iceland - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification
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{Eurasian Wigeon}
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A wild Whooper Swan in Höfuðborgarsvæði Region.
A wild Eurasian Wigeon in Höfuðborgarsvæði Region.
Source:
Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7248
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Immunogenicity, reactogenicity and #safety to assess #booster #vaccinations with #BNT162b2 or double-dose #mRNA-1273 in adults ≥75 years (EU-COVAT-1-AGED) – final report
Highlights
• Randomized trial of 1st and 2nd mRNA SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination in advanced age
• Higher anti-RBD IgG level and neutralizing capacity with full-dose mRNA-1273 than BNT162b2
• Decrease in viral neutralization capacity after 12 months against all 25 tested SARS-COV-2 variants
• Oldest population in a SARS-CoV-2 vaccination study (mean 81 yrs)
ABSTRACT
Background
To determine long-term immunogenicity and reactogenicity of different SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-vaccines in a population ≥75 years in a randomized trial.
Methods
Participants were randomised to receive either BNT162b2 30µg or double booster dose mRNA-1273, i.e.100µg, as 3rd and 4th vaccination (1st and 2nd booster). Primary endpoint was rate of 2-fold geometric mean titre (GMT) antibody increase 14 days after vaccination targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD) region of wild-type SARS-CoV-2. Secondary endpoints included neutralising capacity against wild-type and 25 variants at 14 days (D14) and 12 months (M12). Safety was assessed by monitoring adverse events (AEs) for seven days after vaccination.
Findings
Between Nov-2021 and Sep-2022, 322 participants received a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine as a 1st (Part A) or 2nd booster (Part B). Primary endpoint results have been published previously. In Part A, it was reached by 100% in both vaccine arms with a higher GMT increase in the mRNA-1273 arm (ratio 1.64). At M12, GMT of anti-RBD IgG was slightly higher than at D14 (9,319.7 vs. 8,568.4IU/mL) in the BNT162b2 arm while in the mRNA-1273 arm, GMT was equal (14,163.8 vs.14,266.7IU/mL at D14.)
In Part B, primary endpoint was reached by 78.5% subjects in the BNT162b2 and 87.2% in the mRNA-1273 arm (p=0.056), respectively, with a higher GMT increase of anti-RBD IgG for mRNA-1273 (ratio 1.38). At M12, GMT of anti-RBD IgG was markedly lower than at D14 (9,962 vs. 15,248.2IU/mL) in the BNT162b2 arm as well as in the mRNA-1273 arm (12,024.3 vs. 21,325.6IU/mL). Higher neutralising capacity in individuals boostered with mRNA-1273 was detected against wild-type and 15/25 tested variants.
Less participants in mRNA-1273 arm had vaccine-related AEs (29.6% vs. 38.5%), but severity was more frequently grade 2 (n=38, 28.1 % vs. 22, 16.3%).
Interpretation
Long-term serological immunogenicity and virus neutralization capacity in subjects ≥75 years was numerically better with a mRNA-1273 100µg booster with comparable safety profile.
Source:
Link: https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(26)00101-3/fulltext
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Efficient #replication of #influenza D virus in the #human #airway underscores zoonotic potential
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV), primarily found in livestock species, has demonstrated cross-species transmission potential, yet its threat to humans remains poorly understood. Here, we curated a panel of IDV isolates collected during field surveillance from 2011 to 2020 from swine and cattle to assess their ability to infect human airway cells as a proxy for zoonotic threat assessment. Using lung epithelial cell lines, primary well-differentiated airway epithelial cultures, and precision-cut lung slices, we demonstrated that IDV efficiently propagates in cells and tissues from the human respiratory tract, reaching titers comparable to human influenza A virus (IAV). Infection kinetics in primary porcine airway cultures and respiratory tissues mirrored those from human, suggesting similar infectivity across species. To define host responses to IDV infection, we evaluated innate immune sensing and downstream interferon signaling in human respiratory cells. IDV infection resulted in markedly reduced activation of interferon regulatory factor (IRF) signaling and diminished induction of interferon lambda 1 and interferon-stimulated genes compared to IAV, indicating inefficient activation of innate immune sensing pathways. However, IDV replication was potently restricted in interferon-pretreated cells, demonstrating sensitivity to interferon-mediated antiviral effector mechanisms once an antiviral state was established. Together, these findings show that IDV can efficiently infect the human airway while limiting innate immune sensing, a feature that may facilitate zoonotic spillover. Our study highlights the need for enhanced surveillance of IDV at the animal-human interface and provides a foundation for further investigation into its biology and potential for causing human infection and disease.
