#Human spread of #hantavirus not ruled out on cruise #ship (UN News Centre, May 5 '26)

 

By Dominika Tomaszewska-Mortimer in Geneva

5 May 2026 

Hantavirus victims on a ship in the Atlantic Ocean may have been infected prior to joining the cruise and human-to-human transmission on board cannot be ruled out – although it is rare - the World Health Organization (WHO) said on Tuesday.

The deadly disease outbreak has triggered an international public health response. 

Seven individuals of the 147 passengers and crew have been reported ill and three have died in what remains a fluid situation, WHO’s chief of Epidemic and Pandemic Preparedness and Prevention Dr Maria Van Kerkhove told reporters in Geneva.

“One patient is in intensive care in South Africa, although we understand that this patient is improving,” she said, while two patients still on board the ship, which is currently off the coast of Cabo Verde, are being prepared for medical evacuation to the Netherlands for treatment. 

Dr Van Kerkhove stressed that the situation is being closely monitored. As a precaution, passengers have been asked to remain in their cabins while disinfection and other public health measures are carried out. Medical teams from Cabo Verde are providing support on board the ship.

“The plan is, and our highest priority is, to medically evacuate these two individuals” to make sure that they receive the required care, she insisted. 

There are no other symptomatic patients on board. A third suspected case who reported a mild fever at one point “is currently doing well”, the WHO official said.

Spain cooperation

The ship is set to continue on to the Canary Islands. Ahead of arrival, Dr Van Kerkhove said that WHO is working with the Spanish authorities who “have said that they will welcome the ship to do a full epidemiologic investigation, full disinfection of the ship, and of course to assess the risk of the passengers”. 

Hantaviruses are carried by rodents and can cause severe disease in humans. Thousands of infections are estimated to occur each year. People usually get infected through contact with infected rodents or their urine, their droppings, or their saliva. 

Discussing the suspected origins of the outbreak, Dr Van Kerkhove said that the initial patients, a husband and wife, boarded the boat in Argentina. 

“With the timing of the incubation period of hantavirus, which can be anywhere from one to six weeks, our assumption is that they were infected off the ship,” she said. “This was an expedition boat… many of the people on board were doing bird watching” and “seeing a lot of different wildlife.”

The cruise stopped at several islands off the coast of Africa, Dr Van Kerkhove continued, some of which “have a lot of rodents”. 

“There could be some source of infection on the islands as well for some of the other suspect cases,” she said. “However, we do believe that there may be some human-to-human transmission that's happening among the really close contacts” such as the husband and wife and others who have shared cabins.

Past outbreak lessons

Transmission of infection between people is uncommon, but limited spread has been reported among close contacts in previous outbreaks of the Andes virus, which is part of the hantavirus group.

There are no specific treatments for hantavirus other than supportive care. 

“Typically, people will develop respiratory symptoms, so respiratory support is really important,” Dr Van Kerkhove said, stressing that some people require mechanical ventilation. Intensive care may be required, especially if the condition of patients deteriorates.

Directing her message at the people on the boat, where more than 20 nationalities are represented, the WHO official said: “We just want you to know we are working with the ship's operators” and with the travellers’ countries of origin.

“We hear you. We know that you are scared,” she said. “We're trying to make sure that the ship has as much information as they can…that you're cared for and of course, that you get home safely.”

Link: https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/05/1167440

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Avian #Influenza #Report - April 26 – May 2 '26 (Wk 18) (HK CHP, May 5, 2026): 1 new #human #H5N1 case in #Bangladesh; 1 new #H9N2 case in #China

 

{Excerpt}

(...)

{H5N1}

-- Date of report: Late April 2026 

-- Country: Bangladesh 

-- Province / Region: Chattogram Division 

-- District / City: ...

-- Sex: ...

-- Age: Child 

-- Condition at time of reporting: Deceased 

-- Subtype of virus: H5N1

(...)

{H9N2}

1) Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

-- A one-year-old boy with onset on April 12, 2026. 

