#Genomic #Surveillance Uncovers the Silent #Spread of Avian #Influenza Virus #H5N1 2.3.4.4b Among Wild #Birds and #Mammals Along #Brazil’s Southern Coast

 

Abstract

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are widely distributed and have a wide range of hosts. Recently, the number of cases of infection associated with the circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 2.3.4.4b has raised concerns about its high transmission capacity in birds and mammals. This study analyzed swabs from bird and mammal species from the coast of Paraná and the northwest region of São Paulo, Brazil, for the presence of AIV in animals that did not present clinical or histopathological lesions of infection that indicated the need for molecular characterization during monitoring. Of the 661 animals analyzed, three tested positive, two of which were birds (Sula leucogaster and Thalasseus acuflavidus) while one was a mammal (Otaria flavescens) (0.45%, CI 95%: 0.16–1.33). A complete genome sequence of H5N1 AIV was obtained from a brown booby (Sula leucogaster) from the Paraná coast (GISAID accession number: EPI_ISL_1897537). Our study reinforces the importance of continuous genomic surveillance, especially in AIV hosts that do not show signs of infection, to enhance the One-Health assessment approach.

Source: Viruses, https://www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses

Link: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18/7/738

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#Vaccine #strategies and #development before and during the 1968 #H3N2 #influenza #pandemic

 

Abstract

Nearly 60 years ago, in 1968, the global population was confronted with the emerging pandemic influenza A virus (IAV) subtype H3N2 (1968 H3N2pdm). An estimate of up to two million fatalities have been linked to 1968 H3N2pdm, and the H3N2 subtype continues to circulate as seasonal IAV among humans until today. The last IAV pandemic dates back to the year 2009 but concerns about a new IAV pandemic in the near future are increasing. The global spread of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and its spill-over into new mammalian hosts, discovery of novel influenza A virus with zoonotic or even pandemic potential, as well as seasonal influenza viruses undergoing antigenic changes necessitate constant vigilance. Here, we highlight the proactive actions, precautionary measures and vaccination strategies used during the 1968 H3N2 IAV pandemic. Our review highlights the emergence and spread of 1968 H3N2pdm over the course of the pandemic, alongside a delineation of vaccine development before, during and after the 1968 pandemic. Updating these strategies in the context of new findings combined with our experiences during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is necessary to improve preparedness for the next pandemic. Influenza viruses with zoonotic potential will remain a constant threat to public health, and improving countermeasures and communication to the public is key to limit the pandemic ramifications.

Source: 

Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264410X26006869?via%3Dihub

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Mapping #SARS-CoV-2 #immunity after an #XBB.1.5 #booster by antigenic cartography of merged #human and hamster sera

 

Abstract

The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2, particularly the emergence and rapid spread of new immune-evasive variants, continues to challenge the durability of vaccine-induced protection. Understanding how repeated variant exposures shape neutralizing antibody breadth is therefore essential for optimizing booster design. Here, we investigated polyclonal neutralizing antibody responses in individuals who received a bivalent (ancestral + BA.4/5) boost followed by an additional monovalent XBB.1.5 boost, with and without breakthrough infection, against a diverse panel of SARS-CoV-2 variants. To visualize human multi-exposure immunity in antigenic space via antibody landscapes, we extended our existing human sera-based antigenic map with hamster sera infected with more recent variants. The hamster sera allowed us to map BA.2.86 and JN.1 variants, which largely escape human single exposure sera. Our analysis of human multi-exposure sera revealed that the number and type of exposures significantly shaped antibody landscapes. The XBB.1.5 booster immunization notably increased neutralizing antibody titers across variants, elevating the height of the antibody landscape. However, titers against more recent Omicron variants, such as JN.1, were low despite booster administration. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of SARS-CoV-2 immunity and emphasize the need for continuous monitoring and adaptation of vaccine strategies to maintain effective protection against emerging variants.

Source: npj Vaccine, https://www.nature.com/npjvaccines/

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-026-01516-7

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#Hantavirus #outbreak linked to cruise #ship travel, Multi-locations (WHO, July 3 '26): End of the Event

 

Situation at a glance

    This is the fifth Disease Outbreak News posting on the Andes hantavirus (ANDV) outbreak linked to the cruise ship M/V Hondius. 

    The outbreak identification followed the notification to the World Health Organization (WHO) on 2 May 2026 of severe acute respiratory illness cases onboard. 

    Since the previous Disease Outbreak News was published on 28 May 2026, one of the probable cases from Tristan da Cunha, an Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (hereafter referred to as the United Kingdom), was laboratory confirmed. 

    As of 2 July, a total of 13 cases, including three deaths, have been notified (case fatality ratio 23%). 

    Twelve cases have been laboratory-confirmed for ANDV infection, and one is a probable case. 

    All confirmed cases are among individuals who travelled onboard the M/V Hondius. 

    Among the ten cases admitted to hospitals, eight have recovered and have been discharged, while two are still undergoing medical treatment. 

    All identified contacts have completed the 42 day follow-up period by local health authorities in line with WHO guidance. 

    The completion of the contact follow up without detection of additional secondary cases demonstrates effective interruption of transmission and confirms outbreak containment. 

    This outbreak no longer poses a public health risk and no further related transmission is expected.

Description of the situation

    On 2 May 2026, in accordance with the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR), WHO received a notification from the National IHR Focal Point (NFP) of the United Kingdom of a cluster of severe acute respiratory illness aboard the Netherlands-flagged cruise ship M/V Hondius, with further details rapidly notified authorities in the Netherlands and South Africa.

    As of 2 July, a total of 13 cases (12 confirmed and one probable case), including three deaths (two confirmed and one probable), have been reported globally linked to the cruise ship. 

    The case fatality ratio for this outbreak to date is 23%. 

    Since the last Disease Outbreak News was published on 28 May 2026, ANDV infection was laboratory confirmed in a probable case in Tristan da Cunha who developed signs and symptoms after disembarkation from the cruise ship. 

    The early detection and isolation of the case prevented further transmission of the virus, but the limited diagnostic capacities on the island delayed the confirmation of the case until a sample was shipped and tested in the United Kingdom. 

