Standard Bearer, Aztec Art (c.1450 - c.1521)

 

{Click on Image to Enlarge}

__

Public Domain.

Source: 

Link: https://www.wikiart.org/en/aztec-art/standard-bearer-1521

____

#Coronavirus Disease Research #References (AMEDEO, July 19 '26)

 

Clin Infect Dis

1. PAYNE DC, Weinberg GA, Halasa NB, Englund JA, et al
   The New Vaccine Surveillance Network: 25 years of active, population-based surveillance for pediatric infectious diseases in the United States.
   Clin Infect Dis. 2026 Jul 13:ciag434. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
2. MEYEROWITZ EA, Richterman A
   Hantavirus on a Cruise Ship: What COVID-19 Taught Us.
   Clin Infect Dis. 2026 Jul 11:ciag428. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Emerg Infect Dis

3. FALENDER R, Kaya D, Harry M, Hachimi O, et al
   Targeted Wastewater Surveillance during the World Athletics Championship, Oregon, USA, 2022.
   Emerg Infect Dis. 2026;32.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Int J Infect Dis

4. AUBRY A, Brochot E, Demey B, Louchet-Ducoroy M, et al
   Epidemiological trends in viral CNS infections in a French university hospital from 2019 to 2024, as revealed by multiplex PCR testing of cerebrospinal fluid samples.
   Int J Infect Dis. 2026 Jul 12:108977. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108977.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect

5. HANSEN CL, Shaikh N, Naeger S, Torcel-Pagnon L, et al
   Hospitalizations and deaths from major respiratory viruses in the US: An ensemble time series modeling study, 2016-2025.
   J Infect. 2026;93:106811.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Med Virol

6. RIZZUTO J, Amarin JZ, Polic A, Howe HL, et al
   Severe COVID-19 in Pregnant Versus Nonpregnant Women: Intensive Care Unit Outcomes and Perinatal Risks.
   J Med Virol. 2026;98:e71036.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Virol

7. LOU J, Guo Z, Chen K, Tian Y, et al
   Cyclo-C stabilizes PEX13 to inhibit porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication by blocking pexophagy-mediated disruption of antiviral innate immunity.
   J Virol. 2026 Jul 17:e0078526. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00785.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
8. OVERSTI S, Lytras S, Kawakubo S, Ito J, et al
   From sites to structure to serology: a roadmap for structure-aware molecular evolution of antigenically evolving viruses.
   J Virol. 2026 Jul 16:e0168725. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01687.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
9. KAWAHARA S, Nao N, Tulakarnwong S, Suzuki S, et al
   GC content mismatch of transgene destabilizes RNA virus genomes.
   J Virol. 2026 Jul 13:e0088226. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00882.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Lancet

10. CRIVELLI L, Suemoto CK, Sosa AL, Lopera F, et al
    Multidomain lifestyle intervention for the prevention of cognitive decline in at-risk older adults in Latin America (LatAm-FINGERS): a single-blind, multicentre, randomised controlled trial.
    Lancet. 2026 Jul 13:S0140-6736(26)01278-X. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(26)01278.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Lancet Infect Dis

11. OPPEGAARD O, Blomberg B, Cox RJ, Iversen A, et al
    Nirmatrelvir for acute COVID-19 to prevent long COVID (PANORAMIC Norway): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.
    Lancet Infect Dis. 2026 Jul 16:S1473-3099(26)00244.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
12. NAIDOO T, Morgenstern C, Doohan P, Earl R, et al
    A systematic review of Nipah virus disease epidemiological parameters, outbreaks, and mathematical models.
    Lancet Infect Dis. 2026 Jul 14:S1473-3099(26)00239.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    N Engl J Med

13. WARKENTIN TE, Greinacher A
    Platelet-Activating Anti-Platelet Factor 4 Disorders.
    N Engl J Med. 2026 Jul 13. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2502459.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Nature

14. 
    Party pooper: grandparents' COVID risk rose after grandchildren's birthdays.
    Nature. 2026 Jul 13. doi: 10.1038/d41586-026-02194.
    PubMed        
    
    
15. GULLAND A
    This microbiologist endured a four-year court battle over COVID-19 tests.
    Nature. 2026 Jul 13. doi: 10.1038/d41586-026-01654.
    PubMed        
    

#Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Research #References (AMEDEO, July 19 '26)

 

BMC Pediatr

1. CHOO MY, Lum LCS, Jalal MIA, Ooi KS, et al
   Nutritional disparities between urban poor and non-poor Malaysian children under five in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study.
   BMC Pediatr. 2026 Jun 5. doi: 10.1186/s12887-026-07079.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
2. KENDRIC KJ, Durrani TS
   Trends in pediatric household cleaning product exposures before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national poison data system analysis (2016-2023).
   BMC Pediatr. 2026;26:658.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   Epidemiol Infect