Competing Interest Statement
The author E.M.K. is currently employed by AbbVie Inc. The author was not affiliated with AbbVie Inc at the time of experiment design, data acquisition, or analysis.
Funder Information Declared
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), 2025-39601-44639
The Enterprise for Research, Innovation, and Knowledge at The Ohio State University
Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services, HHSN272201400006C, 75N93021C00016
National Institutes of Health, T35 5T35OD010977
National Institutes of Health, P30 CA016058
Source:
Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.07.704474v1
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Sunday, February 8, 2026
The Battlefield, Kathe Kollwitz (1907)
I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Research Note: Molecular Characteristics and #Genetic #Evolution of #H1N1 Avian #Influenza Virus from Wild #birds in #Shanghai, #China
ABSTRACT
The H1N1 influenza virus is a major pandemic and seasonal pathogen with a broad host range, posing a substantial threat to human health and underscoring the need for continuous surveillance. Wild birds, as natural reservoirs of avian influenza viruses (AIVs), carry H1N1 strains capable of reassorting with other influenza viruses, which can drive pandemic emergence. The global migration of wild birds facilitates the spread of these viruses, and their interactions with poultry increase the risk of cross-species transmission, further amplifying the public health threat. However, knowledge of H1N1 genetic diversity in wild birds remains limited. Database analysis shows 80% of avian-origin H1N1 isolates come from wild birds across over 40 countries, mainly in North America, Europe and Asia. This study characterized the molecular traits and genetic evolution of four H1N1 AIVs isolated from common teal and spot-billed ducks during 2019–2021. Phylogenetic and sequence analyses revealed these viruses cluster into distinct lineages, divergent from mammalian H1N1 strains, with complex genetic origins involving frequent recombination and high diversity. Frequent wild bird–poultry transmission elevates zoonotic risks. Our findings highlight wild birds’ critical role in H1N1 transmission and confirm their role as an H1N1 gene pool, emphasizing the need for sustained monitoring and research.
Source:
Link: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2026.106580
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Saturday, February 7, 2026
#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (by AMEDEO, Feb. 7 '26)
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Analysis of Ibuzatrelvir's Activity Against SARS-CoV-2 Circulating Variants and In Vitro Resistance Mutations.
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Integrating genomic data into test-negative designs for estimating lineage-specific COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness.
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Did the COVID-19 pandemic shift the landscape of late HIV diagnosis?
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Seasonal Community-Acquired Respiratory Virus Infections in Patients with Cancer - Epidemiological and Clinical Overview, an Analysis of the Multicenter OncoReVir Registry.
Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Jan 29:108421. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108421.
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Facility-specific epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 clusters across SARS-CoV-2 variant waves in South Korea.
Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Feb 1:108450. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108450.
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Clinical outcomes of immunocompromised patients administered tixagevimab-cilgavimab as pre-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19: real-world experience in Taiwan.
Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Feb 2:108455. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108455.
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Associations of C-reactive protein-albumin-lymphocyte (CALLY) index with severity and prognosis in COVID-19 patients.
Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Feb 2:108459. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108459.
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Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Feb 3:108456. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108456.
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Prolonged Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection and Intra-host Viral Evolution in a Severely Immunocompromised Patient with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Whole-Genome Sequencing Study.
Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Feb 3:108453. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108453.
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Comparative Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 Antigens as Capture and Detection Elements in an In-House Antigen-Based ELISA for COVID-19 Total Antibody Detection.
Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Feb 4:108461. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108461.
PubMed Abstract available - KIM J, Park H, Chua HK, Wang Y, et al
Comparing Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study Designs for Accurate Viral Dynamics Estimation: Insights From the NBA Cohort Data.
