#Cattle and #human #organoids reveal 2.3.4.4b #H5N1 cross-species #transmission potential and #neuraminidase-specific neutralizing #antibodies in humans

 

Abstract

The unexpected circulation of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 influenza viruses in dairy cattle and the transmission to diverse mammalian species poses a pandemic risk. We sought to explore cattle and human respiratory susceptibility to the 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus. We establish long-term expandable cattle airway and mammary organoids. The 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus exhibits high replicative fitness in cattle mammary organoids, recapitulating its remarkable mammary tropism. The virus also replicates robustly in cattle airway organoids, suggesting an underrecognized respiratory component in ongoing outbreaks. Interestingly, human airway and nasal organoids are highly susceptible to the 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus. Yet, a novel organoid-based neutralization assay reveals that N1 antibodies in human sera had cross-neutralizing activity against the 2.3.4.4b H5N1 and ancestral H5N1-VN1194 viruses. The cross-neutralization, exclusively manifested in the organoid-based assay, is enhanced after seasonal influenza vaccination and diminished after depleting N1-specific antibodies. Therefore, cross-neutralizing N1 antibodies are likely limiting zoonotic infection by H5N1 viruses in humans.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-74345-w

____

Characterization of #oseltamivir-resistant #H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype #D1.1 #variants identified in #poultry farms of British Columbia, #Canada

 

ABSTRACT

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype D1.1, are responsible for widespread outbreaks in poultry and continue to cause sporadic, sometimes severe, human infections. Herein, we characterized a wild-type (WT) influenza A(H5N1) D1.1 isolate (BC-H5N1-WT) and its H275Y neuraminidase (NA) variant (BC-H5N1-H275Y), both of which emerged on farms in British Columbia, Canada, during the fall 2024 outbreak. In vitro analysis assessed replication kinetics in MDCK cells, with supernatants collected at different days post-infection (p.i.) and titrated by TCID50 and qRT-PCR. Neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) susceptibility was determined by NA inhibition assays, whereas susceptibility to baloxavir acid (BXA) was evaluated by plaque reduction assay. In vivo virulence was evaluated in BALB/c mice infected with serial 10-fold dilutions of each virus to monitor weight loss and mortality. Viral titers in lungs, brain, nose, kidney, spleen, and heart were quantified at day 4 p.i. The BC-H5N1-WT virus was susceptible to the four antivirals tested, whereas BC-H5N1-H275Y displayed resistance to oseltamivir and peramivir but remained susceptible to zanamivir and BXA. The BC-H5N1-WT exhibited significantly higher viral replication titers than BC-H5N1-H275Y at all tested time points and showed larger plaque sizes. In mice, BC-H5N1-WT was more virulent with LD50 values of 1.78 × 103 PFUs compared to 8.71 × 104 PFUs for BC-H5N1-H275Y, and produced higher viral titers in lungs and other organs. Despite the reduced fitness of the resistant H5N1 D1.1 variant, its emergence in the absence of viral selection pressure underscores the need for continued surveillance.

Source: 

Link: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22221751.2026.2686474

____

#Cyber Military #Operations under International #Humanitarian Law: Interpreting the Concept of “Attack” and Challenges in Protecting #Civilians

 

Abstract

Background

Given the growing use of information and communication technology across many essential industries, threats associated with military operations have emerged in cyberspace, thereby resulting in various debates concerning the extent to which International Humanitarian Law (IHL) applies to such threats.

Methods

The paper adopts an analytical and inductive approach based on traditional and customary IHL provisions, as well as reports from specialized organizations. In this regard, this study explores the legal framework for these threats and assesses the applicability of the IHL provisions to operations carried out during non-international armed conflicts and those occurring outside such contexts. The study also sheds light on the different interpretations of the concept of “attack” within the context of the IHL and assesses the degree of protection afforded to civilians and their objects in light of the distinctive features of cyberspace.

