ETIDIOH - NEW

Monday, February 23, 2026

Primary bovine embryonic #fibroblasts demonstrate variable #fitness following #infection with avian influenza #H5N1 strains and are susceptible to a recently circulating human #H1N1pdm09 strain

ABSTRACT

The recent emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 (clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype B3.13) in dairy cattle presents substantial challenges to the agricultural sector and public health. Mechanistic studies of infection and transmission in cattle have proven difficult due to animal handling restrictions and the limited availability of established cell culture models. Primary bovine embryonic fibroblasts (BeEFs) were isolated and investigated here as a model to study influenza A virus (IAV) infection dynamics. We compared sialylation profiles, infectious virus production, viral replication, and plaque morphology in BeEFs following infection with the bovine HPAI H5N1 and an earlier 2.3.4.4b genotype (B1.1) isolated in 2022. The data presented here demonstrate increased expression of α-2,3 sialic acids compared to α-2,6 sialic acids in BeEFs, similar to sialylation profiles previously reported in bovine mammary tissue. These data also display increased viral fitness of the bovine origin HPAI H5N1 strains across bovine and avian cell lines, consistent with previous characterization in bovine mammary tissue. Furthermore, BeEFs were fully susceptible to a 2022 H1N1pdm09-like IAV strain while maintaining resistance to the 2009 H1N1pdm09 IAV as previously characterized in mammary cells. This study highlights the ongoing zoonotic adaptation of HPAI H5N1 in mammals and the potential for coinfection with select human H1N1 2009 pandemic lineage strains, enabling the potential development of reassortant strains. These data support the ability of BeEFs to serve as a complementary in vitro system for studying IAV infections in bovine hosts.

Source:

Link: https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/spectrum.03285-25

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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#SARS-CoV-2 Error Catastrophe Under #Molnupiravir: #Mutagenic Enhancement Enables Viral #Persistence with Impaired Fitness

Abstract

Molnupiravir induces mutations that render severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replication-competent through error catastrophe mechanisms. Previous studies showed no resistant virus emergence during prolonged molnupiravir treatment, with no resistant variants reported. However, these approaches were limited by genetic uniformity at passage initiation. To investigate viral population dynamics under enhanced genetic diversity, we employed mutagenic pre-treatment using 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and favipiravir to generate diverse quasi-species populations before molnupiravir selection pressure. Viral populations were treated with stepwise increasing molnupiravir concentrations (10 μM ⟶ 25 μM ⟶ 40 μM) over ten serial passages. Viral detectability, plaque morphology, and mutation accumulation were analyzed using molecular and sequencing approaches. Only high-concentration favipiravir (1000 μM) pre-treatment maintained detectable viral RNA through ten passages under 40 μM molnupiravir, while favipiravir (500 μM) and 5-FU groups became undetectable after passage 6. Surviving populations formed extremely small plaques with markedly reduced replication capacity. Next-generation sequencing revealed extensive mutation accumulation across viral proteins, including polymerase proteins. Individual viable virus isolation was unsuccessful, and large-scale propagation could not be achieved. These findings demonstrate apparent survival rather than true resistance to molnupiravir, characterized by severely compromised viral fitness.

Source:

Link: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18/2/273

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#Uruguay - #Influenza A #HxNx viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

{Coscoroba Swan. By Charles J. Sharp - Own work, from Sharp Photography, sharpphotography.co.uk, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=179069673}

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On February 19, 2026, park rangers from the National System of Protected Areas (SNAP) reported observing two birds of the same species displaying neurological signs. They were able to access one of the animals, which subsequently died. The carcass was properly preserved and sent to the official laboratory for analysis. The emergency protocol was immediately activated. An area of 5 kilometres around the point of detection was defined. There are no commercial poultry farms within the area under analysis. The Official Veterinary Services of the departments of Maldonado and Rocha are visiting establishments in the area. The survey consists of identifying the establishment and owner; georeferencing; confirming the presence of birds (chickens/multiple species); evaluating management conditions and the existence of bird or other species mortality in the previous week. To date, 40 establishments have been visited and no clinical signs compatible with avian influenza have been observed on any of the inspected properties. Actions continue at the site.