J Med Virol. 2026;98:e70823.
PubMed Abstract available - AL-ANSARI F, Al Ansari M, Rashid H, Al-Ansari B, et al
Facemask use at the Arbaeen Mass Gathering during and after COVID-19 pandemic: a naked eye survey.
J Travel Med. 2026 Jan 30:taag010. doi: 10.1093.
PubMed Abstract available - YAO Q, Mahase V, Hou W, Cruz-Cosme R, et al
Computational and experimental identification of potential neutralizing peptides derived from human ACE2 against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
J Virol. 2026 Jan 30:e0146825. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01468.
PubMed Abstract available - ANDERER S
US Skilled Nursing Facility Capacity Fell 5% Since COVID-19 Pandemic.
JAMA. 2026 Jan 30. doi: 10.1001/jama.2025.26365.
PubMed - ABBASI J
Mechanisms Are Emerging for COVID-19 Vaccine-Associated Myocarditis.
JAMA. 2026 Feb 6. doi: 10.1001/jama.2025.25866.
PubMed - BLOOMFIELD D, Black JRM, Crook O, Brandes N, et al
Biological data governance in an age of AI.
Science. 2026;391:558-561.
PubMed Abstract available - NISBET EG, Manning MR
What is causing the methane surge?
Science. 2026;391:556-557.
PubMed Abstract available
Antiviral Res
I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, Feb. 7 '26)
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Emergence of antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease in children, Spain.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2025 Dec 31:e0153025. doi: 10.1128/aac.01530.
PubMed Abstract available - VILLAFUERTE D, Fall A, Akin E, Werner AP, et al
Genomic Evolution of Influenza A Virus During the 2024-2025 Season, the Johns Hopkins Health System: Antigenic Drift Reduces Serum Neutralization.
J Infect Dis. 2026 Feb 4:jiag069. doi: 10.1093.
PubMed Abstract available - GAGO CM, Ruggiero CF, Gundewar A, Rose W, et al
Parent Perspectives on the Interactive Role of Charitable and Federal Nutrition Assistance.
Pediatrics. 2026 Jan 6:e2025072664. doi: 10.1542/peds.2025-072664.
PubMed Abstract available - SALTHOUSE AL, Tannis A, Rutkowski RE, Weinberg GA, et al
Hospitalization Outcomes of Full-Term and Premature Children Aged Less Than 2 Years Hospitalized With RSV.
Pediatrics. 2026 Jan 8:e2025072578. doi: 10.1542/peds.2025-072578.
PubMed Abstract available - BOU-HAMAD I
Understanding consumer behavior in Lebanon's polycrisis: The role of ethnocentrism, coping ability, and socioeconomic status.
PLoS One. 2026;21:e0341265.
PubMed Abstract available - MCMILLAN M, Beazley R, Vasilunas N, Sullivan TR, et al
Children and adolescents: Respiratory infection and long-term effects longitudinal study (CARE Study): Study protocol.
PLoS One. 2026;21:e0341566.
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Symptom burden, viral load, and antibody response to ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain [D614G] in an outpatient household cohort.
PLoS One. 2026;21:e0313467.
PubMed Abstract available - MERKLEY E, Loewen PJ
Economic shock and the erosion of COVID-19 precautionary behavior in Canada during the early pandemic.
PLoS One. 2026;21:e0340685.
PubMed Abstract available - AHABWENKI R, Piloya T, Namiiro F, Muzeyi W, et al
Impact of COVID-19 on New - onset Type 1 diabetes mellitus: A six-year retrospective review from two Paediatric clinics, Kampala, Uganda.
PLoS One. 2026;21:e0341145.
PubMed Abstract available - EDAE CK, Bedada AT, Teklemariam MD, Tolesa MB, et al
A prospective evaluation of Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine on glycemic biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Ethiopia.
PLoS One. 2026;21:e0340457.
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Regional political climate's moderating role in the association between political conservatism and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States.
PLoS One. 2026;21:e0342063.
