ETIDIOH - NEW

Sunday, December 22, 2024

#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, December 22 '24)

Am J Med

HAWLEY HB
Long COVID: Clinical Findings, Pathology, and Endothelial Molecular Mechanisms.
Am J Med. 2025;138:91-97.
PubMed Abstract available

HAYES LD, Sanal-Hayes NEM, Mclaughlin M, Berry ECJ, et al
People with Long Covid and ME/CFS Exhibit Similarly Impaired Balance and Physical Capacity: A Case-Case-Control Study.
Am J Med. 2025;138:140-147.
PubMed Abstract available

MCLAUGHLIN M, Cerexhe L, Macdonald E, Ingram J, et al
A Cross-Sectional Study of Symptom Prevalence, Frequency, Severity, and Impact of Long COVID in Scotland: Part I.
Am J Med. 2025;138:121-130.
PubMed Abstract available

HONDA H, Takamatsu A, Miwa T, Tabuchi T, et al
Prolonged Symptoms after COVID-19 in Japan: A Nationwide Survey of the Symptoms and Their Impact on Patients' Quality of Life.
Am J Med. 2025;138:98-107.
PubMed Abstract available

BAILEY J, Lavelle B, Miller J, Jimenez M, et al
Multidisciplinary Center Care for Long COVID Syndrome-A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Am J Med. 2025;138:108-120.
PubMed Abstract available

XUEREB RA, Borg M, Vella K, Gatt A, et al
Long COVID Syndrome: A Case-Control Study.
Am J Med. 2025;138:131-139.
PubMed Abstract available

HASLAM A, Prasad V
Comparability of Control and Comparison Groups in Studies Assessing Long COVID.
Am J Med. 2025;138:148-152.
PubMed Abstract available

Ann Intern Med

VASSILOPOULOS S, Mylonakis E
After COVID-19 diagnosis, risk for incident type 2 diabetes was elevated for up to 2 y.
Ann Intern Med. 2024 Dec 3. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-24-02887.
PubMed Abstract available

Antiviral Res

MCGOVERN-GOOCH KR, Mani N, Gotchev D, Ardzinski A, et al
Biological characterization of AB-343, a novel and potent SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) inhibitor with pan-coronavirus activity.
Antiviral Res. 2024;232:106038.
PubMed Abstract available

SASAKI J, Sato A, Sasaki M, Okabe I, et al
X-206 exhibits broad-spectrum anti-beta-coronavirus activity, covering SARS-CoV-2 variants and drug-resistant isolates.
Antiviral Res. 2024 Nov 19:106039. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.106039.
PubMed Abstract available

WELCH SR, Bilello JP, Carter K, Delang L, et al
Meeting report of the 37th International Conference on Antiviral Research in Gold Coast, Australia, May 20-24, 2024, organized by the International Society for Antiviral Research.
Antiviral Res. 2024;232:106037.
PubMed Abstract available

NAKASHIMA M, Nobori H, Kuroda T, Shimba A, et al
Oral 3CL protease inhibitor ensitrelvir suppressed SARS-CoV-2 shedding and infection in a hamster aerosol transmission model.
Antiviral Res. 2024 Oct 28:106026. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.106026.
PubMed Abstract available

Arch Virol

ZALI M, Sadat Larijani M, Bavand A, Moradi L, et al
Circulatory microRNAs as potential biomarkers for different aspects of COVID-19.
Arch Virol. 2024;170:8.
PubMed Abstract available

NAVARRO-LOPEZ R, Valdez-Gomez HE, Zalapa-Hernandez M, Solis-Hernandez M, et al
An epizootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H7N3 in a Mexican ecological reserve.
Arch Virol. 2024;170:6.
PubMed Abstract available

GUNASEKARA E, Hair-Bejo M, Aini I, Omar AR, et al
Molecular characterisation of novel reassortants of the G57 genotype of low-pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 virus isolated from poultry farms in Malaysia.
Arch Virol. 2024;170:3.
PubMed Abstract available

Biochem Biophys Res Commun

HOSOKAWA K, Ohmori H
Digital reverse transcription PCR using a simple poly(dimethylsiloxane) microwell array chip for detection of SARS-CoV-2.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2024;741:151070.
PubMed Abstract available

BMC Pediatr

LIN F, Liang JL, Guan ZX, Wu M, et al
Hospitalized children with influenza A before, during and after COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective cohort study.
BMC Pediatr. 2024;24:828.
PubMed Abstract available

BMJ

FLYNN SG, Park RS, Jena AB, Staffa SJ, et al
Coaching inexperienced clinicians before a high stakes medical procedure: randomized clinical trial.
BMJ. 2024;387:e080924.
PubMed Abstract available

BONCYK C, Rolfsen ML, Richards D, Stollings JL, et al
Management of pain and sedation in the intensive care unit.
BMJ. 2024;387:e079789.
PubMed Abstract available

Cell

ROSEN LE, Tortorici MA, De Marco A, Pinto D, et al
A potent pan-sarbecovirus neutralizing antibody resilient to epitope diversification.
Cell. 2024;187:7196-7213.
PubMed Abstract available

Epidemiol Infect

ZHENG C, Yu FY, Chan PS, Sun F, et al
Receiving three doses of inactivated or mRNA COVID-19 vaccines was associated with lower odds of long COVID symptoms among people with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Hong Kong, China: a cross-sectional survey study.
Epidemiol Infect. 2024;152:e166.
PubMed Abstract available

WANG S, Yan J, Song M, Xue Z, et al
Development of a nomogram for high antibody titre of COVID-19 convalescent plasma.
Epidemiol Infect. 2024;152:e167.
PubMed Abstract available

Eur J Epidemiol

IOANNIDIS JPA
Differential risk of healthcare workers versus the general population during outbreak, war and pandemic crises.
Eur J Epidemiol. 2024;39:1211-1219.
PubMed Abstract available

NARAYANAN MK, Dodgeon B, Katsoulis M, Ploubidis GB, et al
How to mitigate selection bias in COVID-19 surveys: evidence from five national cohorts.
Eur J Epidemiol. 2024;39:1221-1227.
PubMed Abstract available

J Clin Microbiol

GRENINGER AL, Larcena A, Patel A, Webster B, et al
Prospective, multi-site evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert Xpress CoV-2 plus test on nasal and nasopharyngeal swabs.
J Clin Microbiol. 2024;62:e0121924.
PubMed Abstract available

J Gen Virol

KRISHNA B, Metaxaki M, Perera M, Wills M, et al
Comparison of different T cell assays for the retrospective determination of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
J Gen Virol. 2024;105.
PubMed Abstract available

ALNAJJAR S, Larios-Mora A, Van-Geelen A, Gallup J, et al
Therapeutic efficacy of JNJ-49214698, an RSV fusion inhibitor, in RSV-infected neonatal lambs.
J Gen Virol. 2024;105:002056.
PubMed Abstract available

J Infect

JIA T, Wang F, Chen Y, Liao G, et al
Expanded immune imprinting and neutralization spectrum by hybrid immunization following breakthrough infections with SARS-CoV-2 variants after three-dose vaccination.
J Infect. 2024 Nov 26:106362. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106362.
PubMed Abstract available

CHOW KN, Tsang YW, Chan YH, Telaga SA, et al
The effect of pre-COVID and post-COVID vaccination on long COVID: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
J Infect. 2024 Nov 21:106358. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106358.
PubMed Abstract available

REN Z, Yang M, Su G, Qian G, et al
Real-world effectiveness and safety of Azvudine in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter, retrospective cohort study.
J Infect. 2024 Nov 17:106355. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106355.
PubMed Abstract available

MCLEOD C, Dymock M, Flanagan KL, Plebanski M, et al
The Platform Trial In COVID-19 priming and BOOsting (PICOBOO): the immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety of licensed COVID-19 vaccinations administered as a second booster in BNT162b2 primed individuals aged 18-<50 and 50-<70 years old.
J Infect. 2024 Nov 14:106346. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106346.
PubMed Abstract available

HAN B, Du C, Deng M, Tang R, et al
Real-world effectiveness and safety of simnotrelvir/ritonavir for COVID-19: A nationwide, multicenter, prospective, observational cohort study in China.
J Infect. 2024 Nov 7:106339. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106339.
PubMed Abstract available

DULFER EA, Fohse K, Taks EJM, Moorlag SJCFM, et al
The effect of BCG vaccination in the elderly on infectious and non-infectious immune-mediated diseases.
J Infect. 2024;89:106344.
PubMed Abstract available

CITRON MP, Zang X, Leithead A, Meng S, et al
Evaluation of a non-nucleoside inhibitor of the RSV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in translatable animals models.
J Infect. 2024;89:106325.
PubMed Abstract available

KUMAR NP, Balaji S, Devi PG, Ramraj B, et al
Inflammatory Cytokine Responses in Pediatric tuberculosis with or without SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity.
J Infect. 2024 Oct 17:106314. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106314.
PubMed Abstract available

WEI X, Wang L, Li M, Qi J, et al
Novel imported clades accelerated the RSV surge in Beijing, China, 2023-2024.
J Infect. 2024 Oct 17:106321. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106321.
PubMed Abstract available

MEIRMAN TD, Shapira B, Balicer RD, Rokach L, et al
Trends of Common Laboratory Biomarkers after SARS-CoV-2 Infection.
J Infect. 2024 Oct 16:106318. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106318.
PubMed Abstract available

CHEN X, Meng X, Wu Q, Lim WW, et al
Assessment of Neutralizing Antibody Response as a Correlate of Protection against Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections after Administration of two doses of the CoronaVac inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine: A Phase III Randomized Controlled Trial.
J Infect. 2024 Oct 16:106315. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106315.
PubMed Abstract available