3. AMEMIYA Y, Nishiura H
   Using forensic autopsy data to estimate the age-specific infection fatality risk of COVID-19.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2026;154:e96.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
4. MCGEOCH L, Stoker K, Rome M, Carey C, et al
   What is the burden of respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks in care homes? An enhanced surveillance study in England, winter 2024/25.
   Epidemiol Infect. 2026;154:e99.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Epidemiol Community Health

5. WING K, Morton C, Mahalingasivam V, Costello RE, et al
   Occurrence and persistence of symptoms, diagnoses and prescriptions after community-diagnosed COVID-19: a matched cohort study using the OpenSAFELY platform.
   J Epidemiol Community Health. 2026;80:624-634.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Infect Dis

6. FLANNERY B, Chung JR, Holiday C, Jefferson S, et al
   Influenza Antibody Levels Associated with Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza in a Test-Negative Study Design, US Flu VE Network, November 2018-May 2019.
   J Infect Dis. 2026 Jul 17:jiag371. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
7. KAWAI N, Bando T, Kawashima T, Matsuura S, et al
   Influenza Attack Rates and Vaccine Effectiveness by Prior-Season Infection and Vaccination: A 17-Season Analysis.
   J Infect Dis. 2026 Jul 11:jiag352. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
8. ROGERS S, Sumner KM, Yang Y, Johnson E, et al
   Protective effects of influenza B neuraminidase antibodies against symptomatic influenza virus infection.
   J Infect Dis. 2026 Jul 10:jiag351. doi: 10.1093.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   

   
   J Virol

9. CIMINSKI K, Reuther P, Rijkers R, de Vries RP, et al
   The receptor landscape of influenza A viruses.
   J Virol. 2026 Jul 16:e0144325. doi: 10.1128/jvi.01443.
   PubMed         Abstract available
   
   
10. SHIRAZI R, Kim SY, Cruz A, Stumpff JP, et al
    RELMalpha establishes a permissive environment for influenza virus infection through direct effects on lung epithelial cells.
    J Virol. 2026 Jul 16:e0222525. doi: 10.1128/jvi.02225.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Lancet

11. BLAKNEY AK, Top KA, Cowling BJ, Larson HJ, et al
    Safety and efficacy of mRNA vaccines: a mechanistic and public health perspective.
    Lancet. 2026 Jun 30:S0140-6736(26)00512-X. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00512.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS Comput Biol

12. DA SILVA K, Naffakh N, Rameix-Welti MA, Lemoine F, et al
    Accounting for Defective Viral Genomes in viral consensus genome reconstruction, application to influenza virus.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2026;22:e1014115.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    PLoS One

13. OKUI T
    Difference in excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic depending on marital status in Japan.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0354263.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
14. KARIM A, Al Mamun MA, Sultana S, Kabilan MK, et al
    Teaching persuasive essay writing online to first-year undergraduates: A phenomenological study of instructional design and learning experiences.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0353171.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
15. MICHEL S, Kempf C, Pirschtat N, Herbstreit F, et al
    Herpesvirus reactivation is associated with mortality in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19: Insights from a retrospective single-center analysis of 455 cases.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0354153.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
16. MA C, Sun J, Liu Z, Zhang C, et al
    Skin manifestations of primary COVID-19 infection with the omicron variant.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0352201.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
17. MADDEN D
    Covid-19 related excess mortality: An analysis by age for selected countries.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0353766.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
18. BOMANS S, Michotte N, El M'Rabet I, Jimenez Garcia B, et al
    Agreement and reliability between the two-day 6-minute incremental step test and two-day cardiopulmonary exercise test in post COVID-19 condition for assessing post-exertional malaise: The REVEAL-study.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0353132.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
19. CAPODICI A, Filippeschi A, Noci F, Michelucci A, et al
    Mapping global inequities in telemedicine implementation: An umbrella review of barriers and facilitators.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0351885.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
20. WIELAND V, Wassmuth N, Contento L, Kuhn M, et al
    Assessment of simulation-based inference methods for stochastic compartmental models in epidemiological research.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0353306.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
21. DILILLO KM, Forconi CS, Matta A, Melo J, et al
    Estimating SARS-CoV-2 exposure in asymptomatic hospitalized children with cancer in Western Kenya: A retrospective analysis of serological data.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0353284.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
22. ROBINSON B, Bisaillon P, Sandhu R, Khalil M, et al
    Semi-analytical hierarchical Bayesian inference of nonlinear model structure in stochastic dynamics: Applied to compartmental models of infectious diseases.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0350747.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
23. ROSYCHUK RJ, Lee BE, Qiu JY, Gao T, et al
    Exploring the predictability of distributed lag nonlinear models using SARS-CoV-2 wastewater-based surveillance in multiple communities in Alberta, Canada.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0349030.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
24. KAYUMBA K, Duga A, Papa Fallah M, Tshidibi C, et al
    Adverse events following immunization during COVID-19 mass vaccination campaigns in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Findings from active safety surveillance.
    PLoS One. 2026;21:e0309628.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    