Results

The paper demonstrates that even though IHL provides a fundamental framework for such operations, its application to cyber operations is constrained by structural challenges, given the specificity of its infrastructure and the uncertainty surrounding civilian digital data. These challenges impede the practical application of the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precaution.

Conclusions

The study concludes that the concept of “attack” needs to be reinterpreted considering the indirect harm inflicted on civilians resulting from cyber operations. It also manifests the need to raise the scope of legal protection encompassing fundamental civilian digital data and confirms the possibility of developing a specialized international legal framework that governs cyber operations whether through the creation of an additional protocol or a treaty specific for such operations. Finally, the study further affirms the necessity to establish a neutral international mechanism that can conduct fact-finding tasks, investigate violations, and assign liabilities so as to promote better adherence to humanitarian principles in contemporary armed conflicts.

Source: 

Link: https://f1000research.com/articles/15-919

____

The #Bundibugyo Ebola Virus #Emergency and the erosion of global #health #security

 

{Excerpt}

(...)

Retreating on global public health preparedness efforts through funding disruptions and the withdrawal of support for key agencies such as the WHO, Gavi and others is profoundly short-sighted and will reverse the significant gains that have been made. Ignoring the regional conflicts sustained by misplaced priorities that value mineral extraction above the lives of vulnerable communities only helps create the perfect storm for the next outbreak. The question is not whether there will be another outbreak, or whether there are deadlier viruses still undiscovered, waiting to exploit the fault lines we help create. The question is whether the world's leadership will finally choose to see the basic humanity of vulnerable communities and act to protect them before it is too late. This is not just the right thing to do; it is the only appropriate human response.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0006648

____

Immunoinformatics-Guided Design and In Silico Evaluation of a Multi-Epitope #Vaccine Against #Influenza A #H10N5 and #H3N2 Strains Based on HA and NA Proteins

 

Abstract

Influenza A viruses H3N2 and H10N5 represent, respectively, a persistently dominant seasonal pathogen and a newly documented zoonotic threat with the latter strain variants responsible for the first confirmed human fatality in January 2024, yet no vaccine platform currently addresses co-protection against both subtypes within a unified immunogen. We report here the immunoinformatics based vaccine design and multi-layered computational validation of a 419-amino-acid multi-epitope subunit vaccine construct targeting conserved hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) antigens identified through multiple sequence alignment of the avian H10N5 (A/swine/Hubei/10/2008) and H3N2 human reference strain sequences to identify viral agents undergoing mammalian adaptations. Linear B-cell, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), and helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes were predicted using ABCpred, BCEpred, BepiPred 2.0, NetMHCpan 2.1, and NetMHCpan 4.0, then filtered through VaxiJen 3.0, AllerTOP v2.1, and ToxinPred to retain only antigenic, non-allergenic, non-toxic candidates. The final construct, incorporating an avian β-defensin N-terminal adjuvant with GPGPG, AAY, and EAAAK linkers, exhibited a molecular weight of 43.9 kDa, instability index of 31.15, and SOLPro solubility probability of 0.763. Tertiary structure modeling via I-TASSER and GalaxyRefine achieved 84.4% Ramachandran-favored residues. Molecular docking against TLR3 and TLR7 yielded binding free energies of −16.1 and −16.8 kcal/mol with picomolar dissociation constants. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed complex stability over extended trajectories. Furthermore, codon optimization produced a Codon Adaptation Index of 1.0 for E. coli K12 expression. In silico immune simulation demonstrated robust activation of humoral and cellular immunity including elevated IgG1, IgM, IFN-γ, IL-2, rapid NK cell expansion, and broad B-cell clonal diversity. These findings establish a computationally validated candidate capable of providing protection against influenza in multiple host organisms, warranting experimental advancement.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.03.736294v1

____

Inter-population #connectivity of southern elephant #seals and the likely intra-species #transmission #pathways of high pathogenicity avian #influenza

 