MADSEN AMR, Gehrt L, Schaltz-Buchholzer F, Moller S, et al
Evaluating the effect of BCG vaccination for non-specific protection from infection in senior citizens during the COVID-19 pandemic: a randomised clinical trial.
J Infect. 2024 Oct 16:106319. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106319.
PubMed Abstract available

MARCHESE AM, Fries L, Beyhaghi H, Vadivale M, et al
Mechanisms and Implications of IgG4 Responses to SARS-CoV-2 and Other Repeatedly Administered Vaccines.
J Infect. 2024 Oct 15:106317. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106317.
PubMed Abstract available

LI Y, Zhang X, Yi J, Chen Y, et al
Synergistic evolution: the dynamic adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 and human protective immunity in the real world.
J Infect. 2024 Oct 9:106310. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106310.
PubMed Abstract available

ALOISIO GM, Nagaraj D, Murray AM, Schultz EM, et al
Infant-derived human nasal organoids exhibit relatively increased susceptibility, epithelial responses, and cytotoxicity during RSV infection.
J Infect. 2024;89:106305.
PubMed Abstract available

AMARILLA-IRUSTA A, Zenarruzabeitia O, Sevilla A, Sanda V, et al
CD151 identifies a NK cell subset that is enriched in COVID-19 patients and correlates with disease severity.
J Infect. 2024 Oct 5:106304. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106304.
PubMed Abstract available

FYLES M, Overton CE, Ward T, Bennett E, et al
Modelling multiplex testing for outbreak control.
J Infect. 2024 Oct 1:106303. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106303.
PubMed Abstract available

AKSU MD, van der Ent T, Zhang Z, Riza AL, et al
Regulation of plasma soluble receptors of TNF and IL-1 in patients with COVID-19 differs from that observed in sepsis.
J Infect. 2024 Sep 30:106300. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106300.
PubMed Abstract available

DEHLIA A, Guthridge MA
The persistence of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) after SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
J Infect. 2024 Sep 29:106297. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106297.
PubMed Abstract available

BENNETT C, Hoosain Z, Koen A, Lalloo U, et al
Immunogenicity and Safety of SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Vaccine in South African People Living With and Without HIV-1 Infection: A Phase 2 Randomised Trial.
J Infect. 2024 Sep 27:106285. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106285.
PubMed Abstract available

MCLEOD C, Dymock, Flanagan KL, Plebanski M, et al
The Platform Trial In COVID-19 Priming and BOOsting (PICOBOO): the immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety of different COVID-19 vaccinations administered as a second booster (fourth dose) in AZD1222 primed individuals aged 50-<70 years old.
J Infect. 2024 Sep 26:106286. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106286.
PubMed Abstract available

J Infect Dis

HAMMERTON SM, Billings WZ, Hemme H, Ross TM, et al
Estimating standard-dose and high-dose Fluzone vaccine efficacies for influenza A based on HAI titers.
J Infect Dis. 2024 Dec 13:jiae615. doi: 10.1093.
PubMed Abstract available

TANG Y, Boribong BP, Swank ZN, Demokritou M, et al
COVID-19 mRNA vaccines induce robust levels of IgG but limited amounts of IgA within the oronasopharynx of young children.
J Infect Dis. 2024 Sep 10:jiae450. doi: 10.1093.
PubMed Abstract available

JANES H, Fisher LH, Kee JJ, Parameswaran L, et al
Association Between SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load and COVID-19 Vaccination in 4 Phase 3 Trials.
J Infect Dis. 2024 Sep 3:jiae400. doi: 10.1093.
PubMed Abstract available

ANDERSON EJ, Tippett A, Begier E, Gibson T, et al
Relative Contribution of Diagnostic Testing to the Diagnosis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Hospitalized Adults in the United States.
J Infect Dis. 2024;230:1342-1351.
PubMed Abstract available

DOTY B, Ghaswalla P, Bohn RL, Stoszek SK, et al
Incidence of RSV in Adults: A Comprehensive Review of Observational Studies and Critical Gaps in Information.
J Infect Dis. 2024;230:e1182-e1201.
PubMed Abstract available

ANDRES C, Perramon-Malavez A, Creus-Costa A, Gatell A, et al
Respiratory Viral Coinfections in Pediatric Patients in the Primary Care Setting: A Multicenter Prospective Study Within the COPEDICAT Network.
J Infect Dis. 2024;230:1337-1341.
PubMed Abstract available

J Virol

PATINO-GALINDO J, Garcia-Sastre A, Kuhn JH, Rabadan R, et al
Recombination across distant coronavirid species and genera is a rare event with distinct genomic features.
J Virol. 2024 Nov 19:e0110024. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01100.
PubMed Abstract available

XIONG Y, Tao K, Li T, Zhou Y, et al
Both chebulagic acid and punicalagin inhibit respiratory syncytial virus entry via multi-targeting glycoprotein and fusion protein.
J Virol. 2024;98:e0153624.
PubMed Abstract available

NEAL HE, Barrett CT, Edmonds K, Moncman CL, et al
Examination of respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein proteolytic processing and roles of the P27 domain.
J Virol. 2024;98:e0163924.
PubMed Abstract available

CHEN D, Zhang W, Xiao B, Xu B, et al
Effect of wild-type vaccine doses on BA.5 hybrid immunity, disease severity, and XBB reinfection risk.
J Virol. 2024 Nov 5:e0128524. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01285.
PubMed Abstract available

TAKAHASHI T, Amarbayasgalan S, Ueno S, Sugiura Y, et al
Lethal model for respiratory syncytial virus infection using C57BL/6 mice.
J Virol. 2024;98:e0177224.
PubMed Abstract available

STEIN SC, Hansen G, Ssebyatika G, Stroh LJ, et al
A human monoclonal antibody neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants containing the L452R mutation.
J Virol. 2024 Nov 4:e0122324. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01223.
PubMed Abstract available

PARRY RH, Lytras S, Petrone ME, Wille M, et al
No evidence that mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern derive from homologous fragments in gut microbiota.
J Virol. 2024 Nov 4:e0146824. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01468.
PubMed Abstract available

J Virol Methods

ASHLEY CL, Bloul M, Alca S, Smith L, et al
Optimisation of a multiplexed, high throughput assay to measure neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
J Virol Methods. 2025;332:115073.
PubMed Abstract available

DA SILVA JG, Arruk VG, Veiga GRLD, Sousa LVA, et al
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of seroconversion after one year of vaccination with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac(R)) in healthcare workers: Cross-sectional analytical study.
J Virol Methods. 2025;332:115067.
PubMed Abstract available

FIBRIANI A, Naisanu K, Yamahoki N, Kinanti DR, et al
Development of polyclonal chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 multi-epitope antigen.
J Virol Methods. 2025;331:115062.
PubMed Abstract available

YAMAZAKI Y, Tanaka R, Castillo G, Macalanda AMC, et al
Development of a concentration method for simple and sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva using a magnetic nanoparticle kit.
J Virol Methods. 2025;331:115059.
PubMed Abstract available

MDUNYELWA A, Seema C, Mabaso A, Mlambo K, et al
Evaluation of the Seegene Allplex RV master assay for one-step simultaneous detection of eight respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal specimens.
J Virol Methods. 2025;331:115042.
PubMed Abstract available

JAMA

TADROUS M, Callaway Kim K, Hernandez I, Rothenberger SD, et al
Differences in Drug Shortages in the US and Canada.
JAMA. 2024 Oct 31. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.17688.
PubMed Abstract available

Lancet

DZAU VJ, Laitner MH, Shambaugh EL
Strategic imperatives for health in the USA: a roadmap for the incoming presidential administration.
Lancet. 2024;404:2371-2379.
PubMed Abstract available

The burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors by state in the USA, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.
Lancet. 2024;404:2314-2340.
PubMed Abstract available

Minerva Pediatr (Torino)

MARIANI A, Tiryaki S, Harms M, Orlov V, et al
What we learned from the COVID-19 first wave: a survey from Young Pediatric Urology Committee (YPUC) from ESPU.
Minerva Pediatr (Torino). 2024;76:735-742.
PubMed Abstract available

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep

ABDIRIZAK F, Winn AK, Parikh R, Scobie HM, et al
Surveillance of Human Adenovirus Types and the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Reporting - United States, 2017-2023.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2024;73:1136-1141.
PubMed Abstract available

PLoS Biol

KUCHARSKI AJ
Controlling minor outbreaks is necessary to prepare for major pandemics.
PLoS Biol. 2024;22:e3002945.
PubMed Abstract available

PLoS One

SOEORG H, Abroi A, Pall T, Dotsenko L, et al
Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 lineages in children and adults in 2021 and 2022.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0316213.
PubMed Abstract available

CHAE SW, Hara N, Shiroiya HR, Chen J, et al
Being vulnerable with viewers: Exploring how medical YouTubers communicated about COVID-19 with the public.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0313857.
PubMed Abstract available

GUERRERIO AL, Mateja A, MacCarrick G, Fintzi J, et al
Cardiovascular complications in vascular connective tissue disorders after COVID-19 infection and vaccination.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0315499.
PubMed Abstract available

ZAMIR MT, Ullah F, Tariq R, Bangyal WH, et al
Machine and deep learning algorithms for sentiment analysis during COVID-19: A vision to create fake news resistant society.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0315407.
PubMed Abstract available

WEBSTER M, Manoukian S, McKendrick JH, Biosca O, et al
Exploring the gender gap in young adult mental health during COVID-19: Evidence from the UK.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0305680.
PubMed Abstract available

SULTANA KAKOLY N, Hasan SMK, Hoque MM, Ratul RH, et al
Sociodemographic factors, clinical characteristics, outcomes and short-term follow-up in COVID-19 patients with new onset hyperglycemia and pre-existing diabetes on admission in a tertiary-care hospital in Bangladesh.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0311508.
PubMed Abstract available