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/2026_avian_influenza_report_vol22_wk18.pdf

____

Respiratory #infections due to #human common cold #coronaviruses, #SARS-CoV, #MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2: #epidemiology, #pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine landscapes

 

Summary

Over the past half-century, perceptions of human coronaviruses have evolved from their initial characterisation as causes of the common cold to recognition of their capacity to trigger severe disease and global epidemics. The emergence of three zoonotic coronaviruses—severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019, has had profound health, economic, and societal consequences and continues to influence global epidemic-preparedness strategies. All three viruses remain on the WHO Blueprint of priority pathogens for research and development. This Review summarises current knowledge on human coronaviruses, drawing lessons from the past 25 years of epidemic outbreaks. The shared and divergent features of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, including their origins, evolution, transmission determinants, zoonotic transmission, viral entry pathways, pathogenesis, spectrum of clinical manifestations, long-term sequelae, and case-fatality profiles are highlighted. The full range of clinical manifestations, from asymptomatic or atypical presentations to severe acute respiratory and multisystem disease, are outlined together with risk factors for progression and populations with the greatest susceptibility. Diagnostic approaches, including molecular assays, antigen-based tests, and imaging modalities are described alongside current therapeutics, antiviral strategies, immunomodulators, supportive care principles, and evidence from clinical trials. Advances in diagnostics, vaccines, therapeutics, and infection-control practices are examined together with persistent challenges in early recognition, particularly in resource-limited settings. Strengthening multinational clinical trial capacity, leveraging digital innovations, and embedding One Health approaches are essential to mitigating spillover risks and improving global readiness. We review the latest data, identify gaps and opportunities, and outline forward-looking strategies to anticipate and prepare for the threat of future coronaviruses, and other existing or new respiratory pathogens with epidemic potential. Clinicians and other health-care workers play a central role in detecting and reporting possible lethal coronavirus infection including atypical presentations, enabling rapid, coordinated infection control and management responses.

Source: 

Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(26)00049-4/abstract?rss=yes

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#Update: First locally acquired #human case of #H7N7 #influenza A was detected in #Taiwan (CDC, May 5 '26)

 

-- The Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC) announced today (April 5) that regarding the first locally transmitted case of H7N7 novel influenza A reported on April 2 involving a poultry farmer, the CDC has completed gene sequence comparison and analysis. 

-- Furthermore, after joint assessment of the overall impact by agricultural and health authorities, the public health risk rating for Taiwan is "low risk."

-- The CDC pointed out that the patient was discharged from isolation on April 3, and the 33 identified contacts completed health monitoring on April 6, with no confirmed cases of novel influenza A. 

-- There is no risk of the outbreak expanding. 

-- This case was discovered due to the high level of vigilance of the hospital physician, who reported the case based on clinical symptoms, contact history, and preliminary test results, leading to confirmation of novel influenza A. 

-- Therefore, the CDC will award the reporting physician a NT$10,000 reporting bonus in accordance with Article 5, Paragraph 1, Item 1 of the Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Reward Regulations.

-- The CDC explained that this case was investigated and controlled through cooperation between health and agricultural authorities, based on the national integrated epidemic prevention action. 

-- Gene sequence comparison of the virus showed that it was most similar to the virus strain isolated from wild birds in Japan and South Korea in 2024, and all gene fragments originated from the Eurasian low pathogenic avian influenza virus gene pool, indicating that the virus is highly related to the virus circulating in wild bird populations. 

-- Further analysis showed that the virus's PB2 gene carries the E627K mutation (PB2 E627K). 

-- According to existing research, this mutation may enhance the virus's replication ability in mammalian cells. 

-- However, since it cannot be ruled out that this site is a mutation produced in humans after infection, and no virus with the same characteristics has been found in Taiwan recently, nor have any drug resistance-related mutations been detected, the current assessment is that the risk to the public is low. 

-- In addition, agricultural authorities actively completed sampling at other poultry farms of the case before the Qingming Festival holiday, expanded sampling at five poultry farms near the case, and cooperated with the Wild Bird Association to collect 92 wild bird specimens from the surrounding area, all of which did not detect avian influenza-related viruses.

-- The Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC) stated that, based on the spirit of national epidemic prevention unity, the CDC also launched a joint risk assessment team with agricultural and health authorities on April 1st to conduct a domestic risk assessment of the H7 subtype viruses (including H7N7, H7N2, H7N3, and H7N4). 

-- This risk assessment primarily referenced the framework of the US CDC's Influenza Risk Assessment Tool (IRAT). 

-- Team members collected supporting data and scores for ten risk factors and corresponding assessment questions, followed by a comprehensive evaluation. 

-- The results showed that the overall risk of the four H7 subtype viruses was low. 

-- While the possibility of sporadic local cases in the future cannot be ruled out, direct and indirect contact with animals remains the main transmission route. 

-- No evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission has been found, and the possibility of further community spread is extremely low.

-- In response to the detection of the key PB2 E627K variant in the first domestic H7N7 human infection case and concerns about the lack of herd immunity among the Taiwanese public to the H7 subtype of avian influenza, the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC) is not only closely monitoring genomic evolution but also convening expert meetings to focus on assessing the risk of cross-species transmission to ensure the disease prevention system can effectively address potential public health threats. 