PubMed Abstract available - WU X, Rai SN, Weber GF
Model-free prognostication of non-linear time series.
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Combined association of socioeconomic status and type 2 diabetes with influenza vaccination in older adults: A cross-sectional analysis of the Korea National Health and Examination Survey (2019-2022).
PLoS One. 2026;21:e0341831.
PubMed Abstract available - BRAEYE T, Abrams S, Hens N
Factors influencing SARS-CoV-2 IgG test sensitivity: A Bayesian analysis of seroconversion and seroreversion by time since infection, test, age and disease severity.
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Iodine increases pulmonary type I interferon responses and decreases covid-19 disease severity: Results from an open label randomized clinical trial.
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PubMed Abstract available - MOI F, Nguyen VM, Archer R, Namalela T, et al
The cost and cost drivers of delivering COVID-19 vaccines in low- and middle-income countries: a bottom-up costing study of rollouts in seven countries.
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PubMed Abstract available - MAVROVOUNIOTIS ML
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Exploring the influence of COVID-19 stress on mental health among international undergraduate and graduate students: A mixed-methods approach.
PLoS One. 2026;21:e0336446.
PubMed Abstract available - CHIKANYA ER, Chimbari MJ
Assessing knowledge levels on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among community members: The influence of community engagement efforts in Seke district, Zimbabwe: A cross-sectional study.
PLoS One. 2026;21:e0342318.
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Eccentric cycling is superior to standard rehabilitation for Post-ICU recovery in COVID-19 survivors.
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Telehealth during and beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from licensed dietitians in an emerging economy.
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PubMed Abstract available
Antimicrob Agents Chemother
I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
#Nipah virus #infection - #Bangladesh (#WHO D.O.N., Feb. 7 '26)
6 February 2026
Situation at a glance
On 3 February 2026, the International Health Regulations National Focal Point (IHR NFP) for Bangladesh notified WHO of one confirmed case of Nipah virus (NiV) infection in Rajshahi Division.
The patient developed fever and neurological symptoms on 21 January.
Nipah virus infection was laboratory-confirmed on 29 January.
The patient reported no travel history but had a history of consuming raw date palm sap.
All 35 contact-persons are being monitored and have tested negative for NiV and no further cases have been detected to date.
Bangladesh regularly has small NiV outbreaks, with cases reported at different times of the year, though outbreaks tend to occur between December and April corresponding with the harvesting and consumption of date palm sap.
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in Bangladesh has implemented several public health measures.
WHO assesses the overall public health risk posed by NiV to be low at the national, the regional and global level.
The risk of international disease spread is considered low.
Description of the situation
On 3 February 2026, the Bangladesh IHR NFP notified WHO of one confirmed case of NiV infection that occurred in Rajshahi Division, northwestern Bangladesh.
The case was confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) testing on 29 January 2026.
The patient is female, aged between 40-50 years, residing in Naogaon District, Rajshahi Division.
She developed symptoms consistent with NiV infection on 21 January, including fever, headache, muscle cramps, loss of appetite (anorexia), weakness, and vomiting, followed by hypersalivation, disorientation, and convulsion.
On 27 January, she became unconscious and was referred by a local physician to a tertiary hospital.
She was admitted on 28 January, and the Nipah surveillance team collected throat swabs and blood samples. The patient died the same day.
The patient reported repeated consumption of raw date palm sap between 5 and 20 January 2026.
Following the confirmed diagnosis, an outbreak investigation team, including One Health stakeholders, started investigations on 30 January.
A total of 35 contact persons has been identified, including three household contact persons, 14 community contact persons and 18 hospital contact persons.
Samples were collected from six symptomatic contact persons, including three from household, two from communities and one from hospital.
All six samples tested negative for NiV infection by PCR and anti-Nipah IgM antibody detection by ELISA.
As of 3 February, no additional cases have been identified. Contact persons are under monitoring.
Bangladesh reported its first case of NiV infection in 2001. Since then, human infections have been reported almost every year. In 2025, four laboratory-confirmed fatal cases were reported from Bangladesh.