SAMBEL AYKUTLU M, Aykutlu HC, Ozveren M, Garip R, et al
Digital media use and its effects on digital eye strain and sleep quality in adolescents: A new emerging epidemic?
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0314390.
PubMed Abstract available

SU H, Yang PL, Eaton TL, Valley TS, et al
Cognition, function, and mood post-COVID-19: Comparative analysis using the health and retirement study.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0315425.
PubMed Abstract available

LE GOFF D, Perraud G, Leon M, Aujoulat P, et al
Innovative population-based strategies for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A 2-year randomised control trial evaluating behavioral change led by community champions versus brief advice.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0314748.
PubMed Abstract available

CHANG H, Li S, Ke X, Zhou Z, et al
Differences in emergency hospitalization trauma patients during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0315416.
PubMed Abstract available

BOUTHILLIER ME, Farmer Y, Calderon Ramirez C, Downar J, et al
Public perspectives on COVID-19 triage protocols for access to critical care in extreme pandemic context.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0314460.
PubMed Abstract available

SARKAR J
To test or not to test? A new behavioral epidemiology framework for COVID-19.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0309423.
PubMed Abstract available

MOBARAK H, Haddad C, Salameh P, Towair E, et al
The relationship between self-determination and burnout: Mental health outcomes in medical residents.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0308897.
PubMed Abstract available

SANTARPIA JL, Lau J, Shom D, Ratnesar-Shumate SA, et al
Association between in situ ventilation and human-generated aerosol exposure in meatpacking plants during the COVID-19 pandemic.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0314856.
PubMed Abstract available

BEIG M, Parvizi E, Navidifar T, Bostanghadiri N, et al
Geographical mapping and temporal trends of Acinetobacter baumannii carbapenem resistance: A comprehensive meta-analysis.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0311124.
PubMed Abstract available

DJAILEB A, Parker MF, Lavallee E, Stuible M, et al
Longitudinal determination of seroprevalence and immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in a population of food and retail workers through decentralized testing and transformation of ELISA datasets.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0314499.
PubMed Abstract available

ZHENG J, Li B, Jia L, Zhang J, et al
Tumorigenicity decrease in Bcl-xL deficient MDCK cells ensuring the safety for influenza vaccine production.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0311069.
PubMed Abstract available

KITAMURA K, Arita M
Evaluation of VP4-VP2 sequencing for molecular typing of human enteroviruses.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0311806.
PubMed Abstract available

LIU C, Ma H, Wang X, Cui J, et al
A comparative study of dynamic risk spillovers among financial sectors in China before and after the epidemic.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0314071.
PubMed Abstract available

UDOH E, Okonkwo O, Omoregie G, Ura-Akubo V, et al
Service quality in decentralized community-based Covid-19 antigen rapid diagnostic testing programmes in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0310294.
PubMed Abstract available

PARK S, Bangirana P, Mupere E, Baluku RI, et al
Association of COVID-19-related perceptions and experiences with depression and anxiety in Ugandan caregivers of young children with malaria and iron deficiency: A cross-sectional study.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0314409.
PubMed Abstract available

KOSTADINOV M, Zdravevski E, Lameski P, Coelho PJ, et al
Forecasting air pollution with deep learning with a focus on impact of urban traffic on PM10 and noise pollution.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0313356.
PubMed Abstract available

MAGHSOODI E, Hasanpour E, Soleimani F, Aghal M, et al
Evaluation of anxiety level and the factors Affecting Anxiety in health care workers in Shahid Dr. Gholipour Hospital, Bukan, Iran during COVID-19 pandemic.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0264916.
PubMed Abstract available

KE Y, Yang M, Xie Y
An empirical research based on spatial-temporal evolution of high-quality tourism development in Fujian Province of China.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0315221.
PubMed Abstract available

SAENGER TR, Kapstein EB, Sircar R
Estimating the collapse of Afghanistan's economy using nightlights data.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0315337.
PubMed Abstract available

SSEMATIMBA A, Malladi S, Bonney PJ, St Charles KM, et al
Estimating the time of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus introduction into United States poultry flocks during the 2022/24 epizootic.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0310733.
PubMed Abstract available

BOCCOLINI PMM, Boclin KLS, de Sousa IMC, Boccolini CS, et al
Use of integrative and complementary practices in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0311832.
PubMed Abstract available

GABARRELL-PASCUET A, Coll-Planas L, Alias SB, Pascual RM, et al
Reducing loneliness and depressive symptoms in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: A pre-post evaluation of a psychosocial online intervention.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0311883.
PubMed Abstract available

D'SOUZA GC, Yingst JM, Krebs NM, Bordner C, et al
Using the diffusion of innovations theory to understand factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination among tobacco users.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0309780.
PubMed Abstract available

WAFUBWA RN, Soler-Hampejsek E, Muluve E, Osuka D, et al
Adolescent school retention post COVID-19 school closures in Kenya: A mixed-methods study.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0315497.
PubMed Abstract available

AN Q, Wu J, Chen WH
Using the SEIQR model with epidemic amplifier effect to predict the final outbreak size of the COVID-19 in Dalian, Liaoning province, China.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0307239.
PubMed Abstract available

SARAGOSA M, Goraya F, Nowrouzi-Kia B, Gohar B, et al
A qualitative study examining stressors among Respiratory Therapists in Ontario amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0312504.
PubMed Abstract available

POZO JI, Cabellos B, Perez Echeverria MDP
Has the educational use of digital technologies changed after the pandemic? A longitudinal study.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0311695.
PubMed Abstract available

ROBINSON JL, Kellner JD, Crotts J, Travassos G, et al
Accuracy of the diagnosis of pneumonia in Canadian pediatric emergency departments: A prospective cohort study.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0311201.
PubMed Abstract available

ARPPO A, Barker H, Parkkila S
Bioinformatic characterization of ENPEP, the gene encoding a potential cofactor for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0307731.
PubMed Abstract available

KE T, Livingston M, Zhang Y, Pavlyshyn D, et al
A longitudinal study of alcohol consumption among adults in Victoria, Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic.
PLoS One. 2024;19:e0313599.
PubMed Abstract available

MORITA S, Tokumasu K, Otsuka Y, Honda H, et al
Phase-dependent trends in the prevalence of myalgic encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) related to long COVID: A criteria-based retrospective study in Japan.
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RAHMAN MM, Pradhan MR, Ghosh MK, Rahman MM, et al
The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on fertility behaviour in Indian states: Evidence from the National Family Health Survey (2019/21).
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VICKERS P, Adamo L, Alfano M, Clark C, et al
Development of a novel methodology for ascertaining scientific opinion and extent of agreement.
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SUGIURA Y, Shimizu K, Takahashi T, Ueno S, et al
Amino acid T25 in the substrate-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 nsp5 is involved in viral replication in the mouse lung.
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PubMed Abstract available

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Correction for Rockey et al., Ventilation does not affect close-range transmission of influenza virus in a ferret playpen setup.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024;121:e2424158121.
PubMed

Vaccine

WILLIAMS JTB, Ritger C, Holliman BD, Huebschmann AG, et al
Staff and caregivers' perceptions of digital storytelling to increase influenza vaccine confidence in an urban safety-net healthcare system.
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XIA M, Huang P, Vago FS, Jiang W, et al
Pseudovirus nanoparticles targeting the receptor binding HA1 domains of influenza viruses elicited high HA1-specific antibody responses and protected mice against mortality caused by influenza virus challenges.
Vaccine. 2024 Dec 7:126585. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126585.
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KAPLAN BS, Souza CK, Kimble JB, Brand MW, et al
A neuraminidase-based inactivated influenza virus vaccine significantly reduced virus replication and pathology following homologous challenge in swine.
Vaccine. 2024 Dec 6:126574. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126574.
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MARCHESE AM, Beyhaghi H, Rousculp MD, Huang V, et al
Local and systemic reactogenicity after mRNA and protein-based COVID-19 vaccines compared to meningococcal vaccine (MenACWY) in a UK blinded, randomized phase 2 trial (COV-BOOST).
Vaccine. 2025;44:126569.
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FILIMONOVIC J, Stosic M, Gazibara T, Dotlic J, et al
The trend in national childhood immunization program coverage throughout Serbian communities in Kosovo and Metohija from 2003 to 2022: pre-COVID-19 period vs. COVID-19 pandemic.
Vaccine. 2025;44:126576.
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PICHE-RENAUD PP, Drover SSM, Austin PC, Morris SK, et al
COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against severe omicron-related outcomes in children aged 5 to 11 years in Ontario: A Canadian immunization research network (CIRN) study.
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HARTEVELD LM, van Leeuwen LM, Euser SM, Smit LJ, et al
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COSMA C, Radi A, Cattano R, Zanobini P, et al
Exploring Chatbot contributions to enhancing vaccine literacy and uptake: A scoping review of the literature.
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FLORES D, Luna EM
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THIEM VD, Anh DD, Ha VH, Van Thom N, et al
Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated recombinant Newcastle disease virus vaccine expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike: A randomised, comparator-controlled, phase 2 trial.
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WANG Q, Yang L, Li L, Xiu S, et al
Investigating parental perceptions of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and attitudes to RSV vaccine in Jiangsu, China: Insights from a cross-section study.
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GEMANDER N, Kemlin D, Depickere S, Kelkar NS, et al
COVID-19 vaccine responses are influenced by distinct risk factors in naive and SARS-CoV-2 experienced hemodialysis recipients.
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DEAN NE, Halloran ME, Zarnitsyna VI
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JORDAN E, Jenkins V, Silbernagl G, Chavez MPV, et al
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DARKO DM, Seaneke SK, Karikari-Boateng E, Nkansah E, et al
Safety of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines among persons 15- years and above in Ghana: A cohort event monitoring study.
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Risk of major adverse cerebro-cardiovascular events following BNT162b2, CoronaVac, and ChAdOx1 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection: A self-controlled case-series study.
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Incidence of ischemic stroke after COVID-19 bivalent booster vaccination in an integrated health system.
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HARRACHE A, Saker K, Mokdad B, Generenaz L, et al
Anti-RBD IgG dynamics following infection or vaccination.
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MA SH, Chen TL, Ou WF, Chao WC, et al
The risk of postherpetic neuralgia in COVID-19 vaccination-associated herpes zoster: A retrospective cohort study using TriNetX.
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EVIATAR T, Ziv A, Oved A, Miller-Barmak A, et al
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NAZARENO AL, Newall AT, Muscatello DJ, Hogan AB, et al
Modelling the epidemiological impact of maternal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination in Australia.
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SANO K, Kurosawa T, Horikawa K, Kimura Y, et al
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Pediatric COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among pregnant and post-partum women: A mixed-method study.
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TOP KA, Shulha HP, Muller MP, Valiquette L, et al
Participant-reported neurological events following immunization in the Canadian National Vaccine Safety Network-COVID-19 vaccine (CANVAS-COVID) study.
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Gender differences in adverse effects following the second dose of AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine: a cross-sectional study among healthcare workers.
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DOYON-PLOURDE P, Farley R, Krishnan R, Tunis M, et al
Direct quantitative comparison of benefits and risks of COVID-19 vaccines used in National Immunization Technical Advisory Groups Guidance during the first two years of the pandemic.
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VYSE A, Wright H, Begier E
Estimating adult accident and emergency attendances in English hospitals attributed to respiratory syncytial virus.
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PASCOE KM, Bishop S, Ci X, Ramirez M, et al
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HOJO-SOUZA NS, de Castro JT, Rivelli GG, Azevedo PO, et al
SpiN-Tec: A T cell-based recombinant vaccine that is safe, immunogenic, and shows high efficacy in experimental models challenged with SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
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ALANSARI KDH, Buhl C, Thabit AK, Badr AF, et al
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EARP M, Meng L, Black CL, Carter RJ, et al
Using regression tree analysis to examine demographic and geographic characteristics of COVID-19 vaccination trends over time, United States, May 2021-April 2022, National Immunization Survey Adult COVID Module.
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PATRICK-SMITH M, Emary K, Hodgson SH, Thomas TM, et al
Roles and responsibilities of participants, researchers, and the media in the communication of vaccine trials: Experience from the United Kingdom's first COVID-19 vaccine trial.
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LYU X, Liu X, Hong H
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SOTOODEH A, Hedberg P, Granath F, Alfven T, et al
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Giuseppe Michieli