Abstract

High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has spread beyond birds to affect seals across the Southern Ocean and sub-Antarctic region, with southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) particularly devastated. The virus, likely introduced via spillover from infected migratory birds, has killed tens of thousands of adult seals and pups throughout most of their range, though Macquarie Island remains unaffected so far. We used twenty years of elephant seal movement data from the southern Indian and Pacific oceans to assess whether seal-to-seal transmission could spread HPAI H5N1 between breeding colonies, despite the vast distances separating them (Marion Island, Iles Crozet, Iles Kerguelen, and Macquarie Island). There was substantial overlap in seals' at-sea distributions during their winter post-moult trips, when seals travel for weeks at average speeds of 3.5 km/h. Two transmission pathways were examined: (1) terrestrial "stepping stone" routes, where infected seals could pass the virus between colonies during short intervals to remain infectious were feasible from Marion Island to Kerguelen but not from Kerguelen to Macquarie Island; and (2) at-sea encounters between seals, which occurred frequently enough to enable transmission. The findings suggest that once established at Macquarie Island, the virus could potentially spread further to New Zealand's sub-Antarctic islands and mainland New Zealand. While seal-to-seal transmission appears possible, we conclude this is unlikely. Nonetheless, understanding at-sea contact rates enhances knowledge of H5N1 epidemiology and demonstrates the value of combining long-term population monitoring with movement data to understand wildlife disease dynamics.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

Integrated Marine Observing System, https://ror.org/010x3gp67

CNRS

Source: 

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.07.07.737127v1

____

#Filovirus #Surveillance in Communities Bordering Equatorial Guinea, #Marburg #Outbreak, #Cameroon, 2023

 

Abstract

After the 2023 Equatorial Guinea Marburg virus (MARV) outbreak, surveillance of 181 persons in southern Cameroon detected MARV antibodies in 3 persons and Ebola virus antibodies in 7. Testing of 289 captured bats, including 158 Rousettus aegyptiacus bats, did not detect MARV RNA. Enhanced surveillance for regional filovirus spillover risks is warranted.

Source: 

Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/8/26-0117_article

____

#Genomic and structural #evidence of #SARS-CoV-2 and #MERS-CoV in migratory #birds

 

Significance

Coronaviruses are regarded as highly important pathogens of birds and mammals. Herein, we obtained three almost full-length severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genomes and one partial Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) genome in the feces of migratory birds based on meta-transcriptome and PCR amplification. We determined the affinities and the complex structures between receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein of two migratory birds, Tundra and Black swans. Moreover, pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 variants can enter into HeLa cells expressing ACE2 proteins of these birds. Altogether, our results expand our understanding of migratory birds as potential carrier of both SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV.

Abstract

Migratory birds are the natural reservoir of influenza A virus (IAV), but their role as a carrier of SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear. Here, we report the identification of three almost full-length viral genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) in Tundra swans. These sequences are named hCoV-19/Tundra swan/Jiangxi/IMCAS_M1/2021 (IMCAS_M1), hCoV-19/Tundra swan/Jiangxi /IMCAS_M2/2021 (IMCAS_M2), and hCoV-19/Tundra swan/Jiangxi/IMCAS_M3/2021 (IMCAS_M3). IMCAS_M1 and IMCAS_M3 have the same mutations as the Beta VOC (K417N, E484K, and N501Y) in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike (S) protein, whereas IMCAS_M2 shares the same mutations as the Gamma VOC (K417T, E484K, and N501Y) in the RBD with all three showing their distinct mutations in the genomes. Virus receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) proteins from both Tundra swan (tsACE2) and Black swan (bsACE2) can bind to the RBDs of all three viruses and the Alpha VOC, but not to RBD of the prototype (PT) virus. The polar contacts and hydrophobic interactions revealed by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the RBD–ACE2 complex, play key roles in virus–receptor engagement. Furthermore, HeLa cells expressing bsACE2 and tsACE2 proteins could be transduced by pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 variants (Alpha, Beta, and Gamma) but not PT SARS-CoV-2. In addition, we obtained one partial genome of MERS-CoV named Bar-headed goose/Tibet/IMCAS_M4/2022 (IMCAS_M4) with 20,180 bp (~70.0% coverage). Our findings highlight the importance of migratory birds as potential carrier of both SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV, thereby posing potential threat to public health.

