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Influenza at the human-animal interface
Summary and risk assessment, from 2 November to 12 December 2024
• New human cases: From 2 November to 12 December 2024, the detection of influenza A(H5) virus in 16 humans and influenza A(H9N2) virus in nine humans were reported officially.
• Circulation of influenza viruses with zoonotic potential in animals: High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) events in poultry and non-poultry continue to be reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) also provides a global update on avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential.
• Risk assessment: Based on information available at the time of the risk assessment, the overall public health risk from currently known influenza viruses at the human-animal interface has not changed remains low. Sustained human to human transmission has not been reported from these events and the occurrence of sustained human-to-human transmission of these viruses is currently considered unlikely. Although human infections with viruses of animal origin are infrequent, they are not unexpected at the human-animal interface.
• IHR compliance: All human infections caused by a new influenza subtype are required to be reported under the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005). This includes any influenza A virus that has demonstrated the capacity to infect a human and its haemagglutinin gene (or protein) is not a mutated form of those, i.e. A(H1) or A(H3), circulating widely in the human population. Information from these notifications is critical to inform risk assessments for influenza at the human-animal interface.
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Source: World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/influenza-at-the-human-animal-interface-summary-and-assessment--12-december-2024
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