Abstract
We report the detection and genomic characterization of chikungunya virus, an arbovirus, during a 2025 outbreak in Bolivia. We identified the circulating chikungunya virus lineage and the transmission dynamics by using genomic surveillance and phylogenetic analyses. Our findings highlight the utility of sustained genomic surveillance for monitoring emerging arboviruses.
Source:
Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/7/26-0540_article
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Situation at a glance
Yellow fever is a viral disease found in areas of Africa and the Americas, spread by infected mosquitoes.
Following an increase of cases in the Americas in 2025, transmission activity remained into 2026.
From 1 January to 26 May 2026, six countries reported a total of 79 human infections along with multiple epizootics, indicating active sylvatic circulation.
In Africa, sustained activity continued across parts of the region, affecting 13 high-risk countries (as per classification in the Eliminate Yellow fever Epidemics (EYE) Strategy).
From January to May 2026, three countries in Africa reported 16 confirmed human cases, with an additional 32 suspected cases under investigation in five other countries.
The recent rapid risk assessment assessed geographical variations in vaccination coverage, evidence of viral circulation, and the presence of competent vectors, concluding that unvaccinated populations in countries or areas with a history of yellow fever transmission remain at greatest risk.
Transmission dynamics are further influenced by seasonal ecological factors, particularly rainfall, temperature, and mosquito abundance.
Outbreaks reported from October 2025 through May 2026 in countries or areas with a history of yellow fever transmission were generally consistent with seasonal patterns or reflected gaps in immunization coverage.
In contrast, cases detected in previously unaffected areas suggest viral introduction and an increased risk of urban transmission.
No imported cases were detected outside the two affected WHO regions, but expanding vector suitability, rapid urbanization, climate shifts, and increased mobility continue to create conditions conducive to international spread.
WHO emphasizes the importance of active surveillance, timely laboratory testing, cross-border coordination, and information sharing.
Vaccination remains the primary means for the prevention and control of yellow fever.
WHO continues to support countries in expanding vaccination coverage through routine immunization programmes and preventive vaccination campaigns to enhance population immunity and reduce the risk of outbreaks.
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Source:
Link: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2026-DON610
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Abstract
The 2026 Bundibugyo Ebola outbreak in eastern DRC highlighted important early infection prevention and control (IPC) challenges, including healthcare-associated transmission, healthcare worker infections, unsafe triage systems, limited isolation capacity, and shortages of IPC supplies. This commentary argues that pathogen-specific preparedness may remain insufficient in settings characterized by diagnostic uncertainty and proposes an “IPC-first” outbreak response framework based on rapid syndromic IPC activation before definitive laboratory confirmation becomes available.
Source:
Link: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13756-026-01779-8
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
France has specialized capabilities for managing highly transmissible infectious diseases. Patients are treated in a designated healthcare facility, following strict biosafety protocols (negative pressure room, dedicated equipment and protocols). Health authorities are fully mobilized and the situation is being continuously monitored.
All precautionary measures, including the patient's isolation, were taken upon his arrival in the country, with transfer to the hospital under secure conditions to prevent any risk of contamination.
A thorough epidemiological investigation is underway to identify individuals who may have been in contact with the patient.
These individuals will be contacted without delay by the regional health agency, will undergo 21 days of home isolation, and will be closely monitored during this period.
Following the Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) on May 17 in response to the active circulation of the Ebola virus in Ituri Province, DRC, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) has assessed the risk of infection as low for European residents and travelers to areas of active transmission, and very low for the general European population.
A dedicated monitoring system is in place for the return of French aid workers to the national territory.
What is the Ebola virus?
Ebola virus disease is a serious and often fatal illness. The virus is transmitted to humans from wild animals and then from person to person through direct contact with:
° Bodily fluids (blood, saliva, urine, semen, breast milk, sweat, feces and vomit from infected persons, whether alive or not);
° The bodies of people who died from Ebola virus disease;
° Objects that have been contaminated by the bodily fluids of infected patients (e.g., needles);
° Bushmeat from wild animals.
The disease is characterized by high fevers and often fatal hemorrhages.
The incubation period, that is, the time between contact with the virus and the appearance of the first symptoms, varies from 2 to 21 days.
As long as they do not show symptoms, infected individuals are not contagious.
Currently, there is no specific treatment for Ebola {Bundibugyo virus} disease; treatment focuses on managing the symptoms, particularly through rehydration.
What are the health recommendations?