    The patient has recovered and has been discharged.

    Among the confirmed cases admitted to hospital, eight have recovered and been discharged, while two, one in South Africa and one in France, continue to be hospitalized. 

    All 13 cases are among people who travelled on board the M/V Hondius.

(...)

    Nine of the reported cases were males, and four were females. The median age was 65-years-old (IQR 56-70), similar to the median age of the passengers onboard the ship (...). The ages of the three deceased cases were 69, 70 and 79-years-old.

(...)

    Currently available information suggests that infection of initial cases was likely acquired on land prior to embarkation, although the exact source and route of exposure remain undetermined, with subsequent human-to-human transmission occurring aboard the vessel. 

    Investigations remain underway to establish the circumstances and source of the outbreak, including genomic sequencing of ANDV samples from surveillance cases in Chile and Argentina, and will be published as soon as these are available.

    This outbreak was managed through a coordinated international response, which included comprehensive epidemiological investigations, case isolation and clinical management, medical evacuations, laboratory testing, repatriation of passengers and crew from the ship and international contact tracing, as well as quarantine and monitoring measures.

    Contact identification and follow-up of contacts of hantavirus cases linked to the cruise ship has been conducted in 33 countries and overseas territories. 

    This included passengers and crew onboard the ship, contacts of the case on Tristan da Cunha, contacts from two different international flights, healthcare workers and airport crew who assisted cases before the detection of the outbreak. 

    As of 2 July 2026, 317 high-risk contacts have completed quarantine and monitoring by local health authorities in the countries and territories where they were repatriated, evacuated or identified. 

    Some 336 low-risk contacts completed self-monitoring in line with the updated guidance on management of contacts of Andes virus (ANDV) cases from the MV Hondius cruise ship published on 17 May 2026. 

Epidemiology

    Hantavirus disease is a zoonotic viral disease caused by hantaviruses of the genus Orthohantavirus, family Hantaviridae, order Elliovirales, class Bunyaviricetes. More than 20 viral species have been identified within this genus. 

    Human hantavirus infection is primarily acquired through contact with the urine, faeces, or saliva of certain species of (specific) infected rodents, or by touching contaminated surfaces. 

    Exposure typically occurs during activities such as cleaning buildings with rodent infestations, though it may also occur during routine activities in heavily infested areas. 

    Human cases are most commonly reported in rural settings, such as forests, fields, and farms, where rodents are present and opportunities for exposure are greater.

    Limited human-to-human transmission has currently only been reported for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) associated with ANDV virus infection. 

    ANDV is endemic in South America, with confirmed circulation and human infections reported primarily in Argentina and Chile, and additional cases and related strains identified in Uruguay, southern Brazil, and Paraguay.

Andes virus transmission between humans

    Based on the available information and the existing observations of the current outbreak, limited human-to-human transmission of ANDV is known to occur. 

    However, no large-scale human-to-human outbreaks have been observed historically.[1] 

    ANDV circulates in specific species of rodents in the Americas, and there have been many sporadic cases reported in Argentina and Chile that have not led to onward transmission.[2]  

    Clusters of human cases have been reported in multiple past outbreaks and have been typically associated with close and prolonged interactions, often in shared indoor environments such as households.  

    The largest reported outbreak of ANDV was reported in Argentina in 2018-2019,2 where high viral titres in combination with attendance at large social gatherings or extensive contacts among people were associated with higher transmission.  

    While the available evidence suggests that there are multiple modes of transmission that occur with ANDV, the probability of onward transmission between humans remains low.

    Initial epidemiological investigation and the genomics analysis[3] of the identified cases show that in this outbreak of ANDV infection, human-to-human transmission has occurred on the ship. 

    While detailed information on the interaction between cases or with a contaminated environment aboard the ship is currently not available, these exact modes of transmission might be elucidated by upcoming results from an in-depth epidemiological investigation, as well as publication of the environmental sampling performed after the disembarkation.  

Response activities operated under the assumption that ANDV transmission:

    ° may have included contact with an infected individual or contaminated surfaces;

    ° and/or through-the-air transmission (via direct deposition of infectious respiratory particles onto exposed facial mucosal surfaces—mouth, nose, or eyes);

    ° and/or airborne transmission (via inhalation of infectious respiratory particles).

    Given the attack rate among the ship passengers, as well as the absence of secondary cases among contacts off the ship, the virus did not exhibit transmission dynamics consistent with highly transmissible airborne pathogens (such as measles).

Public health response

    Authorities from States Parties managing cases and/or contacts, WHO, and partners such as the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control have coordinated response measures, including:

        ° Ongoing engagement between WHO and the NFPs of countries managing cases and/or contacts ensured timely information sharing and coordination of response actions.

        ° International contact tracing and follow-up of contacts was conducted by local health authorities in line with national arrangements.

        ° WHO requested regular information sharing and periodic updates from States Parties through IHR channels regarding the follow-up of contacts and their health status.

        ° Ongoing epidemiological investigations to define epidemiological links between cases and exposure factors on the ship, as well as to try to understand the potential source of exposure.

    A prospective natural history study designed to improve understanding of Andes virus (ANDV) transmission dynamics, incubation periods, immune responses, viral kinetics, and the determinants of severe disease through harmonised longitudinal follow-up of exposed individuals. The study uses a standardised prospective protocol implemented across 21 participating countries.[4]

    WHO developed and published specific technical guidance documents to support response to the event, including:

        ° Technical guidance on the management of hantavirus onboard ships was shared with States Parties through IHR channels

        ° Technical note for the disembarkation and onward management of passengers and crew in the context of an ANDV-associated cluster;

        ° Management of contacts of Andes Virus (ANDV) cases from the MV Hondius cruise ship

        ° Laboratory testing of Andes virus (Orthohantavirus andesense) infection: Interim guidance

    The NFPs of countries managing cases and/or contacts have been exchanging passenger- and crew-related information.

    WHO provided risk communication coordination and support, ensured timely evidence-based information sharing, activated the coordination mechanisms across the three organizational levels, and supported national authorities in implementing public health measures, including in accordance with IHR provisions.