Source:

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7281

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

The #bovine mammary #gland as a crucible for zoonotic #influenza virus emergence: Receptor-mediated #adaptation of HPAI #H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b

Abstract

The recent emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in U.S. dairy cattle marks a pivotal shift in the ecology of influenza A viruses (IAVs), signaling an unexpected expansion into a major livestock species. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underpinning this cross-species transmission, focusing on the unique sialic acid receptor landscape of the bovine mammary gland as a critical determinant. We synthesize emerging evidence that this tissue, which co-expresses both avian-type (α2,3-linked) and human-type (α2,6-linked) sialic acid receptors, functions as a novel biological crucible for viral adaptation. Within this environment, H5N1 virus faces selective pressure for hemagglutinin (HA) mutations—such as Q226L and N193D—that can alter receptor binding specificity toward human-like glycans, potentially bridging the species barrier. Recent studies confirm that bovine H5N1 virus isolates exhibit dual receptor-binding avidity and that single HA mutations are sufficient to shift binding preference to human receptors. The unprecedented mammalian spread of clade 2.3.4.4b, coupled with its capacity for reassortment and the recent case of a dairy farm worker infection, underscores an urgent zoonotic and pandemic threat. This review contextualizes the outbreak within the fundamental principles of influenza virus receptor biology and viral evolution, highlighting critical knowledge gaps that must be addressed through integrated surveillance and multidisciplinary research. Understanding the interplay between host receptor distribution and viral plasticity in this new niche is paramount for mitigating the risk of a future influenza virus pandemic emerging from the bovine reservoir.

Source:

Link: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00705-026-06529-0

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Hematogenous #neuroinvasion and genotype-dependent #transmission of #influenza A #H5N1 viruses in the #cat host

Abstract

The spillover of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A H5N1 virus to mammalian hosts raises major concerns due to its pandemic potential. Cats are frequently affected mammals, often succumbing to systemic and neurological disease. Here, we characterized the pathogenesis and transmissibility of two H5N1 genotypes, B3.13 and D1.1, in cats. Infected cats exhibited high-level viremia and virus shedding in nasal, oral, and fecal secretions were consistently detected. The virus replicated initially in the upper respiratory tract and lungs, followed by systemic dissemination and neuroinvasion. Notably, the virus crossed the blood-brain-barrier by infecting endothelial cells, spreading to astrocytes and neurons, causing multifocal encephalitis. D1.1-virus infection caused protracted disease with lower shedding and no transmissibility, whereas B3.13 virus caused rapid onset with efficient shedding and transmission. These findings reveal critical H5N1 neuropathogenesis mechanisms and highlight mammalian transmission potential in a species with close human contact.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Source:

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.21.707182v1

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Sunday, February 22, 2026

History of Mass Transportation: The C&O class M-1 #500 Baldwin Steam Turbine Locomotive

By The only mark on the card is EKE. - eBay itemcard frontcard back, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17618573

Source:

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

The Fight between Carnival and Lent, Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1559)

Public Domain.

Source:

Link: https://www.wikiart.org/en/pieter-bruegel-the-elder/the-fight-between-carnival-and-lent-1559-1

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Saturday, February 21, 2026

#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (by AMEDEO, Feb. 21 '26)

Antiviral Res

LIU Q, Tang B, Xuan X, Wang H, et al
The potential of leritrelvir repositioning for the treatment of coxsackievirus B4 and common enterovirus infections.
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J Med Virol

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J Virol

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Lancet Infect Dis

KUPPALLI K
I worked at WHO: the USA leaving will not make America healthier.
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MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep

SILK BJ, Prill MM, Winn AK, Patton ME, et al
Respiratory Virus Activity - United States, July 1, 2024-June 30, 2025.
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PubMed Abstract available

RAYKIN J, Rochin I, Wiegand R, Soto V, et al
COVID-19 Antiviral Prescription Receipt Among Outpatients Aged >/=65 Years - United States, June 1, 2023-September 30, 2025.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2026;75:69-76.
PubMed Abstract available