-- Furthermore, the CDC is continuously strengthening the One Health inter-ministerial surveillance mechanism, maintaining surveillance in poultry farms and wild animals, closely monitoring genomic evolution, raising clinicians' awareness of the need for testing cases of pneumonia of unknown cause with a history of contact with poultry or livestock, and enhancing related prevention and control measures such as antiviral drugs.

-- In its global risk assessment of the H7 subtype of avian influenza, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated that the global H7 subtype of avian influenza is mainly prevalent in wild and domestic poultry populations. 

-- Although there have been occasional cases of human infection through contact with infected animals in the past, these cases have mostly presented with mild symptoms such as conjunctivitis or influenza-like illness. 

-- The Netherlands reported one death case in 2003. 

-- Given the potential impact on public health, close monitoring of human infections of this virus is crucial. 

-- Based on the current lack of evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission or community spread, the WHO assesses the threat to public health as remaining low. 

-- While sporadic human cases cannot be ruled out, the probability of human-to-human transmission is extremely low.

Source: 

Link: https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Bulletin/Detail/N1P8C-k3KudXQW2VAkp9UQ?typeid=9

____

#Hantavirus #cluster linked to cruise #ship #travel, Multi-country (WHO D.O.N., May 5 '26)

 

Situation at a glance

-- On 2 May 2026, a cluster of passengers with severe respiratory illness aboard a cruise ship was reported to the World Health Organization. 

-- The ship is carrying 147 passengers and crew. 

-- As of 4 May 2026, seven cases (two laboratory confirmed cases of hantavirus and five suspected cases) have been identified, including three deaths, one critically ill patient and three individuals reporting mild symptoms. 

-- Illness onset occurred between 6 and 28 April 2026 and was characterized by fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, rapid progression to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome and shock. 

-- Further investigations are ongoing. 

-- The outbreak is being managed through coordinated international response, and includes: 

- in-depth investigations, 

- case isolation and care, 

- medical evacuation and 

- laboratory investigations. 

-- Human hantavirus infection is primarily acquired through contact with the urine, faeces, or saliva of infected rodents. 

-- It is a rare but severe disease that can be deadly. 

-- Although uncommon, limited human to human transmission has been reported in previous outbreaks of Andes virus (a specific species of hantavirus). 

-- WHO currently assesses the risk to the global population from this event as low and will continue to monitor the epidemiological situation and update the risk assessment.

Description of the situation

-- On 2 May 2026, WHO received notification from the National International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR) Focal Point of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (hereafter referred to as the United Kingdom) regarding a cluster of severe acute respiratory illness, including two deaths and one critically ill passenger, aboard a Dutch-flagged cruise ship. 

-- On 2 May 2026, laboratory testing conducted in South Africa confirmed hantavirus infection in one patient who is critically ill and in intensive care. 

-- On 3 May, one additional death was reported. 

-- A further three suspected cases remain on board. 

-- As of 4 May, a total of seven (two confirmed and five suspected) cases, including three deaths, have been reported.

-- The vessel departed Ushuaia, Argentina, on 1 April 2026 and followed an itinerary across the South Atlantic, with multiple stops in remote and ecologically diverse regions, including mainland Antarctica, South Georgia, Nightingale Island, Tristan da Cunha, Saint Helena, and Ascension Island. 

-- The extent of passenger contact with local wildlife during the voyage, or prior to boarding in Ushuaia remains undetermined. 

-- The vessel carries a total of 147 individuals, including 88 passengers and 59 crew members. 

-- Onboard passengers and crew represent 23 nationalities.  

-- As of 4 May 2026, the vessel is moored off the coast of Cabo Verde.

Summary of cases:

-- Case 1: 

- An adult male developed symptoms of fever, headache, and mild diarrhoea on 6 April 2026 while on board the ship. 

- By 11 April, the case developed respiratory distress and died on board on the same day. 

- No microbiological tests were performed. 

- The body of the passenger was removed from the vessel to Saint Helena (a British Overseas Territory) on 24 April.

-- Case 2: 

- An adult female, who was a close contact of case 1, went ashore at Saint Helena on 24 April 2026 with gastrointestinal symptoms. 

- She subsequently deteriorated during a flight to Johannesburg, South Africa, on 25 April. 

- She later died upon arrival at the emergency department on 26 April. 

- On 4 May, the case was subsequently confirmed by PCR with hantavirus infection. 

- Contact tracing for passengers on the flight has been initiated.

- Cases 1 and 2, had travelled in South America, including Argentina, before they boarded the cruise ship on 1 April 2026.

-- Case 3: 

- An adult male presented to the ship's doctor on 24 April 2026 with febrile illness, shortness of breath and signs of pneumonia. 