Epidemiology
NiV infection is a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans through infected animals (such as bats), or food contaminated with saliva, urine, and excreta of infected animals. It can also be transmitted directly from person to person through close contact with an infected person. Fruit bats, also known as flying foxes, (Pteropus species) are the natural hosts for the virus.
The incubation period ranges from 3 to 14 days. In some rare cases, incubation of up to 45 days has been reported. Laboratory diagnosis of a patient with a clinical history of NiV infection can be made during the acute and convalescent phases of the disease by using a combination of tests. The main tests used are RT-PCR from bodily fluids and antibody detection via ELISA.
Human infections range from asymptomatic infection to acute respiratory infection (mild, severe), and fatal encephalitis (brain swelling).
Infected people initially develop symptoms including fever, headaches, myalgia (muscle pain), vomiting and sore throat. This can be followed by dizziness, drowsiness, altered consciousness, and neurological signs that indicate acute encephalitis. Some people can experience atypical pneumonia and severe respiratory problems, including acute respiratory distress. Encephalitis and seizures occur in severe cases, progressing to coma within 24 to 48 hours.
Further information about NiV infection can be found here.
The CFR in previous outbreaks across Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Philippines and Singapore ranged from 40% to 75%, depending on local capabilities for early detection and clinical management. There are currently no licensed medicines or vaccines specific for NiV infection. Early intensive supportive care is recommended to treat severe respiratory and neurologic complications. Henipavirus nipahense (or Nipah virus) is considered a priority pathogen for the acceleration of medical countermeasures to respond to epidemics and pandemics as part of the WHO R&D Blueprint for Epidemics.
Public health response
Several public health measures have been implemented by local authorities, including:
-- On 30 January 2026, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), in collaboration with relevant sectors, initiated an outbreak investigation using a coordinated One Health approach.
-- Active contact tracing was implemented to identify and monitor exposed individuals.
-- Preparations were undertaken to conduct an advocacy meeting involving Civil Surgeons, Upazila Health Officers, Hospital Directors, and Superintendents from Nipah-endemic districts.
-- Community awareness programmes are being planned with the involvement of field-level health workers.
-- Audio-visual health education materials on NiV infection are being developed for point-of-entry staff and travellers.
The support provided by WHO includes:
-- WHO is monitoring the situation closely, in coordination with the national and sub-national health authorities.
-- WHO facilitated IHR event communication to notify the case.
WHO risk assessment
Nipah virus is a zoonotic pathogen with a high death rate and no licensed vaccine or treatment, though early supportive treatment can save lives. Its reservoirs are fruit bats or flying foxes (bats of the Pteropus genus), which are distributed in the coastal regions and on several islands in the Indian ocean, India, south-east Asia and Oceania. The virus can be transmitted to humans from wild and domestic animals. Secondary human-to-human transmissions are also possible. Cases of Nipah virus infection were first reported in 1998 and since then have been reported in Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Philippines and Singapore. The virus is present in Bangladesh, while NiV cases are reported throughout the year, outbreaks tend to occur between December and April corresponding with the harvesting and consumption of date palm sap. Clusters of cases are mainly reported in the country’s central and northwest districts.
To date, since 2001 Bangladesh has documented 348 NiV disease cases, including 250 deaths, corresponding to an overall case fatality rate of 72%. Nearly half of these cases (n=162) were primary cases with a confirmed history of consuming raw date palm sap or tari (fermented date palm sap), while 29% resulted from direct person-to-person transmission. Most cases detected in Bangladesh were reported through December to April, suggesting a seasonal pattern.
Based on the current available information, WHO assesses the overall public health risk posed by NiV at the national level to be low due to the following reasons:
-- The case fatality rate from NiV infection is high. There are currently no specific drugs or vaccines available for NiV infection, although WHO has identified Nipah as a priority disease for research under WHO Research and Development Blueprint. Intensive supportive care is recommended for the treatment of severe respiratory and neurologic complications.
-- The initial signs and symptoms of NiV infection are non-specific, and the diagnosis is often not suspected at the time of presentation. This can delay timely diagnosis and create challenges in outbreak detection, effective and timely infection control measures, and outbreak response activities.