Source: 

Link: https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2400023123?af=R

____

Evaluation of a proposed #link between the #SARS-CoV-2 #furin #cleavage site and mouse-adapted #MERS-coronavirus MA30

 

Significance

This study formally evaluates a hypothesis that has been advanced by some scientists and public commentators in support of a nonnatural origin of SARS-CoV-2. The hypothesis proposes that the unique polybasic furin cleavage motif of SARS-CoV-2 may be technically or evolutionarily derived from a mouse-adapted laboratory strain of MERS-coronavirus (MA30). While the World Health Organization’s Scientific Advisory Group on the Origins of Novel Pathogens (SAGO) concluded that the available evidence was insufficient to support the proposed link, the underlying scientific rationale for this conclusion has not been published. We systematically assessed the evidence from genomic surveillance and conducted additional experimental studies. Together, these data do not support an evolutionary or genetic relationship.

Abstract

The origin of the polybasic furin cleavage site (FCS) of SARS-CoV-2 remains a central question in debates on the emergence of COVID-19. One hypothesis proposes a genetic relationship between the SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 motif RRAR and the RRVR sequence found in the mouse-adapted MERS-CoV strain MERS-MA30. Here, we combined large-scale bioinformatic analysis with experimental virology to evaluate this scenario. Analysis of over 17 million SARS-CoV-2 genomes revealed that the S:684V substitution corresponding to RRVR occurred repeatedly but only sporadically, never became phylogenetically basal, and showed limited geographic and temporal spread. Using reverse genetics, we generated SARS-CoV-2 variants encoding RRVR and demonstrated that S:684V consistently reduced viral entry efficiency and competitive fitness in multiple cell systems, including human respiratory epithelial cultures. RRVR variants did not evolve toward RRAR but instead accumulated alternative substitutions. These findings do not support an evolutionary relationship between MERS-MA30 and the SARS-CoV-2 FCS.

Source: 

Link: https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2601806123?af=R

____

Avian #Influenza #Report: June 28 – July 4, '26 (Wk 27) (HK CHP, July 7 '26): One New #Human Case of Infection with #H9N2 virus in #China

 

{Excerpt}

(...)

Avian influenza A(H9N2): 

    ° Guangdong Province: 

        - A one-year-old girl with onset on June 12, 2026

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/2026_avian_influenza_report_vol22_wk27.pdf

____

#Germany - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

 

Three wild cygnuses of unspecified species in the Hamburg Region.

A wild Greylag Goose in the Hamburg Region.

Source: 

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7688

____

First #Ecuadorian #Pediatric Case of Multisystem and #Neurological Involvement Associated with #Influenza A #H5N1 Virus—Case Report

 

Abstract

Influenza A (H5N1) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic virus with a human fatality rate of approximately 60%. Pediatric cases and associated neurological manifestations remain poorly documented in Latin America. This report describes the first confirmed Ecuadorian pediatric case of H5N1-associated encephalitis and multisystem organ failure in a previously healthy 9-year-old female following direct contact with infected poultry. The clinical course was characterized by an atypical initial presentation of bilateral periorbital edema and headache, progressing to acute encephalitis, cerebral ischemia, flaccid tetraplegia, central diabetes insipidus, and refractory septic shock. Diagnostic confirmation was achieved via nasopharyngeal RT-PCR, with additional RT-PCR and sequencing performed on cerebrospinal fluid, which identified conserved influenza A M1/M2 gene fragments, while laboratory markers—including marked elevations in IL-6, ferritin, and CRP—indicated a severe hyperinflammatory state. Management involved an intensive multidisciplinary approach utilizing oseltamivir, intravenous immunoglobulin, modulated-dose corticosteroids, desmopressin, and mechanical ventilation. Despite a severe clinical course, the patient achieved a favorable recovery, with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15/15 at discharge and only partial residual paresis and left hypoacusia as sequelae. This landmark case provides rare evidence of H5N1 neuroinvasion in a pediatric patient and demonstrates that timely detection combined with aggressive immunotherapy and antiviral treatment can improve survival. Furthermore, it underscores the critical necessity for strengthened regional molecular surveillance and clinical training to recognize atypical presentations of emerging zoonoses in Latin America, especially in cases involving contact with sick poultry.

