ETIDIOH - NEW

  Key Points -- Question :  Have asymptomatic infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus been reported in humans? -- Findings:  This scoping review of published reports through August 25, 2025, identified 10 reports of 18 cases of asymptomatic infection with A( H5N1 ) virus, including 2 cases with molecular and serologic confirmation and 16 cases with molecular confirmation alone. Symptom ascertainment methods varied among reported cases. -- Meaning:   Asymptomatic human avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infections have been infrequently reported , with most lacking serologic confirmation; prospective surveillance studies with serial respiratory and serum sampling and detailed symptom monitoring for persons with high-risk exposures could provide data to inform future public health responses. Abstract Importance    Since 1997, more than 1000 infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus among humans have been reported globa...

  Abstract Background Changes in the vaccine advisory process in the United States have disrupted immunization guidance , which reinforces the need for independent evidence review to inform decisions regarding immunization for respiratory viruses during the 2025–2026 season. Methods We conducted a systematic review of U.S.-licensed immunizations against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza . We searched databases on PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science for updates of the most recent review by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Evidence-to-Recommendations for each disease, which was performed during the 2023–2024 period. Outcomes included vaccine efficacy and effectiveness against hospitalization, other clinical end points, and safety. Results Of 17,263 identified references, 511 studies met the inclusion criteria. Covid-19 mRNA vaccines against the XBB.1.5 subvariant had pooled vaccine effectiveness against...

  Abstract Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 has been infecting dairy herds in the U.S. since its initial incursion into cows in early 2024 . Although national strategies have aimed to detect affected herds , the best way to surveil herds for the H5N1 virus has not been formally studied and we also do not understand herd-level patterns of infection . To understand infection patterns of H5N1 in dairy herds over time, we conducted early surveillance of non-affected farms in California in the Fall of 2024 in an observational study. Daily bulk tank milk (BTM) samples were submitted from each herd and tested for influenza A (IAV) via rRt-PCR. In a subset of herds, IAV testing of multiple excretion types from cattle of different classes and pen-level daily milk was also completed soon after BTM detection. Daily detections of IAV occurred in BTM for a minimum of 33 days , with some herds continuing to have detection beyond a 75-day window. BTM Ct nadirs were seen between 1-3 we...

  {England, Suffolk} Turkey fattening unit.  Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6954 ____

  Abstract Since 2020, high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infections in wild birds have been frequently reported . Because HPAIV infection has occasionally caused outbreaks in captive rare birds , application of antiviral drugs for treatment purposes against them has been considered from the perspective of conservation medicine . In this study, the therapeutic efficacy of baloxavir marboxil (BXM) was evaluated using a duck model to help establish the post-infection treatment for rare birds . Sixteen four-week-old ducks were divided into four groups and intranasally inoculated with the HPAIV strain A/crow/Hokkaido/0103B065/2022 ( H5N1 ). BXM was orally administered once daily at doses of 12.5, 2.5, 0.5, and 0 mg/kg to each of the four groups from 2 to 6 days post-infection. Blood samples were collected at 2, 8, and 24 hours after the initial BXM administration to measure the plasma concentrations of its active form, baloxavir acid (BXA). All ducks were monitored until ...

  Last updated 27 October 2025 Latest update UKHSA is aware of small numbers of locally-acquired cases of clade Ib mpox in the USA , Spain, Italy , the Netherlands and Portugal which have no connection to countries with known clade Ib mpox transmission.   This suggests there is now community transmission of clade Ib mpox globally . Most of the new cases identified in Europe and the USA have been in gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men , a population in which clade Ib mpox transmission has not previously been observed.   Mpox is usually a mild infection , and clade Ia and Ib mpox are no longer classified as a high-consequence infectious disease (HCID). However, it can be severe in some cases.  The UK has a routine mpox vaccination programme in place for eligible groups, including those who:   -- have multiple sexual partners   -- have group sex   -- visit sex-on-premises venues   Studies show that the vacc...

A wild bird from Gruidae Spp. in Saarland Region. Source WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6940 ____

  Abstract Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are a global public health risk; human infection is typically associated with high mortality . While the relationship between several mammalian adaptive mutations and host factors have been described, it is unknown whether additional uncharacterised mutations lead to adaptation. Here, we combine phylogenetic analysis and complementary experimental methods to quantify the impact of novel mutations that emerge at the avian-mammal interface . We constructed phylogenetic trees of mammalian and avian influenza sequences for the polymerase (PA, PB1, PB2) and nucleoprotein (NP) segments and identified potential avian to mammal spillover events. We found >6500 mutations across the polymerase and NP, including known signatures of mammalian adaptation such as PB2 E627K and D701N which occurred independently in mammals 143 and 56 times respectively. We selected 95 mutations which were mostly undescribed and emerged independently multiple times in a...

