#OneHealth Longitudinal Study #Protocol on #Zoonotic and Vector-Borne #Diseases in Battambang province, #Cambodia: An Inter-Sectoral Approach

 

Abstract

Background 

Tropical low – and middle –income countries are highly vulnerable to zoonoses and vector-borne diseases, with risks amplified by climatic events, environmental change, and limited surveillance capacity. Cambodia is particularly exposed due to its ecological diversity, seasonal flooding, and rapidly changing land use. Globally, however, field based One Health approaches remain under –implemented, limiting practical evidence on how to address these complex threats. 

Methods 

This protocol describes a longitudinal One Health study conducted in three villages of Battambang province, Cambodia, designed to investigate the prevalence and transmission dynamics of zoonotic and potentially zoonotic pathogens at the human –animal –environment interface. The study examines how vector density, diversity, and pathogen circulation are influenced by hydrological variation and seasonality, and assesses the sociodemographic, behavioral, and environmental factors shaping transmission. Integrated data will be collected through serological and molecular analyses in humans and animals, environmental sampling, and entomological surveillance, enabling cross-compartmental and spatiotemporal analyses. 

Expected Results 

The study will generate integrated, cross –sectoral data to characterize pathogen exposure patterns, identify high –risk populations and practices, and inform targeted public health, veterinary, and environmental interventions. Conclusions By sharing this protocol, the work addresses a global methodological gap in operationalizing One Health in the field and supports the development of integrated surveillance strategies in climate-sensitive, resource-limited settings.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funding Statement

The study received funding from the French Development Agency (AFD) through the PREACT-AFRICAM Program and from the Fondation Simone et Cino del Duca of Institut de France.

Source: 

Link: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.14.26347916v1

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Developing and #Benchmarking #OneHealth Genomic #Surveillance #Tools for #Influenza A Virus in #Wastewater

 

Abstract

Influenza A viruses (IAV) remain a persistent One Health threat, and whole-genome sequencing from wastewater offers a promising surveillance tool. However, IAV is at low abundance in wastewater, making it difficult to sequence. We benchmarked four targeted enrichment methods suited for whole-genome sequencing including custom and off-the-shelf amplicon and probe-based methods. Our custom HA tiled-amplicon panel was sensitive, fast, and cost-effective, making it suitable for monitoring low-abundance seasonal variants of known subtypes. However, its reliance on conserved and intact primer-binding sites limited primer design to fewer subtypes. A previously published universal amplicon method targeted all IAV subtypes, but it performed poorly in wastewater due to its reliance on intact genome segments. Probe-capture methods were resilient to RNA degradation and mismatches, potentially enabling broader surveillance and detection of emerging strains. However, probes were costly, labor-intensive, and less sensitive than tiled-amplicon. When testing compatibility of sequencing methods with upstream virus concentration and extraction methods, ultrafiltration-based virus concentration outperformed large-volume direct extraction with all four sequencing methods. This set of benchmarking comparisons and custom panels provides needed information for the translation of IAV genomic sequencing into a routine component of wastewater surveillance.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

University of California, Berkeley, L22CR4507

NIH Common Fund, 4R00GM144747-03

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.19.676942v2

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#UK, #England: Cases of invasive #meningococcal #disease notified in #Kent (UKHSA, March 16 '26)

 

From: UK Health Security Agency

Published: 16 March 2026

Last updated: 16 March 2026 

Update 16 March

The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) is continuing to investigate an outbreak of meningococcal disease in Kent with 13 cases notified since 13 March. Sadly, this includes 2 people who are known to have died.

Investigations have confirmed some of the cases visited Club Chemistry in Canterbury between 5 to 7 March prior to becoming unwell. UKHSA’s health protection team is working closely with the nightclub and partners including the University of Kent to limit the spread.

UKHSA is now advising anyone who visited Club Chemistry on 5 March, 6 March or 7 March to come forward for preventative antibiotic treatment as a precautionary measure. 

This can be collected from the following sites:

-- Senate Building at University of Kent, CT2 7NZ – open until 8pm on Monday 16 March (queue closes 7.15pm) and from 9am to 8pm on Tuesday 17 March.

-- Gate Clinic, Kent and Canterbury Hospital, Ethelbert Road, Canterbury, CT1 3NG - open until 8pm on Monday 16 March and planned to open from 8.30am to 7.30pm on Tuesday 17 March.

-- Westgate Hall, Westgate Hall Road, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 2BT. Planned to be open from 8.30am to 7.30pm on Tuesday 17 March.

-- Carey Building, Thanet Hub, Margate Northwood Rd, Westwood, Broadstairs, CT10 2WA. Planned to be open from 8.30am to 7.30 pm on Tuesday 17 March.