    
    Vaccine

25. TU T, Tseng CY, Islam MD, Hsu WL, et al
    Adjuvant-free pH-controlled aggregates of E. coli-expressed H1N1-RBD enhance neutralizing antibody responses and confer protection against influenza virus.
    Vaccine. 2026;88:128898.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    
    
26. GROOTENDORST A, Paludan-Muller AS, Madsen K, Stovring H, et al
    Expanding enhanced influenza vaccines programs for adults aged >/=65 in the Nordic region predicted to improve public health and health system resilience.
    Vaccine. 2026;88:128934.
    PubMed         Abstract available
    

History of Mass Transportation: The Czech Vagónka Studénka Class 451 Electric Multiple-Unit ''Pantograf''

 {Click on Image to Enlarge}

__

By Dezidor - Self-photographed, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9778201

Source: 

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Czech_locomotive_classes#/media/File:Jednotka_451_v_Praze_(10).jpg

____

Characterization of #bovine-derived #H5N1 viruses expressing fluorescent and luminescent reporter #proteins

ABSTRACT

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses present a broad host range, with recent spillover and sustained transmission in dairy cattle reported in the USA. Replication-competent reporter viruses are critical tools that enable real-time monitoring of virus replication, facilitating high-throughput screens. In this study, we engineered three recombinant H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b reporter viruses expressing nanoluciferase (NLuc) and two fluorescent reporter proteins, miniGFP2 and UnaG within the open reading frame of the nonstructural gene of the bovine A/Cattle/Texas/063224-24-1/2024 (TX2/24) virus. All reporter viruses replicated efficiently in vitro, presenting replication kinetics comparable to the parental rTX2/24 virus, but exhibited smaller plaque sizes, suggesting reduced cell-to-cell spread. In vivo infection studies in mice showed comparable pathogenicity among all four viruses, although rTX2/24-miniGFP2 and rTX2/24-UnaG exhibited decreased virus shedding relative to rTX2/24 and rTX2/24-NLuc. Virus titrations and in situ localization of virus replication sites demonstrated robust replication in respiratory tissues, with slightly attenuated systemic dissemination of all three reporter viruses. Fluorescent virus neutralization assays using miniGFP2 and UnaG reporter viruses accurately quantified neutralizing antibody titres in sera from naturally infected dairy cattle, consistent with wild-type virus assays. Additionally, the utility of the NLuc reporter virus for antiviral screening was validated against oseltamivir in vitro. Collectively, these results establish the H5N1 TX2/24-based reporter viruses as versatile and biologically relevant tools for investigating H5N1 pathogenesis and for use in serological and antiviral drug screens.

Source: 

Link: https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/jgv.0.002298

____

Immune correlates of #risk for #SARS-CoV-2 #infection in #children: a prospective, community-based cohort study

 

Abstract

Few studies have characterized immune correlates of SARS-CoV-2 infection risk in children, particularly those with hybrid immunity from vaccination and prior infection. We conduct a prospective community-based cohort study of 1509 U.S. children (2022–2024), performing weekly SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing and measuring baseline binding and neutralizing antibody titers against multiple variants. Higher antibody levels, notably nucleocapsid-binding and Omicron-specific neutralizing antibodies, are significantly associated with reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection after adjusting for age, recent infection, exposure settings, and temporal trends (adjusted hazard ratios ranging from 0.60 to 0.87 per positive unit difference in log10-fold antibody level (AU/mL)). Secondary analyses suggest these findings are robust to multiple stratifications of SARS-CoV-2 immune status, are relevant across different pediatric age groups, and appear to apply to both overall and symptomatic infection risk. Together, the results suggest that specific antibodies can predict relative infection risk in pediatric populations with diverse immune histories. Understanding these immune correlates may inform tailored vaccination strategies and risk assessments as SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve.

Source: 

Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-74684-8

____

Case - #Fatality #Risk of #Norovirus, #England, 2022–2025

 

Abstract

Norovirus incidence increased in England during 2022–2025, when GII.17 replaced GII.4 as the dominant genotype. By using nationally linked norovirus testing and fatality data, we found age and care setting, but not genotype, were associated with case-fatality risk. Increased incidence might reflect changes in transmissibility or population immunity.

Source: 

Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/8/26-0091_article

____

#Ebola disease caused by #Bundibugyo virus, #DRC & #Uganda (WHO D.O.N., July 17 '26): 2124 cases & 828 deaths in DRC

 

Situation at a glance

    ° The Bundibugyo virus disease (BVD) outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo remains active, with sustained transmission driving increases in reported cases and deaths. 

