#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (by AMEDEO, August 26 '25)

 

Am J Respir Crit Care Med

1. NAQVI ZA
   Residual Scars That Grow: The Hidden Threat of Delayed Pulmonary Fibrosis Post-COVID-19.
   Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2025 Aug 22. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202506-1558.
   PubMed        
   
   
2. BALDWIN MR, Garcia CK
   Reply to Naqvi: Residual Scars That Grow: The Hidden Threat of Delayed Pulmonary Fibrosis Post-COVID-19.
   Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2025 Aug 22. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202507-1624.
   PubMed        
   
   

   
   Antiviral Res

3. TERATAKE Y, Okamura T, Ishizaka Y
   SMAD5 phosphorylation by ALK1 is modulated by the interaction of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2.
   Antiviral Res. 2025;242:106261.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
4. GOLDIN K, Brackney B, Lutterman T, Williamson BN, et al
   Dexamethasone treatment does not alter mortality but reduces pulmonary pathology in Nipah virus-infected Syrian hamsters.
   Antiviral Res. 2025;242:106263.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
5. LEI F, Shu J, Xia C, Lei Y, et al
   Viral determinants of cis- and trans-cleavage by SARS-CoV-2 Nsp3 and an on-off reporter for monitoring intracellular protease activity.
   Antiviral Res. 2025;242:106262.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   BMJ

6. TSERGAS N
   Why scientists are rethinking the immune effects of SARS-CoV-2.
   BMJ. 2025;390:r1733.
   PubMed        
   
   

   
   Clin Infect Dis

7. VEGA OCASIO D, Patel NN, Leidman E, Marcenac P, et al
   Evaluation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Influenza-like Illness Surveillance Case Definitions in a Prospective Cohort of Healthcare Personnel in Peru.
   Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Aug 19:ciaf340. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
8. NADIG N, Bhimraj A, Cawcutt K, Chiotos K, et al
   2025 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on the Treatment and Management of COVID-19: Infliximab.
   Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Aug 20:ciaf355. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
9. REZAHOSSEINI O, Staehr Jensen JU, Rahimi HK, Jensen NE, et al
   Immunogenicity and Safety of the COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Coadministered with Influenza and 23-valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccines.
   Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Aug 18:ciaf455. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Eur J Radiol

10. YANAGAKI S, Murayama A, Kondo K, Sato T, et al
    Payments from intravascular embolisation device companies to medical professionals and institutions in Japan (2019-2023): An open payment data analysis.
    Eur J Radiol. 2025;191:112362.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

11. MARTINEZ-ALBERT N, Nieto-Fernandez JC, Garcia-Marques JV
    Keratometry repeatability in healthy and post-refractive surgery eyes: a comparison of two swept-source devices.
    Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2025 Aug 16. doi: 10.1007/s00417-025-06893.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol

12. STERN RA, Bashaw K, Shackelford CE, Talbot TR, et al
    The unintended burden of transmission-based precautions for suspected COVID-19 in the ambulatory setting.
    Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2025 Aug 19:1-3. doi: 10.1017/ice.2025.10229.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Int J Infect Dis

13. TENG O, Quek AML, Ooi DSQ, Wang S, et al
    High CD4(+) T-cell Responses in Seronegative Individuals Following SARS-CoV-2 Exposure during a Dormitory Outbreak.
    Int J Infect Dis. 2025 Aug 20:108024. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108024.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Infect

14. LIU B, Song S, Liu W, Hu Y, et al
    Post-COVID-19 multimorbidity incidence by prior vaccination status in people with a pre-existing comorbidity: A population-based cohort study.
    J Infect. 2025;91:106597.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
15. AHIMBISIBWE G, Greenwood D, Wilkinson KA, Gahir J, et al
    Third exposure to COVID-19 infection or vaccination differentially impacts T Cell responses.
    J Infect. 2025 Aug 21:106598. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2025.106598.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
16. DIETL B, Henares D, Cuchi E, Blanco-Fuertes M, et al
    Differential nasopharyngeal microbiota patterns: A Comparative Study of Pneumococcal Pneumonia, COVID-19, and Healthy Adults.
    J Infect. 2025 Aug 14:106589. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2025.106589.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
17. MCGEOCH LJ, Foulkes S, Whitaker H, Munro K, et al
    Effectiveness of influenza vaccination against infection in UK healthcare workers during winter 2023-24: The SIREN cohort study.
    J Infect. 2025;91:106585.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Med Virol

18. URBANSKI AH, Freitas FCP, Gomes TMFDF, Schemberger MO, et al
    Genetic Variants Affect Distinct Metabolic Pathways in Pediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome and Severe COVID-19.
    J Med Virol. 2025;97:e70556.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
19. ZHOU M, Yang J, Tian B, Wang X, et al
    Spatial Proteomics Using BiFCPL Identifies Regulators of DMV Formation Involved in Coronavirus Replication.
    J Med Virol. 2025;97:e70547.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Virol

20. HU J, Zheng H, Ran W, Wang X, et al
    Mucosal vaccination with long-form TSLP induces migratory cDC1-mediated adaptive immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    J Virol. 2025 Aug 19:e0123125. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01231.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
21. EL ZOWALATY ME, Taylor LJ, Son Y, Lee H, et al
    Discovery, phylogenetic, and comparative genomic analysis of novel avian gammacoronaviruses identified in feral pigeons (Columba livia domestica).
    J Virol. 2025 Aug 20:e0111225. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01112.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
22. ZHANG H, Deng X, Dai R, Fu J, et al
    Inadequate immune response to inactivated COVID-19 vaccine among older people living with HIV: a prospective cohort study.
    J Virol. 2025 Aug 21:e0068825. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00688.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
23. CHI X, Liang X, Vaddadi K, Zhang X, et al
    SARS-CoV-2 Nsp15 endoribonuclease subverts host defenses to enhance viral fitness in lung cells.
    J Virol. 2025 Aug 21:e0117525. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01175.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
24. HE Q, Zou Y, Yu B, Yuan Q, et al
    A novel nanoparticle vaccine, based on S1-CTD, elicits robust protective immune responses against porcine deltacoronavirus.
    J Virol. 2025 Aug 21:e0067425. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00674.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    JAMA