- On 26 April, his condition worsened. 

- He was medically evacuated from Ascension to South Africa on 27 April, where he is currently hospitalised in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). 

- Laboratory testing on an extensive respiratory pathogen panel was negative; however, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing confirmed hantavirus infection on 2 May 2026. 

- Serology, sequencing and metagenomics are ongoing.

-- Case 4: 

- An adult female, with presentation of pneumonia, died on 2 May 2026. 

- The onset of symptoms was on 28 April, with fever and a general feeling of being unwell.

-- Three suspected cases have reported high fever and/or gastrointestinal symptoms and remain on board. 

- Medical teams in Cabo Verde are evaluating the patients and collecting additional specimens for testing.

Public health response

-- Authorities from States Parties involved in the management of the event to date – Cabo Verde, the Netherlands, Spain, South Africa and the United Kingdom - have initiated coordinated response measures including:

- Ongoing engagement between WHO and the National IHR Focal Points of Cabo Verde, the Netherlands, South Africa, Spain and the United Kingdom, to ensure timely information sharing and coordination of response actions.

- WHO shared information about the events with National IHR Focal Points globally.

- Passengers onboard have been advised to practice maximal physical distancing and remain in their cabins where possible.

- Epidemiological investigations are underway to determine the source of exposure.

- The National IHR Focal Point of Argentina shared the passenger and crew lists with the National IHR Focal Points of the respective countries, according to each person’s nationality.

- In line with the Working Arrangement between the WHO Emergency Medical Team (EMT) Secretariat and the EU Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC), the EMT Secretariat has launched formal discussions to support the clinical management and medical evacuation of symptomatic passengers.

- Logistic support has been provided, including sample collection items.

- Laboratory testing and confirmation of hantavirus infection have been conducted at the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of South Africa. Serology, sequencing and metagenomics are ongoing.

- Additional laboratory samples from symptomatic passengers are being sent, with WHO support, to the Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Senegal, for testing.

- WHO has activated three-level coordination and is supporting national authorities in implementing risk-based, evidence-informed public health measures in accordance with the provisions of the IHR and related WHO technical guidance documents.

WHO risk assessment

-- Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), also known as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), is a zoonotic, viral respiratory disease caused by hantaviruses of the genus Orthohantavirus, family Hantaviridae, order Bunyavirales. 

-- More than 20 viral species have been identified within this genus. 

-- In the Americas, Sin Nombre virus is the predominant cause of HPS in North America, while Orthohantavirus andesense is responsible for most cases in South America.

-- Human Hantavirus infection is primarily acquired through contact with the urine, faeces, or saliva of infected rodents or by touching contaminated surfaces. 

-- Exposure typically occurs during activities such as cleaning buildings with rodent infestations, though it may also occur during routine activities in heavily infested areas. 

-- Human cases are most commonly reported in rural settings, such as forests, fields, and farms, where rodents are present, and opportunities for exposure are greater. 

-- HPS is characterized by headache, dizziness, chills, fever, myalgia, and gastrointestinal problems, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain, followed by sudden onset of respiratory distress and hypotension. 

-- Symptoms of HPS typically occur from 2-4 weeks after initial exposure to the virus. However, symptoms may appear as early as one week and as late as eight weeks following exposure.

-- Hantavirus infections are relatively uncommon globally.  

-- In 2025 (as of epidemiological week 47), in the Region of the Americas, eight countries reported 229 cases and 59 deaths with a CFR of 25.7%. [1] 

-- In the European Region, 1885 hantavirus infection reported in 2023 (0.4 per 100,000), marking the lowest rate observed between 2019 and 2023.[2] 

-- In East Asia, particularly China and the Republic of Korea, Hantavirus haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) continues to account for many thousands of cases annually, although incidence has declined in recent decades.

-- Hantavirus infections are associated with a case fatality rate of <1–15% in Asia and Europe and up to 50% in the Americas. 

-- While there are no specific treatment nor vaccines for hantavirus infections, early supportive care and immediate referral to a facility with a complete ICU can improve survival.

-- Environmental and ecological factors affecting rodent populations can influence disease trends seasonally. Since hantavirus reservoirs are sylvatic rodents, transmission can occur when people come into contact with rodent habitats.

-- Although uncommon, limited human‑to‑human transmission of HPS due to Andes virus has been reported in community settings involving close and prolonged contact. 

-- Secondary infections among healthcare workers have been previously documented in healthcare facilities, though remain rare.

-- WHO currently assesses the risk to the global population from this event as low and will continue to monitor the epidemiological situation and update the risk assessment as more information becomes available.