Advice has been issued to 16,000 staff and students at the University of Kent, where antibiotics are also being offered to those who need them.

Meningococcal disease can progress rapidly. Signs and symptoms of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia can include:

- a fever, 

- headache, 

- rapid breathing, 

- drowsiness, 

- shivering, 

- vomiting, and 

- cold hands and feet. 

Septicaemia can also cause a characteristic rash that does not fade when pressed with a glass.

Early symptoms can often be confused with other illnesses such as a cold, flu or hangover, and students are particularly at risk of missing the early warning signs. If you or anyone you know develops any of these symptoms, seek medical help immediately by contacting a GP, calling NHS 111 or dialling 999 in an emergency. Knowing the signs and taking early treatment can be lifesaving.

Trish Mannes, UKHSA Regional Deputy Director for the South East, said:

''Our thoughts remain with the friends and family involved and we understand that many people in the university and wider community will be affected by this sad news.

''Our investigations have identified that some cases visited Club Chemistry in Canterbury and it is important that anyone who visited the club between 5 and 7 March now comes forward for preventative antibiotic treatment as a precaution, as well as those offered antibiotics at the university – these students are being contacted directly through the university.

''If you think you may have symptoms of meningitis, do not hesitate to seek medical help by contacting your GP or calling NHS 111.

Background

Meningococcal disease (meningitis and septicaemia) is an uncommon but serious disease caused by meningococcal bacteria. Very occasionally, the meningococcal bacteria can cause serious illness, (inflammation of the lining of the brain) and septicaemia (blood poisoning), which can rapidly lead to sepsis.

The onset of illness is often sudden and early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are vital.

Early symptoms, which may not always be present, include:

- a rash that doesn’t fade when pressed with a glass

- sudden onset of high fever

- severe and worsening headache

- stiff neck

- vomiting and diarrhoea

- joint and muscle pain

- dislike of bright lights

- very cold hands and feet

- seizures

- confusion/delirium

- extreme sleepiness/difficulty waking

Young people going on to university or college for the first time are particularly at risk of meningitis because they newly mix with so many other students, some of whom are unknowingly carrying the bacteria at the back of their nose and throat.

There are numerous strains of the meningococcal infection. The MenACWY vaccination gives good protection against MenA, MenC, MenW, and MenY. It is routinely offered to teenagers in school Years 9 and 10. However, this vaccine does not protect against all forms of meningococcal infection. Other strains such as MenB can circulate in young adults, which is why it’s important to know how to spot the symptoms of meningitis and septicaemia as early detection and treatment can save lives. 

Source: 

Link: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/cases-of-invasive-meningococcal-disease-confirmed-in-kent

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#Epidemiology of #HMPV and Other Respiratory Viral #Infections Among #Outpatients, 2016–2022

 

Abstract

Background

Most studies of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) epidemiology have been among inpatients. This study examined the epidemiology of HMPV compared with other common viruses among outpatients seeking care for an acute respiratory illness (ARI) during 5 influenza seasons (2016–2017 to 2019–2020, before the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, and in 2021–2022, during the pandemic).

Methods

Outpatients ≥6 months old seeking care for ARI and presenting with cough of ≤7 days’ duration provided nasal and pharyngeal swab samples, demographic data, and access to electronic medical record data. Samples were tested with reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays for HMPV, influenza, parainfluenza virus (PIV) 1–4, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Student′s t and χ2 tests were used to compare HMPV cases with other ARIs.

Results

After exclusion of 68 coinfections, 7143 patients remained; 2017 had influenza, 762 had RSV, 423 had HMPV, 83 had PIV, 352 had SARS-CoV-2, and 3506 tested polymerase chain reaction negative for all of these viruses. Of all patients with ARI each influenza season, 30.2%–37.1% tested positive for influenza, 11.3%–13.6% for RSV, 4.7%–7.3% for HMPV, and 0.1%–1.9% for PIV. Compared with patients with RSV, those with HMPV less often had congestion, dyspnea, and sore throat. Compared with patients with influenza, those with HMPV were less likely to have fever but more often had congestion or dyspnea and felt worse at 7–14-day follow-up. Children recovered from HMPV faster than adults.

Conclusions

HMPV is an important cause of outpatient ARI during influenza season. Patients with HMPV had slightly different demographic characteristics and symptoms from those with other ARIs.