I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.

#Hypotheses raised over unknown #disease in #DRC as test results awaited

{Excerpt}

KINSHASA, Dec. 21 (Xinhua) -- The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is grappling with a deadly illness of unknown origin that has claimed dozens of lives in a province, prompting investigations and heightened alertness as test results are awaited.

"This is, therefore, influenza, which has been formally identified," Patrick Muyaya, spokesperson for the DRC government, announced at a national television broadcast late Friday as he read the minutes of the Council of Ministers meeting chaired by President Felix Tshisekedi in Kinshasa, the country's capital, earlier that day.

During the meeting, Public Health Minister Roger Kamba said that since October, 592 cases of the illness have been recorded in the Panzi health zone of the southwestern Kwango province. Symptoms exhibited by patients are "similar to the flu," according to Kamba, who noted that the outbreak coincides with the seasonal flu period, which peaks in December.

Laboratory analysis revealed a 28 percent prevalence of the influenza virus, Muyaya said, noting a "significant presence" of human rhinovirus and SARS-CoV-2 in the samples, which accounted for the respiratory infections identified.

The Ministry of Public Health has not yet provided further clarification. However, the government declared a "high alert" earlier this month in response to the alarming situation.

Meanwhile, the African Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) has highlighted two working hypotheses regarding the illness, which has so far caused 37 deaths in health facilities, primarily among children under five.

Investigators are also examining whether an additional 44 community-reported deaths are linked to the outbreak, which has a case-fatality rate of {62 percent - this figure is not compatible with total cases just above mentioned - GM}, according to the Africa CDC.

Ngashi Ngongo, chief of staff at Africa CDC, said during a Thursday press briefing that the first hypothesis suggests a combination of severe malaria, malnutrition, and a viral infection, while the second points to a viral infection co-occurring with malaria and malnutrition. Ngongo added that an adult patient presenting with hemorrhagic fever symptoms had died, with their sample sent to Kinshasa for further analysis.

(...)

Source: Xinhua, https://english.news.cn/20241221/06f87e5efb0e44559ef5ce528fbf43ea/c.html

_____

Giuseppe Michieli

New undiagnosed #disease in #DRC: urgent action needed

{Excerpt}

The outbreak of an undiagnosed disease in DR Congo, reported by WHO on Dec 8, 2024,1 is a pressing global health concern that demands swift and coordinated action. As of Dec 5, 406 cases and 31 deaths have been reported in the Panzi health zone in Kwango province, with influenza-like symptoms and anaemia. Most affected individuals are children aged younger than 5 years, many of whom are severely malnourished.

The remoteness of the region and poor infrastructure complicate the identification of the pathogen, with suspicions that multiple diseases could be contributing to these cases. Furthermore, the outbreak has the potential to transcend regional boundaries, particularly as DR Congo shares porous borders with Angola, where provinces such as Uige are vulnerable to cross-border transmission. Mobility between these regions could facilitate the spread of the disease to neighbouring African countries, raising the potential for a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.

(...)

Source: Lancet, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)02794-6/fulltext

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Giuseppe Michieli

#Gene flow and its sporadic #spillover: #H10 and #N5 avian #influenza viruses from wild #birds and the #H10N5 #human cases in #China

Abstract

On 30 January 2024, China announced the first human case of H10N5 influenza infection. Prior to this, human cases of H10N7 and H10N8 had been reported. It is now appropriate to re-examine the evolution and future epidemiological trends of the H10 and N5 subtypes of avian influenza viruses (AIVs). In this study, we analyzed the reassortment characteristics of the first human-derived H10N5 AIV (A/Zhejiang/ZJU01/2023), as well as the evolutionary dynamics of the wild bird-derived H10 and N5 subtypes of AIVs over the past decade. Our findings indicate that the human-derived H10N5 AIV exhibited low pathogenicity. A/bean_goose/Korea/KNU-10/2022(H10N7) and A/mallard/Novosibirsk_region/962k/2018(H12N5) were identified as the potential reassortment parents. The virus has existed since 2022 and several isolations have been reported in Bangladesh. Phylogenetic analysis showed that H10Ny and HxN5 AIVs in China are clustered differently based on the East Asian-Australian (eastern) and Central Asian-Indian (western) migratory flyways. The H10Ny and HxN5 AIV reassortant strains may cause human infections through accidental spillover. It is possible that another center of AIV evolution, mutation, and reassortment may be developing along the migratory flyways in northeastern Asia, distinct from Europe, the Americas, and China's Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta, which should be closely monitored to ensure the safety of the public.

Source: Virologica Sinica, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1995820X24001986?via%3Dihub

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Giuseppe Michieli

Saturday, December 21, 2024

Yawning Man (disputed attribution), Pieter #Bruegel the Elder (c.1563)

Source: WikiArt, https://www.wikiart.org/en/pieter-bruegel-the-elder/yawning-man-disputed-attribution-1563

{Public Domain}

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Giuseppe Michieli

#SARS-CoV-2 #Infection of the #CNS: A Case Report

Abstract

Central nervous system (CNS) infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 are uncommon. This case report describes the clinical progression of a 92-year-old female who developed a persistent neuroinfection associated with SARS-CoV-2. The patient initially presented with progressive fatigue, catarrhal symptoms, and a fever (38.6 °C). Initial laboratory findings revealed hypoxemia (O2 saturation 79.8%), acidosis (pH 7.3), an elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) level of 14.8 mg/L, and a high D-dimer level (2.15 µg/mL). Nasopharyngeal (NP) antigen and RT-PCR tests confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, and an NP swab also detected penicillin- and ampicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. She was admitted for conservative management, including oxygen supplementation, IV fluids, and prophylactic anticoagulation. Subsequently, she developed neurological symptoms—lethargy, discoordination, and impaired communication—without signs of meningism. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis identified SARS-CoV-2 RNA (Ct = 29) on RT-PCR, while bacterial cultures remained negative. Treatment was intensified to include 10% mannitol, dexamethasone, and empiric ceftriaxone. Despite these interventions, the patient remained somnolent, with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 10. Upon discharge, her GCS had improved to 14; however, she continued to experience lethargy and cognitive issues, commonly described as “brain fog”. Inflammatory markers remained elevated (CRP 23 mg/L) and repeat RT-PCR of CSF confirmed a persistent SARS-CoV-2 presence (Ct = 31). This case underscores the potential for SARS-CoV-2 to cause prolonged CNS involvement, leading to persistent neurological impairment despite standard therapy. Further research is essential to clarify the pathophysiology of and determine optimal management for SARS-CoV-2 neuroinfections.

Source: Viruses, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/12/1962

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Giuseppe Michieli

#Risk #assessment of #zoonotic #viruses in #urban-adapted #wildlife

Abstract

The repeated emergence of pandemic viruses underscores the linkages between land-use change and wildlife disease, and urban-adapted wildlife are of special interest due to their close proximity to humans. However, viral diversity within urban-adapted species and their zoonotic potential remain largely unexplored. We compiled a large dataset on seven priority urban-adapted mammal species and their viruses covering over 115 countries from 1574 to 2023. These urban-adapted species host 286 virus species spanning 24 orders and 38 families, 14 of which are potentially high risk for human infection. Raccoons carried the most high-risk viruses, while raccoon dogs had increased viral positivity in urban habitats compared to raccoons, wild boars, and red foxes. Many viruses in urban-adapted species were phylogenetically related to those found in humans, and we also observed evidence of possible viral spillback. These results highlight zoonotic risks associated with urban-adapted species and suggest enhanced surveillance to mitigate future outbreaks.