Nature

SCHMIDT A, Alawathurage TM, David FS, Ogawa Y, et al
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Science

ZHANG H, Floyd K, Fang Z, Hoffmann FA, et al
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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, Feb. 21 '26)

Antiviral Res

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HEDSKOG C, Rodriguez L, Hu Y, Li J, et al
SARS-CoV-2 Resistance Analyses From the Phase 3 BIRCH Study of Obeldesivir in High-Risk Nonhospitalized Participants With COVID-19.
Antiviral Res. 2026 Jan 19:106351. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2026.106351.
PubMed Abstract available
RODRIGUEZ L, Hu Y, Li J, Han D, et al
SARS-CoV-2 Resistance Analyses From the Phase 3 OAKTREE Study of Obeldesivir in Low-Risk Nonhospitalized Participants With COVID-19.
Antiviral Res. 2025 Dec 29:106339. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2025.106339.
PubMed Abstract available

Arch Virol
LIM KS, Selvan ME, Ea CK, Teo CH, et al
CircRNA expression profiling in H1N1-infected primary human tracheobronchial epithelial cells identifies candidate immune-related circRNAs validated in A549 cells.
Arch Virol. 2026;171:85.
PubMed Abstract available
JAMAL Z, Haider SA, Humayun F, Ali Q, et al
Genomic surveillance of Influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and RSV in patients from Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan: a 2023-24 perspective.
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SHILOVA NV, Yermolaeva DR, Nokel AY, Chinarev AA, et al
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Epidemiol Infect
MARQUEZ J, Garcia-Garcia D, Vigo MI, Bordehore C, et al
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J Gen Virol
PAN X, Shi X, Zhao L, Yan D, et al
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JAMA
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PubMed Abstract available

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep
SILK BJ, Prill MM, Winn AK, Patton ME, et al
Respiratory Virus Activity - United States, July 1, 2024-June 30, 2025.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2026;75:77-84.
PubMed Abstract available
RAYKIN J, Rochin I, Wiegand R, Soto V, et al
COVID-19 Antiviral Prescription Receipt Among Outpatients Aged >/=65 Years - United States, June 1, 2023-September 30, 2025.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2026;75:69-76.
PubMed Abstract available

N Engl J Med
RASMUSSEN SA, Jernigan DB
Antigenic Drift and Antivaccine Shift in the 2025-2026 Influenza Season.
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PLoS One
ROONEY G, Loibl C
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PubMed Abstract available
KAKKAR M, Sharma D, Pal M, Mohapatra A, et al
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THAKUR A, Meza-Torres B, Fan X, Byford R, et al
Prediction of COVID-19 hospitalisation, ICU admission or death following ChAdOx1 vaccination using artificial intelligence: A clinical predictive model from the English RAVEN study.
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PLoS One. 2026;21:e0343207.
PubMed Abstract available
ROBERTSON LS
Prayer, politics, and policy related to age-adjusted cancer, heart disease, infant mortality, and COVID-19 death Rates, U.S. states 2018-2021.
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PubMed Abstract available
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PubMed Abstract available
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PubMed Abstract available
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PLoS One. 2026;21:e0341319.
PubMed Abstract available
LEONTI M, Mollica C, Spadaccini S, Casu L, et al
Treatments for COVID-19 and acute respiratory infections are associated with gender and comorbidities in an Italian online survey.
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PubMed Abstract available
MCMASTER JMV, Gellersen HM, Korkki SM, Simons JS, et al
The impact of lifestyle restrictions on memory in older adults.
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PubMed Abstract available
MARTINEZ-BORBA V, Rodriguez-Marquez AE, Garces-Arilla S, Peris-Baquero O, et al
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PubMed Abstract available

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
LIU C, Zheng J, Wang Y, Beck F, et al
Cryo-EM structure of locked spike glycoprotein from bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1, molecular dynamics and biophysics across host range.
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PubMed Abstract available