25. TURNER NA, Hamasaki T, Doernberg SB, Lodise TP, et al
    Dalbavancin for Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: The DOTS Randomized Clinical Trial.
    JAMA. 2025 Aug 13. doi: 10.1001/jama.2025.12543.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
26. ANDERER S
    COVID-19 Vaccines Averted 2.5 Million Deaths, Mostly Among Older Adults.
    JAMA. 2025 Aug 15. doi: 10.1001/jama.2025.11001.
    PubMed        
    
    

    
    Lancet Infect Dis

27. JOHNSON A
    Racism in the COVID-19 pandemic.
    Lancet Infect Dis. 2025;25:964.
    PubMed        
    
    

    
    Nature

28. 
    Cancelling mRNA studies is the highest irresponsibility.
    Nature. 2025;644:579.
    PubMed        
    
    
29. COSTELLO A
    David Nabarro obituary: global-health leader who fought malnutrition, malaria, Ebola and COVID-19.
    Nature. 2025;644:870.
    PubMed        
    

#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, August 26 '25)

 

Antiviral Res

1. GUAN S, Wang Q, Nie J, Yao X, et al
   Optimization of the monoclonal antibody 3E1 through W32I mutation enhances antiviral efficacy against influenza virus subtypes H1N1 and H3N2.
   Antiviral Res. 2025;242:106260.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Biochem Biophys Res Commun

2. GABELMANN A, Biesel A, Loretz B, Lehr CM, et al
   Exploring the future of mRNA delivery: Beyond lipid nanoparticles.
   Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2025;778:152347.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Biochemistry

3. SUBRAMANIAM S, Saville JW, Feng F, Freiburger L, et al
   Therapeutic Antibodies for Infectious Diseases: Recent Past, Present, and Future.
   Biochemistry. 2025;64:3487-3494.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Epidemiol Infect

4. CHOI H, Hwang M, Coppin JD, Chatterjee P, et al
   Penetration of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants in the United States.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2025;153:e92.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
5. WU S, Feng Y, Cheng H, Huang H, et al
   Personalized risk score prediction and testing policy adaptations of a COVID-19 population-based contact tracing network.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2025;153:e90.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
6. DO DA, Duy-Nguyen VM, Nguyen TH, Le DT, et al
   Antibiotic resistance among ICU patients during the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated factors: a retrospective study using electronic medical records in two Vietnamese hospitals.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2025;153:e93.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Clin Microbiol

7. BASSIT L, Damhorst GL, Bowers HB, Sabino C, et al
   Toward diagnostic preparedness: detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) in contrived nasal swab specimens using rapid antigen and point-of-care molecular tests.
   J Clin Microbiol. 2025 Aug 19:e0054825. doi: 10.1128/jcm.00548.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect

8. ZHANG S, Liang H, Xu J, Chen B, et al
   Spatial-temporal Dynamics and Virus Interference of Respiratory Viruses: Insights from Multi-Pathogen Surveillance in China.
   J Infect. 2025 Jul 22:106556. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2025.106556.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
9. MALLINSON PA, Dasi T, Banjara SK, Lieber J, et al
   Impact of distribution of facemasks on community incidence and outcomes of COVID-19: A cluster randomised trial in India.
   J Infect. 2025 Jul 23:106557. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2025.106557.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
10. MCGEOCH LJ, Foulkes S, Whitaker H, Munro K, et al
    Effectiveness of influenza vaccination against infection in UK healthcare workers during winter 2023-24: The SIREN cohort study.
    J Infect. 2025;91:106585.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
11. SONG X, Hou X, Li Y, Zhang R, et al
    Prevalence and Transmission of Influenza A (H6) Viruses Pose a Potential Threat to Public Health.
    J Infect. 2025 Aug 19:106594. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2025.106594.
    PubMed        
    
    

    
    J Infect Dis

12. BAUM HE, Santopaolo M, Francis O, Milodowski EJ, et al
    Hybrid B- and T-Cell Immunity Associates With Protection Against Breakthrough Infection After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccination in Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) Participants.
    J Infect Dis. 2025 May 20:jiaf246. doi: 10.1093.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
13. CHEN H, Huang X, Wang C, Cowling BJ, et al
    Estimating the waning effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines from population-level surveillance data in Hong Kong.
    J Infect Dis. 2025 Apr 18:jiaf207. doi: 10.1093.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. WESTERHOF I, Sikkema R, Rozhnova G, van Beek J, et al
    The Effect of Preexisting Coronavirus Antibodies on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Outcomes in Exposed Household Members.
    J Infect Dis. 2025;232:e318-e326.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
15. PASANEN A, Karjalainen MK, Korppi M, Hallman M, et al
    Genetic Susceptibility to Acute Viral Bronchiolitis.
    J Infect Dis. 2025;232:e193-e202.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Virol

16. ROBINSON-MCCARTHY LR, Simmons HC, Graber AL, Marble CN, et al
    Dairy cattle herds mount a characteristic antibody response to highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses.
    J Virol. 2025 Aug 25:e0062125. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00621.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
17. SAEIDI S, Wan H, Kang H, Gao J, et al
    N-linked glycans on the stalk of influenza virus neuraminidase promote functional tetramer formation by compensating for local hydrophobicity.
    J Virol. 2025 Aug 18:e0087925. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00879.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    J Virol Methods

18. MAROTTA MG, Neto MM, Daly J, Maina M, et al
    Development and optimisation of Influenza C and Influenza D pseudotyped viruses.
    J Virol Methods. 2025 Aug 23:115243. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115243.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Lancet

19. NEPOGODIEV D, Picciochi M, Ademuyiwa A, Adisa A, et al
    Surgical health policy 2025-35: strengthening essential services for tomorrow's needs.
    Lancet. 2025 Jul 14:S0140-6736(25)00985-7. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00985.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep