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.18.629064v1

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Giuseppe Michieli

Intensive #transmission in wild, migratory #birds drove rapid geographic #dissemination and repeated #spillovers of #H5N1 into #agriculture in North #America

Abstract

Since late 2021, a panzootic of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus has driven significant morbidity and mortality in wild birds, domestic poultry, and mammals. In North America, infections in novel avian and mammalian species suggest the potential for changing ecology and establishment of new animal reservoirs. Outbreaks among domestic birds have persisted despite aggressive culling, necessitating a re-examination of how these outbreaks were sparked and maintained. To recover how these viruses were introduced and disseminated in North America, we analyzed 1,818 Hemagglutinin (HA) gene sequences sampled from North American wild birds, domestic birds and mammals from November 2021-September 2023 using Bayesian phylodynamic approaches. Using HA, we infer that the North American panzootic was driven by ~8 independent introductions into North America via the Atlantic and Pacific Flyways, followed by rapid dissemination westward via wild, migratory birds. Transmission was primarily driven by Anseriformes, shorebirds, and Galliformes, while species such as songbirds, raptors, and owls mostly acted as dead-end hosts. Unlike the epizootic of 2015, outbreaks in domestic birds were driven by ~46-113 independent introductions from wild birds, with some onward transmission. Backyard birds were infected ~10 days earlier on average than birds in commercial poultry production settings, suggesting that they could act as early warning signals for transmission upticks in a given area. Our findings support wild birds as an emerging reservoir for HPAI transmission in North America and suggest continuous surveillance of wild Anseriformes and shorebirds as crucial for outbreak inference. Future prevention of agricultural outbreaks may require investment in strategies that reduce transmission at the wild bird/agriculture interface, and investigation of backyard birds as putative early warning signs.

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.16.628739v1

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Giuseppe Michieli

The crucial role of intercellular #calcium wave #propagation triggered by #influenza A virus in promoting #infection

Abstract

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) initially infect a few host cells, and the infection subsequently spreads to neighboring cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this expansion remain unclear. Here, we show that IAV infection upregulates the frequency of intercellular calcium wave propagations (iCWPs) that mediate the spread of IAVs. ADP released from initially infected cells mediated iCWPs via the P2Y1 receptor. The generation of iCWPs and spread of viral infection were inhibited by a P2Y1 antagonist. Enhanced endocytosis in the surrounding cells that received ADP signaling upregulated viral entry. Expression of IAV matrix protein 2 (M2) in initially infected cells triggered iCWPs through ADP diffusion, thereby increasing infection, whereas an ion permeability-deficient mutation of M2 or inhibition of its ion channel activity suppressed iCWPs. Therefore, intercellular calcium signaling is essential for early expansion and potential establishment of IAV infection, which offers a promising target for IAV prophylaxis.

Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.12.20.629723v1

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Giuseppe Michieli

#USA, #Iowa HHS Reports First #Human Case of Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza (#H5N1), #Risk Remains Very Low to Public

The Iowa Department of Health and Human Services (Iowa HHS) is reporting the first human case of avian influenza A(H5) in the state.

The individual was exposed to infected poultry while working with a commercial flock in northwest Iowa.

The individual reported mild symptoms, has received appropriate treatment and is recovering.

The case was identified through testing at the State Hygienic Laboratory and confirmed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

As of December 20, 2024, the CDC has reported 64 confirmed human cases of H5 HPAI across nine states. The majority of the exposures are linked to infected poultry or dairy cows.

There is no evidence that human-to-human transmission of influenza A(H5) is occurring in the U.S.

Although human infections are rare{!}, the virus is spread through prolonged exposure around infected flocks and herds, through the eyes, nose or mouth. Any individuals with direct contact who develop flu-like symptoms or an eye infection should contact their doctor. To reduce the risk of infection or spread, people in direct contact with exposed animals should wear proper PPE and avoid direct contact with sick or dead animals, including birds.

“Iowa has monitored the spread of avian influenza closely since it was first detected in poultry in the state in 2022, and our state is prepared with the established knowledge, strong partnerships, and effective tools to mitigate its impact on our community,” said Iowa HHS State Medical Director Dr. Robert Kruse.

There is no concern {!!} about the safety of eggs and poultry products or pasteurized milk and dairy products. As a reminder, consumers should always properly handle and cook eggs and poultry products, including cooking to an internal temperature of 165˚F. Pasteurization has continually proven to successfully inactivate bacteria and viruses, like influenza, in milk.

Source: Department of Health, https://hhs.iowa.gov/news-release/2024-12-20/iowa-hhs-reports-first-human-case-highly-pathogenic-avian-influenza-hpai-iowa-risk-remains-very-low

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Giuseppe Michieli

Friday, December 20, 2024

#USA, Confirmed #human #H5N1 #influenza case summary during 2024 #outbreak, by state and exposure source, as of Dec. 20 '24: 3 new cases, total now = 64

Exposure Source

[State - Exposure Associated with Commercial Agriculture and Related Operations: Dairy Herds (Cattle) - Poultry Farms and Culling Operations - Other Animal Exposure† - Exposure Source Unknown‡ - State Total]

1) California - 35 - 0 - 0 - 1 - 36 {+2}

2) Colorado - 1 - 9 - 0 - 0 - 10

3) Louisiana - 0 - 0 - 1 - 0 - 1 {+1}

4) Michigan - 2 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 2

5) Missouri - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 - 1

6) Oregon - 0 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 1

7) Texas - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1

8) Washington - 0 - 11 - 0 - 0 - 11

9) Wisconsin - 0 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 1 {+1}

-- Source Total - 39 - 22 - 1 - 2 - 64 {+3}

NOTE: One additional case was previously detected in a poultry worker in Colorado in 2022.

†Exposure was related to other animals such as backyard flocks, wild birds, or other mammals

‡Exposure source was not able to be identified

Probable human case summary during the 2024 outbreak, by state and exposure source

When a case tests positive for H5 at a public health laboratory but testing at CDC is not able to confirm H5 infection, per Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) guidance, a case is reported as probable.

-- Probable cases with commercial poultry exposure (e.g., poultry farms or culling operations):

1) Washington (3)

2) Arizona (2)

-- Probable cases with commercial dairy (cattle) exposure:

1) California (1)

-- Probable cases with exposure source unknown:

1) Delaware (1)

Confirmed and probable cases are typically updated by 5 PM EST on Mondays (for cases confirmed by CDC on Friday, Saturday, or Sunday), Wednesdays (for cases confirmed by CDC on Monday or Tuesday), and Fridays (for cases confirmed by CDC on Wednesday and Thursday). Affected states may report cases more frequently.

(...)

Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/avian-flu-summary.htm

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Giuseppe Michieli

Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza A(#H5N1) Virus: Interim #Recommendations for #Prevention, #Monitoring, and Public Health #Investigations

Summary

The purpose of this guidance is to outline CDC's recommendations for preventing exposures to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) viruses, infection prevention and control measures including the use of personal protective equipment, testing, antiviral treatment, patient investigations, monitoring of exposed persons (including persons exposed to sick or dead wild and domesticated animals and livestock with suspected or confirmed infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus), and antiviral chemoprophylaxis of exposed persons. These recommendations are based on available information and will be updated as needed when new information becomes available.

(...)

Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/prevention/hpai-interim-recommendations.html

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Giuseppe Michieli

#Phylogenetic and #Pathogenic #Analysis of #H5N1 and #H5N6 High Pathogenicity Avian #Influenza Virus Isolated from #Poultry Farms (Layer and Broiler Chickens) in #Japan in the 2023/2024 Season

Abstract

During the 2023–2024 winter, 11 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks caused by clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 and H5N6 HPAI viruses were confirmed in Japanese domestic poultry among 10 prefectures (n = 10 and 1, respectively). In this study, we aimed to genetically and pathologically characterize these viruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that H5N1 viruses were classified into the G2d-0 genotype, whereas the H5N6 virus was a novel genotype in Japan, designated as G2c-12. The G2c-12 virus shared PB2, PB1, PA, HA, and M genes with previous G2c viruses, but had NP and NS genes originating from avian influenza viruses in wild birds abroad. The N6 NA gene was derived from an H5N6 HPAI virus that was different from the viruses responsible for the outbreaks in Japan in 2016–2017 and 2017–2018. Experimental infections in chickens infected with H5N1(G2d-0) and H5N6(G2c-12) HPAI viruses showed no significant differences in the 50% chicken lethal dose, mean death time, or virus shedding from the trachea and cloaca, or in the histopathological findings. Different genotypes of the viruses worldwide, their introduction into the country, and their stable lethality in chickens may have triggered the four consecutive seasons of HPAI outbreaks in Japan.

Source: Viruses, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/12/1956

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Giuseppe Michieli

Structural basis of different #neutralization capabilities of #monoclonal #antibodies against #H7N9 virus

ABSTRACT

Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are important for the treatment of emerging viral diseases and for effective vaccine development. In this study, we generated and evaluated three nAbs (1H9, 2D7, and C4H4) against H7N9 influenza viruses and found that they differ in their ability to inhibit viral attachment, membrane fusion, and egress. We resolved the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of H7N9 hemagglutinin (HA) alone and in complex with the nAb antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) and identified the HA head-located epitope for each nAb, thereby revealing the molecular basis and key residues that determine the differences in these nAbs in neutralizing H7N9 viruses. Moreover, we found that the humanized nAb CC4H4 provided complete protection in mice against death caused by a lethal H7N9 virus infection, even when nAb was given 3 days after the mice were infected. These findings provide new insights into the neutralizing mechanism and structural basis for the rational design of H7N9 virus vaccines and therapeutics.

