ETIDIOH - NEW

  Abstract Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) and cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitors (CENIs) represent two classes of antiviral drugs recommended for early treatment of patients with seasonal influenza A virus (IAV) infections. However, only limited human data , particularly on combination antiviral treatment , are available to inform optimal dosing regimens against novel IAVs, including highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus , associated with severe disease . Clade 2.3.4.4b A( H5N1 ) viruses have caused outbreaks in avian and mammalian species worldwide , highlighting the need to assess antiviral drug efficacy against these strains. We challenged ferrets with a D1.1 genotype A(H5N1) virus and treated infected animals with the NAI oseltamivir phosphate (OST) and the CENI baloxavir acid (BXA), alone or in combination , with treatment onset commencing pre- or post-symptom onset (24- or 48-hours post-inoculation (p.i.), respectively). When administered pre- or post-illness on...

  {Excerpt} 26 January 2026 Situation at a glance On 26 January 2026, the Ministry of Health of Ethiopia declared the end of the Marburg virus disease (MVD) outbreak .  This declaration came after two consecutive incubation periods (a total of 42 days) since the last person confirmed with MVD died and was given a safe and dignified burial, in accordance with WHO recommendations on 14 December 2025.  As of 25 January 2026, a cumulative total of 19 cases, including 14 confirmed (including nine deaths ) and five probable cases ( all deaths ), were reported.  A total of 857 contacts listed for monitoring all had completed their 21-day follow-up as of 25 January 2026.  WHO, through its country office and partners, provided technical, operational and financial support to the government to contain this outbreak. Description of the situation On 14 November 2025, after the laboratory confirmation of suspected viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) cases in Jinka town, South Ethio...

  A wild Greylag Goose in Świętokrzyskie Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7224 ____

  DH follows up on Nipah virus infection cluster in India In light of reports indicating a cluster of a Nipah virus infection in a certain region of India, the Centre for Health Protection (CHP) of the Department of Health (DH) said today (January 26) that it has proactively sought further information from the World Health Organization (WHO) and Indian health authorities .  The CHP is also conducting health screenings on inbound travellers from the affected area who exhibit suspected symptoms, with an aim of promptly referring suspected cases to hospitals for investigation.  Currently, there are no imported or local cases of Nipah virus infection in Hong Kong. Preliminary information indicated that a hospital in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, has recorded five confirmed cases of Nipah virus infection since mid-January of this year.  The cluster was mainly due to nosocomial transmission and primarily involved healthcare workers , with no reported deaths or cross-border ...

  Backyard birds in Chernihiv Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7223 ____

  Public Domain. Source:  Link:  https://www.wikiart.org/en/david-wilkie/pitlessie-fair-1804 _____

  Antiviral Res HEDSKOG C, Rodriguez L, Hu Y, Li J, et al SARS-CoV-2 Resistance Analyses From the Phase 3 BIRCH Study of Obeldesivir in High-Risk Nonhospitalized Participants With COVID-19. Antiviral Res. 2026 Jan 19:106351. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2026.106351. PubMed           Abstract available BMJ HIGGS J Help me piece my story together. BMJ. 2026;392:r2624. PubMed          RUSSELL MD, Schaffer A, Bechman K, Gibson M, et al Time trends in newly recorded diagnoses of 19 long term conditions before, during, and after the covid-19 pandemic: population based cohort study in England using OpenSAFELY. BMJ. 2026;392:e086393. PubMed           Abstract available Clin Infect Dis WINOKUR P, Diya O, Fitz-Patrick D, Dever M, et al Safety and Immunogenicity of a Fourth Dose of Omicron-BA.1-Adapted BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccines in Adults 18?55 Years Old. Clin Infect Dis. 2026 Jan 21...

  Ann Intern Med SACKS HS In older adults, RSV prefusion F vaccine reduced hospitalization for RSV-related respiratory tract disease vs. no vaccine. Ann Intern Med. 2026 Jan 6. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-25-05113. PubMed           Abstract available SOUMARE A, Kapfer T, Botrel T, Adda L, et al Systemic Corticosteroids, Mortality, and Infections in Pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2025 Dec 2. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-25-03055. PubMed           Abstract available Arch Virol LAI QR, Chen W, Yu GF, Guo YJ, et al Molecular epidemiology and clinical characteristics of human adenovirus in children in Hangzhou (2022-2023). Arch Virol. 2026;171:60. PubMed           Abstract available Biochem Biophys Res Commun WU X, Bhatt V, Liu JJ, Hong L, et al Single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis reveals differential expr...