    ° As of 15 July 2026, a cumulative total of 2124 confirmed cases, including 828 deaths, have been reported from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 

    ° On 13 July 2026, German authorities informed WHO of a laboratory-confirmed case of Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus in a humanitarian worker from the United States of America who was medically evacuated from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 

    ° This is the second United States citizen to be treated in Germany, reflecting the ongoing international response efforts. 

    ° In Uganda no new cases have been reported since 21 June 2026. The most recent case was discharged from the treatment centre on 16 July after two negative tests results. 

    ° The country has therefore begun the 42-day period of enhanced surveillance required before the end of the outbreak can be declared. 

    ° National authorities in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in collaboration with WHO and partners, continue to implement extensive response measures. 

    ° A regional preparedness and prioritization framework continues to guide readiness activities across the African Region.

Description of the situation

    ° Since the previous  Disease Outbreak News was published on 3 July 2026, the number of confirmed cases and deaths has increased substantially in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 

    ° In total, 2145 confirmed cases have been reported:  2124 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (including two cases with diagnosis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and subsequent treatment in Germany), 20 in Uganda and one in France. 

    ° A total of 830 deaths has been reported, including two in Uganda.  

    ° To date, at least 410 patients have recovered, including 390 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 18 in Uganda, one in France, and one in Germany.  

(...)

Democratic Republic of the Congo

    ° Since 3 July 2026, an additional 664 confirmed cases, including 376 confirmed deaths, have been reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 

    ° The increase is in part due to the scale-up of surveillance activities, testing, and diagnostic capacities. 

    ° As of 15 July 2026, a total of 2124 confirmed cases, including 828 deaths (crude case fatality ratio [CFR] 39%) have been reported in the Democratic Republic of Congo. 

    ° So far, 390 patients have recovered. 

    ° Cases have been reported from 46 health zones (HZ) across five provinces:  Ituri (27/36 HZ), North Kivu (11/34 HZ), South Kivu (1/34 HZ), Haut-Uele (4/13 HZ) and Tshopo (3/23 HZ).

    ° Of the 46 affected health zones, the outbreak remains active in 38 health zones, which have reported cases within the past 21 days. The remaining health zones have not reported any new cases during this period. In the past 21 days, 969 confirmed cases, including 524 confirmed deaths, have been reported.  

    ° Ituri  remains the most affected province, accounting for 89.6% (1904/2124) of all confirmed cases and 83.6% (692/828) of all reported deaths nationwide. Within the province, the highest number of confirmed cases have been reported from Bunia (570 cases), Rwampara (418 cases), Mongbwalu (347 cases), Nizi (148 cases), and Nyankunde (99 cases) health zones.  

    ° As of 15 July, 12 693 contacts have been identified and are under follow-up across Ituri (10 183), North Kivu (2360) and Tshopo (150). Of these, 10 195 contacts have been followed up, corresponding to follow-up rates of 78.1% in Ituri, 50.0% in Tshopo and 91.7% in North Kivu. Previously listed contacts in South Kivu have completed their 21-day followup. In addition, 107 contacts of the case reported in France have been listed and are under follow-up in Kinshasa.  

    ° Infections among health workers continued to increase, with 119 confirmed cases, 61 recoveries and 36 deaths reported among health workers, corresponding to a CFR of 30.3%. This highlights persistent occupational exposure risks, inadequate infection prevention and control (IPC) implementation in health facilities, and exposure risk in the community. 

    ° The outbreak continues in a complex humanitarian and conflict-affected environment, characterized by highly mobile and often displaced populations, many of whom have limited access to basic services, including food, clean water, shelter, health care and protection.  These conditions increase the risk of transmission, particularly in overcrowded sites for internally displaced people. 

    ° Security incidents affecting health facilities, have created additional operational challenges in affected provinces, including restricted access for response teams, disruption of surveillance and response activities and an increased risk of undetected transmission. These conditions underscore the need for response efforts to be led by local leaders and anchored in communities.  

___

Figure 2: Number of confirmed cases (n = 2124), in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, by date of reporting and as of 15 July 2026 

{Click on Image to Enlarge}

__

Figure 3: Number of deaths among confirmed cases (n = 828), in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, by date of reporting and as of 15 July 2026.  

{Click on Image to Enlarge}

___

NB: Newly reported confirmed cases/deaths may be part of the backlog of samples and therefore not necessarily newly acquired infections.  

Uganda

    ° The last confirmed case was reported to be identified on 21 June 2026.  As of 14 July 2026, a cumulative total of 20 confirmed cases have been reported, including two deaths in imported cases (reported on 15 May and 5 June) and one probable case resulting in death. 

    ° Of the confirmed cases, 15 were imported cases and five were secondary cases among contacts and health workers linked to imported cases from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.  All cases were reported in Kampala District. To date, no community transmission has been in Uganda. Exposure risks have been associated with health-care settings and cross-border movements.  

    ° Following case reclassification, the number of affected healthcare workers was revised from five to four. In total, 18 recoveries have been reported. 