    WHO convened regular Member State briefings, expert discussions covering key technical, laboratory, clinical care and infection prevention and control (IPC) topics, and global webinars via the EPI-WIN knowledge platform to facilitate experience sharing and coordinate support.

    WHO supported the development of research protocols with national and international partners and planned a hantavirus consultation on medical countermeasures.

    WHO coordinated the distribution of the laboratory testing and reference materials made available by Chile and Argentina, as well as diagnostic protocols and information on available test kits and their performance.

WHO risk assessment

    The ANDV outbreak associated with the MV Hondius cruise ship no longer poses a public health risk and no further related transmission is expected.  

    ANDV remains endemic in South America, and it is associated with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome with substantial case fatality, its transmissibility remains limited, typically requiring close and prolonged exposure, and tends to result in temporally and spatially restricted clusters.

    While the confined maritime environment of this event likely facilitated transmission during the voyage, epidemiological and genomic evidence supports a point source outbreak, originating either from contact with an infected animal or infected person, followed by limited chains of human-to-human secondary transmission, without evidence of sustained transmission.

    The completion of the 42-day follow-up period for all identified contacts without further detection of additional secondary cases demonstrates effective interruption of transmission and confirms outbreak containment. 

    Additionally, IPC measures continue to be applied for the management of the two cases still hospitalized.

WHO advice

    WHO advises all countries to sustain strong engagement and collaboration to document and learn from this outbreak response, including both successes and operational challenges, and to apply the lessons identified to strengthen preparedness, surveillance including international tracing and follow up of contacts, clinical care, IPC, risk communication, and response capacities for future public health emergencies.

    WHO further encourages the continuation of epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and ecological studies to better understand the outbreak, its transmission dynamics, risk factors, and determinants of disease severity.

    In areas where hantavirus is endemic, WHO recommends strengthening measures to prevent and control transmission through enhanced surveillance, public awareness, environmental management, reduction of exposure to rodent reservoirs and contaminated environments, and early detection, implementation of IPC measures and management of cases.

    WHO also encourages continued investment in research and development to advance the availability of effective diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines, and to improve preparedness and response capabilities for future hantavirus outbreaks.

Further information

    ° World Health Organization. Management of contacts of Andes virus (ANDV) cases from the MV Hondius cruise ship. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/management-of-contacts-of-andes-virus-(andv)-cases-fromthe-mv-hondius-cruise-ship

    ° World Health Organization. WHO Technical note for the disembarkation and onward management of passengers and crew in the context of an Andes virus-associated cluster MV Hondius cruise ship. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/who-technical-note-for-the-disembarkation-and-onward-management-of-passengers-and-crew-in-the-context-of-an-andes-virus-associated-cluster-mv-hondius-cruise-ship

    ° World Health Organization. Hantavirus fact sheet. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hantavirus 

    ° World Health Organization. WHO’s response to hantavirus cases linked to a cruise ship. https://www.who.int/news/item/07-05-2026-who-s-response-to-hantavirus-cases-linked-to-a-cruise-ship

    ° World Health Organization. Handbook for management of public health events on board ships. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549462

    ° World Health Organization. Guide to Ship Sanitation, 3rd edition https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241546690

    ° World Health Organization. Handbook for management of public health events in air transport, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241510165

    ° World Health Organization. Guide to hygiene and sanitation in aviation, 3rd edition, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241547772

    ° Preliminary analysis of Orthohantavirus andesense virus sequences from a cruise-ship related cluster, May 2026. https://virological.org/t/preliminary-analysis-of-orthohantavirus-andesense-virus-sequences-from-a-cruise-ship-related-cluster-may-2026/1029

    ° World Health Organization. Standard precautions for the prevention and control of infections: aide-memoire. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-UHL-IHS-IPC-2022.1

    ° World Health Organization. Transmission-based precautions for the prevention and control of infections: aide-memoire. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-UHL-IHS-IPC-2022.2

    ° World Health Organization. Hantavirus outbreak toolbox. https://www.who.int/emergencies/outbreak-toolkit/disease-outbreak-toolboxes/hantavirus-outbreak-toolbox

    ° World Health Organization (8 May 2026). Disease Outbreak News. Hantavirus cluster linked to cruise ship travel, Multi-country. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2026-DON600

    ° World Health Organization (4 May 2026). Disease Outbreak News. Hantavirus cluster linked to cruise ship travel- Multi-country. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2026-DON599

    ° World Health Organization. A decision framework for effective, equitable and context-specific public health and social measures during public health emergencies: decision navigator: https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/ceaf4aa7-00c8-4681-9c35-965e231a3706/content

    ° World Health Organization Health Emergencies EPI-WIN webinar: Hantavirus in Focus I: what we know and what it means. https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2026/05/20/default-calendar/hantavirus-in-focus-i-what-we-know-and-what-it-means

    ° World Health Organization Health Emergencies EPI-WIN webinar: Hantavirus in Focus II: hantavirus natural history, infection control and clinical management of patients in hospital. https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2026/05/22/default-calendar/who-health-emergencies-epi-win-webinar-hantavirus-in-focus-ii-hantavirus-in-an-international-maritime-setting-natural-history-infection-control-and-clinical-management-of-patients-in-hospital

    ° World Health Organization Health Emergencies EPI-WIN webinar: Hantavirus in focus III: reflections from the IHR Border Health and Points of Entry perspective. https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2026/06/04/default-calendar/who-health-emergencies-epi-win-webinar--hantavirus-in-focus-iiireflections-from-a-border-health-and-point-of-entry-perspective

    ° World Health Organization Health Emergencies EPI-WIN webinar: Hantavirus in focus IV: Infection prevention and control: from isolation to safe discharge and quarantine. https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2026/06/16/default-calendar/who-health-emergencies-epi-win-webinar-hantavirus-in-focus-iv-infection-prevention-and-control-from-isolation-to-safe-discharge-and-quarantine

    ° Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization. Infection prevention and control of hantavirus infection, including Andes virus disease. Interim regional guidance for suspected or confirmed cases. https://iris.paho.org/items/bc5a7b5a-5a0a-4407-829e-663c762ad615

    ° Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization. Clinical management of hantavirus infection, including Andes virus disease: Interim regional guidance for suspected or confirmed cases. https://iris.paho.org/items/0fa0dcb1-4395-467d-a431-5408b4eff337    

    ° Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization. PAHO supports the international response to hantavirus pulmonary syndrome cases linked to a cruise ship in the Atlantic. https://www.paho.org/en/news/7-5-2026-paho-supports-international-response-hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-cases-linked

    ° Epidemiological Alert Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome. https://www.paho.org/en/documents/epidemiological-alert-hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-americas-region-19-december-2025  

    ° Hantavirus in the Americas: Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. Available at: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/40176

    ° Hantavirus Prevention, CDC: https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/prevention/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/prevention.html

    ° Martínez Valeria, Paola N, et al. (2020). “Super-Spreaders” and Person-to-Person Transmission of Andes Virus in Argentina. New England Journal of Medicine. 383. 2230-2241. 10.1056/NEJMoa2009040.