Source: 

Link: https://academic.oup.com/ofid/article/13/3/ofag081/8490265

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#Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Extra-Amazonian #Oropouche #Outbreak Areas of Minas Gerais, #Brazil: #Ecological Insights into Virus Transmission

 

Abstract

Oropouche fever (OF), caused by Oropouche virus (OROV), has expanded beyond its Amazonian range into Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil, raising concern about transmission in extra-Amazonian Atlantic Forest landscapes. Critical gaps persist regarding Culicoides vector communities, anthropophily, and climate-sensitive transmission risk in these newly affected regions. We conducted targeted entomological surveys outbreak-driven by human OF cases, standardized across five MG communities using CDC light traps and Protected Human Attraction (PHA) to characterize Culicoides composition. Females of Culicoides underwent RT-qPCR for OROV (n = 819) and physiological assessment (n = 312). We developed an entomological alert framework that integrates blood-fed abundance, minimum infection rate (MIR) upper confidence bounds, and environmental drivers (i.e., mean temperature, relative humidity and precipitation) via generalized additive mixed models, which explained 68% of the variability in Culicoides abundance and the alert index across communities. We collected 1171 Culicoides individuals representing five species (C. leopoldoi, C. paraensis, C. pusillus, C. foxi, and C. limai). C. leopoldoi (79.1%) and C. paraensis (20.3%) were the predominant species; notably, C. paraensis is recognized as the primary vector of OROV in the Americas. C. paraensis was documented for the first time in all five outbreak areas and dominated PHA captures (90%), suggesting anthropophily. Although no specimens tested OROV-positive (consistent with expected field infection rates of 0.01–1%), MIR upper bounds reached 132/1000 in low-sample settings and humidity and temperature strongly modulated abundance. This operational baseline and alert index transform virologically negative, sparse surveillance data into prioritized targets for intensified sampling and vector control during early, low-prevalence phases, when containment of OROV’s extra-Amazonian spread is still achievable.

Source: 

Link: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18/3/361

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#Cambodia reported one additional #human case of #infection with #H5N1 avian #influenza virus (MoH, March 16 2026)

 

{Automatic translation, edited}

Kingdom of Cambodia - Press Release

A Case of Bird Flu in a 45-year-old Woman

The Ministry of Health of the Kingdom of Cambodia would like to inform the public that there is 1 case of bird flu in a 45-year-old woman who was confirmed to be positive for the H5N1 avian influenza virus on March 14, 2026 by the National Institute of Public Health.

The patient resides in Ropai village, Chinu Meanchey commune, Preah Net Preah district, Banteay Meanchey province, and there were reports of sick and dead chickens in the village. 

On the same day, the patient was placed in isolation at the hospital and was treated with Tamiflu and received careful care from the medical team. 

Upon inquiry, it was revealed that the patient raised chickens and ducks, including some sick and dead chickens. 3 days before testing positive, she had come into contact with the dead chicken.

The National and Sub-National Health Ministry's Emergency Response Team has been collaborating with the Provincial Department of Agriculture and local authorities at all levels to actively investigate the outbreak of bird flu and respond according to technical methods and protocols, find sources of infection in both animals and humans, and search for suspected cases and contacts to prevent further transmission in the community. 

In addition, Tamiflu is being distributed to close contacts and conduct health education campaigns in the villages where the outbreak occurred. 

The Ministry of Health would like to remind all citizens to always be vigilant about bird flu because H5N1 bird flu continues to threaten the health of our citizens. 

We would also like to inform you that if you have a fever, cough, sputum, or difficulty breathing and have been in contact with sick or dead chickens in the 14 days before the onset of symptoms, do not go to crowded places or towns and seek consultation and treatment at the nearest health center or hospital immediately to avoid delaying and putting you at high risk of eventual death. 

-- How it is transmitted: 

- H5N1 bird flu is a type of flu that is usually spread from sick birds to other birds, but it can sometimes be spread from birds to humans through close contact with sick or dead birds.

- Bird flu in humans is a serious illness that requires prompt hospital treatment.

- Although it is not easily transmitted from person to person, if it mutates, it can be contagious, just like seasonal flu.

- Do not touch or eat sick or dead chickens and wear gloves and a mask or a scarf to cover your nose before handling chickens and ducks for cooking. Then blanch them in boiling water before plucking.

- Follow good hygiene practices, wash your hands frequently before handling food, especially after touching poultry or other objects that may be sources of contamination.

- Cook food thoroughly before eating, especially meat, poultry and eggs. Do not eat raw or undercooked eggs and keep raw and cooked food separate. Clean cooking utensils properly.

- If there are many sick or dead chickens at home or in the village and there are symptoms of fever, cough, sputum discharge or difficulty breathing, please immediately seek consultation and medical examination at the nearest health center or hospital to avoid delay, which puts you at high risk of sudden death. 