20. BOUNDY EO, Fast H, Jatlaoui TC, Razzaghi H, et al
    Respiratory Syncytial Virus Immunization Coverage Among Infants Through Receipt of Nirsevimab Monoclonal Antibody or Maternal Vaccination - United States, October 2023-March 2024.
    MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2025;74:484-489.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    N Engl J Med

21. MCINTYRE L, Fergusson D, McArdle T, English S, et al
    A Crossover Trial of Hospital-Wide Lactated Ringer's Solution versus Normal Saline.
    N Engl J Med. 2025 Jun 12. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2416761.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS Comput Biol

22. STEWART L, Evans S, Brevini T, Sampaziotis F, et al
    Modelling the potential use of pre-exposure prophylaxis to reduce nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2025;21:e1013361.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS One

23. ROCHA C, Arora P, Zhang L, Sidarovich A, et al
    Amino acid residues 655 and 969 in the spike protein of Omicron subvariant BA.1 control use of TMPRSS2 versus Cathepsin L dependent entry pathways and cell tropism.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0328879.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
24. VILLENEUVE PJ, Cottagiri SA, Jiang Y, De Groh M, et al
    Residential greenness and reduced depression during COVID-19: Longitudinal evidence from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0329141.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
25. DANOK L, Burke J, MacDonald T, Cheema S, et al
    Identifying models of care to support residents in long-term care homes (LTCHs) both during and beyond COVID-19.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0329255.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
26. OTI O, Foley S, Pitt I
    Students' attitudes and experiences toward mental health support services in Ireland: A qualitative study.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0329905.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
27. CREEDON S, Trace A
    From protection of sacrificial self to critical turning points and growth: Redeployed nurses' experiences on the frontline during the COVID-19 pandemic.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0314830.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
28. MARTIN-ESCOLANO J, Ruiz-Molina A, Rodriguez-Urbistondo C, Infante-Dominguez C, et al
    Factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia development at COVID-19 diagnosis.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0330495.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
29. SULTANA GNN, Hasan MZ, Das A, Sarker R, et al
    Evaluating the MT-CYB and MT-ATP6 variations in COVID-19 patients: A case-control study.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0329866.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
30. MULFINGER N, Jarczok MN, Muller A, Genrich-Hasken M, et al
    Effectiveness of a multilevel intervention to improve mental health of hospital workers: The SEEGEN multicenter cluster randomized controlled trial.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0330490.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
31. LEE M
    A cross-sectional study of COVID-19 testing and disclosure hesitancy: The role of responsibility attribution in South Korea.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0330737.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
32. REESE EM, Lines N, Thacker EL, Barnes MD, et al
    Association of COVID-19 stimulus receipt and spending with family health.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0328389.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
33. FRANCO VF, Zaccara TA, Ferreira OS, da Costa RA, et al
    Unveiling the hidden burden of COVID-19 in Brazil's obstetric population with severe acute respiratory syndrome: A machine learning model.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0330375.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
34. RAFEI R, Osman M, Barake BA, Mallat H, et al
    Shifting respiratory pathogens: Post-COVID-19 trends in community-acquired infections in underserved communities.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0329481.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
35. ZHANG J, Hou C, Chen W, Hu Y, et al
    Comorbidity patterns associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes: A cohort study based on the UK Biobank.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0329701.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
36. JIN H, Ding X, Li Z, Cao J, et al
    Community volunteer participation and its determinants during respiratory infectious disease outbreaks in China: A cross-sectional study across multiple provinces.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0330838.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
37. CAMPBELL JT, Viegas de Moraes Leme LF, Gesselman AN
    Infidelity among parents in committed relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic.
    PLoS One. 2025;20:e0329015.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

38. YIN S, Zhang C, Teitelbaum CS, Si Y, et al
    Landscape changes elevate the risk of avian influenza virus diversification and emergence in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025;122:e2503427122.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
39. WANG S, Sun H, Wang Y, Wang Z, et al
    Broad neutralizing antibody response of a monomeric spike-based SARS-CoV-2 bivalent vaccine against diverse variants.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025;122:e2503254122.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Vaccine

40. BREWER NT, Rockwell EM, Tomar A, Fisher EB, et al
    Covid-19 vaccine incentives' effectiveness and differential impact on high-risk groups: A prospective cohort study.
    Vaccine. 2025;61:127302.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
41. ANASTASSOPOULOU C, Panagiotopoulos AP, Ferous S, Poland GA, et al
    RSV vaccines and Guillain-Barre syndrome: Insights into an emerging concern.
    Vaccine. 2025;61:127338.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
42. MARQUEZ AC, Beitari S, Valadbeigy T, Sbihi H, et al
    COVID-19 serological survey utilizing antenatal serum samples in British Columbia.
    Vaccine. 2025;61:127310.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
43. ROSENMAN KD, Wang L
    Variation of COVID-19 vaccination percentage by industry and occupation in Michigan.
    Vaccine. 2025;61:127349.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
44. ALSHURMAN BA, Majowicz SE, Grindrod K, Goh J, et al
    Psychometric validation of the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy scale for primary and booster doses among university students: A cross-sectional study.
    Vaccine. 2025;61:127368.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
45. OMAR M, Shibli H, Edelstein M
    Comparative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on parental behaviour towards childhood vaccination in Israel and the United Kingdom: A self-controlled matched cross-sectional study.
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46. MARIJAM A, Marijic P, Puggina A, Cailloux O, et al
    Older adults' and physicians' preferences for respiratory syncytial virus vaccination in Germany and Italy: A discrete choice experiment.
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47. ROSENTHAL S, Chuah ASF, Kim HK, Ho SS, et al
    Direct and indirect experiences, risk perceptions, and vaccine booster intention: A mediation study in Singapore using secondary risk theory.
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48. AL-KASSAB-CORDOVA A, Mezones-Holguin E, Kaufman JS
    Education as a mediator of ethnic disparities in adult COVID-19 vaccination in Peru.
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49. MACKE CA, Carreon SA, Desai KR, Minard CG, et al
    COVID-19 vaccine uptake and attitudes in emerging adults with type 1 diabetes.
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50. LLOYD PC, Acharya G, Zhao H, Chen B, et al
    Safety monitoring of health outcomes following influenza vaccination during the 2023-2024 season among U.S. Commercially-insured individuals aged 6 months through 64 years: Self-controlled case series analyses.
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Virology