-- Fruit bats (Pteropus spp.), as a natural reservoir of the Nipah virus, are present in Bangladesh and repeated spillover of the virus from its reservoir to the human population has been demonstrated.
-- Despite ongoing efforts at risk communication and community engagement to address awareness, there is continued consumption of raw date palm sap by the community.
-- However, the yearly number of NiV cases reported in Bangladesh remains under 10 since 2016, with exception in 2023 when 14 cases were reported. Although human-to-human transmission has been reported in previous outbreaks, it has been less frequent in recent years.
-- In addition, strong public health measures are in place to detect and control outbreaks, including a hospital-based systematic human NiV infection surveillance system which has been established since 2006, the utilization of the National Rapid Response Team (NRRT) at the central level and the Rapid Response Team (RRT) at the district level and the capacity to rapidly test samples.
-- Bangladesh borders India and Myanmar, and WHO assesses the risk at the regional level to be low. While there have not been any instances of cross-border transmission by humans previously, the risk remains, given shared ecological corridor for the virus's natural host Pteropus bats and occurrence among domestic animals and humans previously in both countries. However, India has strong capacities and experience of controlling previous NiV outbreaks.
WHO assesses the risk at the global level to be low, as there have been no previous confirmed cases outside Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Philippines and Singapore.
WHO advice
In the absence of a licensed vaccine or specific therapeutic treatment for Nipah virus disease, reducing or preventing infection in people relies on raising awareness of the risk factors. This includes providing guidance on and reinforcing risk communication messages about the measures that people can take to reduce exposure to the Nipah virus. Case management should focus on delivering timely supportive care, supported by an effective laboratory system and adequate infection prevention and control measures in health facilities. Intensive supportive care is recommended for treatment of severe respiratory and neurologic complications.
Public health educational messages should focus on:
-- Reducing the risk of bat-to-human transmission
-- Efforts to prevent transmission should first focus on decreasing bat access to date palm sap and other fresh food products. Freshly collected date palm juice should be boiled, and fruits should be thoroughly washed and peeled before consumption. Fruits with signs of bat bites should be discarded. Areas where bats are known to roost should be avoided.
Reducing the risk of human-to-human transmission:
-- Close unprotected physical contact with NiV-infected people should be avoided. Regular hand washing should be carried out after caring for or visiting sick people along other preventive measures.
-- People experiencing Nipah-like symptoms should be referred to a health facility, as early supportive care is key in the absence of treatment. Contact tracing and monitoring are also key to mitigate human-to-human transmission.
Controlling infection in health care settings:
-- Health and care workers caring for patients with suspected or confirmed infection, or handling specimens from them, should always implement standard precautions for infection prevention and control at all times, for all patients.
-- When caring for patients with suspected or confirmed NiV, WHO advises the use of contact and droplet precautions including a well-fitting medical mask, eye protection, a fluid-resistant gown, and examination gloves. Airborne precautions should be implemented during aerosol-generating procedures, including placing the patient in an airborne-infection isolation room and the use of a fit-tested filtering facepiece respirator instead of a medical mask. Suspected or confirmed cases of NiV should be placed in a single-patient room. For family members and caregivers visiting patients with suspected or confirmed Nipah virus, similar precautions should be applied.
-- Samples taken from people and animals with suspected NiV infection should be handled by trained staff working in suitably equipped laboratories.
Based on the currently available information, WHO does not recommend any travel and/or trade restrictions.