    ° Of the 831 contacts listed as of 28 June, 821 contacts have completed their 21-day follow-up period as of 14 July.  

    ° The most recent case was discharged from the treatment centre on 16 July after two negative tests results. This marks the start of the 42-day countdown period (twice the maximum incubation period) to ensure surveillance activities continue to be implemented and detect any cases that were missed before the declaration of the end of the outbreak. Given the ongoing outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the risk of importation still exists.   

___

Figure 4: Number of confirmed cases (n = 20), in Uganda by date of reporting and as of 17 July 2026 

{Click on Image to Enlarge}

___

France

    ° No additional BVD cases have been reported in France since the previous update. 

    ° The imported confirmed BVD case reported on 24 June recovered and was discharged from the healthcare facility on 4 July after two negative PCR test results. No secondary transmission has been identified among the five low-risk flight contacts  placed under precautionary quarantine. These contacts  completed their follow-up period on 14 July. 

    ° French authorities have been monitoring  these individuals in coordination with relevant regional public health authorities as well as with the National IHR Focal Points of Belgium and the Netherlands who conducted an individual risk assessment. None of the contacts developed symptoms, and no addtional  at-risk individuals have been identified. 

Germany

    ° A  physician from the United States  working in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, was medically evacuated and treated in Germany in May 2026. The patient recovered and was discharged. No secondary cases were reported. 

    ° A second United States citizen, a humanitarian worker, tested positive for Bundibugyo virus in the Democratic Republic of Congo in July 2026 and was medically evacuated to a university hospital in Frankfurt/Main, Germany. The patient  is reported to be in stable condition.

Epidemiology

    ° Bundibugyo virus disease (BVD) is a severe Ebola disease caused by the Bundibugyo virus, one of the Orthoebolavirus species. It is a zoonotic disease, with fruit bats suspected to be the natural reservoir. 

    ° Human infection is thought to occur through close contact with the blood or secretions of infected wildlife, such as bats or non-human primates, and it subsequently spreads from person-to-person through direct contact with the blood, secretions, organs, or other bodily fluids of infected individuals or contaminated surfaces and materials. Transmission is particularly amplified in health-care settings when IPC measures are inadequate and during unsafe burial practices involving direct contact with deceased persons. 

    ° The incubation period for BVD ranges from 2 to 21 days, and infected individuals are not infectious until symptom onset. Early symptoms such as fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache, and sore throat, are non-specific, which complicates clinical diagnosis and can delay detection. These symptoms then progress to gastrointestinal symptoms, organ dysfunction, and, in some cases, haemorrhagic manifestations. 

    ° CFRs in the past two BVD outbreaks, reported in Uganda and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2007 and 2012 were 30% and 50%, respectively. 

    ° Differentiating BVD from other endemic febrile illnesses such as malaria is challenging without laboratory confirmation using PCR or antigen- or antibody-based assays. Outbreak control relies on rapid case identification, isolation and care, contact tracing, safe burials and strong community engagement, as no approved vaccines or specific treatments currently exist for BVD. 

Public health response

    ° Health authorities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda, in collaboration with WHO and partners, continue to implement extensive public health measures, including implementing the continental response plan, engaging donors and mobilizing additional resources to address critical funding gaps and sustain response operations across affected and at-risk areas. 

    ° For further information about public health response actions by the respective Ministry of Health, WHO and partners, please refer to the latest situation reports published by the WHO Regional Office for Africa: Ebola Bundibugyo Virus Disease Outbreak Democratic Republic of the Congo | Uganda Weekly External Situation Report | WHO | Regional Office for Africa  

WHO risk assessment

    ° On 6 June 2026, WHO reassessed the risk of the outbreak of BVD to incorporate newly available information and align with the WHO Temporary Recommendations. The risk for countries sharing land borders with countries with documented Bundibugyo virus detection, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda at the time of assessment, has been separated from the risk for other countries in the African Region. 

    ° The risk in the Democratic Republic of the Congo remains assessed as very high due to ongoing transmission and the continued expansion of the outbreak into new health zones, increasing the potential for further national and regional spread. 

    ° The risk in Uganda is still assessed as high due to confirmed cross-border spread through imported cases and ongoing epidemiological links along the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo–western Uganda corridor, which has historically been affected by Ebola outbreaks, including Bundibugyo virus and Sudan virus disease.  

    ° The risk for countries sharing land borders with countries reporting BDBV detection is assessed as high due to sustained population mobility linked to cross-border trade and mining activities, variation in capacities and experience of BVD response, and variable levels of readiness.  

    ° The risk for the rest of the African region and at the global level is assessed as low. 

    ° For further information, please see the WHO Rapid Risk Assessment – Ebola disease caused by Bundibugyo virus, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and countries with land borders adjoining countries with documented BDBV detection v3. 