WHO advice

-- WHO advises that States Parties involved in this event continue efforts in detection, investigation, reporting, case management, infection control, and public health management on board, including ship sanitation measures, in close coordination with the conveyance operator, to prevent and control infections caused by hantaviruses.

-- In the context of the current outbreak, passengers and crew members should practice frequent hand hygiene, remain vigilant of Hantavirus symptoms and undertake active symptom monitoring for 45 days.  

-- Crew must ensure adequate environmental cleaning (avoiding dry sweeping) and ventilation in the ship. 

-- Passengers and crew members experiencing symptoms should inform medical professionals on board and self-isolate. 

-- If respiratory symptoms are present to practice respiratory etiquette and wear a medical mask.

-- Vigilance among travellers, crew, including those involved in implementing ship sanitation measures, or other personnel returning from areas where hantavirus is known to be present, as well as on conveyances engaged in eco-tourism on a journey from and through those areas, is essential.

-- Early recognition of suspected cases, prompt isolation, and consistent adherence to recommended infection prevention and control measures remain essential to protect healthcare personnel.

-- Diagnosis of HPS is with serologic testing for IgM or rising titres of IgG antibodies using enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) or with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) to detect viral RNA.

-- In healthcare environments, standard precautions* should be applied for all patients, including hand hygiene and safe handling of blood and body fluids. 

-- In addition to standard precautions, transmission-based precautions should be implemented for management of suspect or confirmed cases. 

-- Standard precautions combined with droplet precautions during close contact are considered sufficient. 

-- Routine airborne precautions are not typically required, except during aerosol‑generating procedures. [3]

-- When HPS is suspected, patients should be promptly transferred to an emergency department or intensive care unit for close monitoring and supportive management.

-- Initial management should include supportive care with antipyretics and analgesics as needed. 

-- For confirmed hantavirus, antibiotics are not routinely indicated. 

-- However, before a definitive diagnosis is established (and bacterial infection is a diagnostic possibility), or if superadded bacterial infection is suspected, empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics may be appropriate. 

-- Clinical management relies primarily on careful fluid administration, hemodynamic monitoring, and respiratory support. 

-- Given the rapid progression of HCPS, close monitoring and early transfer to ICU are critical for more severe cases. 

-- Mechanical ventilation, meticulous volume control, and vasopressors may be required. 

-- For severe cardiopulmonary insufficiency, extracorporeal mechanical oxygenation may be lifesaving. In severe cases of renal dysfunction, dialysis may be required.

-- Although ribavirin has shown efficacy against hantavirus haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, it has not demonstrated effectiveness for HCPS and is not licensed for either treatment or prophylaxis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. 

-- At present, there is no specific antiviral treatment approved for HCPS.

-- Public health awareness efforts should focus on improving early detection, ensuring timely treatment, and reducing exposure risks. 

-- Preventive measures should address occupational and ecotourism-related exposures, emphasize standard and transmission-based infection prevention and control practices, and include rodent control strategies. 

-- Most routine tourism activities carry little or no risk of exposure to rodents or their excreta.

-- The potential for human-to-human transmission should be considered in areas where Andes and potentially other South American hantaviruses are endemic.

-- Individuals engaging in outdoor activities where endemic transmission is known, such as visiting rural areas, camping or hiking, should take precautions to minimise potential exposure to infectious materials.

-- Risk communication and community engagement interventions should prioritize transparent, timely, and culturally appropriate communication to raise awareness of hantavirus transmission risks—particularly exposure to rodent excreta in endemic areas—and promote practical preventive behaviours such as safe food storage, avoiding contact with rodents, wet-cleaning methods (no dry sweeping), and proper ventilation. 

-- Community engagement strategies should involve local leaders and workers in high-risk occupations to co-develop and disseminate tailored messages, address misinformation, and reinforce early care seeking.

-- Surveillance for HPS should be integrated into a comprehensive national surveillance system and include clinical, laboratory, and environmental components. The implementation of integrated environmental management strategies aimed at reducing rodent populations is also recommended.

-- WHO advises against the application of any travel or trade restrictions based on the current information available on this event. 