    ° US CDC. How to Clean Up After Rodents: https://www.cdc.gov/healthy-pets/rodent-control/clean-up.html

    ° Hantavirus, Washington State Department of Heath, https://doh.wa.gov/sites/default/files/2025-08/420-056-Guideline-Hantavirus.pdf

    ° Hantavirus Infection, MDS Manual, professional version: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/arboviruses-arenaviridae-and-filoviridae/hantavirus-infection

    ° Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351838

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    [1] “Super-Spreaders” and Person-to-Person Transmission of Andes Virus in Argentina | New England Journal of Medicine. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2009040

    [2] Padula PJ, Edelstein A, Miguel SD, López NM, Rossi CM, Rabinovich RD. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome outbreak in Argentina: molecular evidence for person-to-person transmission of Andes virus. Virology. 1998 Feb 15;241(2):323-30. doi: 10.1006/viro.1997.8976. PMID: 9499807.  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9499807/

    [3] Preliminary analysis of Orthohantavirus andesense virus sequences from a cruise-ship related cluster, May 2026. https://virological.org/t/preliminary-analysis-of-orthohantavirus-andesense-virus-sequences-from-a-cruise-ship-related-cluster-may-2026/1029

    [4] Twenty-one countries launch coordinated Andes virus research initiative following hantavirus outbreak. https://www.who.int/news/item/12-06-2026-twenty-one-countries-launch-coordinated-andes-virus-research-initiative-following-hantavirus-outbreak  

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Citable reference: World Health Organization (2 July 2026). Disease Outbreak News. Hantavirus outbreak linked to cruise ship travel, Multi-locations. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2026-DON611

Source: 

Link: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2026-DON611

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#Hantavirus #stability and #inactivation

 

Abstract

Hantaviruses are zoonotic viruses that can cause highly pathogenic disease, including hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), in humans with case-fatality rates of up to 50%. However, our understanding of the basic viral life cycle and the underlying causes of viral pathogenesis remains sparse, in large part due to a lack of molecular biology tools for hantaviruses and the need to work in high-containment laboratory facilities with these viruses. The stability and inactivation of hantavirus particles has been examined in some limited previous studies, however, a comprehensive, detailed and robust investigation of the stability of multiple hantaviruses has not been performed yet. Here, we investigated the kinetics of infectious Tula virus (TULV) particle production in Vero E6 cells and subsequent stability in cell culture media. In addition, we evaluated the stability of infectious virus particles in response to different physical and environmental stresses, including heat, freezing, dehydration and UV exposure, answering key questions about the environmental transmission potential of hantaviruses. Interestingly, we observed a remarkable stability of TULV when stored at room temperature or colder, as well as after dehydration, which suggests that hantaviruses could remain infectious for a sustained period of time after being secreted by their host species. Subsequently, we determined the ability of commonly used virus inactivation methods, including RNA and protein extraction buffers, to inactivate TULV both in a cell-free and cell-associated context and found that TULV was efficiently inactivated by all these methods similar to other enveloped RNA viruses. Finally, we successfully validated the complete inactivation using these inactivation methods using the highly pathogenic HCPS-causing New World Andes virus (ANDV) and the HFRS-causing Old World Hantaan virus (HTNV). These results provide valuable information about safe and effective inactivation methods of viral samples and about the environmental risk potential of hantaviruses.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0013781

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#Colombia - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

 

    As part of the epidemiological surveillance activities carried out by the Colombian Agricultural Institute, aimed at the early detection of clinical signs consistent with avian influenza, an outbreak of high pathogenicity avian influenza was confirmed in the village of Puerto Murillo, in the municipality of Puerto Carreño, Vichada Department. 

    The outbreak affects non-poultry birds in a backyard, in which digestive symptoms and mortalities were observed. 

    The National Veterinary Authority initiated screening and epidemiological monitoring efforts in the area of origin of the affected birds. 

    As a control measure, all the birds in the epidemiological unit were culled, and, in addition, epidemiological surveillance in the surrounding area was strengthened to identify other possible cases and prevent the spread of the outbreak.

    The animal health event occurred on a family subsistence farm (backyard) and affected only a flock of birds that, according to the definitions in the WOAH Terrestrial Animal Health Code, are not considered poultry, as they are intended solely for the household consumption without commercial purposes or links to livestock production chains. 

    The reported clinical picture was characterized by weakening, anorexia, profuse diarrhea, and high mortality following epidemiological contact with migratory wild birds.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/home

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7674

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#Germany - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

Laying hens and ducks in the Niedersachsen Region.

Source: WOAH, https://wahis.woah.org/#/home

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7679

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#COVID19 #vaccination induces cross-neutralisation of #sarbecoviruses related to #SARS-CoV-2

 

Abstract

The combined threats of future sarbecovirus zoonosis and continually emerging SARS-CoV-2 VOCs highlight the need to assess the breadth of existing SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-mediated protection. Here, we investigate a cohort of older individuals who received four COVID-19 vaccine doses, for potential cross-neutralisation against lentiviral particles bearing spikes from either Omicron VOCs or other sarbecoviruses. Despite recent fourth bivalent mRNA vaccine doses (encoding SARS-CoV-2 Wu-1 and Omicron spikes), neutralisation of Omicron lineage VOCs was reduced compared to Wu-1, consistent with an imprinted immune response. Similarly, particles bearing either SARS-CoV-1 or a SARS-CoV-1-related bat sarbecovirus spike were neutralised less efficiently than Wu-1. Unexpectedly, however, we observed that particles with spikes from two animal SARS-CoV-2-related viruses, BANAL-20-52 from bats and a pangolin CoV, were significantly more sensitive to serum neutralising antibodies than SARS-CoV-2 Wu-1 itself. These surprising findings suggest that vaccine-mediated adaptive immunity may provide efficient cross-neutralisation and potential protection against certain animal sarbecoviruses.