51. BADR C, Arbi M, Souiai O, Larbi I, et al
    Tracing the 2021 equine influenza Outbreak: First characterization and phylogeographic analysis of H3N8 Florida clade 1 virus in Tunisia.
    Virology. 2025;611:110655.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Virus Res

52. MARTINEZ ES, Fuchs S, Szurmant H, Chen X, et al
    COVID-19 mRNA vaccine immune response to the addition of osteopathic manipulative treatment with lymphatic pumps: a randomized controlled trial.
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    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
53. WU J, Qian X, Bai S, Wu L, et al
    Lesser-known non-apoptotic programmed cell death in viral infections.
    Virus Res. 2025;359:199612.
    PubMed         Abstract available

#Sources and sinks of #influenza A virus genomic diversity in #swine from 2009 to 2022 in the #US

 

ABSTRACT

Influenza A virus (IAV) in swine in the U.S. is surveilled to monitor genetic evolution to inform intervention efforts and aid pandemic preparedness. We describe data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Surveillance Plan for Influenza A Virus in Pigs from 2009 to 2022. Clinical respiratory cases were subtyped, followed by sequencing of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), and a subset of viruses was whole genome sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis identified geographic and temporal IAV reassortment hotspots. Regions acting as IAV genomic diversity sources or sinks were quantified, and dissemination was qualified and modeled. The dominant IAV clades were H1N2 (1B.2.1), H3N2 (1990.4.a), and H1N1 (H1-1A.3.3.3-c3). Internal genes were classified as triple-reassortant (T) or pandemic 2009 (P), and three genome constellations represented 73.5% of detections across the last 2 years. In some years, the distribution of IAV diversity was so narrow that it presented a statistical signal associated with local adaptation. We also demonstrated that the source of most IAV genomic diversity was in Midwest states (IL, MO, IA), and while this was correlated with swine inventory, the emergence and persistence of diversity were tied to swine transport across the U.S. The continued regional detection of unique HA, NA, and genome constellations provides support for targeted interventions to improve animal health and enhance pandemic preparedness.

IMPORTANCE

Variation in the genetic diversity of influenza A virus (IAV) in swine through time and between regions impacts control efforts. This study quantified the genomic diversity of swine IAV collected from 2009 to 2022 at regional and national levels and modeled sources and sinks of that diversity. Seasonal patterns of IAV transmission were observed, and some locations contributed disproportionately to the emergence of genomic diversity. Minor groups of viruses had the potential to disseminate across the U.S. with animal movement. The identification of these patterns demonstrates the importance of a robust surveillance system to inform vaccine updates that reflect regional patterns of genetic diversity. We show how preemptive interventions in swine IAV diversity hubs could reduce reassortment and the emergence of novel genomic diversity, and how these efforts are likely to reduce the transmission of IAV within swine and between swine and humans.

Source: Journal of Virology, https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/jvi.00541-25?af=R

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#Bulgaria - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

 

Poultry farms in Plovdiv Region.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6746

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Serological #Evidence of #Flavivirus #Infection Among #Mothers of #Newborns in El Paso, #Texas

 

Abstract

Background: 

Flaviviruses represent a significant worldwide threat to human health and have the potential to emerge and cause outbreaks in non-endemic geographical regions. Ongoing surveillance for these viruses in the United States–Mexican border communities such as El Paso, Texas, is lacking. As a continuing effort to better understand the prevalence and to determine which arboviruses are endemic, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence rate of specific flavivirus antibody among 910 human umbilical cord blood samples obtained from mothers who delivered newborns in El Paso, Texas.

Materials and Methods: 

The samples were screened for West Nile virus (WNV) and dengue virus (DENV) IgG antibodies with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by a plaque reduction neutralization test for DENV, WNV, Zika virus (ZIKV) and Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV).

Results: 

Among the 910 samples, 2% were positive for specific IgG antibody to DENV, 4.4% to WNV, 0.1% to SLEV, and 0.0% for ZIKV antibody. The results confirmed the local transmission of WNV and supported a low prevalence rate for DENV, and this was the first reported serological evidence of SLEV infection in the El Paso community.

Conclusion: 

The interpretation of the public health significance of these observations supported previous findings of ongoing transmission of WNV and suggested the possibility of DENV transmission and re-emergence of SLEV in the community. Therefore, prospective studies are needed to obtain a more conclusive understanding of the prevalence of flaviviruses in the El Paso community.

Source: Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/15303667251367518

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Single-Cell #Network #Analysis Identifies CLEC4E as a Key Mediator of Proinflammatory mDC Responses in #Influenza #Infection

 

Abstract

The severity of influenza is often driven by an excessive host immune response rather than the virus itself, yet the key molecular drivers within specific immune cells remain poorly understood. While recent single-cell RNA sequencing studies have successfully identified immune populations involved, they have largely not identified the upstream drivers modulating their pro-inflammatory functions. Here we employed an integrated single-cell co-expression network to address this gap. Our analysis identified myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) as central to pro-inflammatory response during infection. Through a multi-layered key driver analysis, we pinpointed C-type lectin, CLEC4E as a top candidate modulating this pathological inflammatory response. The role of CLEC4E was confirmed in an independent single-cell dataset from influenza-infected patients and further validated in vivo. Pharmacological inhibition of CLEC4E in a murine influenza model significantly reduced disease severity and lower viral titers in the lungs. This study not only clarifies that CLEC4E overexpression in mDCs contributes to pro-inflammatory signaling pathways influencing influenza severity but also shows the power of single-cell network approaches to uncover novel and robust therapeutic targets hidden within complex immune responses.

