ETIDIOH - NEW

  Highlights •  A detailed phylogenetic analysis of H5N1 HPAIV isolated from humans was performed. •  All strains infecting humans have acquired substitutions in several key proteins. •  All strains have gained specific substitutions to better adapt to the human host. •  Substitutions in key proteins involved in replication and immune evasion were found. •  A significant degree of polymorphic sites was found in the polymerase complex. •  Substitutions in hemagglutinins and neuraminidases from different clades were found. Abstract Avian Influenza Viruses (AIVs) pose today a very significant risk to global health given the widespread circulation of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV). After decimating the avian population all over the world, these viruses spill over to many different mammal species , causing also fatal outbreaks. As the virus continues to evolve increasing human cases of H5N1 HPAIV have been reported, causing concern t...

  Significance Influenza remains a major global health threat . We introduce oseltamivir-based aziridines that unite transition-state mimicry for tight binding with aziridine-enabled covalent capture of the catalytic tyrosine . This dual function yields potent, mechanism-based neuraminidase inhibition and enables activity-based quantification of active enzyme directly in complex samples. Across N1, N2, and influenza B enzymes , selected compounds show high potency against diverse viral neuraminidases and in live virus replication assays. By combining a clinically grounded scaffold with a reactivity handle, these molecules bridge therapeutic and diagnostic needs and offer a practical platform for neuraminidase imaging and antiviral development. Abstract Influenza neuraminidase (NA) is a critical target for seasonal and pandemic antivirals , including the strains of current concern. Current treatments, such as Zanamivir and Oseltamivir , are limited by noncovalent binding and emergin...

  Abstract Introduction   Increasing occurrence of epidemics and pandemics and concurrent emergence of different pathogens calls for multi-sectoral, multi-pathogen preparedness actions. Data on various factors that drive emergence of diverse pathogens can inform evidence-based preparedness by identifying geographies at-risk. When leveraging evidence within a One Health approach , multiple pathogens can be addressed simultaneously, thereby strengthening countries pandemic preparedness efforts.  Methods   For seventeen priority pathogens ( avian influenza viruses, zoonotic coronaviruses including COVID-19, hemorrhagic fever viruses including Ebola , Henipaviruses , and arboviruses including yellow fever and Zika ), we identified global evidence on animal reservoirs, vectors, environmental suitability , and reported human cases . We discriminated geospatially recorded pathogen detections from a background sample and constructed maps using these datasets to generate an e...

  There is an observation of death of several numbers (30) of crows in the jungle of Tribhuvan University premises. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7387 ____

Frequent sightings of wild birds were reported in the vicinity of the farm. The farm comprises multiple poultry sheds having birds of different age (4-56 weeks) groups. On 15 March, a sudden mortality event occurred in one shed, where approximately 100 commercial layer birds died acutely. Since that incident, mortality has been observed across all sheds on the farm. Commercial Layers of various age (4-56 weeks) group affected since 15 March, 2026 and a large number of chicken appear slightly droopy or depressed, and die suddenly. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7386 ____

  {A black headed gull. By © Hans Hillewaert, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5548312 } __ According to article 10.4.1.4 of the Terrestrial Animal Health Code, Member Countries should not impose bans on the trade in poultry commodities in response to notification on the presence of any influenza A virus in birds other than poultry A wild black-headed gull. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7385 ____

  {Excerpt} (...) Daily case figures -- The number of confirmed and probable cases can change when: - a case is laboratory confirmed - when the clinical assessment changes, including when new laboratory results are available - when further epidemiological information is available -- The figures in Table 1 cannot be used to identify the number of new confirmed or probable cases from one day to the next. This also applies to total cases. Table 1. Cases of invasive meningococcal disease linked to Canterbury, Kent by day from 16 March 2026 [Date - Total confirmed cases - Confirmed MenB cases (subset of total confirmed cases) - Probable cases - Total cases] * 22 March 2026 - 20 [note 2] - 19 -9 - 29 * 21 March 2026 - 20 [note 2] - 19 - 9 - 29 * 20 March 2026 - 23 - 18 - 11 - 34 * 19 March 2026 - 18 - 13 - 11 - 29 * 18 March 2026 - 15 - 9 - 12 - 27 * 17 March 2026 - 9 - 6 - 11 - 20 * 16 March 2026 - [note 1] - 4 - [note 1] - 15 __ Note 1 : The distinction between a confirmed case and a p...

  Abstract Although seasonal influenza vaccination programs are effective at a population level, our data from inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) cohorts in years 2015-2022 reveal that 50-60% of individuals do not seroconvert following immunization. The underlying mechanisms of vaccine non-responsiveness are far from understood. In this study, we sought to define key determinants of optimal B cell immune responses elicited by seasonal influenza vaccination, and to explore why some individuals fail to elicit humoral immunity following immunization. Immune responses associated with seroconversion and vaccine failure from individuals immunized with IIVs were compared at cellular and molecular levels using single-cell transcriptomics . We analyzed HA-specific B cell immunity across vaccine-responders, breakthrough infections and patients hospitalized with acute influenza. Droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing and VDJ-sequencing of influenza-specific B cells from stored PBMCs was pe...