Source: npj Vaccines, https://www.nature.com/npjvaccines/

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-026-01469-x

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#Ebola #laboratory #preparedness at #frontline hospitals: can we or can’t we?

 

ABSTRACT

Frontline hospitals are required to care for patients with suspected viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), yet guidance on laboratory preparedness remains fragmented and incomplete. We conducted a multidisciplinary risk assessment of our institutional capacity to perform routine diagnostic testing for VHF persons under investigation (PUI), focusing on the feasibility of using automated core laboratory instruments. Our assessment revealed substantial gaps between CDC guidance (which permits core lab testing) and the practical ability to implement it safely. Public health mandates for VHF preparedness have not been accompanied by granular guidance on biosafety, laboratory infrastructure, or regulatory clarity necessary for implementation. Community hospitals, which would benefit most from safely using their existing automated core laboratory instruments, lack the infrastructure, staffing expertise, and clear guidance to do so, while well-resourced tertiary centers are often best positioned to develop dedicated point-of-care testing (POCT)-based workflows. Federal and state authorities must provide explicit, validated examples of acceptable mitigation strategies for testing using core lab instrumentation and reconcile conflicting recommendations across guidance documents. Without such authoritative clarity, frontline hospitals cannot confidently meet their mandated VHF preparedness obligations.

Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology, https://journals.asm.org/journal/jcm

Link: https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jcm.00903-26

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Past #lessons for the 2026 #Bundibugyo virus #outbreak: #filovirus infection #prevention in #conflict-affected settings

 

Summary

In May 2026, the World Health Organization declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern after Bundibugyo virus disease re-emerged in Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo, with cross-border transmission to Uganda. The suspected index case was a healthcare worker, and at least four healthcare workers had died before the outbreak was confirmed. The outbreak is unfolding in a region characterised by armed conflict, mass displacement, fragile governance and disrupted clinical infrastructure — a setting in which the high-containment infection prevention measures developed for filovirus disease in well-resourced facilities are difficult to implement reliably. In this narrative, evidence-informed review we propose an achievable infection prevention bundle for filovirus outbreaks in conflict-affected settings, framing personal protective equipment, training, supervised doffing, supply chains, staffing, environmental controls and facility organisation as interdependent components of a single coherent system rather than as alternatives. We summarise outbreak situation reports, operational documentation and simulation evidence; identify operational failure modes in austere conditions; and propose an eight-element bundle prioritised by implementation urgency. The bundle is anchored in WHO core IPC programme guidance. Most of the available evidence base is filovirus-general or Zaire ebolavirus-derived; extrapolation to Bundibugyo virus is reasonable but limited, and the bundle should be understood as a framework for decision-making rather than as a validated intervention package.

Source: Journal of Hospital Infection, https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/

Link: https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/article/S0195-6701(26)00266-5/abstract

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#Ebola at 50 — #Lessons for #Outbreak Response and #Preparedness

 

(...)

Key Lessons from Ebola’s History for Outbreak Response and Preparedness.

1. Discovery is a continuum. 
• Ebola virus was identified by means of an interdependent process involving African clinical recognition, patient care, field investigation, epidemiology, specimen collection, and international laboratory science.
2. Recognition matters. 
• A complete historical account should acknowledge the contributions of African clinicians, scientists, health workers, and communities alongside international collaborators.
3. Partnerships are essential to outbreak response. 
• Effective outbreak response depends on coordination among frontline health workers, communities, ministries of health, research institutions, and national and international partners.
4. Frontline responders are central contributors. 
• Clinicians, nurses, laboratory personnel, community health workers, burial teams, and other responders play indispensable roles in outbreak detection, control, and knowledge generation.
5. Community trust is a preparedness asset. 
• Trust, meaningful community engagement, respectful care, and transparent communication are fundamental determinants of outbreak-control success.
6. Equity must be built before emergencies. 
• Shared leadership, equitable authorship, sample and data governance, benefit sharing, and sustained support for local and regional institutions are essential for effective and sustainable outbreak science.
7. Outbreak response and preparedness must extend beyond Zaire ebolavirus. 
• The Bundibugyo outbreak highlights the need for diagnostics, vaccines, therapeutics, and clinical trial readiness across pathogenic ebolaviruses.
8. Sustained investment between outbreaks is essential. 
• Long-term investment in workforce development, laboratories, surveillance systems, clinical research platforms, regulatory capacity, and manufacturing strengthens preparedness.

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2607819?query=TOC

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#USA, #Outbreak of #cyclosporiasis occurring in #Michigan (Dept. of Health, July 1 '26)

 

July 01, 2026

No cause identified for illnesses at this time; state offers prevention tips

LANSING, Mich. - The Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS) and Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (MDARD), in partnership with several local health departments, are actively investigating a large and growing outbreak of cyclosporiasis, a diarrheal illness.  

    As of Tuesday, June 30, more than 170 cases have been reported in Monroe, Lenawee, Washtenaw, Wayne, Livingston, Shiawassee and Jackson counties in the past nine days. Typically, Michigan only identifies around 50 cyclosporiasis cases per year.  

    “Outbreaks of cyclosporiasis have been occurring across the United States and now here in Michigan,” said Dr. Natasha Bagdasarian, chief medical executive. 

    “Based on the unusual number of cases we have identified in a little over a week, we anticipate additional cases of illness being reported. We recommend Michiganders contact their health care provider if they experience sudden, ongoing diarrhea and reach out to their local health department if additional members of their family are suffering from the same symptoms.” 