Competing Interest Statement

The M.S. laboratory has received unrelated funding support in sponsored research agreements from Phio Pharmaceuticals, 7Hills Pharma, ArgenX NV, Ziphius and Moderna.

Funder Information Declared

NIH Common Fund, R21AI149013, R01AI170112, U01AG088351

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.21.671587v1

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History of Mass Transportation: The FS Ale 801 Electric Multiple Unit

 

Di Christof Hofbauer - http://www.bahnbilder.ch/picture/8345, GFDL, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16838742

Source: Wikipedia, https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotrici_FS_ALe_801_e_ALe_940

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The Great Day of His Wrath, John Martin (1851 - 1853)

 

Public Domain.

Source: WikiArt, https://www.wikiart.org/en/john-martin/the-great-day-of-his-wrath-1853

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#SARS-CoV-2 #antibody responses in #children exhibit higher FcR engagement and avidity than in adults

 

Abstract

As intrinsic differences in humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 between children and adults remain unclear, we improved characterisation by defining the kinetics, specificity and function of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in children (n = 146, aged 9.4 ± 4.8 years with n = 257 samples) compared to adults (n = 85, aged 39.5 ± 15.2 years with n = 122 samples). We used plasma samples from an infection and vaccination-naive cohort study with RT-PCR confirmed ancestral B.1* SARS-CoV-2 virus infection with asymptomatic or mild disease, collected in Hong Kong between March to December 2020, from acute (0–14 days post infection) to convalescent (15–206 days) timepoints. Children had significantly lower primary antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 proteins overall, leading to a less isotype switched response. While children had lower OC43 Spike and SARS-CoV-2 S2 IgG and avidity than adults, they exhibited higher avidities for SARS-CoV-2 whole Spike and Nucleocapsid, and higher levels of Spike FcγR-binding antibodies. Adults’ SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses could be derived from high avidity pre-existing cross-reactive common cold coronavirus B cell responses, whilst children appear to generate a de novo SARS-CoV-2- specific Spike and Nucleocapsid IgG with robust Fc receptor (FcR) binding ability and high avidity at a higher proportion than adults, thus their responses are more targeted and functional for SARS-CoV-2.

Source: Nature Communications, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-63263-y

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History of Mass Transportation: The DB V 200 Hydraulic Diesel Locomotive

 

By Matthew Black - originally posted to Flickr as DPP_0612, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7171062

Source: Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Class_V_200

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#SARS-CoV-2 #infection induces pro-fibrotic and pro-thrombotic #foam cell #formation

 

Abstract

COVID-19 and long COVID are characterized by a dysregulated immune response. However, the role of macrophages during viral infection is poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 infection results in increased macrophage numbers and extensive formation of enlarged lipid-laden macrophages or foam cells using humanized mice, rhesus macaques and post-mortem human lung tissue. Notably, infection by other coronaviruses tested, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and two bat coronaviruses (SHC014-CoV or WIV1-CoV), did not result in macrophage proliferation or foam cell formation. Foam cells in SARS-CoV-2-infected human lung tissue display a pro-fibrotic and pro-thrombotic phenotype as they are enriched for genes associated with platelet activation and aggregation, as well as extracellular matrix organization and collagen synthesis. After viral clearance, macrophage numbers remain elevated, and lung fibrosis and thrombi persist. Importantly, we show that pre-exposure prophylaxis or early treatment with a SARS-CoV-2 antiviral, EIDD-2801, prevents increases in macrophage cell numbers and foam cell formation, and reduces fibrosis markers. These observations highlight the contribution of macrophages to lung inflammation and tissue injury leading to the pulmonary fibrosis observed in COVID-19 patients.

Source: Nature Microbiology, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-025-02090-9

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#Famine confirmed for first time in #Gaza (#WHO, August 22 '25)

 

More than half a million people in Gaza are trapped in famine, marked by widespread starvation, destitution and preventable deaths, according to a new Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) analysis released today. 

Famine conditions are projected to spread from Gaza Governorate to Deir Al Balah and Khan Younis Governorates in the coming weeks.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), UNICEF, the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have collectively and consistently highlighted the extreme urgency for an immediate and full-scale humanitarian response given the escalating hunger-related deaths, rapidly worsening levels of acute malnutrition and plummeting levels of food consumption, with hundreds of thousands of people going days without anything to eat.

The agencies reinforced that famine must be stopped at all costs. An immediate ceasefire and end to the conflict is critical to allow unimpeded, large-scale humanitarian response that can save lives. 

The agencies are also gravely concerned about the threat of an intensified military offensive in Gaza City and any escalation in the conflict, as it would have further devastating consequences for civilians where famine conditions already exist. 

Many people – especially sick and malnourished children, older people and people with disabilities – may be unable to evacuate.

By the end of September, more than 640 000 people will face Catastrophic levels of food insecurity – classified as IPC Phase 5 – across the Gaza Strip. 

An additional 1.14 million people in the territory will be in Emergency (IPC Phase 4) and a further 396 000 people in Crisis (IPC Phase 3) conditions. 

Conditions in North Gaza are estimated to be as severe – or worse – than in Gaza City. However, limited data prevented an IPC classification, highlighting the urgent need for access to assess and assist. Rafah was not analyzed given indications that it is largely depopulated.

Classifying famine means that the most extreme category is triggered when three critical thresholds – extreme food deprivation, acute malnutrition and starvation-related deaths – have been breached. The latest analysis now affirms on the basis of reasonable evidence that these criteria have been met.

Almost two years of conflict, repeated displacement, and severe restrictions on humanitarian access, compounded by repeated interruptions and impediments to access to food, water, medical aid, support to agriculture, livestock and fisheries and the collapse of health, sanitation, and market systems, have pushed people into starvation.

Access to food in Gaza remains severely constrained. In July, the number of households reporting very severe hunger doubled across the territory compared to May and more than tripled in Gaza City. More than one in three people (39 percent) indicated they were going days at a time without eating, and adults regularly skip meals to feed their children.