Further information
1) World Health Organization. WHO South-East Asia Regional Strategy for the prevention and control of Nipah virus infection 2023–2030. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789290210849
2) World Health Organization. Technical Brief: Enhancing readiness for a Nipah virus event in countries not reporting a Nipah virus event. Interim Document, February 2024. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789290211273
3) World Health Organization. Nipah virus. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/nipah-virus
4) World Health Organization. Nipah virus infection. Available at: https://www.who.int/health-topics/nipah-virus-infection#tab=tab_1
5) World Health Organization (27 February 2024). Disease Outbreak News; Nipah virus infection – Bangladesh. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2024-DON508
6) World Health Organization (18 September 2025). Disease Outbreak News; Nipah virus infection – Bangladesh. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2025-DON582
7) Nipah Situation Dashboard, Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) https://www.iedcr.gov.bd/site/page/d5c87d45-b8cf-4a96-9f94-7170e017c9ce/-
8) Nipah Virus Transmission in Bangladesh https://www.iedcr.gov.bd/site/page/03d6e960-2539-4966-8788-4a12753e410d/-
10) Nipah virus outbreak with person-to-person transmission in a district of Bangladesh, 2007 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20380769/
11) Foodborne Transmission of Nipah Virus, Bangladesh https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3291367
12) Nipah virus outbreak trends in Bangladesh during the period 2001 to 2024: a brief review https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11872451/
13) Nipah Virus Disease: Epidemiological, Clinical, Diagnostic and Legislative Aspects of This Unpredictable Emerging Zoonosis https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/1/159 - B66-animals-13-00159
14) The Ecology of Nipah Virus in Bangladesh: A Nexus of Land-Use Change and Opportunistic Feeding Behavior in Bats https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7910977/
15) World Health Organization (30 January 2026). Disease Outbreak News; Nipah virus infection – India. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2026-DON593
Source:
Link: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2026-DON594
____
I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
History of Mass Transportation: The UP 18 GTEL preserved at the Illinois Railway Museum
By User:JeremyA - Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=601906
Source:
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-turbine_locomotive
____
I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Friday, February 6, 2026
#USA, #Wastewater Data for Avian #Influenza #H5 (#CDC, Feb. 6 '26)
{Excerpt}
Time Period: January 25, 2026 - January 31, 2026
-- H5 Detection: 4 site(s) (0.9%)
-- No Detection: 458 site(s) (99.1%)
-- No samples in last week: 192 site(s)
The H5 detections at sewershed IDs 809 and 912 in Michigan are false detections resulting from a data error. These will be corrected in the next update.
(...)
Source:
Link: https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html
____
I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
#Slovakia - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (Inf. with) (#poultry) - Immediate notification
{Nitriansky Region} Commercial poultry farm - fattenning turkeys, laying hens and pullets (in toal 36 000 heads). From 3.2. to 5.2. mortaliy in one barn up to100% (7000 fattening turkeys). Restriction zones (3 and 10 km) have been established. Epidemiological enquiry and depopulation of the farm are ongoing.
Source:
Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7250
____
I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Avian #Influenza #H5N1 #Infection During #Pregnancy: Preparing for the Next Flu #Pandemic and Improving Perinatal Outcomes
Abstract
Influenza (flu) is a common respiratory virus with seasonal global spread. Zoonotic viruses can occasionally cross species, leading to pandemic-level spread, and for flu viruses, this is considered an “antigenic shift”. The flu can be particularly severe during pregnancy due to immune system adaptations that occur during pregnancy, with prior global pandemics causing excess hospitalizations, deaths, and other complications in the mothers and the neonates. We aim to review the current literature with respect to novel avian H5N1 and the potential impact of infection with flu during pregnancy. A systematic literature search was conducted. Here we provide a rapid summary of epidemiology and understanding of viral spread, published risks of H5N1 in pregnancy, the unique physiologic, cellular, and molecular adaptations making H5N1 infection unique in pregnancy, implementation of an effective vaccine program in event of a pandemic specific to pregnant individuals, optimizing peripartum care for infected individuals, and direction for future research to direct vaccine strategy and mitigate risks in a future flu pandemic.
Source:
Link: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18/2/212
____
I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
A case of avian #influenza #H5N6 presented with secondary #infection in #Anhui Province, #China, 2024
Abstract
A case of H5N6 avian influenza was reported in Anhui Province, China. The viral titers in the patient's lungs and pharynx decreased rapidly after oseltamivir treatment, yet it still fatal. The whole genome sequencing suggested that it derived from four distinct sources and classified within the 2.3.4.4b clade.