Source: 

Link: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18/7/749

____

Preclinical #immunogenicity of the #LP81-adapted BNT162b2 #COVID19 #vaccine

 

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 evolution toward antigenically distinct lineages drives escape from host immunity. JN.1 lineage derivatives have recently dominated the global epidemiologic landscape. In preclinical models, an LP.8.1-adapted BNT162b2 vaccine elicited higher serum neutralizing antibody responses against contemporary, circulating JN.1 sublineages, including the epidemiologically dominant XFG lineage, as compared to JN.1 and KP.2 vaccines. These findings supported the selection of an LP.8.1-adapted vaccine for the composition of the 2025-26 COVID-19 vaccine formula.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-026-01515-8

____

#Taiwan CDC: The #WMO predicts a strong #ElNiño event this year, which is conducive to spread of #arboviral diseases (July 7 '26)

 

    The latest forecast from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) indicates that El Niño may intensify further in the coming months, potentially developing into a strong El Niño. 

    El Niño could further raise global temperatures and alter atmospheric circulation and rainfall patterns, increasing the risk of extreme weather events. 

    Some regions may face disasters such as short-duration heavy rainfall, torrential rain, and flooding due to more concentrated rainfall, while other regions may experience drought and water shortages. 

    International research shows that the high temperatures, warm winter, and abnormal rainfall brought about by El Niño may affect the growth and reproduction of disease-carrying mosquitoes, increasing the risk of dengue fever transmission. 

    Rising temperatures may shorten the growth cycle of disease-carrying mosquitoes, accelerating their reproduction rate; high temperatures may also shorten the time required for the dengue virus to multiply in mosquitoes to become infectious, increasing the chances of virus transmission. 

    On the other hand, after heavy rainfall, torrential rain, or continuous rainfall, various types of stagnant water environments easily form both indoors and outdoors, increasing the breeding opportunities for disease-carrying mosquitoes. 

    Due to the El Niño phenomenon facilitating dengue fever transmission and the ongoing international outbreaks of dengue fever and other mosquito-borne infectious diseases, coupled with the peak summer travel season, the public is urged to take mosquito prevention measures while traveling abroad and seek medical attention immediately if they experience any symptoms upon returning home, in order to jointly prevent dengue fever.

    Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that as of July 6th this year, there have been a total of 83 confirmed dengue fever cases, including 7 local cases, all residing in Kaohsiung City; and 76 imported cases, all from Southeast and South Asian countries, with Indonesia (21 cases) being the most numerous, followed by the Maldives (14 cases) and Vietnam (11 cases). 

    The cumulative number of cases this year is lower than the same period last year (2025) (91 cases). 

    The global dengue fever outbreak remains severe, with over 1.44 million cases reported as of May this year. 

    The majority of cases are in the Americas, with Brazil having the highest number, followed by Bolivia and Colombia. 

    Neighboring Asian countries such as Vietnam, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Bangladesh, and Laos have recently seen an increase in cases, with many exceeding the number from the same period last year, and showing a trend of co-circulation of multiple serotypes (DENV). 

    Given the current rainy season in Southeast Asia, the overall outbreak is expected to remain at its peak. 