___

{*} Standard precautions refer to a set of practices that are applied to the care of patients, regardless of the state of infection (suspicion or confirmation), in any place where health services are provided. These practices aim to protect both healthcare professionals and patients and include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, safe handling of sharps materials, safe injection practices, use of sterile instruments and equipment and cleaning of hospital environments and the environment. Adapted from “Standard precautions for the prevention and control of infections: aide-memoire”- WHO, 2022.  Available at https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-UHL-IHS-IPC-2022.1  

Further information

-- World Health Organization. Hantavirus fact sheet. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hantavirus

-- Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351838

-- Epidemiological Alert Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS). https://www.paho.org/en/documents/epidemiological-alert-hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-americas-region-19-december-2025  

-- Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO). Hantavirus in the Americas: Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. Available at: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/40176

-- Hantavirus Prevention, CDC: https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/prevention/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/prevention.html

-- Martínez Valeria, Paola N, et al.. (2020). “Super-Spreaders” and Person-to-Person Transmission of Andes Virus in Argentina. New England Journal of Medicine. 383. 2230-2241. 10.1056/NEJMoa2009040.

-- World Health Organization. Hantavirus outbreak toolbox https://www.who.int/emergencies/outbreak-toolkit/disease-outbreak-toolboxes/hantavirus-outbreak-toolbox

-- US CDC. How to Clean Up After Rodents: https://www.cdc.gov/healthy-pets/rodent-control/clean-up.html

-- Hantavirus, Washington State Department of Heath, https://doh.wa.gov/sites/default/files/2025-08/420-056-Guideline-Hantavirus.pdf

-- Hantavirus Infection, MDS Manual, professional version: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/arboviruses-arenaviridae-and-filoviridae/hantavirus-infection

-- Handbook for management of public health events on board ships https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549462

-- World Health Organization. Guide to Ship Sanitation, 3rd edition https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241546690

-- World Health Organization. Vector surveillance and control at ports, airports and ground crossings https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549592

-- Standard precautions for the prevention and control of infections: aide-memoire

___

[1] Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO). Epidemiological Alert Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS). https://www.paho.org/en/documents/epidemiological-alert-hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-americas-region-19-december-2025 

[2] Hantavirus infection - Annual Epidemiological Report for 2023. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/hantavirus-infection-annual-epidemiological-report-2023

[3] Standard precautions for the prevention and control of infections: aide-memoire. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-UHL-IHS-IPC-2022.1 

__

Citable reference: World Health Organization (4 May 2026). Disease Outbreak News. Hantavirus cluster linked to cruise ship travel- Multi-country. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2026-DON599

Source: 

Link: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2026-DON599

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Characterization of atypical #Ebola virus disease in #ferrets

 

Abstract

Ebola virus (EBOV) infection typically results in severe—and often lethal—acute disease. However, increasing evidence suggests that EBOV can persist in certain immune-privileged tissues, which may then serve as reservoirs for the later reemergence of EBOV and disease recrudescence. Here, we report atypical EVD recrudescence in a ferret model inoculated with an otherwise lethal dose of EBOV and treated with low doses of a highly potent monoclonal antibody cocktail. Among 32 antibody-treated ferrets, 14 animals survived, while 8 succumbed to acute EVD within about 5–8 days. The remaining 10 animals succumbed to atypical EVD between 12 and 18 days post-infection (DPI) despite having shown no, or very minor, signs of illness during the acute phase of disease. While viremia disappeared by 14 DPI in most animals that succumbed to atypical EVD, it rebounded modestly just prior to death. Unlike animals that died of acute EVD, those that died of atypical EVD showed only a moderate systemic inflammatory response and few signs of organ dysfunction, in line with low levels of virus in the liver and spleen. Interestingly, however, ferrets that died of atypical EVD showed high levels of virus in the brain, consistent with increased markers of inflammation in the central nervous system and significant pathological changes, including a breakdown in the blood-brain barrier and severe meningoencephalitis. Not only does this study shed important light on the atypical and underappreciated manifestations of EVD, but it also establishes the ferret as a valuable model of EBOV recrudescence.

Source: 

Link: https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1013916

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#WHO leads #response to cruise #ship #hantavirus #outbreak (UN News Centre, May 4 '26)

 

By Vibhu Mishra | 4 May 2026 

An outbreak of deadly hantavirus aboard a cruise ship in the Atlantic Ocean has triggered an international public health response.

The UN World Health Organization (WHO) is coordinating evacuations and risk assessments following the death of three people and multiple suspected infections. One patient remains in intensive care in South Africa.

To date, one case has been confirmed after verification in a laboratory, but there are five additional suspected cases among those on board.  

“This is a serious but contained event and there is no need for panic or travel restrictions at this stage,” said Mohamed Yakub Janabi, WHO Regional Director for Africa.  

Focus on saving lives

“Our focus is clear: to save lives, contain risks and ensure that countries are fully supported with science-based action,” he added.

The agency’s Bhanu Bhatnagar told UN News that infections of the virus are uncommon and usually linked to infected rodents.

“They can be severe in some cases, and they are not easily transmitted between people. The risk to the wider public remains low at this time, and there’s no cause for concern or travel restrictions.”