  A protection zone (3km) and a surveillance zone (10 km) have been put in place around the infected farm and all other restrictions and necessary measures according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 and (EU) 2020/687. {Tomelilla} Fattening turkeys. The turkeys were reported showing clinical signs of increased mortality 24 October and were euthanasia was finalized 26 October. A protection zone (3 km) and a surveillance zone (10 km) have been put in place around the infected farm and all other restrictions and necessary measures according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 and EU DR 2020/687 are applied. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6939 ____

  {Di Frank Liebig - Archiv Frank Liebig, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56812600 } Wild birds belonging to the Gruidae Species in Berlin Region. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6938 ____

  {By Charles J. Sharp - Own work, from Sharp Photography, sharpphotography.co.uk, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=66151818 } A wild Great Wild Pelican in Ha Zafon Region. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6936 ____

Wild Mute Swans in Klaipedos, Vilniaus, Panevezio Regions. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6923 ____

{Baden-Württemberg] Turkeys for fattening (1200), ducks for fattening (2400), geese for fattening (1200), broilers (6500), laying hens (4000). Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6927 ____

{By Andreas Trepte - Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39163967 } Wild Common Cranes. Source: WOAH,  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/6918 ____

 Public Domain. Source: WikiArt,  https://www.wikiart.org/en/ancient-greek-painting/terracotta-head-of-a-man--600 ____

  Di Smiley.toerist - Opera propria, CC BY-SA 3.0,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7690411 Source: Wikipedia,  https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotrice_FS_RALn_60 ____

  By Henschel & Sohn Cassel - https://orka.bibliothek.uni-kassel.de/viewer/fullscreen/02008090546707/1/ , Public Domain,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=164392169 Source: Wikipedia,  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henschel_%26_Son ____

  Br J Anaesth THOMAS C, Pearse RM Socioeconomic deprivation and health inequity: independently associated with postoperative outcomes, and does this matter? Br J Anaesth. 2025;135:1141-1143. PubMed           Abstract available Clin Infect Dis TARTOF SY, Aliabadi N, Goodwin G, Slezak J, et al Estimated Vaccine Effectiveness for Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Related Acute Respiratory Illness in Older Adults: Findings From the First Postlicensure Season. Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Oct 21:ciaf496. doi: 10.1093. PubMed           Abstract available MANABE YC, Hamill MM, Palamountain KM, Achenbach CJ, et al The Critical Importance of Clinical Use Case to Inform Point-of-Care Technology Development: A Case Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Nucleic Acid Assays in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2025 Oct 23:ciaf510. doi: 10.1093. PubMed           Abstract available Graefe...

  Antiviral Res BESSONNE M, Morel J, Nevers Q, Groutsch J, et al Inhibition of influenza virus replication by artificial proteins (alphaReps) targeting its RNA-polymerase. Antiviral Res. 2025 Oct 21:106300. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2025.106300. PubMed           Abstract available BMC Pediatr WONG K, Ducharme R, Murphy MSQ, Clarke AE, et al SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy and infant outcomes in the first year of life: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr. 2025;25:842. PubMed           Abstract available MAGGIO ABR, Palomo S, Joye R, Huguet H, et al Reduced aerobic capacity in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) after PICU admission: a retrospective cohort study, 2020-2022. BMC Pediatr. 2025;25:835. PubMed           Abstract available Cell HICKMAN HD, Moutsopoulos NM Don't forget to floss! An innovative approach for vaccine del...

  {Excerpt} Risk statement This risk assessment is based on the current epidemiological and epizootic situation of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in Senegal and Mauritania , from 20 September through 8 October 2025. The risk assessment was conducted separately for each country . However, the findings indicate that the level of risk is the same for both countries across all levels, for both human and animal health .   During this period , Senegal reported 119 confirmed human RVF cases , including 16 deaths , resulting in a case fatality rate (CFR) of 13.4% . Cases were recorded across eight health districts in three regions of Senegal, with the majority in Saint-Louis Region with 110 cases (92%) followed by Louga (four cases) and Matam (one case).  The affected districts in Saint-Louis Region : Podor, Richard-Toll, Dagana, and Saint-Louis are located along the northern border with Mauritania along the Senegal River.   The most affected age groups were 15- 35 years ...