- Therefore, the public is requested to be aware and take care of their health in the above preventive measures. 

The Ministry of Health will continue to provide information regarding public health issues on the official social media of the Ministry of Health www.moh.gov.kh as well as the official Facebook page of the Department of Communicable Disease Control and the website www.cdcmoh.gov.kh. For more information, please contact the Ministry of Health's hotline number 115 toll-free.

Source: Ministry of Health of Cambodia, https://moh.gov.kh/en/home

Link: https://moh.gov.kh/en/notice/detail/453

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A Tale of Two Lenses: #Emergency department indoor - #air hybrid-capture #metagenomics complements #wastewater by adding a human-focused respiratory #virus perspective

 

Abstract

Background: 

Continuous, non-invasive viral surveillance is essential to monitor emerging pathogens and guide public health responses. Most environmental surveillance studies use targeted qPCR approaches, and comparisons between wastewater and indoor air surveillance remain limited. We aimed to compare the utility of emergency department indoor air and urban wastewater for tracking circulating viruses and resolving genomic information. 

Methods: 

We conducted a matched-pair study comparing 19 weekly indoor air samples from the central ventilation exhaust shaft of an emergency department and 19 24-hour composite municipal wastewater samples in Leuven, Belgium, from December 2024 to April 2025. Both sample sets were processed using probe-based hybrid-capture viral metagenomics targeting over 3000 viral species, using influenza A as a clinically relevant test case. 

Findings: 

Wastewater captured higher overall viral diversity (233 versus 106 species) and more complete genomes compared to indoor air, showing a relatively stable composition, mainly of enteric and animal-associated viruses. Indoor air demonstrated lower overall diversity but was enriched for respiratory viruses, including influenza A, coronaviruses, metapneumovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus, and more frequently achieved high genome coverage for these pathogens. Although both sample types permitted influenza A subtype characterization, influenza A genomes from wastewater were often less well covered. When coverage thresholds were met, indoor air supported targeted antiviral resistance-site screening for influenza A and RSV-A. 

Interpretation: 

Wastewater and indoor air generate distinct but complementary viromes. Wastewater acts as a diverse, population-level monitor for One-Health applications, whereas indoor air serves as a targeted, human-centric sentinel system facilitating further genomic characterization for respiratory viruses.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funding Statement

Mustafa Karatas is supported by a Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) fundamental research scholarship (number: 11P7I24N). C.G., L.C., E.H., S.G. and E.A. acknowledge support from the DURABLE project. The DURABLE project has been funded by the European Union, under the EU4Health Programme (EU4H), project no. 101102733. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Health and Digital Executive Agency. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. The computing power in this work was provided by the VSC (Flemish Supercomputer Centre), financed by the FWO and the Flemish government department EWI.

Source: MedRxIV, https://www.medrxiv.org/

Link: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.03.13.26348311v1

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Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (#MERS-CoV): An underestimated #betacoronavirus with #pandemic potential

 

Highlights

• MERS-CoV remains an endemic camel-associated betacoronavirus with ongoing zoonotic spillover.

• Viral evolution shows three major clades with lineage B predominance and documented recombination.

• DPP4-mediated entry, immune suppression, and T-cell apoptosis drive severe disease and high fatality.

• Diagnosis relies primarily on rRT-PCR, while treatments and vaccines remain experimental.

• Strengthened One-Health surveillance, IPC, and genomic monitoring are essential for pandemic preparedness.

Abstract

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic beta coronavirus identified in 2012 that circulates in dromedary camels and occasionally infects humans. Although community spread is limited, the disease shows a high case fatality rate near 36 percent and has caused hospital outbreaks such as the 2015 South Korea event. The viral spike binds the DPP4 (CD26) receptor, enabling entry into airway epithelial and selected immune cells, while accessory proteins suppress early innate immunity. Genetic studies indicate continuing evolution with clades A, B, and C across the Arabian Peninsula and Africa. Human infection is linked to camel contact, farm exposure, or raw camel products, with secondary spread mainly in healthcare settings. Diagnosis uses rRT-PCR and serology; treatment is supportive, and vaccines and antivirals are under study. A One Health approach is vital for surveillance, early detection, and control.

Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/diagnostic-microbiology-and-infectious-disease

Link: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117367

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Landscape with Polyphemus, Nicolas Poussin (1649)

 

Public Domain.