    Health authorities are closely monitoring mosquito density in communities and strengthening patrols and prevention efforts in high-risk areas.

    The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) explained that with recent persistent high temperatures and frequent afternoon thunderstorms across Taiwan, post-rain environmental cleanup is crucial for dengue fever prevention. 

    Residents should proactively inspect their homes and surrounding areas, thoroughly removing water-collecting containers such as flowerpot saucers, discarded tires, and other stacked items. 

    Unused containers should be turned upside down or properly stored. A second inspection should be conducted after rain to ensure thorough cleaning and prevent mosquitoes from laying eggs and breeding.

    The Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reminds the public that the current climate is suitable for mosquito breeding and activity. 

    When engaging in outdoor activities, the public is advised to wear light-colored long-sleeved clothing and use government-approved mosquito repellents containing effective ingredients such as DEET, Picaridin, or Imamectin (IR-3535). 

    If you experience symptoms resembling dengue fever, such as fever, headache, retro-orbital pain, or muscle and joint pain, please seek medical attention immediately and inform your doctor of your travel history. 

    Medical institutions are also urged to be vigilant, implement TOCC (travel, occupation, contact, and social contact) inquiries, use the dengue NS1 rapid test kit to aid diagnosis, and report cases promptly to facilitate timely prevention and control measures by health authorities. 

    Furthermore, given the ongoing international dengue fever outbreak, if you experience symptoms resembling dengue fever, such as fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, or rash upon arrival in Taiwan, please inform airport quarantine personnel. 

    For information related to dengue fever, please visit the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control website (https://www.cdc.gov.tw) or call the toll-free epidemic prevention hotline 1922 (0800-001922).

Source: 

Link: https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Bulletin/Detail/iheCGS59dCugdGfswWuh5Q?typeid=9

____

#USA, #Wastewater Data for Avian #Influenza #H5 (CDC, July 6 '26)

 

{Excerpt}

(...)

Time Period: June 21, 2026 - June 27, 2026

    -- A(H5) Detection: 6 site(s) (1.3%)

    -- No Detection: 453 site(s) (98.7%)

    -- No samples: 33 site(s)

{Click on Image to Enlarge}

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://www.cdc.gov/wastewater/emerging-viruses/h5.html?

____

#USA, #Michigan Dept. of Health makes #recommendations on preventing #foodborne illness amid growing #cyclosporiasis #outbreak (July 6 '26)

 

July 04, 2026

    As cyclosporiasis cases continue to rise, with the largest increase occurring in Southeast Michigan, the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS) is providing additional recommendations to help prevent foodborne illness related to fresh produce.  

    As of July 4, 2026, no specific produce grower/supplier, or specific produce type has been identified as the source of the outbreak.

    In Michigan, the number of reported cases has risen to 572 as of Saturday, July 4, up from 170 on Tuesday, June 30. 

    Cases remain the highest in Monroe, Lenawee, Washtenaw, Wayne, Shiawassee, Jackson, Oakland and Livingston counties. 

    MDHHS is working with local health departments and the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (MDARD) and will update information as it becomes available.

    Cyclosporiasis is an intestinal illness caused by the Cyclospora parasite. People can become infected by consuming food or water that contains the parasite. 

    Cyclospora infects the small intestine (bowel) and usually causes frequent, watery and explosive diarrhea. 

    The time between being exposed and becoming sick is usually about one week but can range from two days to two weeks or more. 

    Untreated, the illness may last from a few days to more than a month. Symptoms may go away and then return.

    Cyclosporiasis is not usually life-threatening, but dehydration from frequent bouts of diarrhea can cause severe illness, particularly among younger or older people and those who have weakened immune systems.