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2026-DON613

____

#USA, #Wastewater Data for Avian #Influenza #H5 (US CDC, July 17 '26)

{Excerpt}

(...)

A(H5) detections in the past week: Time Period: July 05, 2026 - July 11, 2026

    - A(H5) Detection: 4 site(s) (0.9%)

    - No Detection: 442 site(s) (99.1%)

    - No samples: 46 site(s)

{Click on Image to Enlarge}

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://www.cdc.gov/wastewater/emerging-viruses/h5.html?

____

#WNV in #humans, the European Region, Weekly #Report (ECDC, July 17 '26): #Italy (21), #Greece (7), North #Macedonia (2), #Romania (2) & #Spain (2) cases so far

 

{Excerpt}

Week 29, 2026 | Produced on 17 July 2026 at 08:30, based on data submitted up until and including 15 July 2026.

Current situation

    ° Since the beginning of the 2026 transmission season, and as at 15 July, 28 areas affected by West Nile virus (WNV) have been identified in five countries across Europe {1}.

    ° These areas are located in: 

        § Italy (17), 

        § Greece (five), 

        § North Macedonia (two), 

       § Romania (two) and 

        § Spain (two).

    ° The five countries have reported 34 locally acquired {2} human cases of WNV infection: 

        § Italy has reported 21, 

        § Greece seven,     

        § North Macedonia two, 

        § Romania two and 

        § Spain two cases.

    ° This week, 17 areas are reported as affected for the first time this season. The affected areas identified as at 15 July 2026 are listed in Table 1 and shown in Map 1 below.

(...)

Table 1. Areas affected by West Nile virus during the 2026 transmission season at 15 July, by country and NUTS3 or GAUL1 area

{Click on Images to Enlarge}

__

* ‘First reported this week’ indicates that the affected area was not included in the previous weekly overview.

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://wnv-weekly.ecdc.europa.eu/

____

#Nirmatrelvir for acute #COVID19 to prevent #longCOVID (PANORAMIC Norway): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

 

Summary

Background

Long-term symptoms are common after acute COVID-19, particularly fatigue, cognitive problems, and dyspnoea. Cohort studies have suggested that antiviral treatment of acute COVID-19 might prevent development of post-COVID-19 condition (also known as long COVID), but the efficacy of antivirals has yet to be verified in prospective studies. We aimed to investigate whether treatment of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection with nirmatrelvir–ritonavir would reduce the risk of long COVID.

Methods

In this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, participants were recruited from the municipal health-care service at three sites in Norway (Bergen, Oslo, and Ålesund). Non-hospitalised adults aged 18–65 years with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by PCR or lateral flow test and symptoms for 5 days or fewer were eligible for inclusion. Key exclusion criteria included pregnancy or lactation, chronic renal impairment or chronic liver dysfunction, and any person judged by the investigator to need nirmatrelvir–ritonavir treatment due to increased risk of hospitalisation or death. Participants were allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive oral 300 mg nirmatrelvir and 100 mg ritonavir, or placebo, twice a day for 5 days using a pre-generated randomisation list without stratification or block adjustment. Participants, clinicians, and the study team were masked to treatment allocation. The primary outcome was long COVID, defined as patient-reported fatigue, dyspnoea, and/or cognitive symptoms at 3 months’ follow-up. Safety was analysed as a secondary outcome, and included adverse events, hospital admissions, and deaths. Both the primary outcome and safety were assessed in the intention-to-treat population. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05852873) and is now closed to new participants.

Findings

Between May 12, 2023, and June 11, 2025, we enrolled 144 participants, of whom 66 were assigned to nirmatrelvir–ritonavir and 78 to placebo. In the protocol we planned to enrol 2000 participants, but the trial was stopped prematurely by the steering committee due to insufficient recruitment. Among the 143 participants who completed follow-up, the risk of long COVID at 3 months was significantly reduced in the nirmatrelvir–ritonavir group (17 [26%] of 66) compared with the placebo group (33 [43%] of 77), corresponding to a relative risk after imputation of data for the single missing value in the placebo group of 0·60 (95% CI 0·37–0·98; p=0·039). In the nirmatrelvir–ritonavir group, five patients discontinued treatment due to adverse events. The most common adverse events in the nirmatrelvir–ritonavir group were change in taste or smell (57 [86%] of 66 in the nirmatrelvir–ritonavir group vs 14 [18%] of 78 in the placebo group) and nausea or vomiting (19 [29%] vs eight [10%]). Inversely, palpitations were more common in the placebo group (ten [13%] of 78) than in the nirmatrelvir-ritonavir group (two [3%] of 66). No severe adverse events were reported.

Interpretation

Treatment with nirmatrelvir–ritonavir for acute COVID-19 was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of long COVID at 3 months’ follow-up. The limited sample size precludes firm conclusions, and further clinical trials are warranted.