Vaccine
SOBLE A, Koh M, Taaffe J, Procter SR, et al
Evaluating the broader impact of improved influenza vaccines: A full value of vaccine assessment approach.
Vaccine. 2026;60 Suppl 2:128166.
PubMed Abstract available
CONTARINO F, Fiorilla C, Bella F, Leonforte F, et al
Missed opportunities and co-administration patterns for influenza vaccination in older adults in Italy: a retrospective cohort study.
Vaccine. 2026;77:128366.
PubMed Abstract available
GREEN MA, Jeffery C, Cheyne C, Bonnett L, et al
Learning from the outliers: A longitudinal ecological study of social and spatial inequalities in older adult influenza vaccination and hospitalisation (Cheshire and Merseyside, UK, 2018-19 to 2023-24).
Vaccine. 2026;77:128356.
PubMed Abstract available
ANDERSON SA, Smith ER, Wan Z, Amend KL, et al
Febrile seizure risk following monovalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in US children aged 2-5 years.
Vaccine. 2026;75:128225.
PubMed Abstract available
SHARMA AJ, Smoots AN, Madni SA, Zauche LH, et al
COVID-19 vaccination during or just prior to pregnancy and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
Vaccine. 2026;75:128268.
PubMed Abstract available
TONDEL C, Jenum S, Tonby K, Christensen EE, et al
SARS-CoV-2T-cell vaccine VB10.2210 induces broad T-cell responses in a phase 1/2 open-label clinical trial.
Vaccine. 2026;75:128290.
PubMed Abstract available
KENEALY T, Aguirre-Duarte N, Roxburgh RH, Royle G, et al
Accuracy of ICD and SNOMED search strategies for adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination: Analysis of hospital administrative data.
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PubMed Abstract available
PARK IY, Cantu-Aldana A, Grafft N, Lo BK, et al
Fathers' reports of within-household vaccine decision making and young children's COVID-19 vaccination status.
Vaccine. 2026;75:128282.
PubMed Abstract available
THAKKAR K, Kefalogianni R, Zhang J, Yung CF, et al
Clinical and economic benefits of bivalent respiratory syncytial virus prefusion F (RSVpreF) maternal vaccine for prevention of RSV illness in infants: A cost-effectiveness analysis for Singapore.
Vaccine. 2026;75:128285.
PubMed Abstract available
LOTSPEICH-COLE L, Jha MK, Parvathaneni S, Lee RC, et al
Neonatal mice immune response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine.
Vaccine. 2026;75:128271.
PubMed Abstract available
HAHM HC, Tang M, Lupaczyk L, Lee J, et al
Beyond the shot: A framework of individual and external influences on U.S. young adults' COVID-19 vaccination decisions derived from thematic analysis.
Vaccine. 2026;75:128283.
PubMed Abstract available
BARBER C, Barber M, Lee JSW, Ting J, et al
Vaccination policies, practices, and procedures in level-III neonatal intensive care units across Canada: An environmental scan.
Vaccine. 2026;75:128261.
PubMed Abstract available
VATTOTH AL, Hayney MS, Forati AM, Warren B, et al
Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant spike protein COVID vaccine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and transplant recipient.
Vaccine. 2026;75:128208.
PubMed Abstract available
YESENIA RODRIGUEZ-TANTA L, Delgado-Escalante R, Del Pilar Solis-Yucra T, Rojas EC, et al
Post-marketing safety surveillance of the BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm) COVID-19 vaccine in Peruvian healthcare workers: A retrospective analysis of a Pharmacovigilance Center.
Vaccine. 2026;75:128227.
PubMed Abstract available
YIGIT I, Stoner MCD, Muessig KE, Hightow-Weidman LB, et al
Pathways to COVID-19 vaccine initiation: The roles of medical mistrust, conspiracy beliefs, hesitancy, and confidence among black young adults.
Vaccine. 2026;75:128253.
PubMed Abstract available
HANDY AB, Ren B, Seidman LC, Granger SW, et al
Inflammatory mechanisms of menstrual cycle changes following COVID-19 vaccination in adolescents.
Vaccine. 2026;75:128226.
PubMed Abstract available
FAIJUE DD, Bouaddi O, Mackey K, Deal A, et al
Strategies, interventions, and uptake of catch-up vaccination among adolescent and adult migrants, refugees, and internally displaced persons (IDPs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): A systematic review.
Vaccine. 2026;75:128249.
PubMed Abstract available
MALTEZOU HC, Giannouchos TV, Gamaletsou MN, Koukou DM, et al
Absenteeism related to respiratory infections among healthcare personnel in hospitals in Greece from 2020-2021 to 2024-2025.
Vaccine. 2026;75:128264.
PubMed Abstract available
ADAM A, Lee C, Jones MC, Harrington BR, et al
VSA-2-, a novel plant-derived adjuvant for SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine.
Vaccine. 2026;75:128255.
PubMed Abstract available
OKOLI GN, Kwan MYW, Chan ELY, Murphy C, et al
Estimates of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19-associated hospitalisation in paediatric patients in Hong Kong during two successive SARS-CoV-2 epidemic waves dominated by the Omicron variant: A test-negative design study.
Vaccine. 2026;75:128262.
PubMed Abstract available
MANSFIELD ME, Okui L, Simon S, Hosangadi D, et al
Understanding COVID-19 vaccination choices and development of a toolkit and training for Botswana, 2022-2023.
Vaccine. 2026;75:128274.
PubMed Abstract available
PAXITZIS AN, Oyebanji OA, Olagunju OJ, Keresztesy D, et al
Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in nursing home residents support a Bi-annual update schedule.
Vaccine. 2026;75:128240.
PubMed Abstract available