Malnutrition among children in Gaza is accelerating at a catastrophic pace. In July alone, more than 12 000 children were identified as acutely malnourished – the highest monthly figure ever recorded and a six-fold increase since the start of the year. Nearly one in four of these children were suffering from severe acute malnutrition (SAM), the deadliest form with both short and long-term impacts.

Since the last IPC Analysis in May, the number of children expected to be at severe risk of death from malnutrition by the end of June 2026 has tripled from 14 100 to 43 400. Similarly, for pregnant and breastfeeding women, the number of estimated cases has tripled from 17 000 in May to 55 000 women expected to be suffering from perilous levels of malnutrition by mid-2026. The impact is visible: one in five babies are born prematurely or underweight.

The new assessment reports the most severe deterioration since the IPC began analyzing acute food insecurity and acute malnutrition in the Gaza Strip, and it marks the first time a famine has been officially confirmed in the Middle East region.

Since July, food and aid supplies entering Gaza increased slightly but remained vastly insufficient, inconsistent and inaccessible compared to the need.

Meanwhile, approximately 98 percent of cropland in the territory is damaged or inaccessible – decimating the agriculture sector and local food production – and nine of ten people have been serially displaced from homes. Cash is critically scarce, aid operations remain severely disrupted, with most UN trucks looted amid growing desperation. Food prices are extremely high and there are not enough fuel and water to cook and medicines and medical supplies.

Gaza’s health system has severely deteriorated, access to safe drinking water and sanitation services has been drastically reduced, while multi-drug resistant infections are surging and levels of morbidity – including diarrhoea, fever, acute respiratory and skin infections – are alarmingly high among children.

To enable lifesaving humanitarian operations, the U.N. agencies emphasized the importance of an immediate and sustained ceasefire to stop the killing, allow for the safe release of hostages and permit unimpeded access for a mass influx of assistance to reach people across Gaza. 

They stressed the urgent need for greater amounts of food aid, along with dramatically improved delivery, distribution and accessibility, as well as shelter, fuel, cooking gas and food production inputs. 

They emphasized that it is critical to support the rehabilitation of the health system, maintain and revive essential health services, including primary health care, and ensure sustained delivery of health supplies into and across Gaza. The restoration of commercial flows at scale, market systems, essential services, and local food production is also vital if the worst outcomes of the famine are to be avoided.

“People in Gaza have exhausted every possible means of survival. Hunger and malnutrition are claiming lives every day, and the destruction of cropland, livestock, greenhouses, fishery and food production systems has made the situation even more dire,” said FAO Director-General QU Dongyu. “Our priority must now be safe and sustained access for large-scale food assistance. Access to food is not a privilege – it is a basic human right.”

“Famine warnings have been clear for months,” said Cindy McCain, WFP Executive Director. “What’s urgently needed now is a surge of aid, safer conditions, and proven distribution systems to reach those most in need – wherever they are. Full humanitarian access and a ceasefire now are critical to save lives.”

“Famine is now a grim reality for children in Gaza Governorate, and a looming threat in Deir al-Balah and Khan Younis,” said UNICEF Executive Director Catherine Russell. “As we have repeatedly warned, the signs were unmistakable: children with wasted bodies, too weak to cry or eat; babies dying from hunger and preventable disease; parents arriving at clinics with nothing left to feed their children. There is no time to lose. Without an immediate ceasefire and full humanitarian access, famine will spread, and more children will die. Children on the brink of starvation need the special therapeutic feeding that UNICEF provides.”

“A ceasefire is an absolute and moral imperative now,” said WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. “The world has waited too long, watching tragic and unnecessary deaths mount from this man-made famine. Widespread malnutrition means that even common and usually mild diseases like diarrhoea are becoming fatal, especially for children. The health system, run by hungry and exhausted health workers, cannot cope. Gaza must be urgently supplied with food and medicines to save lives and begin the process of reversing malnutrition. Hospitals must be protected so that they can continue treating patients. Aid blockages must end, and peace must be restored, so that healing can begin.”

 

Notes for editors

Access the IPC alert https://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/docs/IPC_Famine_Review_Committee_Report_Gaza_Aug2025.pdf.

The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) is an innovative 21-partner initiative – made up of UN agencies and international NGOs – for improving food security and nutrition analysis and decision-making. By using the IPC classification and analytical approach, governments, UN Agencies, NGOs, civil society and other relevant actors, work together to determine the severity and magnitude of acute and chronic food insecurity, and acute malnutrition situations in a country, according to internationally-recognized scientific standards. Find out more https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipcinfo-website/ipc-overview-and-classification-system/en/.

Source: World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/news/item/22-08-2025-famine-confirmed-for-first-time-in-gaza

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#USA, #Wastewater Data for Avian #Influenza #H5 (#CDC, August 22 '25)

 

{Summary}

Time Period: August 10, 2025 - August 16, 2025

-- H5 Detection: 1 site (0.2%)

-- No Detection: 422 sites (99.8%)

-- No samples in last week: 37 sites

(...)

Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html

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History of Mass Transportation: The Mekarski Tram System

 

By Gonioul - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3584482

Source: Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekarski_system

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#Argentina - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5 viruses (#poultry) (Inf. with) - Immediate notification

The event occurred in a laying hen farm in the province of Buenos Aires. The birds involved showed mortality and clinical signs consistent with high pathogenicity avian influenza. The suspicion is officially addressed and samples were taken. The samples tested positive for HPAI H5.