Funding

National Health Authorities’ KlinBeForsk programme, Western Norway Regional Health Authority, Helse Møre og Romsdal Hospital Trust, and The Influenza Centre, Haukeland University Hospital and University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.

Source: 

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(26)00244-6/fulltext?rss=yes

____

#Safety and efficacy of #mRNA #vaccines: a mechanistic and public health perspective

 

Summary

mRNA vaccines represent a transformative advance in vaccinology, combining rapid development timelines, scalable manufacturing, and strong immunogenicity with a favourable safety profile. Global deployment of mRNA vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic provided an unprecedented real-world evaluation of this platform, with billions of doses administered across diverse populations. In this Review, we critically examine the safety and efficacy of mRNA vaccines from mechanistic, preclinical, clinical, and public health perspectives. We outline the biological basis of mRNA vaccines, including their transient cytoplasmic expression, lack of genomic integration, and rapid clearance, distinguishing them clearly from other gene therapies. We synthesise evidence on vaccine components, manufacturing quality controls, and regulatory standards that underpin safety, alongside data from randomised trials, post-authorisation surveillance, and active pharmacovigilance systems. We also review real-world effectiveness across age groups, pregnancy, and populations that are immunocompromised, along with the effects on transmission. Last, we address public perception and vaccine confidence, and discuss implications for next-generation mRNA vaccines, including strategies to reduce reactogenicity, improve breadth and durability of immunity, enhance global access, and support sustainable public trust. Together, the accumulated evidence affirms mRNA vaccines as a safe, effective, and adaptable platform with enduring relevance for future infectious disease prevention and public health preparedness, and for the treatment of cancer and autoimmunity.

Source: 

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(26)00512-X/abstract?rss=yes

____

#Autoantibodies against type I #interferons in patients with #zoonotic #H7N9 #influenza: an observational case–control study

 

Summary

Background

The determinants of the species barrier preventing human infections with avian influenza A viruses (IAV) are incompletely understood. We previously identified loss-of-function variants of the interferon-regulated antiviral factor MxA as a genetic factor for increased susceptibility to infections with the H7N9 subtype. Given the central role of type I IFNs (IFN-I) in antiviral defence, we hypothesised that IFN-I-neutralising autoantibodies may similarly predispose to zoonotic H7N9 infection.

Methods

In this observational case–control study, serum samples collected between 2013 and 2017 from 199 Chinese patients with laboratory-confirmed H7N9 infection and 531 healthy, uninfected controls (269 poultry workers, 262 close contacts) were screened for IgG autoantibodies binding IFNα2, IFNβ1b, or IFNω using a multiplex bead-based assay. Positive samples were tested for IFN-neutralising activity in a luciferase-based reporter assay. To confirm their ability to block IFNα2-mediated antiviral activity, selected samples (n = 19) were analysed in IAV infection experiments. Associations between age, sex, H7N9 case status, case fatality, and the presence of neutralising autoantibodies were evaluated by logistic regression. Available whole-genome sequencing data from 26 individuals with neutralising autoantibodies were screened for variants in genes linked to IFN-I autoimmunity.

Findings

Neutralising autoantibodies against at least one IFN-I were detected in 19.1% (38/199) of patients but in only 1.1% (6/531) of controls, consistent with published general population data. Most patient sera targeted IFNα2 and/or IFNω (35/199), and 18.1% (36/199) neutralised even high IFN-I concentrations of 1–10 ng/ml. The presence of neutralising autoantibodies was associated with 8.2- to 25.3-fold higher odds of H7N9 infection (p < 0.0001), depending on antibody specificity and reference group. Autoantibody prevalence increased significantly with age in patients (44.8% ≥70 years; OR = 1.05; 95% CI 1.02–1.07; p = 0.0001), but was not associated with sex (OR for males vs. females = 0.52; 95% CI 0.23–1.14; p = 0.106). All selected sera containing neutralising autoantibodies blocked IFNα2-induced antiviral activity in cell culture. No known genetic predisposition for IFN-I autoimmunity was identified.

Interpretation

Our findings suggest that IFN-I-targeting autoimmunity is associated with susceptibility to zoonotic IAV infection with the H7N9 subtype, and possibly also other subtypes, including panzootic H5N1. Given the ease of implementation, screening for anti-IFN-I autoantibodies could be readily integrated into surveillance or targeted testing. This could be relevant in environments with increased exposure to zoonotic IAVs.

Funding

Shenzhen Medical Research Fund, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Program, Program for Youzuzhikeyan of Shenzhen University, German Research Foundation, Swiss National Science Foundation.

Source: 

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(26)00271-9/fulltext

____

#Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in #children: a systematic scoping #review of presentation, critical care management, and outcomes

 

Abstract

Background

Pediatric hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome/hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HCPS/HPS) is rare but can progress rapidly from a nonspecific febrile prodrome to respiratory failure, shock, and multiorgan dysfunction. Pediatric-specific evidence is limited, and a comprehensive map of the clinical literature is lacking.