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Amino acid #mutations K54E and S154P in the #neuraminidase attenuate #H3N2 #canine #influenza virus in mice

ABSTRACT

Dogs are considered mixing vessels for influenza viruses, posing a pandemic potential via viral reassortment. Our previous studies indicated that the avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus (A/canine/Zhejiang/1/2010, abbreviated C1) is virulent in canine and mice. Furthermore, we found that the HA and NA genes of C1 share a close genetic relationship with an H3N2 avian influenza virus (A/duck/Shanghai/06/2009, abbreviated D6), but they exhibit distinct pathogenicity. However, the understanding mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we explored the genetic determinants that contribute to the different pathogenicity between the C1 and D6. By using the reverse genetics approaches, we rescued several single-gene and position-substituted reassortant viruses based on the C1. The replication in Madin–Darby canine kidney cells and pathogenic trial in mice showed that the neuraminidase (NA) gene played a critical role in C1 virulence. Further analysis demonstrated that the K54E and S154P mutations in NA significantly reduced NA enzymatic activity, impairing viral release from infected cells. Consequently, these mutant viruses lost their ability to infect mice. Overall, our findings identify two novel virulence determinants in NA and elucidate the mechanisms behind the distinct pathogenicity between the C1 and D6 in mice. These results may provide some new targets for H3N2 influenza virus vaccines and antiviral drug development.

Source:

Link: https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.002223

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

History of Mass Transportation: A First-generation GTEL and a 1923 electric auto in Fremont, Nebraska in 1953

By Union Pacific Railroad - eBay itemphoto frontphoto back, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22868545

Source:

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-turbine_locomotive

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Friday, February 20, 2026

#USA, #Wastewater Data for Avian #Influenza #H5 (CDC, Feb. 20 '26)

{Excerpt}

Time Period: February 08, 2026 - February 14, 2026

-- H5 Detection: 9 site(s) (1.9%)

-- No Detection: 466 site(s) (98.1%)

-- No samples in last week: 171 site(s)

The H5 detections at sewershed IDs 809 and 912 in Michigan are false detections resulting from a data error. These will be corrected in the next update.

(...)

Source:

Link: https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#India - High pathogenicity avian #influenza #H5N1 viruses (Inf. with) (#poultry) - Immediate notification

Poultry farms in Andhra Pradesh State.

Source:

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7268

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#India - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

{By Pkspks - Own work, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=162556362}

___

More than 300 House Crows in Bihar: Darbhanga, Patna, Bhagalpur, Katihar, Pashchim Champaran Regions.