    Cyclosporiasis is caused by infection with the parasite Cyclospora cayatenensis, which is commonly found in developing countries and spread by food or water contaminated with feces. In recent years, outbreaks have occurred in the U.S. as a result of eating contaminated fresh produce, especially during the summer months. Cyclosporiasis is not known to spread from person to person. 

    Symptoms occur two to 14 days after exposure and may include: 

        ° Frequent watery diarrhea. 

        ° Loss of appetite and weight. 

        ° Abdominal cramps and bloating. 

        ° Nausea (vomiting is less common). 

        ° Low-grade fever. 

    Individuals experiencing sudden gastrointestinal illness are encouraged to be evaluated by a health care provider. Symptoms of cyclosporiasis can be significantly improved with antibiotic treatment. If untreated, the illness may last for a few days to a month or longer. Providers are urged to consider cyclosporiasis among patients presenting with acute gastrointestinal illness in southeast Michigan. 

    “MDARD is committed to ensuring food safety across the state and is working in partnership with local health departments to identify the source of the outbreak and keep consumers safe,” said Jennifer Bonsky, Director of the Human Food Division at MDARD. 

    “In these moments, it becomes even more important to follow all of the essential food preparation guidelines, such as washing your hands before and after preparing food and washing produce before it is consumed.”  

    To help avoid any illness from cyclospora or other harmful bacteria or organisms, MDARD recommends the following: 

        ° Wash all fruits and vegetables thoroughly under running water before eating, cutting or cooking. 

        ° Scrub firm fruits and vegetables, such as melons and cucumbers, with a clean produce brush. 

        ° Cut away any damaged or bruised areas on fruits and vegetables before preparing and eating. 

        ° Refrigerate cut, peeled or cooked fruits and vegetables as soon as possible. 

    Not all cases identified in the last nine days may be connected to the outbreak and the public health investigation is ongoing. State and local officials are interviewing cases to try and identify a common exposure and prevent additional illness. Individuals diagnosed with cyclosporiasis are encouraged to talk to health department staff investigating these illnesses to help identify a potential cause. 

    Additional information is available at About Cyclosporiasis | Cyclosporiasis | CDC.

Current case county by county as of Tuesday, June 30: 

    ° Monroe: 70 

    ° Lenawee: 33 

    ° Washtenaw: 21  

    ° Wayne: 12 

    ° Jackson: 7 

    ° Shiawassee: 7 

    ° 24 cases in 11 other counties and the City of Detroit.

Age 

    ° Age range: 8 years to 84 years 

    ° Average age: 44.3 years 

    ° Median age: 41 years 

# # #

Source: 

Link: https://www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/inside-mdhhs/newsroom/2026/07/01/cyclosporiasis

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#Andes Virus on a Cruise #Ship, what it Tells us About the #Global #Pandemic #Preparedness Agenda

 

Summary

The outbreak of hantavirus disease caused by Andes virus aboard a cruise ship is a reminder of the challenges posed by emerging diseases in the modern era. While Andes virus-associated disease can be particularly severe, it is unlikely to spread extensively beyond the current number of cases or emerge as a large epidemic, especially if public health measures are followed. Nonetheless, the outbreak exemplifies the complexity of international outbreak response with differences in national preparedness frameworks and the rapid spread of mis-/disinformation. We discuss this outbreak in the context of global epidemic and pandemic preparedness and emphasize the importance of sustained, inclusive global collaborative One Health approaches to preparedness and response. We stress the urgent need for global coordination, discuss specific challenges, and provide recommendations for further strengthening of global preparedness.

Source: 

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanepe/article/PIIS2666-7762(26)00167-5/fulltext

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Seasonal #surveillance in #humans and #animals in 2026 for West Nile virus (#WNV) (ECDC, Monthly Report, Summary)

 

June 2026 | Produced on 30 June 2026 at 07:15 based on data submitted up to 24 June 2026

Epidemiological summary

    As of 24 June, two countries in Europe reported three locally acquired1 human cases of WNV infection: 

        ° Italy reported two cases and 

        ° North Macedonia one case. 

    Dates of onset ranged from 12 to 27 May 2026. 

    No deaths have been reported.

    The cases were reported from three regions across the two countries. Although no cases had been reported by this time in 2025, some cases with onset dates in May and June were subsequently notified with a delay. Therefore, the current situation remains consistent with the early phase of the seasonal reporting pattern observed in previous years.

    This year, human cases of WNV infection were reported for the first time ever in one affected area: North Macedonia in Vardarski (MK001).

    Among the three cases reported this year, one person was aged 65 years or older, one was aged under 65 years, and the age of one person was unknown. All three cases were hospitalised. 

    Neurological manifestations were reported in two individuals; information on clinical presentation was unavailable for the remaining case. 

    As only three cases have been reported to date, comparisons with demographic or severity patterns observed over the previous decade are not yet meaningful. Further updates will be provided in subsequent monthly reports.

    From the veterinary perspective, five WNV outbreaks have been reported in Europe in 2026: one among equids and four among birds. 

    The equid outbreak was reported by France and started on 30 March 2026. The four bird outbreaks were reported by Italy, with start dates ranging from 31 March to 4 May 2026.

    No information was available on the equid species involved in the outbreak reported in France in the Animal Disease Information System (ADIS). For birds, species information indicated that the four outbreaks reported in Italy involved hooded crows (three outbreaks) and a golden eagle (one outbreak).

    Outbreaks in birds and/or equids have been reported in three regions across two countries. Both countries that reported outbreaks in 2026 had previously reported WNV outbreaks in birds and/or equids in the same regions, indicating that WNV is endemic in these areas.

    The number of outbreaks in birds and equids reported during this first period of 2026 is similar to the mean monthly outbreak count for the same time of year, calculated for 2022–2025 for birds and for 2016–2025 for equids.

    Italy reported both locally acquired human WNV cases and WNV outbreaks in birds; however, the human cases and bird outbreaks were reported from different regions.

    Owing to delays in diagnosis and reporting, and because most WNV infections are asymptomatic or subclinical, the reported case numbers likely underestimate the true number of infections. Seasonal surveillance in humans primarily captures laboratory-confirmed cases, which may further contribute to reporting delays.