Worldwide, at least 10,000 and perhaps more than 100,000 infections occur every year; most are in Asia and Europe.

In humans, symptoms usually begin between one and six weeks after exposure to an infected carrier and typically include fever, headache, muscle aches, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting.

International cooperation

The UN health agency is working closely with countries involved and the ship’s operators to support medical care, coordinate evacuations and conduct a full health risk assessment.

Two symptomatic passengers are being medically evacuated, while passengers and crew on board are receiving monitoring and support.

Investigations into the outbreak are ongoing, including laboratory testing, epidemiological tracing and genetic sequencing of the virus.

WHO has also informed national authorities under the International Health Regulations and is preparing a public disease outbreak news update.

Source: 

Link: https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/05/1167433

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Press #update: #timeline of the #medical situation on board the m/v #Hondius by #Oceanwide Expeditions (04.05.2026)

 

4 May 2026, 13:30 PM CET

Oceanwide Expeditions is still dealing with a serious medical situation on board the m/v Hondius, which is currently off the coast of Cape Verde.

A brief timeline of the medical situation on board the m/v Hondius is as follows:

-- On 11 April, a passenger died on board. 

- The cause of death could not be determined on board. 

-- On 24 April, this passenger was disembarked on St Helena, with his wife accompanying the repatriation.

-- On 27 April, Oceanwide Expeditions was informed that the wife had become unwell during the return journey and had later died. 

- Both passengers were Dutch nationals. 

- At this time, it has not been confirmed that these two deaths are connected to the current medical situation on board.

-- On 27 April, another passenger became seriously ill and was medically evacuated to South Africa. 

- This person is currently being treated in the intensive care unit in Johannesburg and is in a critical but stable condition. 

- This passenger is of British nationality. 

- A variant of hantavirus has been identified in this patient.

-- On 2 May, another passenger on board died. 

- The cause has not yet been established. 

- This passenger was of German nationality.

- In addition, there are currently two crew members on board with acute respiratory symptoms, one mild and one severe. 

- Both require urgent medical care. 

- These crew members are of British and Dutch nationality. 

-- At this time, no other persons with symptoms have been identified.

- Hantavirus has not currently been confirmed in the two persons still on board who require medical care. 

- Nor has it been established that the virus is connected to the three deaths associated with this voyage. 

- The exact cause and any possible connection are being investigated. 

- Therefore, the only confirmed case of hantavirus is the passenger who was medically evacuated and is now being treated in Johannesburg.

- The vessel remains off the coast of Cape Verde. 

- There are 149 people on board, representing 23 different nationalities. 

- The disembarkation of passengers, medical evacuation and medical screening require permission from, and coordination with, the local health authorities. 

- Local health authorities have visited the vessel and assessed the situation. 

- The medical transfer of the two ill persons on board has not yet taken place.

- Oceanwide Expeditions is working closely with local and international authorities, including the WHO, the RIVM, relevant embassies and the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 

- At the same time, preparations are being made for possible medical repatriation and next steps. 

- The option of sailing on to Las Palmas or Tenerife are being considered to be the gateway for disembarkation, where further medical screening and handling could take place.

- Strict precautionary measures are in process on board, including isolation measures, hygiene protocols and medical monitoring. 

- All passengers have been informed and are being supported.

- Oceanwide Expeditions is in close contact with those directly involved and their families, and is providing support where possible.

- We understand the considerable interest and concern and will share new information as soon as it has been verified. 

The nationalities of passengers and crew are as follows:   

[Nationality - Passengers - Crew]

1) Spain - 13 - 1

2) France - 5 - ...

3) Germany - 7 (*) - 1

4) Great Britain - 19 - 4

5) Canada - 4 - ...

6) Australia - 4 - ...

7) USA - 17 - ...

8) Greece - 1 - ...

9) Japan - 1 - ...

10) Netherlands - 8 - 5

11) Turkey - 3 - ...

12) Belgium - 2 - ... 

13) Ireland - 2 - ...

14) New Zealand - 1 - ...

15) Argentina - 1 - ...