Source:

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7269

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#Baloxavir outperforms #oseltamivir, #favipiravir, and #amantadine in treating lethal #influenza #H5N1 HA clade 2.3.4.4b #infection in #mice

Abstract

Intercontinental spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses poses significant pandemic risks and necessitates strong protective countermeasures. We evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir, the polymerase inhibitors baloxavir and favipiravir, and an ion-channel blocker amantadine, against severe influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in female BALB/c mice. Baloxavir (≥10 mg/kg, 1 dose) fully protected mice from death, significantly reduced virus respiratory replication, and prevented neuroinvasion. Oseltamivir (≥100 mg/kg/day for 5 days) provided limited survival benefits, reduced lung titers but failed to prevent viral neuroinvasion. Favipiravir (≥100 mg/kg/day for 5 days) provided partial protection, although did not reduce viral titers in lungs and brain. Amantadine provided no benefits. Although all drugs inhibited A(H5N1) viruses in vitro, in vivo correlations did not extend beyond baloxavir. Our results indicate that baloxavir is the most reliable treatment to address both respiratory replication and systemic spread of contemporary A(H5N1) viruses in mice and should be considered in pandemic planning.

Source:

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-69721-5

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Evaluating the broader #impact of improved #influenza #vaccines: A full value of vaccine #assessment approach

Highlights

• Global Health Impact: Improved influenza vaccines have the potential to avert between 6.6 and 18 billion additional influenza cases, prevent 2.3 to 6.2 million additional deaths, and save 21 to 57 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) globally beyond those averted by current seasonal influenza vaccines

• Cost-Effectiveness: Depending on the price, coverage, and vaccine characteristics, improved influenza vaccines could be cost-effective in 9 to 48 % of countries, offering substantial global economic value under most scenarios

• Financial Viability: The development and commercialization of improved influenza vaccines present a robust financial value proposition, with positive net present value (NPV) across all vaccine profiles

• Policy and Decision Making: Vaccine efficacy, duration of protection, and breadth of protection are key factors influencing the adoption of improved influenza vaccines in national immunization programs

• Implementation Challenges: Addressing barriers such as vaccine hesitancy, financial constraints, and logistical difficulties is crucial for maximizing the health and economic benefits of improved influenza vaccines

Abstract

Seasonal influenza remains a significant global public health challenge, causing substantial morbidity and mortality each year and there remains a need for more effective and durable influenza vaccines. To direct and accelerate research efforts, a full value of vaccine assessment (FVVA) was initiated to quantify the value of next-generation, improved influenza vaccines and identify key challenges that may limit their uptake once available. The FVVA utilized a mixed-methods approach with rapid assessment of literature, stakeholder interviews, and surveys, and quantitative data analysis to estimate the full value of influenza vaccines with improved characteristics. These analyses found that if improved influenza vaccines are broadly employed, depending on their characteristics, using our demand forecast they could avert 6.6–18 billion additional influenza cases, 2.3–6.2 million additional influenza deaths, and 21–57 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) between 2025 and 2050 beyond those averted by current seasonal influenza vaccines. Under this scenario, introducing improved influenza vaccines could be cost-effective in 9–48 % of countries at the lowest assumed price point. However, uncertainties about price and future vaccine coverage may impact the potential cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, from the producer perspective, the FVVA highlighted the robust financial value proposition to develop and commercialize improved influenza vaccines, in both established and emerging markets. Strongly tiered prices could make these vaccines cost-effective in more countries and boost impact further. To ensure that improved influenza vaccines achieve the greatest public health benefit, effective collaboration between vaccine developers, vaccine manufacturers, donors, financiers, multilateral organisations, and policy- and decision-makers will be essential.