    Given the favourable weather conditions for WNV transmission in Europe, ECDC and EFSA expect further human cases and outbreaks in equids and birds to be reported in the coming weeks and months. In previous years, transmission has typically peaked in August and September.

    ECDC and EFSA will continue to closely monitor the situation in Europe.

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/infectious-disease-topics/west-nile-virus-infection/surveillance-and-disease-data/monthly-updates

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Maintenance of #Hokkaido virus, a genotype of #Orthohantavirus puumalaense, in the #rodent host Myodes rufocanus bedfordiae under natural conditions

 

ABSTRACT

A variety of orthohantaviruses (family Hantaviridae) have preferred natural host species, with transmission among hosts generally thought to occur through direct physical contact and inhalation of virus-contaminated excreta, although the infection to the other species occasionally occurs. Despite extensive experimental studies, the mechanisms of orthohantavirus maintenance and transmission under natural conditions remain unclear. In this study, field surveys were conducted in a forest in Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan, between 2022 and 2025 to capture gray red-backed voles (Myodes rufocanus bedfordiae), the natural host of Hokkaido virus (HOKV), a genotype of Orthohantavirus puumalaense. Among 199 captured rodents, 23 were positive for HOKV infection. Five individuals were positive for viral RNA but negative for anti-HOKV IgG antibodies on ELISA and IFA and exhibited low neutralizing antibody titers and low IgG avidity indexes (≤26%), suggesting acute infection. In contrast, 18 individuals were positive for viral RNA and showed high antibody titers on ELISA, IFA, and neutralization tests, as well as high IgG avidities (≥64%); these individuals were considered persistently infected. High levels of viral RNA and antigens were consistently detected in the lungs, kidneys, and spleen during both potential acute and persistent phases of HOKV infection by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Infectious HOKV was also recovered from oral swabs (8/8), urine (3/6), and feces (4/6) of individual rodents captured in 2024. These findings showed that HOKV can persist at high viral loads in host organs and be excreted throughout the course of infection, contributing to the long-term maintenance of orthohantavirus in natural host populations.

Source: Journal of Virology, https://journals.asm.org/journal/jvi

Link: https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jvi.00321-26

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#Sudan virus disease in #humans

 

Summary

In 2025, Uganda had Africa’s ninth outbreak of disease caused by Sudan virus (SUDV), a filovirus similar to Ebola virus (EBOV) that causes severe febrile disease in humans. In this Review, we summarise the evidence on the epidemiology, natural history, and immunology of Sudan virus disease (SVD) from outbreaks since 1976. Following an incubation period averaging about 1 week, SVD typically presents with an influenza-like illness followed by a severe diarrhoeal disease, often accompanied by cardiorespiratory symptoms and dehydration. Clinical findings can include kidney and liver injury, acute inflammation, and coagulopathy. Severe cases can progress rapidly to shock, multiorgan failure, and death. The pooled case-fatality rate until 2022 was 49% (95% CI 39–58), although a lower case-fatality rate of 29% was recorded during the 2025 outbreak. The virus is detectable in blood from symptom onset, peaking during acute illness. Transmission occurs mainly through close contact with acutely symptomatic individuals and their body fluids, driving household and nosocomial spread. Early T-cell responses and SUDV-specific antibodies might be important for survival, and suppressed immunity and uncontrolled inflammation might predict fatal outcomes. Survivors present durable humoral and cellular immunity for up to 15 years after infection. Although outbreaks to date offer valuable insights into SVD, substantial evidence gaps and limitations exist. Future outbreak preparedness should include prospective planning for high-quality research that can be rapidly implemented to address key evidence gaps. Strengthening these data, together with advancing the development and evaluation of vaccines and therapeutics, will be essential for timely and effective outbreak response.

Source: The Lancet Global Health, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/home

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(26)00072-0/fulltext

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#Portugal - #Influenza A #H5N1 viruses of high pathogenicity (Inf. with) (non-poultry including wild birds) (2017-) - Immediate notification

 

After several months without detection of HPAI circulation, these are the first outbreaks confirmed in 2026.

{Lisboa Region} Yellow-legged gull with weakness and neurological clinical signs found at a city park.

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By Andreas Trepte - Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=723467

{Aveiro Region} Lesser black-backed gull with neurological clinical signs found at a fishing port.

Source: 

Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7671

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#Ebola #Bundibugyo virus disease #outbreak: #DRC, #Uganda - Weekly External #Situation #Report 07, Data as of 28 June 2026 (#WHO, edited): 1,307 cases and 377 deaths in DRC

 

Summary 

[Country - Confirmed Cases - Confirmed Deaths - Probable Cases - Probable Deaths - Total Cases (Confirmed & Probable) - Total Deaths (Confirmed & Probable) - CFR (%) Confirmed & Probable ]

    -- Democratic Republic of the Congo

        ° 1 307 - 377 - ...  - ... - ... - 1 307- 377 - 28.8% 

    -- Uganda

        ° 20 - 2 - 1 - 1 - 21 - 3 - 14.3% 

    -- France

        ° 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 - 0 - 0.0%

Event description

    The Bundibugyo virus disease (BVD) outbreak remains active, with ongoing transmission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and one imported case reported in France in a physician returning from the affected country. 

    In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the number of confirmed cases continue to rise, and an additional health zone reported cases during the current reporting week. 

    No new confirmed cases were reported in Uganda over the past week.

Democratic Republic of the Congo

    Since the last update of 21 June 2026 (Situation Report #6), cumulative case incidence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has increased by 24.7%, with 259 new confirmed cases reported. 

    Cumulative deaths also increased by 41.2%, with 110 new confirmed deaths recorded during the reporting period. 

    An additional health zone, Mandima in Ituri Province, reported its first confirmed case, bringing the total number of affected health zones since the start of the outbreak to 35.

{Click on Image to Enlarge}

    Of the 35 affected health zones, the outbreak remains active in 28 health zones that have reported cases in the past 21 days. 

    

    The remaining seven health zones have not reported any new cases during this period. 