  Highlights •  mAbs could enhance our armamentarium against H5N1 in support of pandemic preparedness •  Several mAbs have shown prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against H5N1 in animal models •  Anti-IAV mAbs that have advanced in clinical trials could be evaluated against H5N1 •  Resistance emergence during mAb treatment was infrequent in pre- and clinical studies Abstract Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 continues to pose a serious zoonotic and pandemic threat due to its increasing cross-species transmission and high virulence in humans . Despite the availability of vaccines and antivirals for seasonal influenza , effective prophylactic and treatment options for H5N1 remain limited . Herein we explore the potential action of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against H5N1, focusing on those with demonstrated efficacy in animal models . Most of these mAbs target conserved hemagglutinin epitopes and function as broad neutralizing fusion/entry inhibitors ; n...

  Public Domain. Source:  Link:  https://www.wikiart.org/en/francesco-guardi/the-doge-on-the-bucintoro-near-the-riva-di-sant-elena-1770 ____

{Excerpt} (...) Table 1. Cases of invasive meningococcal disease linked to Canterbury, Kent by day from 16 March 2026 [Date - Total confirmed cases - Confirmed MenB cases (subset of total confirmed cases) - Probable cases - Total cases] * 21 March 2026 - 20 [note 2] - 19 - 9 - 29 {-5}  * 20 March 2026 - 23 - 18 - 11 - 34 {+5}  * 19 March 2026 - 18 - 13 - 11 - 29 {+2} * 18 March 2026 - 15 - 9 - 12 - 27 {+7} * 17 March 2026 - 9 - 6 - 11 - 20 {+5} * 16 March 2026 - [note 1] - 4 - [note 1] - 15 __ Note 1 : The distinction between a confirmed case and a probable case was not reported Note 2 : A case initially classified as a confirmed case may be reclassified or discarded when further laboratory results and clinical information is available, that is: -  where there are other negative results, for example, reference unit results  and  -  where there is an alternative diagnosis or where the clinical picture is no longer consistent with meningococcal infection The ...

  Abstract High pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 reached the sub-Antarctic and Antarctica in 2023 , subsequently spreading to remote locations within this region where it had devastating impacts on seal, penguin and albatross populations . The threat to marine wildlife over this broad area exemplifies the need to understand H5N1 long-distance dispersal and evolution . We obtained 104 novel viral genomic sequences from samples that we collected at South Georgia, Kerguelen, Crozet, Prince Edward, Falklands/Malvinas Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula in a region spanning 8,000 kilometers . Using recent phylogeographic modeling advances we show that H5N1 spread encompassed numerous transmission events between distant locations, accumulating mammalian-adaptive mutations in the process. Seals are the most affected species, but we reveal that the long-distance eastward virus dispersal better aligns with the long-distance movements of large petrels and albatrosses . The ri...

  Overview -- The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) has been investigating an invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) outbreak first detected in March 2026. -- This release provides an up-to-date count of confirmed or probable notified cases connected to the incident, and will be updated regularly. -- Case numbers will be recorded at 12:30pm each day, and will include only those defined as either confirmed or probable. These figures will be published the following day at 9:30am. -- As this is a live incident, there will be additional suspected cases notified to UKHSA , which need to be actively investigated. These will not be reported until the investigation determines that they should be included as either confirmed or probable cases, or discarded as not related to the incident. -- Case counts attached to the incident are provisional and subject to change (upwards or downwards) as intelligence about their connection to the incident improves, clinical assessment changes, or further mi...

  Am J Obstet Gynecol REGAN AK, Rowe SL, Birchfield J, Liu J, et al Adherence to Recommended Antiviral Treatment Guidelines for COVID-19 and Influenza during Pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2026 Mar 16:S0002-9378(26)00155. PubMed          BONIFACE ER, Alvergne A, Darney BG, Benhar E, et al Menstrual cycle patterns during acute and long COVID-19 infection among a cohort of individuals with regular menstrual cycles. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2026 Mar 11:S0002-9378(26)00132. PubMed          BMJ SCANDRETT K, Sitch AJ, Barratt J, Brettell EA, et al Accuracy of glomerular filtration rate estimation based on creatinine and cystatin C for monitoring moderate chronic kidney disease in adults: prospective, longitudinal cohort study. BMJ. 2026;392:e085005. PubMed           Abstract available LANG K How does covid-19 affect the skin? BMJ. 2026;392:s264. PubMed      ...

  Cell VARGAS-MALDONADO N, Shetty N, Ferreri LM, Pauly MD, et al Controlled human influenza infection reveals heterogeneous expulsion of infectious virus into air. Cell. 2026 Mar 19:S0092-8674(26)00232-1. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2026. PubMed           Abstract available J Immunol VAHED H, Chentoufi AA, Prakash S, Quadiri A, et al CXCL13/CXCR5 chemokine axis promotes antiviral CXCR5+CD19+ B Cells and follicular/effector CXCR5+CD4+ T Cells in the lungs associated with protection from severe and fatal COVID-19 following infection with pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. J Immunol. 2026;215:vkag017. PubMed           Abstract available HANSEN MR, Sedney CJ, Xiao S, Prasad DBR, et al Adult mice with neonatal-like T cell subsets exhibit increased susceptibility to Bordetella pertussis and influenza infection. J Immunol. 2026;215:vkaf361. PubMed           Abstract available ...