Source: Journal of Virology, https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/jvi.01400-24?af=R

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Giuseppe Michieli

#Marburg virus disease - #Rwanda

{Summary}

Situation at a glance

On 20 December 2024, after two consecutive incubation periods (total of 42 days) since the second negative PCR test was conducted on 7 November for the last confirmed Marburg case, and without a new confirmed case reported, the Ministry of Health of Rwanda declared the end of the Marburg virus disease (MVD) outbreak, as per the WHO recommendations.

The outbreak had been declared on 27 September 2024.

As of 19 December 2024, 66 confirmed cases,15 deaths with a case fatality ratio (CFR) of 23%, and 51 recovered cases have been reported.

The last confirmed case was reported on 30 October 2024.

WHO through its country office and development partners provided technical and financial support to the government to contain this outbreak.

The risk of re-emergence of MVD still remains even after the official declaration of the end of the outbreak, linked to viral persistence in body fluids (mostly semen) of recovered patients and the animal reservoir in the country.

WHO encourages maintaining early case detection and care capacities in addition to sustaining the ability to quickly respond, also underscoring the importance of the recovered patient program, psychosocial support, and continued risk communication and community engagement.

(...)

Source: World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2024-DON548

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Giuseppe Michieli

#Influenza at the #human - #animal #interface #summary and #assessment, 12 December 2024

{Excerpt}

Influenza at the human-animal interface

Summary and risk assessment, from 2 November to 12 December 2024

• New human cases: From 2 November to 12 December 2024, the detection of influenza A(H5) virus in 16 humans and influenza A(H9N2) virus in nine humans were reported officially.

• Circulation of influenza viruses with zoonotic potential in animals: High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) events in poultry and non-poultry continue to be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) also provides a global update on avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential.

• Risk assessment: Based on information available at the time of the risk assessment, the overall public health risk from currently known influenza viruses at the human-animal interface has not changed remains low. Sustained human to human transmission has not been reported from these events and the occurrence of sustained human-to-human transmission of these viruses is currently considered unlikely. Although human infections with viruses of animal origin are infrequent, they are not unexpected at the human-animal interface.

• IHR compliance: All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005). This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. A(H1) or A(H3), circulating widely in the human population. Information from these notifications is critical to inform risk assessments for influenza at the human-animal interface.

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Source: World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/influenza-at-the-human-animal-interface-summary-and-assessment--12-december-2024

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Giuseppe Michieli

Updated joint #FAO / #WHO / #WOAH public health #assessment of recent #influenza A(#H5) virus #events in animals and people (Dec. 20 '24)

Assessment based on data as of 18 November 2024

12 December 2024

Key points

At the present time, based on available information, FAO-WHO-WOAH assess the global public health risk of influenza A(H5N1) viruses to be low, while the risk of infection for occupationally exposed persons is low to moderate depending on the risk mitigation measures in place and the local avian influenza epidemiological situation.

Transmission between animals continues to occur and, to date, a growing yet still limited number of human infections are being reported.

Although additional human infections associated with exposure to infected animals or contaminated environments are expected to occur, the overall public health impact of such infections at a global level, at the present time, is minor.

This risk assessment from FAO, WHO, and WOAH updates the assessment of the risk of zoonotic transmission (for example, animal to human) considering additional information made available since the previous assessment of 14 August 2024.

This update is limited to the inclusion of additional information being made available globally.

Due to the potential risk to human health and the farreaching implications of the disease on the health of wild birds, poultry, livestock and other animal populations, the use of a One Health approach is essential to tackle avian influenza effectively, to monitor and characterize virus circulation, to prevent within species and to new species transmission, to reduce spread among animals, and to prevent human infections from exposure to animals.

Infections in animals

In March 2024, influenza A(H5) clade 2.3.4.4b of subtype H5N1 virus was detected in unpasteurized milk samples and oropharyngeal swabs from dairy cattle for the first time in the USA.{1,2}

Influenza A(H5N1) virus detections continue to be reported through testing of dairy cattle exhibiting clinical signs and with no apparent disease.{3,4}

While H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus was introduced into North America in late 2021, analyses of virus sequence data from infected dairy cows has suggested that the ongoing circulation in dairy herds is linked to a single bird-to-dairy cow transmission event of a B3.13 genotype A(H5N1) virus that occurred in late 2023 or early 2024.{5}

Thus far, this genotype has not been detected in cattle outside of the USA under field conditions.{6}

As of 18 November 2024, 599 dairy cattle herds in 15 states of the USA have tested positive for A(H5N1), with a significant surge of confirmed outbreaks in dairy cattle in the State of California reaching 383 herds since the first detection in late August 2024.{7}

The average incidence of clinical disease on affected farms ranges between 10 and 20% with main clinical signs including decreased milk production with abnormal milk, decreased feed intake, fever, dehydration, altered faecal consistency, respiratory distress, and abortions.{8,9,10}

Studies have shown that commercial milk pasteurization inactivates the virus making it safe for human consumption.{11,12,13}

The routes and modes of transmission between cattle, the duration of virus shedding as well as the infectious period are under investigation, and while there have been advancements in our understanding, this is still not well understood.

Transmission between states in the USA has been linked to cattle movements or possibly through feed and manure handling equipment, or on clothing or footwear of people working or visiting farms.{10}

Experimental studies of lactating dairy cattle and non-lactating heifers have been published and have provided some insight into receptor distribution, viral replication kinetics, and infection routes.

Studies have indicated that alpha 2,3 sialic acid receptors (avian virus-type) are abundant in dairy cattle mammary tissue, consistent with the observation of high viral load in raw milk, and such receptors have also been detected in the respiratory tract of dairy cattle.{14,15}

However, one study addressing the receptor binding specificity of the mammary gland and respiratory tract of cows to influenza A viruses (IAV) indicated that the upper respiratory tract of cows is devoid of receptors for IAV.{16}

The same study demonstrated that the mammary gland of cows abundantly displays aviantype receptors for circulating H5 viruses while lacking human-type receptors.

The lack of human-type receptors in mammary tissue contradicts a previous study that solely relied on plant-derived lectins to identify receptors.{15}

Experimental inoculations of calves, heifers, and lactating cows demonstrated greater potential of A(H5N1) viruses to infect and replicate in the mammary gland than in the respiratory tract.

In calves, intranasal inoculation with A(H5N1) B3.13 genotype virus resulted in poor nasal replication and viral shedding and the observed clinical signs were mild and there was no reported transmission to sentinel calves.

While in lactating dairy cows, intramammary inoculation with high doses of A(H5N1) viruses (B3.13 or a representative European wild bird isolate) resulted in severe mammary gland infection with necrotizing mastitis, drastically reduced milk production, with no nasal replication nor systemic infection.{17, 18}

On 29 October 2024, the USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratories confirmed A(H5N1) virus detection in swine from a backyard farm in Oregon State where A(H5N1) virus was also confirmed in poultry on 25 October.

The farming operation had a mix of poultry and livestock (including five swine, sheep and goats) that had been in close contact and sharing water sources, housing, and equipment.

Although the swine did not express any clinical signs, they were euthanized for further diagnostic analysis.{19}

Two of the five swine tested positive for A(H5N1) virus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Partial genome sequencing indicated the A(H5N1) belonged to the D1.2 genotype, similarly to the infected poultry on the same farm, and not the B3.13 genotype.{20}

The detection of H5N1 virus in two pigs in Oregon State was not unexpected given the close contact between infected poultry and pigs on the farm likely enabling a poultry-to-swine transmission event.

Nonetheless, avian influenza detections in pigs warrant attention as they can act as "mixing vessels" for genetic reassortment of avian and human influenza viruses, potentially creating new strains with pandemic potential.

The mechanisms underlying A(H5N1) virus adaptation to pigs and the potential for efficient and sustained transmissibility among pigs are yet to be understood.

Several experimental infections studies conducted in pigs with A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses showed that mammalian-derived A(H5N1) virus strains demonstrated higher potential for replication, pathogenicity, and transmissibility as compared to avian-derived A(H5N1) virus strains.{21,22}

Nonetheless, avian-derived A(H5N1) virus isolated in the USA in 2022 replicated successfully in the lungs of pigs with pulmonary lesions consistent with IAV infection and A(H5N1) virus transmission to at least one naive pig through direct contact was observed using mammalian isolates (racoon and red fox) from the USA.{23}

Detections of A(H5) in mammals, other than dairy cattle, and wild and domestic birds continue to be reported in the USA and in other countries worldwide.

Since 2021, clade 2.3.4.4b H5 virus circulation in wild and migratory birds and poultry resulted in numerous separate infections of wild carnivorous and scavenging mammals, domestic cats and dogs, marine mammals, and seabirds in various countries and territories.

Clade 2.3.4.4b virus infections in mammals in the Americas, Asia and Europe have often resulted in severe disease with neurological signs in some species.{24}

Notably, the wild marine mammal populations along the Atlantic and Pacific coastlines of the Americas weathered an important H5N1 epizootic leading to mass mortality events, particularly in Argentina, Chile, and Peru.{25}

Amino acid changes potentially associated with increased virulence, transmission, or adaptation to mammalian hosts have been identified in H5N1 viruses responsible for the spillover events in marine mammals, and scientific publications suggested the occurrence of mammal-to-mammal transmission events supported by epidemiological, ecological, and phylogenetic data.{26, 27}

Between August and September 2024, avian influenza outbreaks were reported in captive wild felines in two zoos in southern Viet Nam. These led to the death of at least 47 tigers, three lions and a leopard, and were confirmed to be caused by a reassortant clade 2.3.2.1c A(H5N1) virus containing clade 2.3.4.4b gene segments.