Previous outbreaks

The following foods have been specifically linked to previous Cyclospora outbreaks in the United States and Canada:

    ° Bagged salad mixes and kits (pre-cut lettuce blends with romaine, iceberg, red cabbage, carrots)

    ° Fresh cilantro (coriander leaves)

    ° Fresh basil

    ° Raspberries

    ° Snow peas

    ° Green onions (scallions)

    

    Given the large and increasing number of cases in Michigan, MDHHS recommends that entities in Southeast Michigan who are preparing, processing, or serving raw produce, including restaurants and other commercial kitchens, take the following steps to reduce risks of exposure:

        ° Lettuce/leafy greens:  

            - buy whole heads of lettuce (rather than prewashed, bagged lettuce or salad mixes), throw away the outer 2–3 layers of leaves and wash the inner leaves under running water. For leafy greens that can be cooked, cooking is the safest option.

        ° Cilantro, basil: 

            - Wash thoroughly under running water, separating the leaves.  Safest when cooked.

        ° Green onions: 

            - Trim the root end and remove the outer layer, wash thoroughly under running water. Safest when cooked.

        ° Raspberries: 

            - Their bumpy surface makes them especially hard to clean; the parasite can hide in the tiny crevices.  Safest when cooked (pies, jams etc.). Consider frozen raspberries as an alternative (freezing may reduce but does not guarantee elimination of the parasite).

        ° Snow peas: 

            - Wash under running water and rub the surface. Safest when cooked.

 

    These recommendations are particularly important for people who have a higher risk of dehydration or weakened immune systems such as patients on chemotherapy, organ transplant recipients, infants and young children and elderly people. 

General Rules to Reduce Your Risk

    ° Cook when you can. Heating food to 158°F (70°C) or higher kills Cyclospora.

    ° Wash all fresh produce under clean running water, even if you plan to peel it.

Reminders about routine food safety practices

    ° Wash hands with soap and water before and after handling or preparing food.

    ° Scrub firm fruits and vegetables, such as melons and cucumbers, with a clean produce brush.

    ° Cut away any damaged or bruised areas on fruits and vegetables before preparing and eating.

    ° Wash and sanitize utensils and surfaces before and after handling food. Wash and sanitize display cases and refrigerators where fresh produce is stored.

    ° Wash and sanitize cutting boards, surfaces and utensils used to prepare, serve or store fresh produce.

    ° Refrigerate cut, peeled or cooked fruits and vegetables as soon as possible. 

If you do become ill

    ° People experiencing gastrointestinal illness, such as sudden and ongoing diarrhea, are encouraged to contact their health care provider and reach out to their local health department. 

    ° Cyclosporiasis is treated with antibiotics along with rest and drinking plenty of fluids to maintain hydration.

Source: 

Link: https://www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/inside-mdhhs/newsroom/2026/07/04/mdhhs-makes-recommendations-on-preventing-foodborne-illness-amid-growing-cyclosporiasis-outbreak

____

Woman in an Interior with a Mirror, Carl Holsøe (c.1898)

 {Click on Image to Enlarge}

___

Public Domain.

Source: 

Link: https://www.wikiart.org/en/carl-holsoe/woman-in-an-interior-with-a-mirror-1898

____

Night, Edvard Munch (1890)

 

{Click on Image to Enlarge}

__

Public Domain.

Source: 

Link: https://www.wikiart.org/en/edvard-munch/night-1890

____

Cross-neutralization of #SARS-CoV-2 #BA322 #lineage by #JN1 #mRNA #vaccine-induced immunity

 

Highlights (for review)

    • JN.1 mRNA vaccination elicits cross-neutralizing antibodies against BA.3.2.2.

    • BA.3.2.2 is antigenically isolated from all circulating JN.1-descendant variants.

    • Retention of wild-type F456 in BA.3.2.2 preserves class 1/2 antibody epitopes.

    • AZD3152/sipavibart retains potent neutralization against BA.3.2.2.

    • VYD222/pemivibart maintains broad neutralization activity across all variants tested.