Source:

Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X25014641

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Thursday, February 19, 2026

Impact of an #aminoacid #deletion detected in the #hemagglutinin (HA) #antigenic site of swine #influenza A virus field strains on HA antigenicity

ABSTRACT

Swine influenza A virus (swIAV) is an important pathogen with regard to both the swine industry and public health. The pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 outbreak was caused by the swine-origin pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 [A(H1N1)pdm09] virus. Several reports have shown that several amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin (HA) antigenic sites can alter HA antigenicity. However, the impact of the amino acid deletion at position 155 on HA antigenicity remains unknown. In this study, we have isolated 11 samples of swIAVs from seven pig farms in Japan and found an amino acid deletion at position 155 of the HA region in one of the isolates of the H1N2 subtype. To examine the impact of this amino acid deletion on viral replication and HA antigenicity, we generated recombinant influenza A viruses possessing the H1 HA gene encoding either an artificial insertion or deletion of glycine at position 155. The growth kinetics of these recombinant viruses in two different cell lines demonstrated that the effect of amino acid deletion at position 155 of H1 HA on viral replication is limited. In contrast, microneutralization assay-based neutralization titers revealed that amino acid deletion significantly altered HA antigenicity. These results demonstrate that a naturally occurring amino acid deletion at position 155 in an H1 HA antigenic site can markedly alter HA antigenicity with only a limited impact on replication in vitro, highlighting the need to monitor such variants in swine populations and to assess their zoonotic potential.

Source:

Link: https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/jvi.01820-25?af=R

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#Prognostic factors in #H7N9 avian #influenza: a systematic review based on case reports

Abstract

Objective

The H7N9 avian influenza virus, identified in China in 2013, has posed a significant threat to public health due to its high mortality rate. This systematic review aims to evaluate the clinical characteristics and mortality risk factors of H7N9 patients.

Methods

English and Chinese databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang) were searched for studies on laboratory-confirmed H7N9 cases with available data on symptom onset, diagnosis time, clinical features, oseltamivir administration, and outcomes. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on the pooled case data to assess the relationship between clinical factors and mortality risk.

Results

A total of 166 studies including 237 H7N9 cases were analyzed, with an overall mortality rate of 41.77%. Univariate analysis showed higher mortality in patients with advanced age ≥ 66 years (62.50%), those with underlying diseases (60.20%), those who received oseltamivir ≥ 8 days after symptom onset (54.17%), and those diagnosed ≥ 11 days after onset (62.75%), whereas patients treated with oseltamivir within 2 days of onset had the lowest mortality (17.39%). Multivariate analysis identified advanced age ≥ 66 years (OR = 3.10, 95% CI: 1.07–8.99, P = 0.037) and delayed oseltamivir administration after symptom onset (OR = 4.63, 95% CI: 1.12–19.18, P = 0.034) as independent predictors of mortality, while sex, underlying diseases, and onset-to-diagnosis time were not statistically significant.

Conclusion

Older age and delayed initiation of oseltamivir are key independent predictors of mortality in H7N9 infection. Prompt diagnosis is crucial to facilitate early antiviral treatment, which may improve survival. Future prospective studies are needed to validate these findings and optimize clinical management.

Clinical trial registration

Not applicable.

Source:

Link: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12879-026-12908-4

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Multiple Introductions of Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza Viruses into the High #Arctic: #Svalbard and Jan Mayen, 2022 - 2025

Abstract

Between 2022 and 2025, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of clade 2.3.4.4b, including four distinct H5 Eurasian (EA) genotypes, were detected in wild birds and mammals in the Svalbard Archipelago and on the island of Jan Mayen. We describe their epidemiology and genomic characteristics to improve understanding of HPAIV occurrence and transmission in the High Arctic. The initial cases in 2022 occurred during summer and involved a glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) and great skuas (Stercorarius skua) on Svalbard and Jan Mayen, representing the first detections of HPAIVs in the High Arctic. Three HPAIV genotypes were identified: EA-2020-C (H5N1), EA-2021-AB (H5N1), and EA-2021-I (H5N5). In 2023, HPAIVs were detected in a broader range of bird species, and retrospectively in an Atlantic walrus reported by another research group (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus). Genotypes identified in 2023 were EA-2020-C (H5N1), EA-2021-I (H5N5), and EA-2022-BB (H5N1). No cases were reported in 2024. In 2025, EA-2021-I (H5N5) was detected in Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) on Svalbard, without preceding detections in wild birds. The foxes exhibited neurological symptoms, and necropsy of one individual revealed the presence of feathers in its stomach. All sequenced viruses from the Arctic foxes uniquely carried the combination of PB2-E627K and PB1-H115Q, which is associated with mammalian adaptation. The detection of multiple genotypes indicates repeated and independent introductions of HPAIVs into these regions. The co-circulation of genetically distinct virus strains in areas of high bird density further suggests that Arctic breeding grounds may facilitate local viral amplification, reassortment, and subsequent dissemination along migratory flyways, including transcontinental spread.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funder Information Declared