None of the zoo staff members in close contact with the infected animals experienced any respiratory symptoms.{28, 29}

Previous influenza A(H5N1) outbreaks in felines, characterized by severe pneumonia and high mortality, have been associated with the feeding of infected poultry and likely tiger-to-tiger transmission.{30,31}

For the latest information on avian influenza situation in animals worldwide, see the FAO Global Avian Influenza Viruses with Zoonotic Potential situation update and the WOAH situation reports on HPAI, as well as WOAH’s World Animal Health Information System.

Detections in humans

Since the last joint assessment of August 2024 and as of 27 November 2024, an additional 49 human cases of infection with A(H5) viruses have been reported.

Of these, 45 were reported from the USA: 28 in persons with exposure to A(H5N1)-infected dairy cattle in California, 15 in persons with exposure while involved in depopulation of A(H5N1)-infected commercial poultry farms, and two in persons with unknown exposure at the time of reporting.

Samples from three cases related to poultry depopulation in the State of Colorado were confirmed to contain A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype B3.13, virus while cases related to poultry depopulation in the State of Washington contained viruses belonging to the D1.1 genotype.

Intensive epidemiological investigation of the case with unknown exposure in the State of Missouri could not identify any animal or animal product exposure.

Five health care workers in contact with the case were shown to be A(H5N1) seronegative, the case and one household contact who reported symptoms with the same onset date were weakly A(H5N1) seropositive.

The timing of symptom onsets supports a single common exposure, which at present remains unknown, rather than human-to-human transmission.{32}

All but one of the detected cases in the USA have reported mild symptoms, including conjunctivitis and mild respiratory symptoms, and recovered without hospitalization.

The one exception who had comorbidities reported gastrointestinal symptoms and was hospitalized.{33,34}

A recent sero-study in 115 persons in Colorado and Michigan working on dairy farms during A(H5N1) outbreaks among dairy cattle found that eight (7.0%) had serologic evidence of recent infection (seropositive, ≥40 antibody titres to H5 2.3.4.4b by both micro-neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition assays).

These seropositive individuals reporting working with dairy cattle or in the milking parlour, and four reported being ill when A(H5) was detected among the dairy cattle.{35}

Three human cases of clade 2.3.2.1c A(H5N1) virus infection were reported from Cambodia since the last update of August 2024.

All were hospitalized; two recovered and the other died.

All three cases had exposure to sick or dead backyard poultry.

On 13 November, one human case of domestically acquired A(H5N1) infection was confirmed by Canadian authorities in a young person without underlying conditions. The condition of the case was reported as critical. There are several ongoing investigations to better understand the exposures of this case, and so far investigations have not been able to identify the source of exposure.

The virus from the case belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b, specifically the D1.1 genotype, which was similar to viruses concurrently affecting poultry in the region.{36}

Virus characteristics

Regular monitoring and screening of viral sequences from birds has rarely found markers of mammalian adaptation in clade 2.3.4.4b viruses; those that have been detected are mainly in the polymerase proteins of the virus.

These polymerase markers have been more frequently detected in viruses from mammals.

As of 4 November 2024, none of the virus sequences from dairy cattle in the USA have well-recognized markers in the HA gene associated with a switch in receptor preference despite continued circulation of the virus.

Additional studies on some B3.13 A(H5N1) viruses indicate no differences in receptor binding, pH fusion or thermostability compared to other non-B3.13 avian A(H5N1) viruses, and that these viruses retain their avian influenza virus phenotype.{37}

Available virus sequences from human cases have shown some genetic markers that may reduce susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors (antiviral medicines such as oseltamivir) or endonuclease inhibitors (such as baloxavir marboxil).

While these changes may reduce antiviral susceptibility in laboratory testing the clinical impact of these genetic changes requires further studies.{38}

Experimental studies with A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses, including a B3.13 virus from the human case in Texas, have shown variable transmission between ferrets by direct contact, but no or inefficient transmission via respiratory droplets in most studies. {39, 40 , 41, 42, 43, 44}

Ferrets infected with a non-B3.13 A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus via the ocular route did experience severe disease and were able to transmit the virus to other ferrets via direct contact; these contact animals also developed severe disease.{45}

Currently circulating A(H5N1) viruses would need further genetic changes to gain the ability to spread efficiently among humans via respiratory droplets, consistent with the current level of risk to public health, which is low.{39}

Other A(H5) virus clades such as 2.3.2.1c46 and 2.3.2.1a continue to circulate and evolve in poultry in geographically restricted regions.

Three A(H5N1) human cases have been detected in Cambodia since the previous assessment.

The detected viruses were identified as reassortant influenza A(H5N1) viruses that were also detected in poultry in Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic{47} and Viet Nam, and previously detected in human cases reported from Cambodia since late 2023 and Viet Nam in 2024. This reassortant virus has HA and NA genes from clade 2.3.2.1c viruses, while its internal genes belong to clade 2.3.4.4b viruses.{48,49}

The viruses were similar to those detected in captive tigers and leopards in Viet Nam.{50}

Based on limited seroprevalence information available on A(H5) viruses, human population immunity against the HA of H5 viruses is expected to be minimal; human population immunity targeting the N1 neuraminidase is found to be present although the impact of this immunity is yet to be understood.{51}

Candidate vaccine viruses (CVV)

The WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS), in collaboration with animal health partners (FAO, WOAH, OFFLU (Joint WOAH-FAO network of expertise on animal influenza) and others), continue to evaluate candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness purposes both bi-annually and on an ad hoc basis.

Regular genetic and antigenic characterization of contemporary zoonotic influenza viruses are published here with the most recent update on A(H5) CVVs published in September following the WHO Consultation on the Composition of Influenza Virus Vaccines for Use in the 2025 Southern Hemisphere Influenza Season.

While the majority of circulating clade 2.3.4.4b viruses reacted well to at least one of the postinfection ferret antisera raised against the existing CVVs, an increasing proportion of clade 2.3.2.1c viruses from Cambodia and Viet Nam had reduced reactivity with post-infection ferret antiserum raised against an existing CVV.

Thus, a new CVV from clade 2.3.2.1c was proposed.

The list of available zoonotic influenza candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs) which include A(H5N1) viruses and potency testing reagents is updated on the WHO website.

Assessment of current public health risk posed by influenza A(H5N1) viruses {52}

(1). What is the global public health risk of additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses?

Despite the high and increasing number of A(H5) clade 2.3.4.4b outbreaks and detections in animals and increasing human exposures to the virus at the human-animal-environment interface, there have been relatively few human infections reported to date. Of the human cases of A(H5) detections reported since the beginning of 2021, the majority were infections in people associated with exposure to A(H5) viruses through direct or indirect contact with infected animals, or contaminated environments, such as live poultry markets or other premises with infected animals. Severity of illness has ranged from mild to fatal, with the majority of recent cases reporting mild illness. The exception is the recent case reported from Canada, in a young person with no underlying conditions, reported as critical. Thus far, among these cases, there has been no reported or identified human-to-human transmission through follow up epidemiologic, virologic and serologic investigations. Investigations for some of the cases continue. Current virologic and epidemiologic information indicates that these viruses remain avian influenza viruses without established adaptations to mammalian hosts and have not acquired the capacity for sustained transmission between humans. The epidemiological situation has changed with the ongoing spread of A(H5) virus in the USA dairy cattle population. Persons exposed to affected dairy cattle and other infected animals may be in prolonged and close contact with potentially contaminated surfaces and animal products. As long as A(H5) viruses continue to be detected in wild and domestic birds and mammals, including dairy cattle, and related environments, including in unpasteurized/raw milk, further human cases are expected, particularly amongst exposed individuals not wearing appropriate personal protective equipment and/or in environments where mitigation measures are not in place. Further studies on the detection of A(H5N1) in two pigs in the USA is needed in order to better understand the risk posed by this finding. Based on currently available information, FAO-WHO-WOAH assesses the global public health risk of influenza A(H5) viruses as low. Although additional human infections associated with exposure to infected animals or contaminated environments are expected to occur, they remain limited in the general population and the overall current public health impact of such infections at a global level is minor, considering the surveillance, response, mitigation and control measures in place. However, while the risk of infection to the general public is low, among persons with exposure to infected birds or mammals or contaminated environments, the risk of infection can range from low to moderate, depending on nature of the exposure, the duration of exposure, the consistent and appropriate use of personal protective equipment, and the use of other response, mitigation and control measures particularly in environments where animals are kept. The pandemic potential of these viruses requires enhanced vigilance, especially in animal populations where animal to animal transmission is known to occur (poultry and dairy cattle), and close monitoring in animals and humans. It remains essential that, while farmers enhance biosecurity on their farms, governments focus efforts on strengthening surveillance in susceptible animal populations and in persons exposure to infected animals, to prevention and mitigation efforts to reduce and/or stop animal to animal transmission and reduce environmental contamination, to prevention efforts to stop animals to human transmission and to improve communication with at risk persons and provide occupationally exposed persons with and train in the use of personal protective equipment.

(2). What is the likelihood of human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H5) viruses?

There has been no reported human-to-human transmission of A(H5) viruses since 2007, although there may be knowledge gaps in investigations around identified human infections. In 2007 and the years prior, small clusters of A(H5) virus infections in humans were reported, including limited human to human transmission from patients to health care workers. At the present time sustained human-to-human transmission has not been reported of A(H5) viruses.{53} The A(H5) viruses currently detected in mammals, including in human cases, largely retain genomic and biological characteristics of avian influenza viruses and remain well-adapted to spread among birds. Except for in-host obtained amino acid mutations in polymerase proteins, there is still limited evidence for adaptation to mammals and humans even when transmission in mammals has been suspected.{54} No changes in receptor binding tropism have been consistently observed that would increase binding to receptors in the human upper respiratory tract which would increase the probability of transmission to and among people. In addition, available preliminary sero-studies and sero-investigations have not identified human-to-human transmission of A(H5N1) in the USA. Therefore, sustained human-to-human transmission of the currently circulating A(H5N1) viruses is considered unlikely without further genetic changes in the virus. This is actively being assessed by agencies in affected Member States, FAO, WHO, WOAH and partners. WHO, together with FAO and WOAH, continues to evaluate A(H5) viruses closely and will reassess the risk associated with the currently circulating A(H5) viruses as more information becomes available. Further antigenic characterization of A(H5) viruses, including in relation to the existing CVVs, and development of specific reagents are being prioritized at the WHO Collaborating Centres and Essential Regulatory Laboratories of GISRS in collaboration with public health, animal health, and veterinary sector colleagues.