Given the absence of the virus circulating on French territory, the precautionary health recommendations apply mainly to the French territories bordering the Indian Ocean, and to travelers going to or returning to the DRC in the provinces of Ituri, North Kivu and South Kivu and Uganda.
{1} For French nationals currently in the country, it is recommended to avoid areas experiencing outbreaks of the epidemic and, if this is impossible, to:
° Respect basic hygiene rules, including regular hand washing;
° Avoid close contact with people who have a fever. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with blood or bodily fluids;
° Avoid all contact with wild animals, alive or dead;
° Do not consume or handle bushmeat.
{2} For travelers going to areas where the virus is circulating, it is recommended that those who can postpone their trip, especially the most vulnerable (elderly people, people with disabilities, pregnant women, or those with comorbidities). If the trip must proceed, it is recommended to follow the aforementioned health guidelines and to:
° Regularly consult the information from the embassy or the "Travel Advice" section of the Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs;
° Register for free on the Ariane Thread , in order to receive in real time all information and alerts from the French authorities;
{3} For travelers returning to France from an area with active virus transmission, the following is required:
° Monitor your temperature every day for 21 days;
° If you develop a fever of 38°C or higher, and up to 21 days after returning to France, contact 15 immediately and await instructions. Do not go to your doctor or the hospital emergency room.
(...)
Source:
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Good afternoon to those in the room, and good morning, good afternoon and good evening to those online, wherever you are in the world.
We begin with the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
It’s encouraging to see that since the outbreak was first reported five weeks ago, the response has scaled up significantly, under the leadership of the government.
In the past five weeks, the number of treatment beds has increased from less than 10 to over 500 in 19 health centres.
With support from WHO and the Africa CDC, laboratory capacity has increased from 30 tests a day at the central laboratory in Kinshasa to over 2000 tests a day in nine labs across three provinces.
More communities are becoming aware of the risks of Ebola, and asking for the tools and support to protect themselves.
And more than 100 people have now recovered. With early detection and supportive care, many can survive this disease.
But we could save many more lives with therapeutics.
Preparations are now complete for a trial of two therapeutics that is expected to start in DRC next week.
The trial will evaluate whether two antivirals, MBP134 and remdesivir, can help to reduce mortality in patients with Bundibugyo virus disease, alone or in combination.
We thank the United States and Gilead Sciences for donating doses for the trial. Together with our partners we will announce more information next week.
WHO and our partners are working closely with the communities to inform and involve them in the trial.
We are also working to ensure the communities have access to the therapeutics should they prove safe and efficacious.
The trial will be conducted by a consortium of partners including DRC’s National Institute for Biomedical Research, ALIMA, Oxford University and WHO.
Despite the good progress we have made, we still face major challenges, and the outbreak is continuing to outpace the response.
There are now 1094 confirmed cases, with 277 deaths.
The outbreak is continuing to move fast.
Political advocacy and action are essential to create the conditions for increased humanitarian access and a scaled-up response, because the outbreak is happening in a complex situation.
In neighbouring Uganda, a new case was reported last Sunday, the first in two weeks.
This brings the total in Uganda to 20 confirmed cases, with two confirmed deaths.
All cases in Uganda are linked to the outbreak in DRC.
Today, France reported that a health worker with the NGO ALIMA, who returned to the country after caring for an Ebola patient in DRC, tested positive for the virus, and is now being monitored and receiving care.
This case is a reminder of the risks faced by frontline responders.
Almost 80 health workers have been infected, highlighting the risks they face and the importance of strengthening infection prevention and control.
WHO advises countries to support the safe deployment of personnel responding to this outbreak.
This includes ensuring that organizations deploying staff provide clear information on risks, how to reduce and manage the risk of exposure, and that countries are prepared to facilitate evacuation if needed.
Still, the risk to the rest of the world remains low.
Under the government’s leadership, the coordinated response to the outbreak is starting to take hold.
But continued scale up is needed.
Contact tracing is still not at the level needed;
Capacity at treatment and isolation centres is insufficient;
Safe and dignified burials remain a major challenge;
The health system is under pressure;
Border closures continue to hinder the response;
Multiple security incidents have been reported;
The affected area is in the grip of a decades-long humanitarian crisis;
And financial support is still insufficient.
Earlier this month, WHO and the Africa CDC announced a joint Continental Preparedness and Response Plan that reflects the funding needs of partners, with an ask of 518 million U.S. dollars.