The event occurred in a laying hen farm. On 17/08/25 National Service of Agri-Food Health and Quality (SENASA) received a notification concerning mortality and clinical signs consistent with high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) (drooping and diarrhea). The suspicion is officially addressed, with restriction of the establishment and taking of samples for diagnosis. On 19/08/2025, samples tested positive for HPAI H5. The stamping out of all the birds in the establishment will be carried out. We will update the population data in the following follow-up reports.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6737

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#Italy, Integrated #Surveillance for #WNV and #USUV - Weekly #Bulletin no. 6 - August 21 2025 (summary): 76 new cases, total so far 351

{Summary}

-- During current surveillance week (14 to 20 August), seventy-six new human confirmed cases of West Nile Virus infection have been reported;

-- So far this year, 351 human cases of WNV infection were confirmed (they were 275 last week); of these:

- 158 were WNND (West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease): 6 in Piedmont, 8 Lombardy, 10 Veneto, 1 Friuli-Venezia Giulia, 8 Emilia-Romagna, 59 Latium, 54 Campania, 2 Basilicata, 5 Calabria, 5 Sardinia;

- 27 were asymptomatic cases in blood donors, 

- 162 were West Nile Fever cases, 

- 2 asymptomatic and 

- 2 symptomatic (unspecified). 

-- Among confirmed cases, there were 22 fatalities: 1 in Piedmont, 1 Lombardy, 10 Latium, 9 Campania, 1 Calabria). 

- The Case-Fatality Rate in WNND cases is thus far at 13.9% (in 2018 it was 20%, and in 2024, 14%). 

-- No confirmed cases of Usutu Virus infection have been confirmed this week.

(...)

Source: High Institute of Health, https://www.epicentro.iss.it/westnile/bollettino/Bollettino_WND_2025_06.pdf

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Immunogenicity and safety of a rabies-based highly pathogenic #influenza A virus #H5 #vaccine in #cattle

 

Abstract

The circulation of highly pathogenic H5 influenza A viruses in cattle, other mammals, and wildlife threatens animal and human health. To address this, we vaccinated heifer-calves with a deactivated rabies-virus-based H5 vaccine, which was well-tolerated and elicited neutralizing antibodies against both clade-1 and clade-2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses, comparable to naturally H5-infected and convalescing cows. The immune responses to the vaccine platform were durable for at least 200 days and unaffected by preexisting RABV immunity.

Source: npj Vaccines, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-025-01238-2

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Genetic #reassortment and diversification of #host specificity have driven evolutionary trajectories of #lineages of #panzootic #H5N1 #influenza

 

Abstract

Since 2021, subclade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have undergone changes in ecology and epidemiology, causing a panzootic of unprecedented scale in wild and domestic birds with spill-over infections and perceptible transmission in a range of mammalian species, raising concern over zoonotic potential. HPAI viruses readily exchange gene segments with low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses via reassortment, a mechanism that facilitates pronounced phenotypic change. Observations suggest changes in the seasonality and host range of panzootic viruses, however, data on the role of reassortment in determining such features are limited. Using phylodynamic approaches, we describe the emergence of the panzootic lineage and using a novel global genotype classification system we describe the subsequent emergence and global structuring of genotypes generated by reassortment. Focusing on evolutionary dynamics in Europe, we show reassortment has produced high fitness genotypes with enhanced capacity for transmission and further we show such advantages can be host-dependent, contrasting successful generalist genotypes with a specialist lineage (EA-2022-BB) adapted to birds of the order Charadriiformes. Experimental investigation of NS1-mediated shutoff indicates this Charadriiformes-specialist does not inhibit host cellular gene expression and hamper the defences of more typical hosts such as water- and land-fowl. We attribute this primarily to variation at position 127 of the NS1 protein. Our results emphasise that reassortment has driven phenotypic change, affected viral fitness, and caused diversification of host specificity and seasonality. Such factors should be considered in studies that seek to identify drivers of HPAI spread and map spillover risk. Additionally, relaxation of host specialisation, ecological diversification, and potential endemicity in atypical host populations present new reassortment opportunities that could result in further novel phenotypes.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, BB/X006204/1, BB/X006166/1, BB/Y007271/1, BB/Y007298/1, BB/V011286/1

BBSRC Institute Strategic Grant, BBS/E/RL/230002C, BBS/E/RL/230002D, BBS/E/PI/230002A, BBS/E/PI/230002B

Medical Research Council, MR/Y03368X/1

European Union, https://ror.org/019w4f821, 874735

Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs, https://ror.org/00tnppw48, SE2223, SE2230, SV3400, SV3032, SV3006

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.20.670882v1

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Circulating vaccine-derived #poliovirus type 1 [#cVDPV1] - #Israel (#WHO D.O.N., August 20 '25)

 

Situation at a glance

On 4 August 2025, Israel notified WHO of a circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 1 (cVDPV1) outbreak. 

Between February and July 2025, nine genetically linked virus isolates were found in environmental samples from seven sites, mainly in Jerusalem and the Central Region. 

No human cases of paralytic polio have been reported. 

Israel discontinued routine use of the bivalent oral polio vaccine in March 2025 but continues using inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) as part of the country’s routine immunization schedule. 

WHO and partners of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative are supporting national and subnational authorities. 

WHO assesses the risk of international spread of this cVDPV1 outbreak in Israel as low, due to strong overall immunity, surveillance, and response systems. 

However, the virus is circulating in under-vaccinated, vaccine-sceptic communities with ties to similar groups abroad, posing a potential risk for further spread.

Description of the situation

On 4 August 2025, WHO received an International Health Regulations notification from the IHR National Focal Point (NFP) for Israel reporting the declaration of a circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 1 (cVDPV1) outbreak in the country. 

Between February and July 2025, nine genetically related VDPV1 isolates were detected in environmental samples collected from seven sampling sites, four of which are geographically non-overlapping in the Jerusalem district and Central Region. 

Laboratory analyses and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) indicate that these viruses are genetically linked to each other and to multiple Sabin-like viruses isolated from environmental samples since October 2024. 

As of 8 August 2025, cVDPV1 has been detected only in environmental samples, with no paralytic cases reported at this stage. 

However current evidence supports classification of this event as an outbreak of cVDPV1 with sustained community transmission.

Prior to this outbreak a Sabin-like type 1 virus (SL1), related to SL1 viruses detected in environmental surveillance, was the cause of an acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) case in an unvaccinated 17-year-old male from Jerusalem that was reported on 23 December 2024 and classified as vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). 