Recommended actions

It is recommended that Member States and national authorities:

• increase surveillance and vigilance, in human populations, especially amongst occupationally exposed persons, for the possibility of zoonotic infections, particularly through National Influenza Centres (NICs) and other influenza laboratories associated with GISRS;

• assess and reduce the risk among occupationally exposed persons using methods such as active case finding and molecular and serologic methods, reducing environmental exposures, providing adequate and appropriate personal protective equipment;

• conduct active case finding around suspected and confirmed human cases to determine if there are additional cases or indications of human-to-human transmission; and

• work with national agencies and partners to better understand the exposure to and risk from raw/unpasteurized milk and milk products.

Under the International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005),{55} States Parties are required to notify WHO within 24 hours of any laboratory-confirmed case of human influenza caused by a new subtype according to the WHO case definition.{56} WHO has published the case definition for human infections with avian influenza A(H5) virus requiring notification under IHR (2005).{57}

Member States and national authorities are also recommended to:

• increase surveillance and timely reporting efforts for the early detection of A(H5) influenza viruses in domestic birds, wild birds and mammals{58};

• include infection with an A(H5) influenza virus as a differential diagnosis, in non-avian species, including cattle, swine and other livestock and farmed domestic and wild animal populations, with high likelihood of exposure to A(H5) viruses;

• Implement preventive and early response measures to break the chain of infection among domestic animals (for example, poultry and dairy cattle)

• promptly report high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) events in all animal species, including domestic and wild mammals, to WOAH and other international organizations such as FAO;

• conduct genetic sequencing and share genetic sequences of influenza viruses and associated metadata in publicly available databases;

• mitigate the risk of introduction and spread of the disease in animals by implementing and/or strengthening biosecurity in livestock holdings/premises and along the value chain;

• employ good production and hygiene practices when handling animals and animal products, and protect persons in contact with suspected/infected animals with appropriate personal protective equipment, information and access to testing; and

• strengthen communication and education on the importance and proper use of personal protective equipment to individuals at risk of exposure to animal influenza viruses.

Additional sets of recommendations related to avian influenza viruses with zoonotic potential can be found in: • WOAH Statement on High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza in Cattle, Updated 6 December 2024. • FAO Recommendations for the surveillance of influenza A(H5N1) in cattle with broader application to other farmed mammals, published 27 November 2024 • FAO alert on avian influenza: Risk of upsurge and regional spread through wild birds in Latin America and the Caribbean in English and Spanish • FAO recommendations for Global Avian Influenza Viruses with Zoonotic Potential. • FAO EMPRES Watch entitled ‘A(H5N1) influenza in dairy cattle in the United States of America’. • WHO Practical interim guidance to reduce the risk of infection in people exposed to avian influenza viruses • CDC Information for Workers Exposed to H5N1 Bird Flu

Additional studies/surveillance, applying One Health principles are warranted, which could provide information to enhance confidence in the risk assessment. These may include serological studies in high-risk animal populations, in high-risk human populations, and epidemiological investigations. Anyone who may have been exposed to infected or potentially infected animals or contaminated environments should be advised to promptly seek health care if they feel unwell, and to inform their health care provider of their possible exposure. Following prompt testing, early and appropriate clinical management should be initiated, and precautionary measures put in place to assess and prevent potential further spread among humans and animals. Clinicians should also be alerted to potential zoonotic infection in patients with an exposure history to birds or animals especially in areas where A(H5N1) viruses are known or suspected to be circulating in animals but also in areas where surveillance in animals may be limited.

Routine epidemiologic and virologic surveillance for influenza should be conducted ideally yearround using a standard case definition in healthcare facilities according to WHO guidance.{59} Timely sharing of information and sequence data from both the human and animal health sectors from all regions should continue to be strongly recommended and is critical for rapid and robust joint risk assessment. The rapid sharing of virus materials with WHO Collaborating Centres of GISRS continues to be essential to conduct a thorough risk assessment and develop or adjust targeted response measures.

The Tool for Influenza Pandemic Risk Assessment (TIPRA) provides an in-depth assessment of risk associated with some zoonotic influenza viruses – notably the likelihood of the virus gaining human-to-human transmissibility, and the impact should the virus gain such transmissibility. TIPRA maps relative risk amongst viruses assessed using multiple elements.{60}

Data pertaining to the risk elements within TIPRA should be generated and shared with WHO.

Efforts to reduce human exposure to birds, livestock, and other mammals infected with or potentially infected with avian and other animal influenza viruses should be implemented and enhanced to minimize the risk of zoonotic infections. Individuals with activities that involve exposure to infected animals and/or contaminated environments are at higher risk and should take necessary precautions to prevent infection.{61}

Those who are exposed to potentially infected animals should have access to, be trained in their use under different environmental conditions, and wear personal protective equipment including eye protection.{62}

If they develop respiratory symptoms or conjunctivitis, they should be rapidly tested, and precautionary infection control measures should be put in place to prevent potential further spread among humans and to animals.

For detailed guidance on treatment, refer to relevant global and national guidance.{63}

Some manufacturers have initiated production of an A(H5) human vaccine that matches current circulating strains. Although a few countries are procuring vaccine to vaccinate occupationally exposed persons, this is not currently being recommended as a global strategy considering the limited number of human infections with A(H5N1) 2.3.4.4b viruses.

Investigations are ongoing to understand the risk to humans from consuming raw/unpasteurized milk contaminated with A(H5N1) virus. FAO, WHO and WOAH advise consuming pasteurized milk. Due to the potential health risks from many dangerous zoonotic pathogens, raw/unpasteurized milk consumption should be avoided.

If pasteurized milk is not available, heating raw milk until it boils makes it safer for consumption.{64}

More information will be available as investigations are actively ongoing in the USA and elsewhere. WHO and GISRS, jointly with FAO, WOAH and OFFLU are working closely together to continuously assess the avian influenza situation. This includes increased surveillance and testing to monitor the evolution and geographic spread of avian influenza viruses, including A(H5N1) viruses, to provide timely and updated joint risk assessments.

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60) World Health Organization. Tool for influenza pandemic risk assessment. http://www.who.int/teams/globalinfluenza-programme/avian-influenza/tool-for-influenza-pandemic-risk-assessment-(tipra).

61) US CDC. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Animals: Interim Recommendations for Prevention, Monitoring, and Public Health Investigations. https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/prevention/hpaiinterim-recommendations.html.

62) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA (12 April 2024). APHIS Recommendations for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 Virus in Livestock For Workers. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/recommendations-workers-hpai-livestock.pdf.

63) Guidelines for the clinical management of severe illness from influenza virus infections. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/352453.

64) Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. Codex Alimentarius: Code of hygienic practice for milk and milk products. https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/livestockgov/documents/CXP_057e.pdf.

Source: World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/updated-joint-fao-who-woah-assessment-of-recent-influenza-a(h5n1)-virus-events-in-animals-and-people_dec2024

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Giuseppe Michieli

#USA, #Monitoring for Avian #Influenza A(#H5) Virus In #Wastewater (Dec. 20 '24)

{Excerpt}

Time Period: December 08 - December 14, 2024

H5 Detection: 49 sites (14.5%)

No Detection: 288 sites (85.5%)

No samples in last week: 35 sites

(...)

Source: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/h5-monitoring/index.html

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Giuseppe Michieli

ETIDIOH - NEW

Sunday, December 22, 2024

#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (by AMEDEO, December 22 '24)

#Hypotheses raised over unknown #disease in #DRC as test results awaited

New undiagnosed #disease in #DRC: urgent action needed

#Gene flow and its sporadic #spillover: #H10 and #N5 avian #influenza viruses from wild #birds and the #H10N5 #human cases in #China

Saturday, December 21, 2024

Yawning Man (disputed attribution), Pieter #Bruegel the Elder (c.1563)

#SARS-CoV-2 #Infection of the #CNS: A Case Report

#Risk #assessment of #zoonotic #viruses in #urban-adapted #wildlife

Intensive #transmission in wild, migratory #birds drove rapid geographic #dissemination and repeated #spillovers of #H5N1 into #agriculture in North #America

The crucial role of intercellular #calcium wave #propagation triggered by #influenza A virus in promoting #infection

#USA, #Iowa HHS Reports First #Human Case of Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza (#H5N1), #Risk Remains Very Low to Public

Friday, December 20, 2024

#USA, Confirmed #human #H5N1 #influenza case summary during 2024 #outbreak, by state and exposure source, as of Dec. 20 '24: 3 new cases, total now = 64

Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza A(#H5N1) Virus: Interim #Recommendations for #Prevention, #Monitoring, and Public Health #Investigations

#Phylogenetic and #Pathogenic #Analysis of #H5N1 and #H5N6 High Pathogenicity Avian #Influenza Virus Isolated from #Poultry Farms (Layer and Broiler Chickens) in #Japan in the 2023/2024 Season

Structural basis of different #neutralization capabilities of #monoclonal #antibodies against #H7N9 virus

#Marburg virus disease - #Rwanda

#Influenza at the #human - #animal #interface #summary and #assessment, 12 December 2024

Updated joint #FAO / #WHO / #WOAH public health #assessment of recent #influenza A(#H5) virus #events in animals and people (Dec. 20 '24)

#USA, #Monitoring for Avian #Influenza A(#H5) Virus In #Wastewater (Dec. 20 '24)

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