Next week, the first financial reporting on pledges and commitments to the plan are expected to be available, providing a clear understanding of gaps and needs.
===
Now to the outbreak of hantavirus.
The total number of cases from the hantavirus outbreak remains 13, including three deaths.
In all, more than 650 contacts have been identified and followed up by local health authorities in 33 countries and territories.
All but 54 contacts have completed their period of quarantine, and the remaining contacts are scheduled to complete their quarantine period by the 2nd of July.
If no further cases are reported by then, WHO will consider the outbreak to be over.
However, WHO will continue working to advance our understanding of this outbreak, and hantavirus more generally.
Working with governments and partners, we are continuing investigations into how the outbreak started and spread among those on board.
We are also working with partners who have collected environmental samples onboard the ship.
In addition, we are coordinating a study among people exposed to the virus involving 21 countries, to better understand how the disease develops.
We are also working on having a sample of the virus shared with the WHO BioHub in Switzerland.
This will be important for developing diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines for future outbreaks.
I thank all countries that have contributed in different ways to the response to this outbreak, with special thanks to the leadership and solidarity shown by Spain, especially to Prime Minister Pedro SĂ¡nchez.
I also thank the Captain of the MV Hondius, Captain Jan Dobrogowski, his crew and all passengers for their cooperation in what has been a very difficult situation.
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Source:
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
{Excerpt}
On May 15, 2026, the Ministry of Public Health, Hygiene and Social Welfare of DR Congo declared the country's 17th recorded Ebola disease outbreak after the Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale confirmed Bundibugyo virus (species Orthoebolavirus bundibugyoense) as the aetiological agent.1 That this outbreak was caused by Bundibugyo virus is not a taxonomic footnote. It changes the diagnostic, countermeasure, and risk-communication context of the response.2
I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Abstract
The rapid evolution of avian influenza A/H5N1, including the recent U.S. clade 2.3.4.4b outbreak, highlights its pandemic potential and the urgent need for durable, broadly protective vaccines. Given the capacity of CD8+ T cells to mediate cross-strain immunity, we investigated whether geographically distinct HLA-A33 allotypes, HLA-A*33:01 in East/Southeast Asia and HLA-A*33:03 in South Asia, differentially shape the influenza immunopeptidome and influence antiviral immunity. Antigen-presenting cells overexpressing HLA-A*33:01 or HLA-A*33:03 were transfected with single A/H5N1 antigens or infected with A/X-31 (H3N2) as a control comparison representing current seasonal influenza virus. We identified novel ligands restricted to HLA-A*33:01 (57 from A/H5N1; 55 from A/X-31) and HLA-A*33:03 (29 from A/H5N1; 45 from A/X-31). Although fewer peptides were recovered for HLA-A*33:03, a larger proportion of A/X-31-derived peptides were predicted as high-affinity binders (74%) compared with HLA-A*33:01 (61%), indicating qualitative differences in antigen presentation. To determine immunogenicity, peripheral blood lymphocytes from HLA-A*33:03-positive, A/H5N1-naĂ¯ve donors were stimulated with four conserved peptides: PB2GTF, PB2KTY, NPSVQ and PB1MTK. All elicited robust CD8+ T cell activation despite the absence of prior A/H5N1 exposure, demonstrating cross-recognition by memory T cells primed against seasonal influenza. These findings define HLA-A33-restricted influenza epitopes and reveal allotype-specific presentation features that shape CD8+ T cell immunity. Conserved, immunogenic peptides identified here represent promising candidates for rational design of broadly cross-reactive vaccines to protect HLA-A33-expressing populations against severe A/H5N1 disease. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD078870.
Competing Interest Statement
AWP is a scientific advisor for Bioinformatics Solutions Inc (Canada), a shareholder and scientific advisor for Evaxion Biotech (Denmark), and a co-founder of Resseptor Therapeutics (Australia). These organisations had no role in the design of the study in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data in the writing of the manuscript or in the decision to publish the results. All other authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Funder Information Declared
NHMRC, 1122099, 2016596
Source: BioRxIV, https://www.biorxiv.org/
Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.21.733083v1
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Abstract
Study Objectives:
Onsets of Narcolepsy type-1 (NT1) increased following A/H1N1 vaccination with PandemrixTM in Europe and with A/H1N1pdm2009 infections in China and other countries. To test if other strains could trigger narcolepsy, we measured strain-specific antibodies in patients with recent onset NT1 compared to controls.