    These include Gety (38 days), Mambasa (26 days), Rimba (25 days), and Aru (24 days) in Ituri Province; Kalunguta (35 days) and Goma (34 days) in North Kivu Province; and Miti-Murhesa (39 days) in South Kivu Province.

    Among the 28 health zones that have reported 709 confirmed cases, including 262 confirmed deaths in the past 21 days, transmission remains heavily concentrated in Ituri Province, which accounts for 89.4% of reported cases (634 cases) and 86.3% of deaths (226 deaths) during this period. 

    Most cases reported during this period were from Bunia (181), Rwampara (173), Mongbwalu (144), Nyankunde (62), and Nizi (34) in Ituri  Province, as well as Butembo (27) and Katwa (26) in North Kivu Province. 

    Together, these health zones account for 91.3% of all confirmed cases reported nationally over the past 21 days. 

    No new confirmed case has been reported from South Kivu since 26 May 2026.

    Deaths reported during the same period were also concentrated in a limited number of health zones, particularly Mongbwalu (81), Bunia (59), Rwampara (36), Katwa (15), Nyankunde (12), Mangala (12),and Butembo (10). 

    Together, these health zones account for 85.9% of all deaths reported nationally in the past 21 days.

    Cumulatively, a total of 1307 confirmed cases, including 377 confirmed deaths [case fatality ratio (CFR) 28.8%], have been reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo since the start of the outbreak. 

    Ituri Province remains the most affected, accounting for 91.6% (1197) of all confirmed cases and 84.4% (318) of all reported deaths nationwide.

    The most affected health zones are Bunia (344 cases, 74 deaths), Rwampara (295 cases, 56 deaths), Mongbwalu (258 cases, 121 deaths), Nyankunde (94 cases, 13 deaths), and Nizi (39 cases, 9 deaths), all located in Ituri Province, as well as Katwa (38 cases, 23 deaths) and Butembo (33 cases, 14 deaths) in North Kivu Province. Together, these seven health zones account for 84.2% of cumulative confirmed cases and 82.2% of confirmed deaths reported nationally.

    The CFR remains highest in North Kivu Province at 54.2% (58 deaths/107 cases), followed by South Kivu at 33.3% (1/3), and Ituri at 26.6% (318/1197), indicating persistently higher mortality among reported cases in North Kivu.

    The geographic distribution of recent transmission largely mirrors the cumulative outbreak pattern, with sustained concentration in Ituri Province and continued high mortality reported from a limited number of health zones.

(...)

    As of 28 June 2026, a total of 9968 contacts were under follow-up across affected provinces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, of whom 8105 (81.3%) were successfully seen in the past 24 hours. 

    

    Ituri accounted for the largest number of contacts under follow-up, with 7706 contacts, of whom 6319 (82.9%) were reached. 

    In North Kivu, 2244 of 1696 contacts (75.6%) were seen, while all 18 identified contacts in South Kivu were followed up, corresponding to a 100% follow-up rate. 

    Despite recent improvements, contact follow-up coverage remains suboptimal overall, leaving a significant proportion of contacts not reached and increasing the risk of missed infections and ongoing transmission.

(...)

Uganda

    No new case has been reported from Uganda since the last update. The most recent case, reported on 21 June 2026, involved a truck driver operating along the Democratic Republic of the Congo–Uganda international route. The case developed symptoms on 15 June 2026, entered Uganda on 19 June 2026, and was isolated on 20 June 2026 at the Mulago Ebola Treatment Unit.

    As of 28 June 2026, a cumulative total of 21 cases (20 confirmed and one probable), including three deaths (two confirmed and one probable), had been reported in the Kampala. 

    A total of 15 patients have recovered and been discharged, while three remain admitted for care. 

    Of the 831 contacts identified since the start of the outbreak, five remained under follow-up as of 28 June 2026.

{Click on Image to Enlarge}

France

    On 24 June 2026, French authorities notified WHO of a laboratory-confirmed case of Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus in a middle-aged male physician returning from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 

    The patient had been deployed for five weeks in Ituri Province, where he was involved in the care of patients with BVD. 

    Upon arrival at Charles de Gaulle Airport on 23 June 2026, the patient self-reported symptoms to airport health authorities, prompting immediate isolation and referral to a designated high-containment healthcare facility.

    At the time of reporting, the patient was clinically stable and apyretic, with no reported vomiting, diarrhoea, or haemorrhagic manifestations during travel. 

    PCR testing detected Bundibugyo virus. Comprehensive contact tracing has been initiated.

Risk Assessment

    The overall risk remains very high in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with transmission continuing at a scale that exceeds current response capacity, particularly in the Bunia–Rwampara–Mongbwalu corridor and across other affected health zones. 

    North Kivu’s markedly higher CFR points to possible delays in diagnosis and access to care, while clinical capacity in Ituri is approaching saturation. 

    Although contact follow-up and alert investigation have improved, performance remains insufficient to rapidly interrupt transmission. 

    Uganda remains exposed through sustained population movement from eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, including trucking routes and possible informal cross-border movement linked to border closures. 

    

    The imported case reported in France further confirms that international exportation risk persists, requiring strengthened surveillance, traveller awareness, and cross-border coordination

(...)

Situation interpretation

The BVD outbreak continues to expand at a pace that exceeds current response capacity, with sustained high-intensity transmission ongoing in several hotspot areas. 

    Although important operational gains have been achieved, including improved contact follow-up, expanded decentralized laboratory capacity, increased treatment capacity, and strengthened cross-border coordination, overall response performance remains below the level required to rapidly interrupt transmission. 

    The continued increase in cases and deaths, near-saturation of treatment facilities, and suboptimal IPC readiness in health facilities underscore the need for a stronger operational surge focused on hotspot containment, rapid case detection and isolation, expansion of decentralized clinical and laboratory services, enhanced community engagement, and strengthened cross-border surveillance. 

    The imported case reported in France further highlights the continuing risk of international spread and reinforces the need for sustained regional and international mobilization, including rapid operationalization of pledged resources and intensified support to frontline response activities.

Source: 

Link: https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/ebola-bundibugyo-virus-disease-outbreak-democratic-republic-congo-uganda-weekly-external-situation-report-07-data-28-june-2026

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