Source: WikiArt, https://www.wikiart.org/

Link: https://www.wikiart.org/en/nicolas-poussin/landscape-with-polyphemus-1649

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Optimizing #global #genomic #surveillance for early #detection of emerging #SARS-CoV-2 #variants

 

Abstract

The global spread of viruses highlights the need for timely and effective genomic surveillance to detect new variants and inform rapid public health responses. However, high costs and uneven sequencing capacity hinder equitable global implementation. Surveillance focused on international travelers at major travel hubs has been proposed as a way to complement robust local surveillance, but its potential benefits have not been fully quantified. Here, we develop and calibrate a multiple-strain metapopulation model of global SARS-CoV-2 transmission using extensive epidemiological, phylogenetic, and high-resolution air travel data. Retrospective analyses of the Omicron BA.1/BA.2 emergence and forward simulations for hypothetical novel variants show that targeted enhancement of traveler surveillance at key hubs can shorten variant detection delays, with reduced total surveillance efforts. Practical “non-disruptive” strategies, such as prioritizing a small number of highly connected hubs, consistently outperformed baseline approaches and remained effective across a range of variant transmissibility and vaccine effectiveness scenarios. These results provide a quantitative framework for strengthening global genomic surveillance through targeted, complementary strategies that preserve local capacity while improving preparedness for future pandemics.

Source: Nature Communications, https://www.nature.com/ncomms/

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-70664-0

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#Nipah virus molecular #detection from whole #blood and respiratory #swabs in a rapid field-ready protocol

 

Highlights

• A Nipah virus real-time RT-PCR was developed for this study and display dynamic amplification, with sensitive (limit of detection 3.7-4.2 copies/µL) and specific detection.

• The assay was adapted for use on a portable, battery-powered real-time thermocycler.

• When paired with instrument-free RNA extraction, Nipah virus RNA was rapidly detected from contrived whole blood and nasopharyngeal swabs without electricity.

• The combined of Extract & Store and the Palm PCR S1e device offers a viable solution for field-based molecular detection of Nipah virus.

Abstract

Background

Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic, zoonotic paramyxovirus with significant public health implications due to high associated mortality and potential for human-to-human transmission. Current diagnostic testing options for NiV are limited and require extensive laboratory infrastructure.

Objective

Develop a field-deployable testing workflow for timely NiV detection.

Study design

A NiV real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) was designed for a highly conserved region of the nucleocapsid gene and tested with RNA from Bangladesh and Malaysia NiV strains. The NiV rRT-PCR was evaluated on Rotor-Gene Q and Palm PCR S1e thermocyclers following instrument free RNA extraction (Extract & Store).

Results

Initial analytical evaluation, on a Rotor-Gene Q, demonstrated dynamic amplification and a limit of detection (LoD) of 3.7-4.2 copies/µL without amplification of related paramyxoviruses. The assay was adapted for the portable, battery-powered, self-contained Palm PCR S1e thermocycler, and exhibited linear detection with a LoD of 30.7 copies/µL. RNA extraction from contrived whole blood and pharyngeal swabs using the Extract & Store workflow yielded comparable results to automated extraction on a KingFisher Apex instrument. The entire assay, including extracted and stabilized RNA controls from BSL-1 strains, was successfully transferred to Aga Khan University with ambient temperature shipping and yielded similar performance.

Conclusions

The combination of Extract & Store and the Palm PCR S1e device offers a viable solution for field-based molecular detection of NiV. While limitations were noted for reaction setup on the Palm PCR, this presents a flexible and accessible workflow for rapid, portable detection of high-consequence pathogens in resource-constrained settings.

Source: 

Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S138665322600020X?dgcid=rss_sd_all

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#Immunity to #hemagglutinin and #neuraminidase results in additive reductions in #airborne #transmission of #influenza #H1N1 virus in #ferrets

 

Abstract

Currently, there is limited knowledge on the impact of immunity to hemagglutinin (HA) and/or neuraminidase (NA) on the transmission of influenza viruses. Therefore, using intramuscular vaccination, intranasal vaccination, or infection with reassortant viruses, we induced immunity to each antigen alone or both antigens combined in ferrets. We then assessed transmission of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus from these ferrets to naïve respiratory contacts. For all strategies used to induce immunity, combined immunity to HA and NA resulted in the largest reductions in transmission. Moreover, immunity to HA and NA conferred additive rather than synergistic reductions in transmission. No escape variants emerged in our transmission studies, and logistical regression showed that the probability of transmission was less than 50% when viral titers in donors were reduced to 101.5 and 102 median tissue culture infectious dose per ml on days 1 and 3 postinfection, respectively. These studies define the relationship between immunity to HA and NA on transmission and identify a threshold titer indicative of decreased transmission in ferrets.

Source: 

Link: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aea8719

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History of Mass Transportation: The California Western Railroad #45 Steam Locomotive

 

By Baldwinlocomotiveworks - R.A. Sallinen III - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18159992

Source: 

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works

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