Abstract

The SARS-CoV-2 BA.3.2.2 sublineage has emerged globally as the dominant branch of BA.3.2 by late 2025, yet its antigenic relationship with JN.1 vaccine-induced immunity remains unclear. We evaluated neutralizing antibody responses in 25 JN.1 mRNA vaccinees against eight variants, stratified by anti-nucleocapsid antibody serostatus. Post-vaccination titers increased significantly against all variants in both N antibody-negative and -positive groups. Cross-neutralization against BA.3.2.2 was detected in both groups despite lower titers compared to JN.1. Antigenic cartography revealed that BA.3.2.2 was antigenically isolated from all JN.1-descendant variants. AZD3152/sipavibart retained potent neutralization against BA.3.2.2 but completely lost activity against all F456L-harboring JN.1-descendant variants, while VYD222/pemivibart and SA55 maintained broad activity. Retention of wild-type F456 in BA.3.2.2 preserves class 1/2 antibody epitopes, providing a mechanistic basis for cross-neutralization and suggesting a potential therapeutic window for sipavibart should BA.3.2.2 expand globally, pending clinical confirmation.

Source: 

Link: https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(26)00589-8/fulltext

____

#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (AMEDEO, July 5 '26)

 

Ann Intern Med

1. XIE Y, Choi T, Al-Aly Z
   Adverse Events After Same-Day COVID-19 and Influenza Vaccination Versus Influenza Vaccination Alone : A Target Trial Emulation.
   Ann Intern Med. 2026 Jun 30. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-26-00217.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
2. 
   Summary for Patients: Adverse Events After Same-Day COVID-19 and Influenza Vaccination Versus Influenza Vaccination Alone.
   Ann Intern Med. 2026 Jun 30. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-26-00217.
   PubMed        
   
   

   
   BMJ

3. COZZOLINO A
   Covid-19 vaccine study pulled by US CDC is finally published.
   BMJ. 2026;394:e100157.
   PubMed        
   
   

   
   J Infect

4. RAN J, Zhu L, Ning M, Zhang W, et al
   Age-associated impairment of humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in a large community cohort with hybrid immunity.
   J Infect. 2026 Jul 1:106803. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2026.106803.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Med Virol

5. WIDANAGAMAACHCHI WN, Callahan AR, Willson TM, Barbeau B, et al
   How Many Veteran COVID-19 Cases Were There during the Pandemic?
   J Med Virol. 2026;98:e71040.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Travel Med

6. KASSIANOS G, Goodyer L, Gomensoro EEB, Doobaree U, et al
   Assessment of the healthcare burden of dengue disease in England: a retrospective analysis (2010-2023).
   J Travel Med. 2026 Jul 2:taag059. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Virol

7. ZHOU X, Ivanov KI, Ge X, Guo X, et al
   Identification of GRP78 as a novel host factor that facilitates zoonotic porcine deltacoronavirus internalization and replication via clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
   J Virol. 2026 Jul 2:e0071726. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00717.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
8. TIWAREKAR V, Ebenig A, Predota Y, Schrauf S, et al
   Minor differences in the untranslated regions of measles vector additional transcription units are reflected by differential immunogenicity of encoded MERS-CoV Spike antigen.
   J Virol. 2026 Jul 1:e0064426. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00644.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
9. ZHANG L, Li Y, Zhao J, Liang R, et al
   Characterization of nucleolar localization signals in the avian infectious bronchitis virus nucleocapsid protein and their critical role in viral replication.
   J Virol. 2026;100:e0043326.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   JAMA

10. LEUNG PB, Davis AM, Marks KM
    Antiviral Therapies for Adults With Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Infection.
    JAMA. 2026 Jun 30. doi: 10.1001/jama.2026.6918.
    PubMed        
    
    

    
    Lancet

11. BLAKNEY AK, Top KA, Cowling BJ, Larson HJ, et al
    Safety and efficacy of mRNA vaccines: a mechanistic and public health perspective.
    Lancet. 2026 Jun 30:S0140-6736(26)00512-X. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00512.
    PubMed         Abstract available