Methods:
Antibodies against hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) were tested in 62 patients with very recent onset (onset and blood collection following a single flu season, mean +/- SEM: 0.44 +/- 0.06 years since onset) and 100 controls matched by age, sex, season and year of collection (2000-2025). Results were next extended to 181 recent onset patients (mean +/- SEM: 1.00 +/- 0.05 years) versus 260 controls, matched by sex, season and year, but having a slightly higher mean age. HA inhibition (HAI) and NA inhibition (NAI) assays were conducted using flu strains known to circulate during the corresponding flu seasons. HAI results are shown as % positive (titers >= 40) and NAI results as geometric mean titers. Odds ratio (OR) and coefficient were used to compare antibody titers in NT1 versus controls. The contribution of each assay to prediction was finally quantified in the larger sample set using Shapley decomposition.
Results:
NT1 patients had increased anti-HA and anti-NA antibodies against A/H1N1pdm2009 (anti-HA OR = 3.86, anti-NA coefficient = 0.35) and B/Victoria (anti-HA OR =1.90, anti-NA coefficient = 0.22), but not A/H1N1pre2009, A/H3N2, or B/Yamagata, independent of HLA-DQB1*06:02 status, age, sex, and flu season. Correlations between anti-HA and anti-NA antibodies titers were weak to moderate but significant (r2=-0.10 to 0.34). Multivariable model outperformed age-only baseline (McFadden R2 = 0.19 vs. 0.03; AUC = 0.79 vs. 0.64; likelihood-ratio test X2 = 51, p<0.001), with anti-HA against A/H1N1pdm2009 (coefficient = 0.78, p < 0.001) and anti-NA against B/Victoria (coefficient = 0.69, p < 0.001) emerging as the strongest independent predictors.
Conclusions:
A/H1N1pdm2009 and B/Victoria, but not other strains can trigger the autoimmune process leading to orexin cell loss in narcolepsy.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
Source:
Link: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.13.26355596v1
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Abstract
Deep mutational scans across receptor-binding domains (RBDs) of diverging SARS-CoV-2 variants reveal ongoing changes to the effects of mutations, a phenomenon known as epistasis. Careful accounting for these altered mutational effects is important in viral surveillance and forecasting, and more broadly, for understanding the impacts of epistasis on real-world viral evolutionary trajectories. Using a yeast-display RBD deep mutational scanning (DMS) platform, we measure the impacts of virtually all single amino acid mutations and single-residue deletions in the Omicron KP.3.1.1 and LP.8.1 RBDs on folded RBD expression and binding affinity for the human ACE2 receptor. Our comprehensive maps reveal patterns of evolutionary accessibility and constraint at single-residue resolution and, when compared to prior datasets, highlight sites whose amino acid preferences continue to change across viral variants. Notably, sites 455, 456, and 493 – which have exhibited repeated substitutions and epistatic dependencies across Omicron subvariants going back to BA.1 – again demonstrate altered patterns of mutational accessibility and constraint. Therefore, it appears that these hotspots of repeated RBD evolution have not yet converged on fixed amino acid solutions but instead remain sites of ongoing epistatic reconfiguration. We compare our measurements of direct RBD:ACE2 affinity with recently published measurements of mutation impacts on ACE2 binding in the full quaternary spike context, which also integrates the effects of spike conformational dynamics; our analysis uncovers mutations like H505W that could favor adoption of the down/closed RBD conformation as a viral strategy for future antigenic evolution.
Source:
Link: https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1014074
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Abstract
We report a systematic case review of antemortem neurosurgical resections and biopsies and outcomes including new lesions after procedure and survival in Balamuthia mandrillaris granulomatous amebic encephalitis. The investigation was prompted by a 5-year-old patient in the southwestern United States who was treated with nitroxoline, the 2021 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention regimen, and underwent 2 resections; initial resection site recurrence and a new lesion after resection prompted the question whether complete resection versus biopsy is associated with better outcomes. We conducted a literature review and found no substantial difference between neurosurgical resection versus biopsy-only groups. Limitations include case review, number of cases, and incomplete data available. Additional analyses comparing neurosurgical outcomes with outcomes of those diagnosed via blood or cerebrospinal fluid and metagenomic next-generation sequencing might provide more definitive answers. This case and systematic review provide evidence that treatment with nitroxoline and neurosurgical resection could contribute to survival in Balamuthia encephalitis case-patients.