  Par Paebi — Travail personnel, CC BY-SA 3.0,  https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1054053 Source:  Link:  https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralbahn ____

{Automatic translation from Dutch to English} Date : January 23, 2026  Regarding : Dairy cow with antibodies against bird flu  Dear Chair , Through this letter, I am informing the House, also on behalf of the Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport, about the situation surrounding a dairy cow with antibodies against bird flu (highly pathogenic avian influenza, HPAI).  No evidence has been found of active virus circulation of bird flu among the dairy cows on this farm in the municipality of Noardeast-Fryslân (province of Friesland).  There are also no signs of bird flu spreading at other dairy farms .  I am currently conducting follow-up investigations and have asked all involved parties to be alert to any potential signs.  Situation :  The Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA) received a report on December 24, 2025 , about two sick cats .  One of these cats tested positive for bird flu.  The cat in question died on Decem...

  Abstract Clade 2.2 H5N1 influenza viruses have caused an unusually high number of human infections , providing a unique opportunity to investigate early molecular steps associated with host adaptation . Although most work has focused on hemagglutinin (HA), the contribution of neuraminidase (NA) to these early adaptive events has remained unclear. By analyzing publicly available sequences from clade 2.2-infected patients , we identified 20 NA mutations and compared their phenotypes to 20 mutations acquired during diversification in primary human airway cells under drug-free conditions. Most patient-derived NA mutations resulted in modest reductions in sialidase activity , keeping activity within a functional range that supported improved replication in α2,6 sialylglycan (α2,6 Sia)-dominant environments , whereas excessive reduction impaired fitness . Notably, the phenotypes of culture-selected and patient-derived mutations were highly concordant , suggesting that these NA changes ...

  {Excerpt} Time Period: January 11, 2026 - January 17, 2026 -- H5 Detection :  6 site(s) ( 1.1% ) -- No Detection :  519 site(s) ( 98.9% ) -- No samples in last week:  78 site(s) (...) Source:  Link:  https://www.cdc.gov/nwss/rv/wwd-h5.html ____

  Abstract The continuous evolution and global spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses , particularly clade 2.3.4.4b, pose major challenges for pandemic preparedness . This study evaluates a low-dose inactivated split-virus vaccine derived from H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b, formulated with an Alum/CpG adjuvant , in a preclinical female mouse model . The vaccine induces strong humoral and cellular immunity , generating high titers of cross-reactive antibodies against diverse H5 hemagglutinin (HA) and across different N1 neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins. The Alum/CpG adjuvant supports substantial antigen dose sparing and promotes a balanced Th1/Th2 profile. Functional assays show potent virus neutralization , neuraminidase inhibition , and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity , alongside robust antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, efficient control of lung viral replication, and reduced lung inflammation . Vaccinated mice are fully protected from lethal...

  Highlights • All clades of monkeypox virus (MPXV) continue to circulate.  - Unless mpox outbreaks are rapidly contained and human-to-human transmission is interrupted, there is a risk of sustained community transmission .   • At the time of reporting, data from the WHO European Region for December 2025 had not yet been submitted; therefore, the information presented below does not include the European Region .  • In December 2025 , 31 countries across five WHO regions (European Region excluded) reported a total of 1040 new confirmed mpox cases , including six deaths (case fatality ratio [CFR] 0.6%).  - Of these cases, 78% were reported in the African Region .  - Four regions observed a decline in confirmed cases in December, compared to November 2025, while the Eastern Mediterranean Region reported more cases than the previous month.      • Fifteen countries in Africa reported active transmission of mpox in the last six weeks (7 Decemb...

  {England, Suffolk}  10,532 bird duck breeder flock. Samples taken were positive for HPAI H5N1. Birds presented clinical signs prior to testing. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7217 ____

  Eight wild mute swans in Vaslui Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7218 ____

  A wild whooper swan in Pomoravski Region. Source:  Link:  https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7220 ____