16) Poland - ... - 1

17) Russia - ... - 1

18) Philippines - ... - 38

19 Ukraine - ... - 5

20) India - ... - 2

21) Portugal - ... - 1

22) Montenegro - ... - 1

23) Guatemala - ... - 1

-- Total - 149 - 88 - 61

(*) including 1 deceased  

__

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://oceanwide-expeditions.com/blog/press-update-timeline-of-the-medical-situation-on-board-the-m-v-hondius

____

#Niclosamide Inhibits the #Replication of Highly Pathogenic Avian #Influenza #H5Nx Viruses and Antiviral-Resistant #Mutants

 

Highlights

• Niclosamide blocks the replication of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses

• Niclosamide is effective against H5 viruses with antiviral-resistant substitutions

• Niclosamide has potential as host-targeting anti-influenza drug

Abstract

The recurrent spillover of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses into humans represents a major public health concern that is exacerbated by the emergence of drug-resistant viral variants. Host-targeting antiviral approaches, including drug repurposing, offer a promising alternative to conventional virus-directed therapeutics. Here, we evaluated the antiviral activity of niclosamide, an FDA-approved anthelmintic drug, against four HPAI A(H5Nx) viruses, two A(H5N1), one A(H5N6), and one A(H5N8), recently isolated from human cases. Niclosamide inhibited all four viruses in plaque reduction assays with MDCK cells, with low inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) values (0.68–1.40 μM) and minimal cytotoxicity at effective concentrations. These values were more potent than the IC50 values observed for the RdRp inhibitor favipiravir. Niclosamide treatment plus either baloxavir marboxil or favipiravir resulted in additive or near-additive interactions, as indicated by synergy scores of ±10. Importantly, niclosamide retained antiviral activity against HPAI A(H5Nx) viruses bearing resistance-associated amino acid substitutions (i.e., PA-I38T, baloxavir resistance and PB1-K229R, favipiravir resistance), consistent with its host-directed mechanism of action. Although there are barriers to be overcome such as a narrow therapeutic window, largely attributable to its poor bioavailability and some cytotoxicity, our findings suggest niclosamide has potential as a host-targeting therapeutic option against emerging zoonotic influenza viruses, particularly in settings involving antiviral-resistant escape mutants.

Source: 

Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016635422600080X?via%3Dihub

____

Three dead in suspected #hantavirus infection #outbreak on cruise #ship: #WHO (UN News Centre, May 4 '26)

Three people have died and three others are ill following suspected cases of hantavirus infection on a cruise ship in the Atlantic, the World Health Organization (WHO) said on Sunday.

WHO is supporting the response, noting that one case of the rodent-borne disease has been confirmed so far and there are five additional suspected cases.  Detailed investigations are ongoing, including further laboratory testing.

Of the six people affected, three have died and one is currently in intensive care in South Africa. 

“Medical care and support are being provided to passengers and crew. Sequencing of the virus is also ongoing,” WHO said in a statement posted on X.

Rapid action critical

In a separate tweet, WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said the agency “is facilitating medical evacuation of two symptomatic passengers, conducting a full risk assessment, and supporting affected people onboard.”

He stressed that “rapid, coordinated action is critical to contain risks and protect public health.”

Hantavirus infection is a rare disease linked to infected rodent droppings or urine that can cause life-threatening respiratory problems. 

The cruise liner—operated by a Dutch company—left Argentina three weeks ago and was ultimately heading for the Canary Islands but is currently sitting off the coast of Cabo Verde in West Africa, according to media reports.

WHO has also informed its National Focal Points in accordance with the International Health Regulations, the 2005 treaty that outlines countries' rights and obligations in managing public health risks, events and emergencies that could potentially cross borders.

A public notice also will be issued.

Source: 

Link: https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/05/1167431

____

Three dead on #hantavirus - hit cruise #ship (RTHK, May 4 '26)

 

{Excerpt}

Three people have died on a cruise ship in the Atlantic, the World Health Organisation said on Sunday, one a confirmed case of hantavirus – an illness usually transmitted to humans from rodents.

The outbreak occurred on the MV Hondius, travelling from Ushuaia in Argentina to Cape Verde.

"To date, one case of hantavirus infection has been laboratory confirmed, and there are five additional suspected cases," the WHO told AFP.

"Of the six affected individuals, three have died and one is currently in intensive care in South Africa."

(...)

Source: 

Link: https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1853432-20260504.htm

____

History of Mass Transportation: The Diesel Multiple Unit 844.001 ČD in Cerhenice

 

{Click on Image to Enlarge}

By PetrS. - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19896613

Source: 

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Czech_locomotive_classes

____

Cardsharps (I Bari), Caravaggio (c.1594)

 

{Click on Image to Enlarge}

Public Domain.

Source: 

Link: https://www.wikiart.org/en/caravaggio/cardsharps-1594-1

____

History of Mass Transportation: The Romanian CFR 77-0913-2 Autorail at Pitești Station

 {Click on Image to Enlarge}

By Ștefan Pușcașu - http://cfr.stfp.net/?op=C&class=77, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25390809

Source: 

Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_stock_of_the_Romanian_Railways

____

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