Source:
Link: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/32/7/26-0725_article
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
{Excerpt}
(...)
Avian influenza A(H9N2):
° Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region:
* A two-year-old girl with onset on May 31, 2026.
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Source:
Link: https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/2026_avian_influenza_report_vol22_wk25.pdf
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Summary
Lessons and best practices from outbreaks during 2022–25 in Africa were not comprehensively documented or shared to inform future outbreak responses. We conducted a narrative review of published articles and outbreak response reports of mpox, cholera, Ebola virus disease, and Marburg virus disease and captured experts' perspectives and lessons. We analysed and presented the data in themes. Evidence indicates that effective responses are built on routine investments maintained between outbreaks, particularly in decentralised laboratories, digital surveillance systems, community structures, and clinical trial readiness. The institutionalisation of response mechanisms through national public health institutes, incident management systems, and emergency operations centres reflects a maturing continental preparedness architecture, reinforced by rapid regional solidarity, south–south cooperation, and timely partner support. National political leadership was crucial in mobilising resources and ensuring public compliance, whereas innovations such as expanded genomic surveillance, timely deployment of investigational countermeasures, mobility-aware outbreak control, and improved early-warning systems strengthened responses to outbreaks. The successful control of these recent outbreaks highlights the importance of strengthening preparedness, institutionalising response systems, and fostering coordinated, Africa-led health security frameworks to support resilient and sustainable outbreak response.
Source:
Link: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(26)00160-9/fulltext
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Abstract
Interstellar objects provide the only directly observable samples of icy planetesimals formed around other stars, and can therefore provide insight into the diversity of physical and chemical conditions occurring during exoplanet formation1−3. Here we report isotopic measurements of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS, which reveal an elemental composition unlike any Solar System body. The water in 3I/ATLAS is enriched in deuterium, at a level of D/H = (0.98 ± 0.06)%, which is more than an order of magnitude higher than in known comets, while its range of 12C/13C ratios (141–191 for CO2 and 123–172 for CO) exceeds typical values found in the Solar System, as well as nearby interstellar clouds and protoplanetary disks. Such extreme isotopic signatures indicate formation at temperatures ≲ 30 K in a relatively metal-poor environment. When interpreted with respect to models for Galactic chemical evolution, the carbon isotopic composition implies that 3I/ATLAS may have accreted as long ago as 12 billion years, following a period of intense, early star formation. 3I/ATLAS thus represents a preserved fragment of an ancient planetary system.
Source:
Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10771-6
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
{Excerpt}
(...)
Time Period: June 07, 2026 - June 13, 2026
-- A(H5) Detection: 4 site(s) (0.9%)
-- No Detection: 442 site(s) (99.1%)
-- No samples: 47 site(s)
(...)
Source:
Link: https://www.cdc.gov/wastewater/emerging-viruses/h5.html?
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Latest update
The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) can confirm that all remaining individuals have now left Arrowe Park.
All passengers from the MV Hondius who subsequently returned to the UK have now completed their self-isolation periods.
Professor Robin May, Chief Scientific Officer at UKHSA, said:
''We would like to reiterate our thanks and gratitude to passengers, crew and other contacts for their cooperation throughout what has been a very challenging time for everyone affected.
''Our teams will continue to work closely with local authorities and the NHS to ensure everyone affected by this outbreak has the necessary support in place.
Source:
Link: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ukhsa-update-on-the-hantavirus-cruise-ship-outbreak
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
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By Liam Quinn from Canada - Brown Skua landing near a penguin colony. Uploaded by Snowmanradio, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15465669
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This is the first detection of H5N1 HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b in a wild bird, in a single migratory brown skua (Stercorarius antarcticus).
This is the first detection of H5 HPAI in a wild bird Australia.
The virus is related to H5N1 HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b viruses detected in southern Indian Ocean territories.
The bird was displaying clinical signs of leg paralysis, weakness and dehydration at Cape Le Grand national park near Esperance, Western Australia.
Brown skuas are vagrant species that occasionally visit Australia.
There is no poultry production in the region.
Enhanced general and targeted surveillance is underway to determine the extent of infection.
An epidemiological investigation has commenced.
A public information strategy is being implemented.
All coordinates provided are approximate.
Source:
Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7649
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
As a result of the ongoing operation of the epidemiological surveillance system, which actively promotes the detection and reporting of events, the Official Veterinary Services of Honduras (of the National Agri-Food Health and Safety Services, SENASA) received a report of a sudden high mortality rate at a breeding farm.