EU4Health, 101132473

The Research Council of Norway, https://ror.org/00epmv149, 352880

The SEAPOP program, 192141

Source:

Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.02.17.706283v1

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

Wednesday, February 18, 2026

#MPOX, Multi-Country: Rapid #risk #assessment, 7 February 2026, v6 (#WHO, Feb. 18 '26)

{Excerpt}

Overall Global Risk Statement

-- This global rapid risk assessment (RRA) aims to assess the current public health risk associated with the 2024 upsurge of mpox in in Africa, in the context of the continuing global reporting of mpox cases in other regions since 2022, with a focus on updates since the previous RRA in September 2025.

Global overview

-- As of 28 January 2026, the monkeypox virus (MPXV) continues to spread globally, causing both localized and extended mpox outbreaks driven by various MPXV clades (Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb) in diverse settings.

-- Furthermore, recombination of MPXV clades has been documented, with two cases of a recombinant clade Ib/IIb MPXV strain reported in recent months.

-- Globally, from 1 January 2022 to 31 December 2025 (latest global data available), 143 countries and territories across all WHO regions have reported 177 848 confirmed cases, including 477 deaths (case fatality ratio [CFR] – 0.3%).

-- This marks an increase of five additional reporting countries (Kuwait, Mali, Madagascar, Namibia and Senegal), along with an additional 19 423 confirmed cases and 78 deaths since the last RRA in September 2025.

-- Since the last RRA, an average of 616 new confirmed mpox cases per week have been reported across all affected countries.

-- In addition, in January 2026, the Comoros and the French departments of Mayotte and la Réunion have reported cases linked to travel to Madagascar.

-- Previous versions of this RRA have categorized risk based on MPXV clade. However, in absence of substantial data suggesting differences in the mode of transmission between different MPXV clades, and with relatively limited data suggesting higher case fatality for clade Ia MPXV compared to other clades, this version of the RRA assesses the risk for three population groups:

- global risk for individuals with multiple sexual partners,

- local risk for children in mpox historically endemic areas, and

- global risk for all other individuals.

Individuals with multiple sexual partners – global risk

-- Since the start of the global mpox outbreak in 2022, sexual activity in linked sexual networks has been the primary driver of sustained transmission and geographic spread, particularly in newly affected areas.

-- In Europe and the Americas, up to 96% of cases were among men who have sex with men driven by spread among individuals with multiple sexual partners in a short space of time and frequent partner change.

-- While sexual behavior data for cases in newly affected African countries remain limited, the contribution of sexual transmission to the introduction, spread and establishment of mpox in communities has been recognized across all affected settings, as in the most recent outbreak in Madagascar.

-- In several countries, transmission has involved sex workers and their clients, and sexual networks with frequent and multiple partner change.

-- Sexual contact infection likely occurs during pre-symptomatic or less apparent stages of infection, the duration of which can vary between individuals.

-- People with few or mild genital lesions might not even recognise the infection.

-- Although the secondary attack rate for sexual contact is high (estimated at 16-73%), for the epidemic to spread it requires networks characterised by frequent partner change and high rates of partner turnover over short timeframe (days to few weeks).

-- This pattern was observed during the initial spread of clade IIb among communities of men who have sex with men, as well as in more recent MPXV clade Ib oubtreaks driven – in part – by key populations such as female sex workers and their clients.

-- We therefore consider within this group of multiple sexual partners, individuals with frequent partner change, and those who may engage in at-risk sexual behaviour, such as people who buy sex.

(...)

Source:

Link: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/who-rapid-risk-assessment---mpox--global-v.6

____

Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

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