Methods

We conducted a systematic scoping review per Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidance (protocol registered at DOI:10.17605/OSF.IO/MZDN4). PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched from inception to May 2026. Eligible reports described children or adolescents (age ≤18 years) with HCPS/HPS and extractable pediatric clinical data. Two reviewers independently screened records, assessed overlap, extracted data, and appraised reporting quality using Joanna Briggs Institute tools.

Results

Of 2208 database records, 20 reports were included in the core pediatric synthesis after removal of 976 duplicates and screening. Reports were concentrated in the Americas. Recurrent features included fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, myalgia, thrombocytopenia, hemoconcentration, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, and shock. Severe cases required mechanical ventilation, vasoactive support, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and in some cases renal replacement therapy. Larger pediatric case series and surveillance-level reports reported mortality of approximately 33% to 37%. Evidence was predominantly case-based with variable reporting completeness.

Conclusions

Pediatric HCPS/HPS is rare but potentially rapidly fatal. Early suspicion in endemic regions or after rodent exposure, with prompt supportive critical care and timely consideration of advanced cardiopulmonary support, is central to management.

Source: 

Link: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08998280.2026.2698359

____

#Ribavirin post-exposure #prophylaxis for #Andes virus #exposure: a viewpoint

 

Summary

Andes virus (ANDV) is unique among hantaviruses because person-to-person transmission is possible. This raises questions on the relevance of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), particularly following high-risk household, healthcare-associated, or laboratory exposures, considering its high case fatality rate. Ribavirin has demonstrated antiviral activity against hantaviruses in vitro and in animal models, although clinical evidence supporting its use for ANDV remains extremely limited. This viewpoint summarises the currently available evidence regarding ribavirin as PEP after potential ANDV exposure. We discuss the knowledge gaps that may limit the applicability of ribavirin PEP, to make informed decisions on the use of ribavirin in the setting of PEP. Potential dosing strategies are visualised by modelling and simulation, and potential dose and duration are discussed. Although the biological rationale for ribavirin PEP appears compelling, absence of controlled human studies and potential toxicity currently limit its role to highly selected exposure scenarios and use shortly after exposure.

Source: 

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(26)00270-7/fulltext

____

Pan-continental #spillover #risk: integrated spatiotemporal, transmissibility and #surveillance analysis of avian #influenza #H5N1 in #Africa

 

Abstract

Background: 

The HPAI H5N1 panzootic represents a critical threat to human health in Africa, where traditional poultry systems and dense human-animal interfaces facilitate frequent zoonotic spillover. While sporadic human cases raise pandemic concerns, continent-wide integration of spatial dynamics, transmissibility indicators, and surveillance performance has been lacking. This study quantifies avian influenza transmission over two decades across Africa, identifies geographical hotspots, and evaluates the responsiveness of current surveillance systems.

Methods: 

We analysed 8,037 avian influenza outbreak events and 369 laboratory-confirmed human cases, predominantly caused by HPAI H5N1 (2004–2025), using harmonised data from FAO (EMPRES-i+), WHO, and WOAH. A Bayesian Besag-York-Mollié (BYM) spatiotemporal model estimated residual transmission risks and Incidence Rate Ratios (IRR) by subtype. The basic reproduction number (R₀) was derived via an exponential growth model applied to human outbreak phases across infectious durations of 7–30 days. Surveillance responsiveness was assessed by quantifying notification delays between clinical observation and official reporting.

Results: 

Risk of infection in animals: HPAI H5N1 was the dominant strain, representing 87.8% of animal cases, with Egypt acting as the primary epidemiological epicentre (66% of total records). The spatiotemporal model revealed that H5N1 is associated with a significantly higher risk of animal infection (IRR = 8.37; 95% CI: 6.65–10.53). Although 71% of outbreaks were reported within 5 days of detection, significant delays (≥15 days) occurred in 12% of cases, with notable regional disparities. Risk of infection in human: H5N1 was associated with a 67-fold increase in the incidence of human cases compared to other subtypes (IRR = 66.78; 95% CI: 25.29–176.37). Sensitivity analyses yielded R0 estimates ranging from 1.05 (95% CI: 0.91–1.31) to 1.23 (95% CI: 0.60–2.33), indicating localised epidemic potential.

Conclusion: 

Our findings highlight a persistent and geographically heterogeneous H5N1 reservoir in Africa with high zoonotic affinity. Although sustained human-to-human transmission remains limited, the identification of dual poultry-human hotspots and localised R0 peaks underscores the urgent need for geographically targeted One Health interventions. Strengthening real-time reporting systems and improving biosecurity in high-risk poultry value chains are critical to mitigating future pandemic threats on the continent.

Source: 

Link: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/epidemiology/articles/10.3389/fepid.2026.1813211/full

____