Upon receiving the notification, health authorities responded immediately to conduct an epidemiological investigation, collect samples, and place the premises under quarantine.
Following subsequent laboratory confirmation of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI), SENASA proceeded to implement the protocols established in the National Plan for the Prevention, Early Detection, Control, and Eradication of Avian Influenza.
The control health measures included the culling of all breeding birds.
Likewise, at the hatchery that received batches of fertile eggs from that farm, 89,900 chicks and 315,979 incubated eggs were disposed of, following strict biosecurity protocols to ensure proper disposal.
Currently, the cleaning and disinfection of the facilities are underway.
For its part, SENASA maintains active surveillance of backyard birds through community-based epidemiological surveys, of wild birds by promoting reporting, and of production farms by strengthening biosecurity and targeted sampling.
To this end, communication processes and mandatory reporting have been strengthened, working jointly with the country’s poultry industry, other government institutions, and cooperation agencies to enhance surveillance and early detection of the disease.
Furthermore, through a communication and awareness campaign, biosecurity measures are being promoted in both commercial establishments and backyards. SENASA has already formally notified its trading partners of the event, and updates will be provided in future reports.
Source:
Link: https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/7652
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
(...)
Epidemiological summary
This is the first report of the weekly seasonal surveillance reports on Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) infections in 2026.
Since the beginning of 2026 and as of 17 June 2026, one country in Europe has reported locally acquired cases of CCHF:
° Spain (one case).
The case in Salamanca (Spain) is not unexpected as Hyalomma spp. – the main vectors of CCHF virus – are widely distributed across the region.
In addition, CCHF virus is known to circulate in local animal populations, and human cases have previously been reported there.
The timing of this case aligns with the expected seasonal pattern of CCHF in Spain, and is probably linked to increased tick activity.
(...)
Source:
Link: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/crimean-congo-haemorrhagic-fever/surveillance-and-updates/seasonal
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
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Public Domain.
Source:
Link: https://www.wikiart.org/en/pablo-picasso/science-and-charity-1897
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses inherently carry cross-species transmission potential, making continuous surveillance critical for pandemic prevention. This study focused on monitoring the 2024 H9N2 epidemic in Jiangsu Province’s external environment, analyzing its molecular evolution and receptor binding properties, assessing cross-species transmission and pandemic risks, and investigating serological antibody levels across different human populations. Environmental samples were collected from live poultry markets, farms, slaughterhouses, and bird habitats across Jiangsu, screened via quantitative PCR (qPCR), with positive samples used for virus isolation and whole-genome sequencing. Receptor binding properties were tested by hemagglutination assay, and H9N2 antibody levels were measured in 370 occupationally exposed individuals and 240 non-exposed individuals using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. Among the 5779 collected samples, 6.89% tested H9N2-positive, and 12 strains belonging to the Eurasian lineage Y280-like clade G57 genotype were successfully isolated. All strains carried the HA-Q226L mutation, with 11 showing preferential binding to human α-2,6 receptors and one strain possessing dual receptor binding capability. Internal genes harbored mammalian adaptation mutations, and M2 proteins contained mutations conferring complete resistance to amantadine-class antiviral drugs. Serological tests revealed antibody positive rates of 4.05% in exposed populations and 2.5% in non-exposed populations, with no statistically significant difference between groups. These findings confirm that Jiangsu’s circulating H9N2 viruses have acquired human receptor preference and mammalian adaptation, posing silent infection and pandemic risks. Enhanced surveillance and the development of candidate vaccine stockpiles are strongly recommended.
Source:
Link: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/18/6/687
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I am an Italian blogger, active since 2005 with main focus on emerging infectious diseases such as avian influenza, SARS, antibiotics resistance, and many other global Health issues. Other fields of interest are: climate change, global warming, geological and biological sciences. My activity consists mainly in collection and analysis of news, public services updates, confronting sources and making decision about what are the 'signals' of an impending crisis (an outbreak, for example). When a signal is detected, I follow traces during the entire course of an event. I started in 2005 my blog ''A TIME'S MEMORY'', now with more than 40,000 posts and 3 millions of web interactions. Subsequently I added an Italian Language blog, then discontinued because of very low traffic and interest. I contributed for seven years to a public forum (FluTrackers.com) in the midst of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in 2014, I left the site to continue alone my data tracking job.