Source:
Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1684118226000034?via%3Dihub
____
I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
#Epidemiology and #genomic features of #MERS #coronavirus in #Africa: a systematic and meta-analysis review
Highlights
• 74% pooled MERS-CoV seroprevalence in African dromedaries
• Highest MERS-CoV RNA incidence (15.3%) observed in juvenile dromedaries
• 2.4% pooled MERS-CoV seroprevalence in camel-exposed humans
• African MERS-CoV clade C exhibits unique polymorphisms
• Clade-specific features might explain low MERS-CoV infection rates in Africa
Abstract
Objective
We explored factors contributing to the low human MERS-CoV prevalence in Africa by assessing MERS-CoV epidemiological and genomic features.
Methods
We followed the PRISMA guidelines. We searched for articles on epidemiological and virological MERS-CoV characteristics in humans and camels in Africa until August 2025. We used a generalised linear mixed-effects model to calculate pooled proportions. We identified relevant polymorphisms in African MERS-CoV lineages compared with the prototypic EMC/2012 and contemporary Arabian MERS-CoV (clade B5).
Results
We included 53 articles, with 31 used in the meta-analysis. Kenya, Egypt, and Ethiopia contributed to 66.03% of all included studies. Pooled MERS-CoV RNA positivity in African dromedaries was 6.09%, with juveniles (15.29%) having a higher incidence than adults (4.51%). The pooled MERS-CoV seroprevalence was 73.67%, with adults (80.96%) higher than juveniles (36.02%). In human-focused studies, only nine PCR-confirmed MERS cases were reported, six travel-associated and three autochthonous cases, despite a pooled seroprevalence of 2.4%. Genomic analyses identified MERS-CoV clade C-specific polymorphisms in the Spike and accessory genes with putative phenotypic impact.
Conclusion
We found the highest MERS-CoV RNA positivity in young dromedaries. Elevated MERS-CoV seroprevalence in mainly asymptomatic camel-exposed humans suggests an underestimation of MERS-CoV infections in Africa. The ongoing MERS-CoV evolution emphasises the need for active genomic surveillance to monitor signatures of human adaptation.
Source:
Link: https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(26)00091-3/fulltext
____
I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
A stabilized #MERS-CoV #spike ferritin #nanoparticle #vaccine elicits robust and protective neutralizing #antibody responses
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was identified as a human pathogen in 2012 and causes ongoing sporadic infections and outbreak clusters. Despite case fatality rates (CFRs) of over 30% and considerable pandemic potential, a safe and efficacious vaccine has not been developed. Here we report the design, characterization, and preclinical evaluation of MERS-CoV antigens. Our lead candidate comprises a stabilized spike displayed on a self-assembling ferritin nanoparticle that can be produced from a high-expressing, stable cell pool. This vaccine elicits robust MERS-CoV pseudovirus and authentic virus neutralizing antibody titers in BALB/c mice. Immunization of male non-human primates (NHPs) with one dose of Alhydrogel-adjuvanted vaccine elicited a > 103 geometric mean titer of pseudovirus neutralizing antibodies that was boosted with a second dose. Sera from these NHPs exhibited cross-reactivity against spike-pseudotyped lentiviruses from MERS-CoV clades A, B, and C as well as a distant pangolin merbecovirus. In human DPP4 transgenic mice, immunization provided dose-dependent protection against MERS-CoV lethal challenge, and in an established alpaca challenge model using female alpacas, immunization fully protected against MERS-CoV infection. This MERS-CoV nanoparticle vaccine is a promising candidate for clinical advancement to protect at-risk individuals and for future use in a potential outbreak setting.
Source:
Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-68458-5
____
I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
#Hungary - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (Inf. with) (#poultry) - Immediate notification
A fattening duck holding in Bács-Kiskun Region.
Source:
Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7252
____
I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Thursday, February 5, 2026
Detecting #Influenza #H5N1 Viruses through Severe Acute Respiratory #Infection #Surveillance, #Cambodia
Abstract
Of 19 human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection detected during January 2023–March 2025 in Cambodia, 12 (63%) were detected directly by surveillance for severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) or indirectly by testing ill close contacts. SARI surveillance can supplement other surveillance sources for identifying H5N1 cases.
Source:
Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/3/25-0832_article
____
I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
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