Israel discontinued routine use of the bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV) in March 2025 but continues to administer four doses of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) as part of the routine immunization schedule up to 12 months of age. 

The WHO/UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage for three doses of IPV in 2024 was 98%. 

However, vaccination coverage in Jerusalem is notably lower and below WHO’s recommended coverage threshold, which is necessary to maintain sufficient population immunity and prevent poliovirus transmission.

Epidemiology

Polio is a highly infectious disease that largely affects children under five years of age, causing permanent paralysis (approximately 1 in 200 infections) or death (2-10% of those paralyzed).

The virus is transmitted from person-to-person, mainly through the fecal-oral route or, less frequently, by contaminated water or food. The virus multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system and cause paralysis. The incubation period is usually 7-10 days but can range from 4-35 days. Up to 90% of those infected are either asymptomatic or experience mild symptoms and the disease usually goes unrecognized.

Vaccine-derived poliovirus is a well-documented strain of poliovirus mutated from the strain originally contained in OPV. OPV contains a live, weakened form of poliovirus that replicates in the intestine for a limited period, thereby developing immunity by building up antibodies. On rare occasions, when replicating in the gastrointestinal tract, OPV strains can genetically change and may spread in communities that are not fully vaccinated against polio, especially in areas where there is poor hygiene, poor sanitation, or overcrowding. The lower the population's immunity, the longer vaccine-derived poliovirus survives and the more genetic changes it undergoes.

In very rare instances, the vaccine-derived virus can genetically change into a form that can cause paralysis as does the wild poliovirus – this is what is known as a vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). The detection of VDPV in at least two different sources and at least two months apart, that are genetically linked, showing evidence of transmission in the community, is classified as cVDPV. Similar to wild poliovirus, cVDPVs can be of three types (1,2 or 3), the current outbreak in Israel is due to cVDPV1.

Public health response

Enhanced AFP and environmental surveillance to detect further transmission are ongoing. 

Under the Ministry of Health, a multi-disciplinary emergency response team (ERT) was established to support the control of outbreaks of cVDPV3 in 2022 followed by cVDPV2 in 2023 and this ERT continues to operate for this current cVDPV1 outbreak.

Investigations are ongoing to assess the scale of local circulation and the necessary responses where relevant.

Partners of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, including the WHO European Regional Office, are supporting national and subnational authorities.

Targeted immunization campaigns with IPV have been ongoing since 2022, focusing on under-immunized communities. These campaigns are currently being intensified alongside measles vaccination efforts to maximize coverage. To enhance vaccine acceptance, the campaigns are supported by tailored, community-specific communication strategies.

Community- sensitive communication strategies are being developed with tailored messages to reduce the vaccine hesitancy and increase uptake.

WHO risk assessment

The international spread of poliovirus was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the Director-General of the WHO on 5 May 2014, and most recently, the PHEIC declaration was extended on 28 July 2025. The outbreaks of cVDPV in Israel are covered by the original PHEIC declaration.

There is a high level of vaccination coverage and a robust surveillance system in Israel, however, the risk of further spread in the country is likely to be moderate as immunization gaps persist in known high-risk areas/population groups. 

Local health authorities are conducting field, epidemiological and virological investigations to better understand the situation and the likely risk of spread. Israel discontinued the use of bOPV in March 2025. The routine immunization schedule includes four doses of IPV-containing vaccine until the age of 12 months and a fifth dose during the second year of primary school. 

In 2024, a total of 11 cVDPV1 cases were reported, ten in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and one in Mozambique. Despite no cVDPV1 case detection for the past 10 months, continued low routine immunization and IPV coverage in several countries and associated immunity gap, indicate continued risk of cVDPV1 emergence.

WHO currently assesses the risk of international spread associated with this cVDPV1 detection as low due to high overall population immunity, robust poliovirus surveillance, and response capacity. 

However, the potential for spread exists, taking into account the fact that circulation is likely occurring in the vaccine-sceptic under vaccinated communities with known close ties to similar communities in other countries. An example of this being the 2022-2023 multi-country circulation of cVDPV2 in the UK, USA, Canada and Israel. 

WHO advice

The polio vaccine, given multiple times, can protect a child for life. WHO advises that every country should seek to achieve and maintain high levels of coverage with polio vaccine in support of the global commitment to eradicate polio. WHO recommends that all those who travel to or live in polio-affected areas should be fully vaccinated against polio in compliance with the national schedule. Population pockets with low immunity against polio should be prioritised for targeted interventions to boost immunity and reduce the risk of sustained transmission and spread.

It is important that all countries, in particular those with frequent travel and contact with polio-affected countries and areas, strengthen surveillance for AFP cases in order to rapidly detect any new virus importation and to facilitate a rapid response. Countries, territories, and areas should also maintain uniformly high routine immunization coverage at the district level to minimize the consequences of any new virus introduction.

As per the advice of the Emergency Committee convened under the International Health Regulations (2005), efforts to limit the international spread of poliovirus remain a PHEIC. 

Countries affected by poliovirus transmission are subject to Temporary Recommendations. 

To comply with the Temporary Recommendations issued under the PHEIC, any country infected by poliovirus should: 

-- declare the outbreak as a national public health emergency, 

-- consider vaccination of all international travellers, 

-- ensure such travellers are provided with an international certificate of vaccination, 

-- restrict at the point of departure the international travel of any resident lacking documentation of appropriate polio vaccination, 

-- intensify cross-border efforts to substantially increase vaccination coverage of travellers, and 

-- intensify efforts to increase routine immunization coverage. 

Any country subject to the temporary recommendation maintains the measures described above until the following criteria have been met:

-- At least six months have passed without new infections; and

-- There is documentation of the full application of high-quality eradication activities in all infected and high-risk areas. 

-- In the absence of such documentation, the measures should be maintained until the state meets the above assessment criteria for being no longer infected.

The latest epidemiological information on cVDPVs is updated on a weekly basis.  

WHO does not recommend any travel and/or trade restrictions to Israel based on the current information available for this event.

(...)

Source: World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2025-DON578

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